NdiMauto here Anokodzera Varindi verunyararo?

NaEd Horgan, World BEYOND War, February 4, 2021

Patinofunga nezvemauto, isu tinonyanya kufunga nezvehondo. Ichokwadi chekuti mauto anongoshandiswa chete sevarindi verunyararo chimwe chinhu chatinofanira kutora nguva kubvunza.

Izwi rekuchengetedza runyararo mune rakazara pfungwa rinosanganisira vese avo vanhu vanoedza kusimudzira runyararo uye vanopokana hondo nemhirizhonga. Izvi zvinosanganisira pacifists, uye avo vanoteera ekutanga evaKristu mazano kunyangwe kana vatungamiriri vechiKristu vazhinji nevateveri vakazopembedza mhirizhonga nehondo dzisina kururamisa pasi pezvavakadoma dzidziso yehondo. Saizvozvo, vatungamiriri vemazuva ano nehurumende, kusanganisira vatungamiriri veEuropean Union, vanoshandisa nzira dzekunyepedzera dzekubatsira kurwira kwavo kurwa hondo.

Sezvo ndanga ndiri anoshanda anoshanda zvechiuto kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri uyezve murunyararo muratidziri zvakare kweanopfuura makore makumi maviri ini ndinowanzoonekwa seanodziya akashandura rugare-monger. Izvi zvirinani chete chikamu chechokwadi. Basa rangu remauto kubva muna 20 kusvika 20 raive muchiuto chekudzivirira nyika yechokwadi (Ireland) uye yaisanganisira basa rakakosha semuchengeti werunyararo wemauto eUnited Nations. Ini ndakabatana neIrish Defence Forces panguva iyo varindi verunyararo veIreland vakaurayiwa mumakore mashoma apfuura muOONUC yekuchengetedza runyararo muCongo. Zvikonzero zvangu zvekujoinha chiuto zvaisanganisira chikonzero chekuzvipira chekubatsira kuumba runyararo rwepasi rose, chinova icho chinangwa chekutanga cheUnited Nations. Ndakaona izvi zvakakosha zvakakwana kuti ndiise hupenyu hwangu panjodzi nguva dzinoverengeka, kwete chete semuchengeti werunyararo wemauto eUN, asi zvakare semutarisiri wesarudzo wepasirese pasirese munyika zhinji dzakange dzave nekukonana kwakakomba.

Mumakore ekutanga ekuchengetedza runyararo kweUN, kunyanya pasi pevashoma vashoma vanyori vanyori vakuru, Dag Hammarskjold, uyo akaedza kutamba chinzvimbo chechokwadi chekusarerekera mukufarira kwevanhu. Zvinosuruvarisa kuna Hammarskjold izvi zvakapesana nezvinonzi nyika zvido zvevazhinji venyika dzine simba, kusanganisira akati wandei enhengo dzechigarire dzeUN Security Council, uye pamwe zvakakonzera kuurayiwa kwake muna 1961 apo vaiedza kutaurirana murunyararo muCongo. Mumakumi emakore ekutanga erunyararo rweUN, zvaive zvakajairika tsika yakanaka kuti masoja ekuchengetedza runyararo aipihwa nenyika dzisina kwadzakarerekera kana dzisina kuenderana. Nhengo dzekusingaperi dzeUN Security Council kana nhengo dzeNATO kana Warsaw Pact yaiwanzosiyiwa sevachengeti verunyararo asi vaibvumidzwa kupa backup yezvinhu. Nezvikonzero izvi Ireland yakagara ichikumbirwa neUN kuti ipe mauto ekuchengetedza runyararo uye akazviita zvakaramba kubvira 1958. Iri basa rakaomarara rauya nemutengo wakakura. Masoja makumi masere nemasere eIreland vafira pabasa rekuchengetedza runyararo, iri mwero wakakura kwazvo wekukuvara kweuto diki kwazvo. Ndakaziva akati wandei eaya mauto 88 eIrish.

Mubvunzo wakakosha wandabvunzwa kuti nditaure mupepa rino ndewekuti: Mauto ndivo vanochengetedza runyararo here?

Iko hakuna yakananga hongu kana kwete mhinduro. Kuchengetedza runyararo chaiko chinhu chakakosha uye chakaoma kunzwisisa. Kugadzira hondo yechisimba kuri nyore nyore kunyanya kana uine simba rakakura parutivi rwako. Izvo zvinogara zviri nyore kuputsa zvinhu pane kuzvigadzirisa mushure mekunge zvatyoka. Runyararo rwakafanana negirazi rekristaro rakapfava, kana iwe ukarityora, zvinonetsa chaizvo kugadzirisa, uye hupenyu hwawakaparadza haugone kugadzirisa kana kudzoreredzwa. Iyi yekupedzisira poindi inowana kurereka kushoma kutarisisa. Varindi verunyararo vanowanzoiswa munzvimbo dzinodzivirira pakati pemauto anorwisa uye havawanzoshandisa simba rinouraya uye vanovimba nhaurirano, moyo murefu, kutaurirana, kushingirira uye pfungwa zhinji. Zvinogona kuva zvakaoma kuramba uri panzvimbo yako uye usingapindure nechisimba kwakaenda mabhomba uye mabara ari kubhururuka munzira yako, asi icho chikamu chezviitwa nevarindi verunyararo, uye izvi zvinotora mhando yakasarudzika yekushinga kwetsika pamwe nekudzidziswa kwakakosha. Mauto makuru ayo anoshandiswa kurwa hondo haaiti varindi verunyararo vakanaka uye vanowanzo dzokera mukuita hondo pavanenge vachiita runyararo, nekuti izvi ndizvo zvavanoshongedzerwa uye kudzidziswa kuita. Kubva pakupera kweCold War kunyanya, iyo US neNATO nevamwe vanobatana vakashandisa zvisirizvo zvinonzi rubatsiro kana runyararo kumanikidza mamishini kurwa hondo dzechisimba uye kupidigura hurumende dzenhengo dzakazvimirira dzeUnited Nations mukutyora kwakanyanya kweUN Bumbiro. Mienzaniso yeiyi inosanganisira Hondo yeNATO neSerbia mu1999, kupambwa uye kupidigurwa kweHurumende yeAfghan mu2001, kupambwa nekupidigurwa kweHurumende yeIraq mu2003, kushandisa zvisizvo nemaune kweUN yakabvumidza nzvimbo isina kubhururuka muLibya muna 2001. kupidigura hurumende yeLibya, uye nekuenderera mberi kwekuedza kupidigura hurumende yeSyria. Asi pakuchengetwa kwerunyararo chaiko nekusimbisa runyararo kwaidikanwa, semuenzaniso kudzivirira uye kumisa kuuraya vanhu muCambodia neRwanda nyika idzi dzine simba dzakangomira pamwe nenhengo dzese dzechigarire dzeUN Security Council dzakatopa rutsigiro rwakasimba kune avo vaive kuita kuuraya vanhu.

Kune mukana wevanhuwo zvavo mukuchengetedza runyararo uye mukubatsira kudzikamisa nyika mushure mekunge vabuda mumakakatanwa ane chisimba, asi chero hupi hupi hupi hupi hwekuchengetedza runyararo uye hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji hunofanirwa kuve hwakarongedzwa nekugadziriswa, sekukosha kwazvinoita kuti kuchengetedza runyararo kwemauto uye yakagadziriswa. Pakave nekumwe kushungurudzwa kwakakomba nevari vechiuto nevemauto vanochengetedza runyararo uko kwakadaro kutonga kuri kukwana.

MuBosnia pakapera hondo muna 1995, nyika yaive yave kumhanyiswa nemaNGOs vachimhanyisa zvisina kugadzirira uye mune dzimwe nguva vachiita zvinokuvadza kupfuura zvakanaka. Kunetsana uye mushure mekupokana mamiriro ezvinhu inzvimbo dzine njodzi, kunyanya kune vagari vemo, asi zvakare kune vausingazive vanosvika vasina kugadzirira. Varindi verunyararo vane hunyanzvi uye vakanyatsodzidziswa vanowanzo kuve vanokosha mumatanho ekutanga asi vanogona kubatsirwawo nekuwedzera kwevagari vemo vane hunyanzvi kunze kwekuti vanhuwo zvavo vabatanidzwe sechikamu chehurongwa hwese hwekugadzirisa. Masangano akadai seUNV (United Nations Volunteer Chirongwa), uye OSCE (Sangano reChengetedzo uye Kubatana muEurope) neUS based Carter Center vanoita basa rakanakisa mamiriro akadaro, uye ini ndashanda semurwi neumwe neumwe wavo. European Union inopawo kuchengetedza runyararo uye mamishini ekuongorora sarudzo, asi kubva pane zvandakaona pamwe nekutsvaga kwakave nematambudziko akakomba nemamishini mazhinji eEuropean Union kunyanya munyika dzeAfrica, uko zvido zveupfumi zveEuropean Union nenyika dzayo dzine simba, zvinotungamira pamusoro pezvakanaka zvinodiwa nevanhu vari munyika idzi vane mhirizhonga iyo EU inofanirwa kunge iri kugadzirisa. Kushandiswa kweEuropean zviwanikwa zvemuAfrica, zvichienzanirana neo-colonialism, zvinotungamira mukuchengetedza runyararo nekudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. France ndiyo yakanyanya kukanganisa, asi kwete chete.

Nyaya yekuenzaniswa kwevakadzi ndeyekukosha kwakakosha Mukuchengetedza runyararo mumaonero angu. Mauto mazhinji emazuva ano anobhadhara miromo-kuenzanirana kwevakadzi asi chokwadi ndechekuti kana zvasvika pakubata kwemauto, vakadzi vashoma vanowanzoita mabasa ekurwa, nekushungurudzwa pabonde kwemasoja evakadzi idambudziko rakakura. Kungofanana neinjini kana muchina isina kudzikama inozopedzisira yakanganisika zvakanyanya, saizvozvowo, masangano emagariro asina kuenzana, seaya anonyanya kuve echirume, haatore chete kukuvara asiwo kukonzera kukuvara kwakakomba mukati memasangano maanoshanda. Isu muIreland tinoziva kumubhadharo wedu kukanganisa kwakakonzerwa nemadzitateguru edu asina kufanira echechi yeKaturike nevarume vakatonga nzanga yeIrish kubvira pakavambwa nyika yedu, uye kunyangwe nyika isati yasununguka. Sangano rakachengetedzeka rerume / revakadzi rekuchengetedza runyararo rinonyanya kugadzira rugare rwechokwadi, uye zvishoma mukana wekushungurudza vanhu vanotambura vavanofanirwa kunge vachichengetedza. Rimwe rematambudziko nemauto emazuva ano ekuchengetedza runyararo ndeekuti mazhinji emauto akabatanidzwa iye zvino anowanzobva kunyika dzine hurombo uye vanenge vari vega varume uye izvi zvakatungamira kumatare akasimba ekushungurudzwa pabonde nevachengeti verunyararo. Zvisinei, kwave kune zviitiko zvakakomba zvekushungurudzwa kwakadai nemaFrance nemamwe mauto ekumadokero, kusanganisira mauto eUS muIraq neAfghanistan, avo vatinoudzwa kuti vaivepo kuti vaunze runyararo nedemokrasi uye rusununguko kuvanhu veAfghan neIraq. Kuchengetedza runyararo haisi nyaya yekutaurirana nerunyararo nemauto anopikisa. Muhondo dzemazuva ano nzanga dzinogara vanhu kazhinji dzinokuvadzwa zvakanyanya nemakakatanwa kupfuura ari mauto anopikisa. Tsitsi uye rutsigiro rwechokwadi rwevagari vemo chinhu chakakosha chekuchengetedza runyararo chinowanzo kuregererwa.

Munyika chaiye chimwe chikamu chevanhu chinotungamirwa nemakaro uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokombamira kushandisa nekushandisa chisimba. Izvi zvakakonzera kudikanwa kwekutongwa kwemutemo kuchengetedza ruzhinji rwevanhu kubva kumhirizhonga inoshungurudza uye mapurisa anokosha kuti ashandise nekusimbaradza kutonga kwemutemo mumataundi nemumaruwa. Ireland ine mapurisa ane hunyanzvi ane hunyanzvi, asi kunyangwe izvi zvinotsigirwa kubazi rakashongedzerwa nezvombo nekuti matsotsi nemapoka evarwi zvisiri pamutemo anokwanisa kuwana zvombo zvakaomarara. Uye zvakare, mapurisa (Gardai) muIreland zvakare ane rutsigiro rweIrish Defence Forces yekufona kana zvichidikanwa, asi kushandiswa kwemauto mukati meIreland kunogara kuri pakarairwa nemapurisa uye pasi pesimba remapurisa kunze kwe nyaya yedambudziko rakakomba yenyika. Dzimwe nguva, mapurisa, kunyangwe muIreland, vanoshandisa zvisizvo masimba avo, kusanganisira masimba avo ekushandisa simba rinouraya.

Pamwero mukuru kana wepasi rose, hunhu hwevanhu uye hunhu hwevanhu nematunhu anotevedzera maitiro akafanana ehunhu kana hunhu. Simba rinokanganisa uye simba rakazara rinokanganisa zvachose. Nehurombo, pane izvozvi, parizvino, hapana hunyanzvi hwepasi rose hwehutongi kana mapurisa anodarika anarchic yepasi rose system yenyika inotaura. UN inoonekwa nevazhinji sehurongwa hwehutongi hwepasi rose uye saShakespeare angati "oh dai zvaive nyore". Avo vakanyora UN Charter ndivo vaive vatungamiriri veUSA neBritain panguva yeHondo Yenyika 2, uye zvishoma Soviet Union seFrance neChina zvichiri pasi pebasa. Chinongedzo kuchokwadi cheUN chiri mumutsara wekutanga weUN Charter. “Isu vanhu veUnited Nations…” Izwi rekuti vanhu ihwo huviri (vanhu vazhinji muvanhu, uye vanhu vazhinji muvanhu) saka isu vanhu vacho havatauri kwauri kana ini sevanhu, asi kune avo mapoka evanhu vanoenda kunoumba nyika dzinoti ndevapi nhengo dzeUnited Nations. Isu vanhu, iwe neni sevanhu vamwe nevamwe, hatina basa rekutonga mukati meUN. Nyika dzese dziri nhengo dzinotorwa sevakaenzana mukati meUN General Assembly, uye kusarudzwa kweIreland kuUN Security Council sedunhu diki kechina kubvira kuma1960 zvinoratidza izvi. Nekudaro, maitiro ehutongi mukati meUN, kunyanya padanho reSecurity Council, akafanana zvakanyanya neSoviet Union kwete kuhurongwa hwesununguko. UN Security Council, uye kunyanya nhengo shanu dzeUN Security Council, vanodzora UN. Kuita kuti zvinhu zviwedzere kuipa, vanyori veUN Charter vakazvipa nzira mbiri dzekukiya kana kunyange quintuple yekukiya maitiro kubudikidza nevoti yavo pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvese zvakakosha zveUN kunyanya maererano nechinangwa chekutanga cheUN, icho chinotsanangurwa mubumbiro reUN, Chinyorwa 1: Zvinangwa zveUnited Nations ndezvekuti: 1. Kuchengetedza runyararo pamwe nekuchengetedzeka, uye kuti zviitike: nezvimwe,… ”

Simba re veto rinowanikwa muChinyorwa 27.3. "Sarudzo dzeSecurity Council pane dzimwe nyaya dzichaitwa nevhoti yenhengo pfumbamwe kusanganisira mavhoti enhengo dzechigarire;". Aya mazwi asina mhaka anonzwika anopa imwe neimwe yenhengo shanu dzechigarire, China, USA, Russia, Britain neFrance masimba akasarudzika ekudzivirira chero sarudzo yakakosha yeUN iyo yavanofunga kuti inogona kunge isingaite mukuda kwavo nyika, zvisinei nezvavanofarira zvevanhu. . Izvo zvakare zvinodzivirira UN Security Council kubva kuisa chero zvirango kune chero ipi yenyika shanu zvisinei nemhosva dzakakomba dzakanangana nevanhu kana mhosva dzehondo idzo dzingaitwa nenyika idzi shanu. Iri simba re veto rinonyatsoisa nyika shanu pamusoro nekupfuura mitemo yemitemo yenyika. Mumiriri weMexico kuhurongwa hwakagadzira bumbiro reUN muna 1945 akarondedzera izvi sechirevo: "Mbeva dzaizorangwa uye shumba dzichimhanya dzakasununguka". Ireland ndeimwe yemakonzo kuUN, asi zvakadaro India inova iyo demokarasi yechokwadi yepasirese, nepo Britain neFrance, imwe neimwe iine isingasviki 1% yevagari vepasirese, vane simba rakanyanya kuUN iyo India ine inopfuura 17% yevagari venyika.

Ipapo masimba akagonesa Soviet Union, USA, Britain neFrance, kushandisa zvisizvo Charter yeUN muCold War nekuita proxy hondo muAfrica neLatin America uye nekunanga hondo dzechisimba muIndo China neAfghanistan. Izvo zvakakosha kuti utarise kuti kunze kwekugara kweTibet, China haina kubvira yatanga hondo dzekunze dzechisimba kurwisa dzimwe nyika.

Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations paProhibition yeNyukireya Zvombo chakasimbiswa uye chikatanga kushanda musi wa22 Ndira 2021 chakagamuchirwa pasi rose.[1]  Chokwadi chiripo ndechekuti chibvumirano ichi chinogona kunge chisingaite chero nhengo shanu dzechigarire dzeUN Security Council nekuti mumwe nemumwe wavo achabvisa chero kuyedza kudzora nhumbi yenyukireya kana kudzora kushandisa kwavo zvombo zvenyukireya, zvingangoita, vanofunga kushandisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Muchokwadi zvakare, zvombo zvenyukireya zviri kushandiswa zvisina kunangana zuva nezuva neimwe yenyika pfumbamwe dzatinoziva kuti dzine zvombo zvenyukireya, kutyisidzira nekutyisidzira nyika dzese. Aya masimba enyukireya anoti iyi MAD Mutual Assured Isu rekuparadza iri kuchengetedza runyararo rwenyika dzese!

Nekupunzika kweSoviet Union uye kupera kweanodaidzwa kuti Cold War nyika dzese runyararo rwaifanirwa kunge rwadzorerwa uye NATO yakadzingwa mushure mekunge Warsaw Chibvumirano chaparadzwa. Zvinopesana zvakaitika. NATO yakaramba ichishanda uye ichiwedzera kusanganisira anenge ese ekumabvazuva kweEurope kusvika kumiganhu yeRussia, uye kurwa hondo dzemhirizhonga kusanganisira kupidigura hurumende dzakazvimirira dzenhengo dzinoverengeka dzeUN, mukutyora kwakanyanya UN Charter neNATO Charter yako.

Chii chine chekuita neizvi zvese pakuchengetedza runyararo uye ndiani anofanira kunge achizviita?

NATO, inotungamirwa uye inotungamirwa neU.SA, yakabvuta zvine mutsindo kana kudivi-chikamu chikamu chekutanga cheUN kugadzira rugare rwepasi rese. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvisiri zano rakaipa dai NATO neU.SA vakatora nzvimbo nekuita basa rechokwadi reUN mukuchengetedza runyararo rwenyika dzese.

Vakaita zvakapesana chaizvo, pasi pechinongedzo cheinonzi kupindira kwevanhu, uye gare gare pasi pechiyeuchidzo chebumbiro idzva reUN rinozivikanwa seR2P Basa rekudzivirira.[2] Mukutanga kwema1990 maUS akapindira zvisina kufanira muSomalia ndokubva vasiya basa iri, vachisiya Somalia senyika yakatadza kubva, uye vakatadza kupindira kudzivirira kana kumisa kuuraya kwevanhu muRwanda. IU.S. neNATO vakapindira kunonoka muBosnia, uye vakatadza kutsigira zvakakwana UN UNPROFOR mishoni ikoko, zvichiratidza kuti kuparara kweyaimbova Yugoslavia kunogona kunge kuri iko kwavakange vari chinangwa chavo chaicho. Kubva muna1999 zvichienda mberi zvinangwa nezviito zveUS neNATO zvakaita sekuwedzera uye nekutyora kuri pachena kweCharter yeUN.

Aya ndiwo matambudziko akakura asingazogadziriswe zviri nyore. Avo vanotsigira huripo hurongwa hwepasirese, uye izvi zvingangodaro zvinosanganisira vazhinji vevadzidzi vezvematongerwo enyika, votiudze kuti izvi ndezvechokwadi, uye kuti isu vedu vanopikisa ino anarchic yepasi rose system ingori utopian idealists. Nharo dzakadai dzinogona kunge dzakagadziriswa Hondo Yenyika yechipiri isati yatanga, kushandiswa kwekutanga kwechisimba kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Iye zvino vanhu pamwe neese ecosystem pane Earth Earth vanotarisana nekukwanisa kutsakatika nekuda kwekunze kwekudzora kwemauto, inotungamirwa zvakanyanya neUSA. Nekudaro, ngatirege kukanganwa kuti mamwe masimba matatu enyukireya, China, India nePakistan vakaita mhirizhonga zvine chekuita nenyaya dzemuganho kunyangwe munguva dzichangopfuura, izvo zvinogona kutungamira nyore nyore kuhondo dunhu renyukireya.

Kuchengetedza runyararo nekuchengetedza runyararo rwenyika dzese hazvina kumbobvira zvanyanya kukurumidza kupfuura zvazviri ikozvino. Zvakakosha kuti vanhu vanofanirwa kushandisa zvese zvavanowana kugadzira runyararo rusingaperi, uye vanhuwo zvavo vanofanirwa kutora chinzvimbo chakakosha murunyararo urwu, zvikasadaro vagari venyika ino vanobhadhara mutengo unotyisa.

Nezve dzimwe nzira dzechiuto sevanhu vanochengetedza runyararo zvinogona kunge zvakafanira kushandisa masimba akaomarara pamhando dzemauto anoshandiswa mukuchengetedza runyararo, uye nemitemo yakaoma kwazvo inodzora mashandiro erunyararo uye pamusoro pevachengeti verunyararo. Izvi zvinofanirwa kusanganiswa pamwe nekuwedzeredzwa kwevamwe vanhuwo zvavo mukuchengetedza runyararo pane kutsiva varindi verunyararo vechiuto nevachengeti verunyararo.

Mubvunzo wakakosha une hukama watinofanira kubvunza uye kupindura, wandinoita muPhD Thesis yangu yakapera muna 2008, ndeyekuti kuchengetedza runyararo kwakabudirira. Mhedzisiro yangu yekuzeza yaive, uye ichiripo, kuti kunze kwekusara kushoma, kuchengetedza runyararo rweUnited Nations, uye kuita kweUN mukuzadzisa basa rayo rekutanga rekuchengetedza runyararo rwepasi rose kwave kutadza kwakakomba, nekuti UN haina kubvumidzwa kubudirira. Kopi yeThesis yangu inogona kuwanikwa pane iyi link iripazasi. [3]

Masangano mazhinji ehurumende atove kushingaira mukugadzira nekuchengetedza runyararo.

Idzi dzinosanganisira:

1. United Nations Vazvipiri unv.org. Iri isangano rinobatsira mukati meUN rinopa vanozvipira vevanhu kune dzakasiyana siyana dzerunyararo nekusimudzira mhando mabasa munyika zhinji.
2. Asina Mhirizhonga Peaceforce - https://www.nonviolentpeaceforce.org/ - Yedu Mission - Nonviolent Peaceforce (NP) inzvimbo yepasi rose inodzivirira vanhu (NGO) yakavakirwa mumutemo wekubatsira vanhu uye wepasi rose. Chinangwa chedu ndechekuchengetedza vanhu vanogara mumhirizhonga kuburikidza nemauto asina zvombo, kuvaka runyararo parutivi pamwe nenzvimbo dzenzvimbo, uye nekukurudzira kuitiswa kwakawanda kwenzira idzi kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu uye chiremerera. NP inofungidzira tsika yepasi rose yerunyararo umo kunetsana mukati uye pakati penzvimbo nenyika kunogadziriswa nenzira dzisiri dzechisimba. Isu tinotungamirwa nemisimboti yekusaita zvechisimba, kusaita zvematongerwo enyika, mukurumbira wevatambi vemuno, uye kuita kwevanhu-kune-zvevanhu.
3. Vepamberi Vadziviriri: https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/ - Front Line Defenders yakavambwa muDublin muna 2001 nechinangwa chaicho chekudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu vari panjodzi (HRDs), vanhu vanoshanda, vasina mhirizhonga, kune chero ripi zvaro kana kodzero dzese dzakatemerwa muUniversal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR ). Front Line Vadziviriri vanotaura nezve zvido zvekuchengetedza zvinoonekwa neveHRD pachavo. - Basa reFront Line Defenders ndere kuchengetedza nekutsigira vadziviriri vekodzero dzevanhu vari panjodzi nekuda kwebasa ravo rekodzero dzevanhu.
4. CEDAW Chibvumirano cheKubvisa marudzi ese eRusaruro rweVakadzi chibvumirano chepasi rose chakatorwa muna 1979 neUnited Nations General Assembly. Ichitsanangurwa segwaro repasi rose rekodzero dzevakadzi, rakagadzwa musi wa3 Gunyana 1981 uye rakagamuchirwa nenyika 189. Misangano yepasi rose yakadaro yakakosha pakudzivirirwa kwevanhuwo zvavo kunyanya vakadzi nevana.
5. VSI Kuzvipira Sevhisi https://www.vsi.ie/experience/volunteerstories/meast/longterm-volunteering-in-palestine/
6. VSO Nyika dzese wemakeithappen.org - Chinangwa chedu kugadzira shanduko isingaperi kuburikidza nekuzvipira. Isu tinounza shanduko kwete nekutumira rubatsiro, asi nekushanda kuburikidza nevanozvipira uye vanobatsirana navo kupa simba vanhu vanogara mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzine hurombo pasi uye dzakanyanya kufuratirwa.
7. Vanoda vanozvipira https://www.lovevolunteers.org/destinations/volunteer-palestine
8. Masangano epasi rese ane chekuita nekutarisisa sarudzo mumashure memakakatanwa mamiriro:

• Sangano reChengetedzo uye Kubatana muEurope (OSCE) osce.org yakapa mamishini ekuongorora sarudzo kunyanya kune nyika dzekumabvazuva kweEurope nenyika dzaimbobatanidzwa neSoviet Union. OSCE inopawo vashandi vekuchengetedza runyararo mune dzimwe dzenyika dzakadai seUkraine neArmenia / Azerbaijan
• European Union: EU inopa mamishini ekuongorora sarudzo mumatunhu epasi asina kufukidzwa neOSCE, kusanganisira Asia, Africa neLatin America.
• The Carter Center mumusic.ca

Izvi zviri pamusoro ndezve mamwe emasangano mazhinji umo vanhu vanogona kutamba mabasa akakosha mukugadzira runyararo.

Mhedziso:

Basa rekufamba murunyararo mukati memunyika rakakosha asi izvi zvinoda kuwedzerwa kuti zvigadzire rakasimba runyararo pasirese kufamba, nekubatana pamwe nekubatana pakati pemazhinji emasangano erunyararo atovepo. Masangano akaita World Beyond War inogona kutamba yakakosha mabasa mukudzivirira mhirizhonga uye kudzivirira hondo kuitika pakutanga. Sezvinoitika mune edu ehutano masevhisi uko kudzivirira zvirwere uye madenda zvinonyanya kushanda kupfuura kuyedza kurapa izvi zvirwere mushure mekunge zvabata, saizvozvowo, kudzivirira hondo kunonyanya kushanda kupfuura kuyedza kumisa hondo kana zvangoitika. Kuchengetedza runyararo kunodiwa kushandiswa kwekutanga rubatsiro, kunamatira plaster mhinduro kumaronda ehondo. Kuteedzera runyararo kwakaenzana nekushandisa triage kuzvirwere zvehondo zvechisimba izvo zvaifanira kunge zvakadzivirirwa pakutanga.

Izvo zvinodikanwa kugovera zviwanikwa zvinowanikwa kune vanhu pachinhanho chekutanga mukudzivirira kwehondo, kugadzira runyararo, kuchengetedza uye kudzoreredza nharaunda yedu yekugara, pane kuita zvechiuto nekuita hondo.

Iyi ndiyo imwe yemakiyi akakosha ekubudirira kugadzira runyararo rwepasi rose kana wepasi rose.

Iyo fungidziro yemubhadharo wepasi rose wemauto we2019 yakaverengerwa neSIPRI, STOCKHOLM INTERNATIONAL PEACE RESEARCH INSTITUTE inosvika madhora mabhiriyoni 1,914. Nekudaro, kune nzvimbo zhinji dzemashandisirwo emauto asina kuiswa mune aya manhamba eSIPRI saka huwandu hwacho hwese hunogona kunge huri pamusoro pemadhora zviuru mazana matatu emadhora.

Nokuenzanisa mari yose yeUN yegore ra2017 yaingova mabhiriyoni mazana mashanu nemazana maviri emamiriyoni emadhora ekuAmerica uye izvi zvinogona kunge zvakatodzikisira nenzira chaidzo panguva ino.

Izvi zvinoratidza kuti vanhu vanoshandisa zvakapetwa makumi mashanu zvakapetwa pamubhadharo wemauto kupfuura iwo pazvinhu zvese zvinoitwa neUnited Nations. Iko kushandiswa kwemauto hakurevi mari dzehondo dzakadai, mari yemari, kukanganisa kwezvivakwa, kukuvara kwenzvimbo, uye kurasikirwa kwehupenyu hwevanhu. [4]

Dambudziko rekuwana kupona kwevanhu nderevanhu, uye izvo zvinosanganisira iwe neni, kudzosera huwandu hwemashandisirwo uye kushandisa zvakati wandei muchiuto nehondo, uye zvakanyanya mukugadzira nekuchengetedza runyararo, kuchengetedza uye kudzoreredza nharaunda yepasirese, uye nenyaya dzehutano hwevanhu, dzidzo uye kunyanya kururamisira chaiko.

Ruramisiro yepasi rose inofanirwa kuve nehurongwa hwehutongi hwepasi rose, kuzvidavirira uye kutsiva kubva kumatunhu akakonzera hondo dzechisimba. Panogona kunge pasina hutachiona kubva pakuzvidavirira uye kururamisira uye kusarangwa kwemhosva dzehondo, uye izvi zvaida kubviswa nekukurumidza kwesimba revhoti kuUN Security Council.

[1] https://www.un.org/disarmament/wmd/nuclear/tpnw/

[2] https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/assets/pdf/Backgrounder%20R2P%202014.pdf

[3] https://www.pana.ie/download/Thesis-Edward_Horgan%20-United_Nations_Reform.pdf

[4] https://transnational.live/2021/01/16/tff-statement-convert-military-expenditures-to-global-problem-solving/