Chirongwa cheInternational Neutralality Project Chotangwa

Yakatangwa neVeterans Global Peace Network (VGPN www.vgpn.org), Kukadzi 1, 2022

Kubva pakapera Hondo Yemashoko, hondo dzechisimba nechinangwa chekutora zviwanikwa zvakakosha dzakarwiwa neUSA neNATO nemamwe mubatanidzwa mukutyora kwakanyanya mitemo yenyika pamwe neUN Charter. Hondo dzese dzehukasha dzave dzisiri pamutemo pasi pemitemo yepasirese inosanganisira Kellogg-Briand-Pact, Nyamavhuvhu 27, 1928, chaive chibvumirano chenyika dzakawanda kuyedza kubvisa hondo sechinhu chemutemo wenyika.

UN Charter yakasarudza imwe pragmatic system ye'collective chengetedzo', yakada kuita seVatatu Musketeers - imwe yevose uye yese kune imwe. Vatatu musketeers vakave nhengo shanu dzekusingaperi dzeUN Security Council, dzimwe nguva dzinozivikanwa semapurisa mashanu, akapihwa basa rekuchengetedza kana kumanikidza runyararo rwepasirese. IUS yaive nyika ine simba zvakanyanya pasi rose pakupera kweWW 2. Yakanga yashandisa zvombo zveatomu zvisina basa kunyanya kurwisa vagari vekuJapan kuratidza simba rayo kune dzimwe nyika. Nezvipimo zvese iyi yaive mhosva yehondo yakakomba. USSR yakaputika bhomba rekutanga reatomic muna 1949 zvichiratidza chokwadi chebipolar international power system.

Mune ino 21^st Muzana remakore kushandiswa, kutyisidzira kushandisa, kana kunyange kuva nezvombo zvenyukireya kunofanira kurangarirwa sechimiro chougandanga hwenyika yose. Muna 1950 US yakatora mukana wekusavapo kwenguva pfupi kweUSSR kubva kuUN Security Council (UNSC) kuti ipfuure kuburikidza neUNSC resolution 82 iyo yakave nemhedzisiro yeUN kuzivisa hondo kuNorth Korea, uye kuti hondo yakarwiwa pasi pemureza weUN. Izvi zvakakonzeresa Hondo Yemashoko, pamwe nekushatisa basa reUN uye kunyanya basa reUN Security Council, iyo isati yambopora. Kutonga nekushungurudzwa kwechisimba kwakange kwakunda hutongi hwemitemo yenyika.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aya aigona uye aifanirwa kugadziriswa murunyararo mushure mekupera kweCold War muna 1989, asi vatungamiriri veUS vakaona kuti US yaive zvakare nyika ine masimba masimba pasi rose uye vakatama kutora mukana uyu zvizere. Panzvimbo yekuregedza iyo NATO yave kushaikwa, sezvo Warsaw Pact yakanga yaregwa, NATO inotungamirwa neUS yakafuratira vimbiso yakaitwa kumutungamiri weRussia Gorbachev kuti asawedzera NATO munyika dzaimbova Warsaw Pact.

Dambudziko riripo nderekuti US, inotsigirwa neUK neFrance, ine ruzhinji rwenhengo shanu dzechigarire dzeUN Security Council (UNSC) dzine simba reveto pane zvese sarudzo dzeUNSC. Nekuti China neRussia zvinogona zvakare kuvhota chero sarudzo dzeUNSC izvi zvinoreva kuti UNSC inenge yakavharwa zvachose kana sarudzo dzakakosha dzerunyararo pasirese dzichidikanwa. Izvi zvinobvumirawo nhengo shanu dzeUNSC dzechigarire (P5) kuti dziite zvisina mhosva uye nekutyora Chibvumirano cheUN chavanofanirwa kutsigira, nekuti UNSC yakavharwa haigoni kuvaranga. Kubva pakupera kweHondo Yemashoko avo vakanyanya kushungurudza mitemo yepasi rose vanga vari nhengo nhatu dzeNATO P5, US, UK neFrance, vachibatana nedzimwe nhengo dzeNATO uye mamwe vatsigiri veNATO.

Izvi zvakakonzera nhevedzano yehondo dzinotyisa dzisiri pamutemo dzinosanganisira hondo yekurwisa Serbia muna 1999, Afghanistan 2001 kusvika 2021, Iraq 2003 kusvika 2011 (?), Libya 2011. Vakatora hutongi hwemitemo yenyika mumaoko avo, uye vakava ivo kutyisidzira kukuru kurugare rwenyika yose. Panzvimbo pekupa chengetedzo yechokwadi yeWestern Europe iyo yakavambwa kuti iite, NATO yave racket yekudzivirira yepasirese. Mitemo yeNuremberg yakarambidza hondo dzehutsinye, uye Geneva Kokorodzano paHondo yakatsvaga kutonga kuti hondo dzinorwiwa sei, sekunge hondo dzaingova mhando yemutambo. Mumashoko aCarl von Clausewitz, "Hondo ndiko kuenderera kwezvematongerwo enyika nedzimwe nzira". Maonero akadaro pamusoro pehondo anofanira kurambwa, uye huwandu hukuru hwezviwanikwa zvakashandiswa muhondo uye gadziriro dzehondo dzinofanirwa kuendeswa kune zvechokwadi kugadzira nekuchengetedza runyararo.

Muchiono, UN Security Council chete ndiyo inogona kubvumidza zviito zvemauto kurwisa nyika dziri nhengo dzeUnited Nations uyezve nechinangwa chekuchengetedza runyararo rwechokwadi rwepasirese. Zvikonzero zvekubuda kunze zviri kushandiswa nenyika zhinji zvinosanganisira kutaura kuti hondo dzadzo dzechisimba dzakafanira kuzvidzivirira kwenyika dzadzo kana kuchengetedza zvido zvenyika, kana kupindira kwevanhu kwemanyepo.

Mauto ehukasha haafanire kuvepo munguva dzino dzine njodzi kuvanhu uko kushungurudzwa kwechiuto kuri kuita kukuvadza kusingaverengeki kumunhu pachako uye kunharaunda yekurarama kwevanhu. Mauto echokwadi ekudzivirira akakosha kudzivirira madzishe ehondo, matsotsi epasi rose, vadzvinyiriri uye magandanga, kusanganisira magandanga ematunhu akadai seNATO, kutyora kodzero dzevanhu kukuru uye kuparadzwa kweNyika yedu. Munguva yakapfuura mauto eWarsaw Pact aiita zviito zvehasha zvisina tsarukano kumabvazuva kweEurope, uye masimba ehumambo hweEurope nekoloni akapara mhosva dzakawanda kuvanhu munzvimbo dzavaimbove makoloni. Gwaro reSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose raiitirwa kuti rive hwaro hwegadziriro yakavandudzwa zvikuru yemitemo yenyika yose iyo yaizopedza uhu hutsotsi hwakanangana navanhu. Kutsiviwa kweutongi hwemitemo neutongi hwechisimba neUS neNATO, kunenge kusingadzivisiki kutevedzerwa nenyika idzo dzinonzwa kuti hutongi hwadzo nechengeteko zviri kutyisidzirwa neshungu dzeNATO dzekuda kuve mutsigiri wepasi rose.

Pfungwa yemutemo wepasi rose yekusarerekera yakaunzwa kumakore ekuma1800 kuchengetedza nyika diki kubva mukurwiswa kwakadaro, uye The Hague Convention V paKusarerekera Kwazvakarerekera 1907 yakava uye ichiri chidimbu chemutemo wepasirese wekusarerekera kwawakarerekera. Zvichakadaro, chibvumirano cheHague Convention on Neutrality chave kucherechedzwa seCustomary International Law, izvo zvinoreva kuti nyika dzose dzinosungirwa kutevedzera zvisungo zvayo kunyangwe dzisina kusaina kana kutambira chibvumirano ichi.

Zvakamboitwawo nharo nenyanzvi dzemitemo dzepasi rose dzakaita saL. Oppenheim naH. Lauterbach kuti chero nyika isina mhirizhonga muhondo ipi zvayo, inoonekwa seisina kwayakarerekera muhondo iyoyo, nokudaro inosungirwa kushandisa misimboti. uye miitiro yokusatora rutivi mukati mehondo iyoyo. Nepo nyika dzisina kwadzakarerekera dzichirambidzwa kupinda mumibatanidzwa yemauto hapana chinorambidzwa kupinda mumibatanidzwa yehupfumi kana yezvematongerwo enyika. Zvakadaro, kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwezvirango zvehupfumi senzira yekuranga vanhu vese kunofanirwa kutorwa sechisimba nekuda kwemhedzisiro inoparadza zvirango zvakadaro zvinogona kuunza kuvanhuwo zvavo kunyanya vana. Mitemo yepasi rose pamusoro pekusava nekwavakarerekera inoshanda chete kunyaya dzechiuto uye kupinda muhondo, kunze kwekuzvidzivirira kwechokwadi.

Kune misiyano yakawanda mumaitiro uye mashandisirwo ekusarerekera muEurope nekumwewo. Iyi misiyano inovhara spectrum kubva kune yakanyanya kurerekera kune yakashongedzwa neyakarerekera kune yekusarerekera isina pfuti. Dzimwe nyika dzakadai seCosta Rica hadzina mauto zvachose. Bhuku reCIA chokwadi rinonyora nyika makumi matatu nenhanhatu kana matunhu seasina mauto ehondo, asi vashoma chete veava ndivo vangakodzera senyika dzakazvimiririra zvizere. Nyika dzakadai seCosta Rica dzinovimba nemutemo wepasi rose kudzivirira nyika yavo kubva pakurwiswa, nenzira yakafanana iyo vagari venyika dzakasiyana-siyana vanovimba nekutonga kwemitemo yenyika kuti vazvidzivirire. Mapurisa chete anodiwa kuchengetedza vagari mukati menyika, hurongwa hwemapurisa epasi rose hunodiwa kuchengetedza nyika diki kubva kunyika dzakakura dzine hutsinye. Mauto echokwadi ekudzivirira anodiwa pachinangwa ichi.

Nekugadzirwa uye kupararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya nezvimwe zvombo zvekuparadza kukuru, hapana nyika, kusanganisira US, Russia neChina, inogona zvakare kuvimbiswa kuti inogona kuchengetedza nyika dzadzo nevagari vadzo kubva mukukurirwa. Izvi zvatungamira kune inove dzidziso yehupenzi yechokwadi yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika inonzi Mutually Assured Destruction, zvakapfupikiswa zvakafanira kuMAD Iyi dzidziso yakavakirwa pakutenda kusina chokwadi kuti hakuna mutungamiri wenyika angave benzi kana kupenga zvekuti atange hondo yenyukireya, zvakadaro USA. yakatanga hondo yenyukireya kurwisa Japan musi wa6^th August 1945.

Switzerland inoonekwa senyika isina kwayakarerekera pasi rose, zvekuti haina kutombobatana neSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzepasi Pose kutozosvikira nguva pfupi yapfuura sa2 Gunyana 2002. Dzimwe nyika dzakadai seAustria neFinland hadzina kwavakarerekera kunoratidzwa muBumbiro reMitemo radzo asi muzvose zviri zviviri. mumatare, kusatora rutivi kwakaiswa pavari pashure pokupera kweHondo yeNyika 2, naizvozvo vose vari vaviri zvino vangave vava kuenda kunogumisa chimiro chavo chokusatora rutivi. Sweden, Ireland, Cyprus neMalta hazvina kwazvakarerekera senyaya yehurongwa hweHurumende uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, izvi zvinogona kuchinjwa nechisarudzo chehurumende. Kusarerekera mubumbiro remitemo ndiyo sarudzo iri nani nekuti isarudzo inoitwa nevanhu venyika iyoyo kwete nevezvematongerwo enyika, uye chero sarudzo dzekusiya zvematongerwo enyika voenda kuhondo dzinogona kuitwa chete nereferendamu, kunze kwekuzvidzivirira chaiko. .

Hurumende yeIrish yakaita mukutyora kwakanyanya kwemitemo yepasirese yekusarerekera divi rimwe chete nekubvumira mauto eUS kushandisa nhandare yendege yeShannon senzvimbo yekumberi kurwisa hondo dzehutsinye kuMiddle East. Kusarerekera divi rimwe chete muCyprus kunokanganiswa nenyaya yekuti Britain ichiri kutora nzvimbo mbiri dzinonzi Changamire muCyprus idzo dzakashandiswa neBritain zvakanyanya kurwa hondo dzechisimba kuMiddle East. Costa Rica inosarudzika seimwe yedzimwe nyika shoma dzisina kwayakarerekera muLatin America uye yakabudirira kwazvo isina kwayakarerekera pane iyoyo. Costa Rica 'inoparadza' mari yayo yakawanda pahutano hwehutano, dzidzo, kutarisira vagari vayo vanotambura zvakanyanya, uye inokwanisa kuita izvi nokuti haina uto uye haiiti hondo nemunhu.

Mushure mekupera kweCold War, US neNATO dzakavimbisa Russia kuti NATO yaisazowedzerwa munyika dzekumabvazuva kweEurope nedzimwe nyika dziri kumiganhu neRussia. Izvi zvaizoreva kuti nyika dzose dziri kumiganhu yeRussia dzaizonzi nyika dzisina kwadzakarerekera, kusanganisira dziripo Finland dzisina kwayakarerekera, asiwo neBaltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Bulgaria, Georgia, etc. Chibvumirano ichi chakakurumidza kuputswa neUS neNATO. , uye kufambisa kunosanganisira Ukraine neGeorgia senhengo dzeNATO yakamanikidza Hurumende yeRussia kudzivirira zvayaifunga sezvido zvehurongwa hwenyika kuburikidza nekudzosa Crimea uye kutora matunhu eNorth Ossetia neAbkhazia pasi peRussia.

Pachine nyaya yakasimba inofanira kuitwa yekusarerekera kune dzimwe nyika dziri pedyo nemiganhu neRussia, uye izvi zviri kudiwa nekukurumidza kudzivirira kuwedzera kwekukonana muUkraine. Nhau inoratidza kuti kana nyika dzine utsinye dzinogadzira zvombo zvine simba zvikuru izvo zvombo izvi zvichashandiswa. Vakuru veUS vakashandisa zvombo zveatomiki muna 1945 vaive vasiri MAD, vaive BAD chete. Hondo dzechisimba dzatova kunze kwemutemo, asi nzira dzinofanirwa kuwanikwa dzekudzivirira kusatenderwa kwakadaro.

Mukufarira kwevanhu, pamwe chete nekufarirwa kwezvisikwa zvose zvipenyu paPlaneti Pasi, pane nyaya yakasimba inofanira kuitwa kuwedzera pfungwa yekusatora rutivi kunyika dzakawanda sezvinobvira. Iyo ichangoburwa runyararo network inonzi Veterans Global Peace Network www.VGPN.org  iri kuparura chirongwa chekukurudzira nyika dzakawanda sedzinobvira kuti dzisimbise kusarerekera mune zvemauto mubumbiro remitemo yadzo uye tinovimba kuti mamwe mapoka erunyararo emunyika neekunze achabatana nesu muchirongwa ichi.

Kusatora rutivi kwatinoda kusimudzira kwaisazova kusava nekwavakarerekera kwakashata uko nyika dzinofuratira kurwisana nekutambura mune dzimwe nyika. Munyika yakabatana isina njodzi yatiri kurarama mairi zvino, hondo mune chero chikamu chenyika injodzi kwatiri tese. Tinoshuvira kukurudzira kusatora rutivi kwakanaka. Neizvi tinoreva kuti nyika dzisina kwadzakarerekera dzine kodzero yakakwana yekuzvidzivirira asi hadzina kodzero yekurwisa dzimwe nyika. Zvakadaro, izvi zvinofanirwa kunge zviri kuzvidzivirira zvechokwadi uye hazvikodzere kuramwa mabasa kwemanyepo kusati kwaitwa kune dzimwe nyika kana 'kupindira kwevanhu' kwemanyepo. Zvichasungirawo nyika dzisina kwadzakarerekera kuti dzisimudzire nekubatsira kuchengetedza runyararo nekururamisira pasi rose. Rugare pasina kururamisira kungomira kwechinguvana sezvakaratidzwa neHondo Yenyika Yekutanga neChipiri.

Mushandirapamwe wakadaro wekusava nedivi ravakarerekera kune dzimwe nyika uchatanga nekukurudzira nyika dziripo kuti dzichengetedze uye dzisimbise kusarerekera kwadzo, uyezve kuita mushandirapamwe wekuti dzimwe nyika muEurope nekumwewo dzive nyika dzisina kwayakarerekera. VGPN ichashanda nesimba pamwe nemamwe mapoka erunyararo enyika nepasirese kuti vazadzise zvinangwa izvi.

Pane misiyano yakakosha papfungwa yekusarerekera, uye izvi zvinosanganisira iyo yekusarerekera kwakashata kana yekuzviparadzanisa nevamwe. Kunyomba kunokandwa dzimwe nguva kunyika dzisina kwadzakarerekera kunotorwa nemudetembi Dante: 'Nzvimbo dzinopisa zvikuru muGehena dzakachengeterwa avo, munguva yenhamo huru yetsika, vanochengeta kusarerekera kwavo.'. Tinofanira kupikisa izvi nekupindura kuti nzvimbo dzinopisa zvikuru mugehena dzinofanira kuchengeterwa avo vanorwa hondo dzechisimba.

Ireland muenzaniso wenyika yakaita kusarerekera kwakanaka kana kushingaira, kunyanya kubva payakabatana neUnited Nations muna 1955, asiwo munguva yehondo apo yaitsigira zvakasimba League of Nations. Kunyangwe hazvo Ireland iine mauto mashoma ekudzivirira anosvika varwi zviuru zvisere, yanga ichishanda zvikuru mukubatsira mukuchengetedza runyararo rweUN kubva 8,000 uye yakarasikirwa nemasoja makumi masere nemasere akafa pamisheni iyi yeUN, inova huwandu hwevanhu vakakuvara zvakanyanya kumauto mashoma akadaro. .

Munyaya yeIreland, kusatora rutivi kwakanaka kwakarevawo kusimudzira hurongwa hwekubvisa koloni, uye kubatsira nyika dzichangobva kuzvimiririra uye nyika dzichiri kusimukira nerubatsiro runoshanda munzvimbo dzakaita sedzidzo, mabasa ehutano, nekusimudzira hupfumi. Nehurombo, kunyanya kubva Ireland yakapinda muEuropean Union, uye kunyanya mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, Ireland yave kuda kudhonzerwa mumaitiro eEU nyika huru uye dzaimbove masimba ehukoloni mukushandisa zvisina kunaka nyika dzichiri kusimukira pane kudzibatsira zvechokwadi. Ireland yakakuvadzawo mukurumbira wayo wekusarerekera nekubvumira mauto eUS kushandisa nhandare yendege yeShannon kumadokero kweIreland kurwa hondo dzayo dzehutsinye kuMiddle East. Nhengo dzeUS neNATO dzeEU dzanga dzichishandisa dzvinyiriro yezvehupfumi kuyedza kuita kuti nyika dzisina kwayakarerekera muEurope dzisiye kusarerekera kwadzo, uye dziri kubudirira mukuedza uku. Zvakakosha kuratidza kuti chirango cherufu chakarambidzwa munyika dzose dzeEU uye iyi ibudiriro yakanaka kwazvo. Zvakadaro, nhengo dzeNATO dzine simba kwazvo dziri nhengo dzeEU dzanga dzichiuraya vanhu muMiddle East zvisiri pamutemo kwemakore makumi maviri apfuura.

Geography inogonawo kuita basa rakakosha mukusatora rutivi kwakabudirira uye nzvimbo yechitsuwa cheIreland pamucheto wekumadokero kweEurope inoita kuti zvive nyore kuchengetedza kusarerekera kwairi, zvakasanganiswa nechokwadi chekuti kusiyana neMiddle East, Ireland ine mafuta mashoma kana gasi zviwanikwa. Izvi zvakasiyana nenyika dzakadai seBelgium neNetherlands idzo dzakatyorwa pakusatora rutivi kwadzo kakawanda. Nekudaro, mitemo yepasi rose inofanirwa kuvandudzwa uye kushandiswa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti kusarerekera kwenyika dzese kwadzakarerekera kunoremekedzwa nekutsigirwa. Geographical factors zvakare zvinoreva kuti nyika dzakasiyana dzingangofanira kutora chimiro chekusarerekera chinoenderana nenzvimbo yaro uye zvimwe zvinhu zvekuchengetedza.

Chibvumirano cheHague (V) chekuremekedza Kodzero uye Mabasa eMasimba Asina Kwazvakarerekera uye Vanhu muNyaya yeHondo paNyika, yakasainwa musi wa 18 Gumiguru 1907. inogona kuwanikwa pane iyi link.

Kunyange zvazvo iine zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda, Hague Convention pamusoro pekusarerekera inoonekwa sehwaro hwemitemo yepasirese yekusarerekera. Kuzvidzivirira kwechokwadi kunobvumidzwa pasi pemitemo yepasirese yekusarerekera divi rimwe chete, asi chikamu ichi chakashungurudzwa zvakanyanya nenyika dzine hutsinye. Kusarerekera kwakasimba inzira inoshanda kune hondo dzechisimba. Kubva pakupera kweCold War NATO yave kutyisidzira kukuru kune rugare rwepasirese. Iyi purojekiti yepasirese yekusarerekera divi rimwe chete inofanirwa kuve chikamu chemushandirapamwe wakakura wekuita kuti NATO nemamwe mibatanidzwa yemauto ine hukasha isashande.

Reformation kana Shanduko yeSangano Romubatanidzwa Wenyika Dzapasi Pose ndechimwewo chinhu chinokosha, asi iroro ibasa rerimwe zuva.

Masangano erunyararo nevanhu vari mumatunhu ese epasi vanokokwa kuti vatore chikamu mumushandirapamwe uyu pamwe nekubatana neVeterans Global Peace Network kana vakasiyana uye vanofanirwa kunzwa vakasununguka kutora kana kugadzirisa mazano ari mugwaro iri.

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ndapota taura naManuel Pardo, Tim Pluta, kana Edward Horgan pa  vgpn@riseup.net.

Saina chikumbiro!