naJoseph Essertier, Gumiguru 31, 2017
From CounterPunch
"Hapana murume kana boka revanhu kana rudzi runogona kuvimbwa kuti riite sevanhu kana kufunga zvakachena vachisundwa nekutya kukuru."
- Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (1950) [1]
Dambudziko reNorth Korea rinounza vanhu kuruboshwe kuenda kurusununguko mashura neimwe yematambudziko makuru atakambosangana nawo. Zvino, kupfuura nakare kose, tinofanirwa kuisa parutivi kutya kwedu kwechisikirwo uye rusarura rwakakomba nyaya yezvombo zvenyukireya nekubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma inoda mhinduro dzakajeka. Iyi inguva yekudzokera uye kufunga kuti ndiani anodheerera ari paKorea Peninsula, uyo anotyisidzira rugare rwepasi rose uye kunyange kupukunyuka kwemarudzi evanhu. Inguva yapfuura nguva yekuti takanga tine gakava rekuongorora dambudziko reWashington kuNorth Korea nemuchina wemauto. Heano chikafu chekufunga pane zvinhu zviri kutsvairwa pasi pekapeti nemabvi maitiro, zviitiko izvo zvakasikwa kuzvizvarwa zveAmerica izvo zvakachengetwa murima nezvechokwadi nhoroondo. Vatapi venhau vane mukurumbira uye kunyange vazhinji vari kunze kwenzvimbo huru munhau dzinofambira mberi, vanodzora zvisungo zveWashington, vanosemesa North Korea, uye vanoratidza zvatakatarisana nazvo kurwira uko mapato ese anokanganisika.
Chekutanga pane zvese, isu tinofanirwa kutarisana nenyaya isingafadzi yekuti isu vanhu vekuAmerica, uye hurumende yedu pamusoro pezvose, ndiro dambudziko guru. Kufanana nevanhu vazhinji vanobva kuMadokero, ini hapana chandinoziva nezve North Koreans, saka ndinogona kutaura zvishoma pamusoro pavo. Zvese zvatinogona kutaura nezvazvo chero kuvimba neKim Jong-un. Kumisa nhaurirano kune izvo, tinogona kutaura kuti kutyisidzira kwake hakuvimbika. Sei? Chimwe chikonzero chiri nyore:
Nekuda kwekusiyana kwesimba pakati pesimba rehondo reUS, kusanganisira vamiriri vemauto parizvino, uye North Korea. Musiyano wakakura chaizvo haukodzeri kutaurirana, asi hezvino zvakakosha zvinhu:
Mabhesu eUS: Washington inongova ne15 mauto zvigadziko zvakapararira muSouth Korea, mazhinji acho ari padyo nemuganhu neNorth Korea. Kune zvakare zvigadziko zvakapararira muJapan, kubva kuOkinawa kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nenzira yese yekuchamhembe kuenda kuMisawa Air Force Base.[2] Zvigadziko muSouth Korea zvine zvombo zvine simba rinokuvadza kupfuura kunyange zvombo zvenyukireya izvo zvakachengetwa neWashington kuSouth Korea kwemakore 30 kubva ku1958 kusvika 1991.[3] Mabhazi muJapan ane Osprey ndege iyo inogona kukwira huwandu hwakaenzana hwemabhazi emadhorobha maviri akazara nemauto uye nemidziyo kuyambuka kuenda kuKorea parwendo rumwe nerumwe.
Ndege dzinotakura: Iko kusingasviki matatu matatu anotakura ndege mumvura yakatenderedza Korenia Peninsula neboka ravo rehondo revaparadzi.[4] Nyika zhinji haina kana imwechete inotakura ndege.
THAAD: MunaEpril wegore rino Washington yakaendesa THAAD ("terminal yakakwira nzvimbo yakakwirira yekudzivirira") kunyangwe ichishora zvakanyanya vagari veSouth Korea.[5] Izvo zvinongofanirwa kudzora North Korea inouya mabonist missist ekudzika kwavo, asi maChinese maofficial eBeijing vanoshushikana kuti chinangwa chaicho cheTAAD ndecheku “tarisa makorokoto atangwa kubva kuChina” sezvo THAAD ichigona kuongorora[6] Naizvozvo, THAAD inotyisidzira North Korea zvisina kunanga zvakare, nekutyisidzira mubatanidzwa wayo.
Mauto eSouth Korea: Iri nderimwe ramauto akakurumbira akamira munyika, akazara ne mhepo yakazara-mhepo yemauto uye zvombo zvakajairika kupfuura kukwana kusangana nekutyisidzirwa kwekupinda nechisimba kubva kuNorth Korea.[7] Vemauto veSouth Korea vakadzidziswa kwazvo uye vakabatana nevemauto eU.S nekuti vanogara vachiita zviitiko zvakadai se "hukuru hwegungwa, nyika nemhepo kurovedza muviri" unonzi "Ulchi Freedom Guardian" unosanganisira makumi ezviuru.[8] Kwete kutambisa mukana wekutyisidzira Pyongyang, idzi dzakaitwa mukupera kwaNyamavhuvhu 2017 kunyangwe iko kunetsana kuri kuwedzera.
Mauto eJapan: Euphemistic yakanzi "Zvangu-Kuzvidzivirira" maJapan akagadzirwa ane mamwe epamusoro-hunyanzvi, anogumburisa mauto epasirese pasi pasi, akadai seAWACS ndege uye Ospreys.[9] Nebumbiro rerunyararo rweJapan, izvi zvombo "zvinogumbura" mupfungwa dzinopfuura imwe chete yeshoko.
Submarines ane nyukireya zvombo: US ine mauto anodzika matunhu padyo neKorea Peninsula yakarongedzwa nemasaini ezvombo zvine "yakaoma-kuuraya kuuraya" nekuda kwechinangwa chitsva che "super-fuze" icho chiri kushandiswa kusimudzira musoro wekare wekupisa magetsi. Izvi zvino zvinogona kunge zvakaiswa pane ese US ballistic mishini misomboti.[10] "Kugona-kuuraya kuuraya" zvinoreva kugona kwavo kuparadza zviumbwa zvakaomesesa seRussia ICBM silos (kureva. Izvi zvaimbove zvakanyanya kuoma kuparadza. Izvi zvisina kunanga zvinotyisidzira North Korea sezvo Russia iri imwe yenyika dzingavabatsire mune chiitiko chekutanga kurohwa kweUS.
Sezvakataurwa nemunyori wezveDziviriro kuUS, James Mattis, kurwa neNorth Korea kungave "nenjodzi."[11] Icho ichokwadi-njodzi inonyanya kuitika kune veKorea, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, uye zvimwe kune dzimwe nyika mudunhu, asi kwete kune USA Uye ichokwadi kuti "vakatsigira madziro," maNorth Korea mauto "vacharwa," Muzvinafundo Bruce Cumings, munyori wezvekutanga weKorea kuYunivhesiti yeChicago, anosimbisa.[12] IUS yaizo “paradza zvachose” hurumende muguta reNorth Korea, Pyongyang, uye pamwe nevekuNorth Korea vese, sekutyisidzirwa kwavakaitwa neMutungamiriri wenyika yeAmerica, VaTrump.[13] NeNorth Korea, zvakare, yaizokuvadza zvakakomba kuSeoul, rimwe remaguta akaomesesa epasi rose, kukonzera mamirioni ezviitiko muSouth Korea uye makumi ezviuru muJapan. Sekunyora kwakaita munyori wenhoroondo Paul Atwood, sezvo isu tichiziva kuti "hurumende yekumusoro ine zvombo zvenyukireya iyo ichavhurwa kunzvimbo dzekuAmerica [muSouth Korea] neJapan, isu tinofanirwa kunge tichiridza mhere padenga rekuti kurwiswa kweAmerica kuchasunungura nunles, zvingangoitika pamativi ese, uye dongo rinotevera rinogona kukurumidza kuva zuva rehusiku rekurava vanhu vese. ”[14]
Hapana nyika mupasi inogona kutyisidzira US. Nguva. David Stockman, aimbova weCongressman wenguva mbiri kubva kuMichigan anonyora, "Kunyangwe iwe unocheka sei, hakuna nyika dzakakura, dzakasimukira, dzepamberi munyika dzingatyisidzira nyika yeAmerica kana kunyange kuve nepfungwa diki yekuita izvi. . ”[15] Anobvunza nehasha, "Munofunga [Putin] angangoita zvekupenga kana kuzviuraya zvakakwana kutyisidzira US nezvombo zvenyukireya?" Ndiye mumwe munhu ane 1,500 "anoisa simba renyukireya mauto."
"Siegfried Hecker, director director weLos Alamos National Laboratory uye wekupedzisira anozivikanwa mukuru weUnited States kuti aongorore nzvimbo dzekuNorth Korea, akaverengesa hukuru hwemauto eNorth Korea asinga pfuurei 20 kusvika kune 25 mabhomba."[16] Kana kwave kuzviuraya kuti Putin atange kurwa neUS, saka izvo zvinogona kunge zvichitove kuna Kim Jong-un weNorth Korea, nyika ine chegumi chimwe chavagari veU.S. uye hupfumi shoma.
Chikamu cheUS chekugadzirira kwemauto chinofamba kumusoro uye kupfuura izvo zvinodikanwa kuchengetedza South Korea. Inotyisidzira zvakananga North Korea, China, uye Russia. Sezvakataurwa naMufundisi Martin Luther King, Jr., US ndiye "muchengeti mukuru wezvechisimba pasi rose." Icho chaive chokwadi munguva yake uye chiri chokwadi sezvazviri.
Panyaya yeNorth Korea, kukosha kwehurumende dzayo kutarisa chisimba kunopihwa zita rekuti "varwi,"[17]maCumings anozvigadzirisa sei. Izwi iri rinoona chokwadi chisingarambwe chekuti vanhu veNorth Korea vanoshandisa yakawanda yenguva yavo kugadzirira kurwa. Hapana munhu anodana North Korea "mukurumbira mukuru wechisimba" zvakadaro.
Ndiani ane chigunwe pabhatani?
Mumwe chiremba wepfungwa anoshanda muAmerica Robert Jay Lifton nguva pfupi yadarika akasimbisa "kuzivikanwa kwaDonald Trump."[18] Anotsanangura kuti Trump "anoona nyika kuburikidza nemaonero ake, chaanoda uye chaanonzwa. Uye aisakwanisa kunyanyisa kana kupararira kana kuva nenjodzi. "
Munguva yesarudzo yake VaTrump havana kungopokana nezve nyukiliya yeJapan neSouth Korea, asi vakaratidza kufarira kunotyisa mukushandisa chaiko zvombo izvi. Kuti Donald Trump, murume anofungidzirwa kuve asina kugadzikana mupfungwa, ane kwaari kurishandisa zvombo zvinokwanisa kutsakatisa pasi kazhinji nguva dzinomiririra kutyisidzira chaiko, kureva, kutyisidzira kwakatendeka.
Kubva mumaonero aya, iyo inonzi "tyisidziro" yeNorth Korea inouya ichitaridza senge dutu rechirevo mudenga.
Kana iwe uchinzwa kutya Kim Jong-un, funga kuti vanotyisa sei maNorth Koreans. Iko mukana weTrump wekuregesa unstoppable geni yenyukireya kubva mubhodhoro zvirokwazvo inofanirwa kuve yekumuka kudana kune vanhu vese chero kupi pane iyo yezvematongerwo enyika yekumuka uye kuita nguva isati yanonoka.
Kana kutya kwedu Kim Jong-un kutanga kutirova zvisina musoro, uye kana pfungwa yekuve "muchinangwa chekuzviuraya" izvozvi isina musoro - sezvo iye, mauto ake, nevakuru vehurumende yake vari ivo vabatsiri vedzinza rinopa. iwo masimba akakosha neropafadzo—zvino chii chinobva kusava nemusoro kwedu, kureva kusanzwisisa kwevanhu muUS? Ko hype yese ndeyei? Ndinoda kupokana kuti imwe sosi yerudzi urwu rwekufunga, rudzi rwekufunga rwatinoona nguva dzese padanho repamba, irwo rusaruraganda. Iyi nzira yerusaruro, sedzimwe mhando dzeparaganda dzakawanda, inokurudzirwa zvikuru nehurumende inosimbisa mutemo wekunze unotungamirwa nemakaro e1% pane zvinodiwa ne99%.
The "gonhi rakavhurika”Fungidziro
Hwaro hwemutemo wedu wekunze unogona kupfupikiswa neinodemba ichiripo propaganda sirogani inozivikanwa se "Open Door Policy," sezvakatsanangurwa nguva pfupi yadarika naAtwood.[19] Iwe unogona kurangarira iyi tsaru yekare kubva kukirasi yepamusoro nhoroondo kirasi. Atwood ongororo pfupi yenhoroondo yeOpen Door Policy inotiratidza chikonzero nei ichigona kuvhura ziso chairo, ichipa kiyi yekunzwisisa izvo zvanga zvichiitika nguva pfupi yadarika nehukama hweNorth Korea-Washington. Atwood anonyora kuti "US neJapan dzaive munzira yekurovera kubvira ma1920 uye ne1940, pakati pekushungurudzika kwepasi rose, dzakapfigirwa muhondo yekufa pamusoro pekuti ndiani pakupedzisira achabatsira zvakanyanya kubva kumisika nezviwanikwa zveGreater China uye East Asia. ”Kana munhu aifanira kutsanangura chakakonzera Hondo yePacific, mutongo mumwe uchaenda kure. Atwood anoenderera mberi achiti, "Chikonzero chaicho US chakapokana nevaJapan muAsia hachimbokurukurwa uye inyaya inorambidzwa munhepfenyuro seizvo zvinangwa zvepamutemo zvekunze zveAmerica zvakakura."
Dzimwe nguva zvinopokana kuti US yakavhara kupinda kweJapan zviwanikwa muEast Asia, asi dambudziko rinoratidzwa nenzira yakatarisana, seimwe yemakaro ekuJapan uye achazotonga achikonzera kukakavara kwete kune kweWashington.
Atwood anotsanangura achidaro, "Chikamu chikuru cheJapan East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere chaive chakavharira kuvhara iyo 'Open Door' kupinda muAmerica kupinda uye kuwana hupfumi hunobatsira hweAsia panguva yakaoma. Sezvo Japan yakabata kutonga kweEast Asia iyo US yakafambisa iyo Pacific Fleet kuenda kuHawaii ichisunda chinhambwe cheJapan, yakatemerwa zvirango zvehupfumi, yakasungwa simbi nemafuta uye muna Nyamavhuvhu 1941 yakapa mukana wekupedzisira wekusiya China neVietnam 'kana zvimwe.' Kuona iko kwekupedzisira sekutyisidzira kwavakaita, Japan yakatora kuTokyo kwaive kurwisa kwekutanga kuHawaii. ”Izvo vazhinji vedu vakatungamirwa kuti vatende, kuti Japan yakangoenda nekuti yakadzorwa nehurumende isingatungamire nehondo. Chaizvoizvo yaive nyaya yekare yemhirizhonga pamusoro peiye muridzi wehupfumi hwenyika.
Hongu, maonero eCumings, uyo akapedza hupenyu hwese achitsvaga nhoroondo yeKorea, kunyanya nezvehukama hweUS-Korea, inokodzera zvakanaka neAtwood: "Kubvira pakaburitswa 'evhura gonhi zvinyorwa' mu1900 pakati pekutsikirira kwechigaro. Chinese real estate, vavariro yekupedzisira yeWashington yagara yakave isina kuvhurwa kupinda nharaunda yekuEast Asia; yaida kuti hurumende dzepamberi dzisimbe zvakakwana kuti dziwane rusununguko asi isina kusimba zvakakwana kudzora masimba eWestern. ”[20] Chinyorwa chidiki-diki chaAtwood asi chine simba chinopa mumwe mufananidzo mukuru weOpen Door Policy, nepo kuburikidza nebasa reCumings, munhu anogona kudzidza nezve izvo maitiro akaitwa muKorea panguva yeAmerica kutora nyika mushure mehondo yePacific, kuburikidza neisiri -sarudzo dzakasarudzika uye dzisina kunaka dzemudzvanyiriri wekutanga weSouth Korea Syngman Rhee (1875-1965), uye Hondo yevagari vemo muKorea yakatevera. "Kusavhurika kusvika kuEast Asia mudunhu" kwaireva kupinda mumisika yevakakurumbira vebhizinesi vekuAmerican bhizinesi, nekubudirira kwekutonga kwemisika iyoyo kuwedzera kumwe.
Dambudziko raive rekuti anticoloni hurumende yakawana kutonga muKorea, Vietnam, neChina. Hurumende idzi dzaida kushandisa zviwanikwa mukuvandudzwa kwakazvimirira kuti zvibatsire vagari venzvimbo yavo, asi izvo zvaivepo, uye zvichiripo, mureza mutsvuku we "nzombe" iyo ndiyo mauto eAmerica maindasitiri. Nekuda kweizvozvo, rwendo rwekuzvimiririra, Washington yakaenda "kwechipiri." "Varongi vekuAmerican vakatanga nyika yechipiri yakanakisa iyo yakakamuranisa Asia muchizvarwa."[21] Mumwe wekubatana naPak Hung-sik akati "vanochinja-chinja uye vanoongorora nyika" ndiyo yanga iri dambudziko, kureva, vanhu vaitenda kuti kukura kwehupfumi kweKorea kunofanirwa kubatsira kunyanya veKorea, uye avo vaifunga Korea inofanira kudzokera kune imwe mhando yakabatanidzwa yose kweanenge makore 1,000).
"Njodzi njodzi" rusaruro
Sezvo kufunga kwakadzama kwakadaro so“kuzvimirira kwenyika” kwagara kuchifanira kubviswa pamutengo upi noupi, mari huru muhondo dzinodhura ingave iri madikanwa. (Voruzhinji vari ivo vanoisa mari nemakambani varidzi vemasheya!) Kuisa mari kwakadaro kungada kushandira pamwe kwemamiriyoni eAmerica. Ndipo pakauya pfungwa ye "Yellow Peril" inobatsira. Iyo Yero Ngozi ipfungwa inoshambadzira inoshandura iyo yakashanda nemaoko mugurovhosi neiyo Open Door Policy, mune chero nzira yairi kuzviratidza seyayo.[22] Iko kubatana kunoratidzwa zvakajeka mune yakanyanya-mhando kudzoserwa kweYe Peril kuparadzira kubva panguva yekutanga Sino-Japan Hondo (1894-95) yakapinda nechinyorwa neyainzi purofesa wenhoroondo Peter C. Perdue uye Musiki weDhivhiri Kuona vanogadzira Ellen Sebring paMassachusetts Institute of Technology.[23] Sezvinotsanangurwa nenyaya yavo, "chikonzero chekuwedzera masimba ekunze aive nechinangwa chekuda kuendesa China munzvimbo dzesimba, mushure mezvose, kufunga kwavo kuti purofiti isingataurike inobva kune izvi." Iyi saga yakajeka yegoridhe yaive, chaiko, kune rumwe rutivi rwe "njodzi njodzi". Mumwe mufananidzo wekuparadzira mufananidzo wakashata wemurume wechiChina, chaiye akagara pamabhegi egoridhe mhiri kwegungwa.
Rusaruro rwekuMadokero kuvanhu veMabvazuva rwakaratidzirwa kwenguva refu neshoko rakaipa rekuti "gook." Nechemumoyo, iro izwi rakafa. VaKorea havana kufarira kubatwa nemadzinza akasiya senge izvi,[24] kwete anopfuura Filipinos kana Vietnamese.[25] (MuVietnam maive nemutemo unofficial asi waigara uchinzi "chete-gook mutemo" kana "MGR," uyo akataura kuti Vietnamese ingori mhuka dzinogona kuurayiwa kana kushungurudzwa mukuda). Izwi iri raishandiswa kureva vaKorea, zvakare, vese kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba. Cumings inotitaurira kuti "anoremekedzwa wemauto" Hanson Baldwin munguva yeHondo yeKorea akafananidza veKorea nemhashu, vaBharabhari, uye boka raGenghis Khan, uye kuti akashandisa mazwi kuvarondedzera se "vekare."[26]Washington inodyidzana neJapan zvakare inobvumidza rusaruro kurwisa maKorea kukura uye chete vakapasa mutemo wavo wekutanga kupikisa kutaura kwekuvenga mu2016.[27]Nehurombo, iwo mutemo wekutaurisa uye danho rekutanga chete.
Iko kutya kusinganzwisisike kwevasiri vechiKristu mune zvekunamata, mafirimu nezve diabolical Fu Manchu,[28] uye dzinza dzinoratidzira pamusoro pekare yezana ramakore re20th vese vakatora chikamu mukugadzira tsika umo George W. Bush aigona, nechiso chakatwasuka, kusarudza North Korea imwe yenyika nhatu dze "Axis of Evil" mushure me9 / 11.[29] Kwete chete kusava nehanya uye kune simba vatori venhau kuFox News asi mamwe mahedhiyo enhau nemapepa vanonyatso dzokorora ichi chinyorwa, vachishandisa se "shorthand" yeimwe US mutemo.[30] Izwi rekuti "axis rekuvengana" raive ratoda kushandiswa, risati ragadzirwa kunze kwekutaura kwekutanga. Asi chokwadi chekuti mazwi aya akanyanya kukosheswa chiratidzo chekusakudzwa pane yedu "chiratidzo" cheuipi uye kuvengana munharaunda medu.
Maitiro aTrump okusarurana kuvanhu vevara zvakanyatsojeka hazvidi kunyorwa.
Hondo yepashure pehukama pakati pevaviri Korera neJapan
Nerusaruro urwu — rusaruro urwu rwuri kuUS kune vanhu vekuKorea — hazvishamise kuti vanhu vashoma vekuAmerica vakatsika netsoka vachiti, “Zvakwana” maererano nekusabatwa zvakanaka kwavakaitwa neWashington mushure mehondo. Imwe yenzira dzekutanga uye dzakaipisisa idzo Washington yakakanganisa maKorea mushure meHondo yePacific yaive panguva yeInternational Military Tribunal yeFar East yakaungana mu1946: hurongwa hwehutapwa hwepabonde hwemauto eJapan (zvichida kunzi "kunyaradza vakadzi" system) haana kupomerwa mhosva, zvichiita kuti kutengeswa kwepabonde kwevechiuto kwechero nyika ipi zvayo, kusanganisira US, kuitike zvakare. Sekunyora kwakaita Gay J. McDougall weUN muna 1998, “…upenyu hwevakadzi huri kuramba husingakosheswi. Zvinosuruvarisa, kukundikana uku kugadzirisa mhosva dzepabonde dzakaparwa pamwero mukuru mukati meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri kwawedzera nhanho yekusarangwa iyo mhosva dzakafanana dzinoparwa nhasi.[31] Mhosva dzebonde dzaiitirwa vakadzi vekuKorea nemauto eUS vekare uye nhasi dzakabatana neiya nemauto eJapan epamberi.[32] Hupenyu hwevakadzi pazere hwaive husingashamiswe, asi hupenyu hwe korean vakadzi vanonyanya kuverengerwa seaya e "gook" --sexism uye rusaruraganda.
Maitiro eemauto eU.S. akasarudzika pamhirizhonga yebonde akaoneswa muJapan nenzira iyo Washington yakabvumidza mauto eAmerica kupfimba vakadzi veJapan, vakapunzikiswa nehurumende yeJapan yakatsigirwa nehukama hwepabonde, iyo yainzi "Varaidzo uye Chokuvaraidza Association," yakaitwa pachena kuti mafaro emauto ose akabatanidzwa.[33] Panyaya yeKorea, zvakawanikwa kuburikidza nemanyorerwo edare reparamende yeSouth Korea ekuti "mukuchinjana kumwe ku1960, vateresi vemitemo vaviri vakakurudzira hurumende kudzidzisa huwandu hwepfambi kuti huite izvo zvakanzi" zvinodikanwa zvepanyama "zvevarwi vakabatana uye. vadzivirira kubva pamadhora avo muJapan panzvimbo yeSouth Korea. Mutevedzeri wegurukota repamba panguva iyoyo, Lee Sung-woo, akapindura kuti Hurumende yakagadzirisa zvimwe 'zviripo zvechipfambi uye nemaitiro ekuvaraidza' emauto eAmerica. "[34]
Izvo hazvifanirwe zvakare kukanganikwa kuti mauto eUS abatwa chibharo vakadzi veKorea kunze kwemabhuroka. Vakadzi veJapan, sevakadzi veKorea, vanga vachirwiswa nechisimba panguva yekugara kweUS ikoko uye padyo nemauto eUS-vakadzi vakatengeswa pabonde pamwe nevakadzi vaingofamba vachidzika nemugwagwa.[35] Vakakundwa munyika mbiri idzi vachiri kutambudzika nemaronda emuviri uye PTSD - zvese zvinokonzerwa nebasa uye zvigadziko zvemauto. Imhosva yenharaunda yedu kuti "vakomana vangave vakomana" hunhu hwemauto eU.S. anoenderera. Inofanirwa kunge yakatsemurwa mubhu kuInternational Military Tribunal yekuFar East.
MacArthur's a humane post-war sununguko yeJapan yakasununguka yaisanganisira kutungamira kwakadai sekugadzirisa nyika, kodzero dzevashandi, uye kubvumidza kubvumidzwa kwekudyidzana kwemasangano evashandi; kucheneswa kweanoganationalist vashandi vehurumende; uye kutonga mukati meZaibatsu (kureva, Pacific Hondo-nguva bhizinesi makomishari, uyo akapfuma kubva kuhondo) uye akaronga masangano ematsotsi; chekupedzisira asi chisiri chidiki, bumbiro rerunyararo rakasarudzika munyika neChinyorwa chavo 9 "Vanhu veJapan vanoramba zvachose kurwira kodzero sekodzero yenyika, uye kutyisidzira kana kushandisa simba senzira yekupedza kusawirirana kwenyika dzese." Zviripachena, zvakawanda izvi zvaizoreva gamuchirwa kune veKorea, kunyanya vasingabatanidzi ma-ultranationalists kubva simba uye bumbiro rerunyararo.
Nehurombo, mafambiro akadaro haatombogamuchirwa kumakambani kana kumauto-maindasitiri, saka pakutanga 1947 kwakatemwa kuti indasitiri yeJapan yaizovazve "musangano weEast uye Southeast Asia," uye kuti Japan neSouth Korea yaizowana rutsigiro kubva Washington yekuvandudza hupfumi pamwe nemitsara yeMarshall Plan muEurope.[36] Mumwe mutsara mutsamba kubva kuna Secretary of State George Marshall kuna Dean Acheson muna Ndira 1947 unopedzisa mutemo weUS kuKorea uyo waizoshanda kubva gore iro kusvika 1965: "ronga hurumende chaiyo yeSouth Korea vobatanidza [sic] yayo hupfumi nehweJapan. ”Acheson akatsiva Marshall seGurukota reNyika kubva ku1949 kuenda ku1953. Akave "mutsigiri mukuru wezvekunze wekuchengetedza maodzanyemba Korea munzvimbo yeAmerican neJapan, uye nekunyora ruoko rwekuAmerica kupindira muHondo yeKorea," mumashoko aCumings.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, vashandi veJapan vakarasikirwa kodzero dzakasiyana siyana uye vaine simba shoma rekubhaiza, ivo vanoshanda zvekumusoro-soro "vanozvidzivirira" vakagadzwa, uye maopanationalists vakaita saGurukota reSekuru Abekuru Kishi Nobusuke (1896-1987) vakabvumidzwa kudzokera kuhurumende . Kugadziriswazve kweJapan kuri kuenderera nhasi, kutyisidzira vese Koreya pamwe neChina neRussia.
Mutori wenhau wePulitzer Mubayiro John Dower anoti chimwe chakashata chakatevera kubva muchibvumirano cherunyararo cheJapan chakavamba musi uyo Japan yakawana hutongi hwayo 28 Kubvumbi 1952: "Japan yakadziviswa kutama kubudirira mukuyananisa uye kubatanidzwazve neboka rayo. vavakidzani vepedyo veAsia. Kuita rugare kwakanonoka. ”[37] Washington yakavhara runyararo pakati peJapan nevavakidzani vaviri vakuru iyo yakanga yaenda koloni, Korea neChina, nekutanga "runyararo" iyo isingabatanidzi vese Koreya pamwe nePeople's Republic of China (PRC) kubva mukuita kwayo kwese. Washington yakadzingira ruoko rweJapan kuti vawane mubatanidzwa wavo nekutyisidzira kuenderera mberi nebasa rakanga ratanga naGeneral Douglas MacArthur (Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) Kubva Japan neSouth Korea hazvina kuita hukama pakati paJune 1965, uye chibvumirano cherunyararo pakati peJapan neChibvumirano. PRC haina kusainwa kusvika 1978, pakanonoka, apo maererano neDower, "Maronda nehutsinye hwaityisa hwe imprisia, kupindamo, uye kudzvinyirirwa zvakasiiwa kuti zvitore-zvisina kudzikisirwa uye zvakanyanya kusazivikanwa muJapan. yakapinda mutsindo yekutarisa kumabvazuva mhiri kwePacific kuenda kuAmerican kuchengetedzeka, uyezve, kuzivikanwa senyika. "Saka Washington yakadzinga muchakabvu pakati peJapan parutivi uye maKorea nemaChinese kune rumwe rutivi, vachiramba Mukana kuratidzira pamusoro pezviito zvavo zvehondo, kukumbira ruregerero, uye kuvaka zvakare hushamwari .. Kusarura kweJapan pamusoro pevaKorea neChinese kunozivikanwa, asi kungori nhamba shoma vanhu vane ruzivo vanonzwisisa kuti Washington inofanirawo kupomerwa.
Usarege kukiya suo padyo muEast Asia
Kudzokera kuna Atwood pane nezve Open Door Policy, anotsanangudza nenzira iyi dzidziso yehunhu, achiti: "Mari yekuAmerican nemakambani vanofanirwa kunge vaine kodzero yekupinda mumisika yemarudzi ese nenzvimbo uye kuwana zviwanikwa zvavo uye nemutengo unodhura webasa Mazita eAmerica, dzimwe nguva nehurombo, kazhinji nechisimba. ”[38] Anotsanangura kuti dzidziso iyi yakafamba sei. Mushure meHondo yedu yeParutivi (1861-65), US Navy yakaramba iripo “muPacific Ocean kunyanya muJapan, China, Korea neVietnam uko kwakaitika kupindira kwakawanda.” Chinangwa chemauto ehondo "kuverengera mutemo nekurongeka uye nekuona kuwanikwa mune zvehupfumi… uku uchidzivirira masimba eEurope… kubva mukuwana runyararo rwaisazobatanidza vanhu veAmerica.
Kutanga kurira kujaira?
Open Door Policy yakatungamira kune dzimwe hondo dzekupindira, asi iyo US haina kunyatso kutanga kuedza kushandura anticolonial kufamba muEast Asia, maererano neCumings, kudzamara 1950 National Security Council yataura 48 / 2, yaive makore maviri mu kugadzira. Yainzi "Position yeUnited States Nekuremekedza Asia" uye yakatanga chirongwa chitsva icho "chaisafungidzirwa zvachose pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II: yaizogadzirira kupindira muhondo vachipesana neanticoloniary kuEast Asia-kutanga Korea, kozoita Vietnamese, neChinese Shanduko senzira inodzokera shure. ”[39] Iyi NSC 48 / 2 yakaratidza kupesana ne "generalization indasitiri." Mune mamwe mazwi, zvingave zvakanaka kuti nyika dziri muEast Asia dzive nemisika mishoma, asi isu hatidi kuti ivo vasimukire indasitiri yakazara seUS. ivo vachakwanisa kukwikwidzana nesu muminda umo isu tine "mukana wakaenzaniswa."[40] Ndozvinonzi NSC 48 / 2 yainzi "kudada kwenyika uye chishuwo," izvo "zvichidzivirira huwandu hunodiwa hwehukama hwenyika."
Iyo de-kubatana kweKorea
Pamberi peJapan isati yambudzwa Korea mu1910, vazhinji veKorea vaive "varimi, vazhinji vacho varidzi vanoshanda ivhu rakabatwa nemumwe weanotyisa pasi rose," kureva. yangbanaristocracy.[41] Izwi iri rinoumbwa nevaviri maChinese mavara, yang zvinoreva kuti “vaviri” uye bhana zvinoreva kuti “boka.” Boka revatongi vezvitendero rakange raumbwa nemapoka maviri - vashandi vehurumende nevakuru vemauto. Uye huranda hauna kubviswa muKorea kusvika 1894.[42] Kugara kweUS uye itsva, isingafarirwi yeSouth Korea hurumende yeSyman Rhee iyo yakagadzwa muna Nyamavhuvhu 1948 yakatevera nzira dzekuparadzanisa uye kukunda iyo, mushure memakore e1,000 yekubatana, yakapurudzira iyo Koreya yeKorea mune yakazara-pa, hondo yevagari uye nemapoka pamwe chete mitsara.
Saka imhosva yei yeruzhinji rwevaKorea avo vava kuda kurangwa? Mhosva yavo yekutanga ndeyekuti ivo vakaberekerwa muchikamu chakashandiswa cheupfumi munyika yakashongedzwa pakati penyika mbiri dzakapfuma uye dzine simba, kureva, China neJapan. Mushure mekutambura zvikuru pasi pehutongi hweJapan kweanopfuura makore 30, vakafarikanya moyo mupfupi werusununguko uyo wakatanga muzhizha re1945, asi nenguva isipi iyo US yakatora kubva kwainge kwasiya Hushe hweJapan. Mhosva yavo yechipiri yaive kuramba iyi yechipiri yeuranda pasi peWashington-anotsigira Syngman Rhee, achitangisa Hondo yeKorea. Uye chechitatu, vazhinji vavo vakashuvira kugoverwa kweupfumi hwenyika yavo. Idzi nzira mbiri dzekupedzisira dzekupandukira dzakavaita kuti vapinde munyatwa neBully Nhamba yekutanga, uyo sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, anga asarudza muchivande kusabvumidza "kuburitswa kwemaindasitiri" muNSC 48 / 2, inoenderana nemaitiro ayo akajairika, achiranga nyika zvakanyanya anoshuvira independent kusimudzira hupfumi.
Zvichida chikamu nekuda kweiyo idier yekunyoreswa kwemutemo iyo itsva, isina kusimba, uye US-inotonga UN yakapa hurumende yeSyman Rhee, vayenzi vashoma kuMadokero vakatarisa hutsinye hwakaitwa neUS panguva yekugara kwayo Korea, kana kunyangwe mune izvo chaizvo. hutsinye hwakaperekedza kuiswa kwehurumende yaRhee. Pakati pe100,000 ne200,000 Koreya akaurayiwa nehurumende yeSouth Korea nemauto eU.S. asati aenda munaJune 1950, pakatanga "hondo yakavanzika", sekutsvagurika kwaCumings, uye "vanhu ve300,000 vakasungwa ndokuurayiwa kana kungo nyangarika neSouth Korea. hurumende mumwedzi mishoma yekutanga mushure inowanikwa Hondo yakatanga. ”[43] (Zvinyorwa zvangu). Saka kuisa pasi kurwisa kweKorea mumatanho ayo ekutanga kwaisanganisira kuurawa kwevanhu vanosvika hafu yemiriyoni. Izvi zvoga chiratidzo chekuti huwandu hukuru hwevaKorea kumaodzanyemba, kwete chete vazhinji vevaKorea kuchamhembe (mamirioni akaurayiwa panguva yeHondo yeKorea), havana kugamuchira nemaoko akasvinuka avo nyowani vatsva veUS-vakatsigira vatongi.
Kutanga kwe "hondo yakajairika," nenzira, inowanzo kuve yakafanana ne25 June 1950, apo maKorea kuchamhembe "vakapinda" nyika yavo, asi Hondo kuKorea yakanga yatovepo kutanga ne 1949 yekutanga, saka kunyangwe paine yakanyanya-inobata kufungidzira kuti Hondo yakatanga mu1950, Cumings inoramba kufunga ikoko.[44] Semuenzaniso, pakave nehondo hombe yevarombo paCheju Island mu1948-49 umo imwe nzvimbo pakati pe30,000 nevagari ve80,000 vakaurayiwa, kubva muhuwandu hwe300,000, vamwe vacho vakaurayiwa zvakananga nemaAmerican uye mazhinji awo zvisina kunangana nemaAmerican mu pfungwa yekuti Washington yakabatsira nemhirizhonga yenyika yeSymanman Rhee.[45] Mune mamwe mazwi, zvingave zvakaoma kupomera Hondo yeKorea kuDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), asi zviri nyore kuzvipomera paWashington neSyngman Rhee.
Mushure mekutambura kese kwakaitwa neUS kukonzeresa maKorea, kuchamhembe nekumaodzanyemba, hazvifanire kunge zvichishamisika kuti hurumende yeNorth Korea inopokana uye inopesana neAmerica, uye kuti vamwe maKorea kuNorth vanoshanda pamwe nehurumende yaKim Jong-un pakubatsira North kugadzirira kurwa neUS, kunyangwe iyo hurumende isina kuzvitonga. (Zvichida iwo maficha atinoratidzwa kakawanda pamusoro peTV huru, yevarwi kufora anoratidza imwe nhanho yekubatana). Mune mazwi aCumings, "Iyo DPRK haisi nzvimbo yakanaka, asi inonzwisisika nzvimbo, nyika yekumanikidza uye inopesana nenyika inowedzera kubva hafu yezana ramakore kutonga kweJapan koloni uye imwe hafu yezana-inoenderera nekutarisana nehegemonic. United States neSouth Korea ine simba, ine hurema hwese (nyika yemapurisa, zvematongerwo enyika zvizere, inotaura zvekare kune vekunze) uye nekutarisa zvakanyanya kukanganisa kodzero dzayo senyika. "[46]
Chii zvino?
Kana Kim Jong-un achipomedzera kutuka, ivo havana kumbobvira vatendwa. Kana mutungamiri wenyika yeAmerica VaTrump vakatyisidzira North Korea, zvinotyisa. Hondo yenyukireya yakatanga muKorea Hondo inogona "kukanda sosi yakakwana nemarara kuti ityisidzire vanhu vepasi rose,"[47] saka ari kutyisidzira vanhu kuvepo chaiko.
Imwe inongoda tarisa inonzi "Doomsday Clock" kuti uone kuti zvakakurumidza sei kuti tiite izvozvi.[48] Vanhu vazhinji vane ruzivo rwakanyanya vakundwa, kazhinji, kune rondedzero inobata munhu wese muNorth Korea. Zvisinei nezvinotendwa nezvematongerwo enyika, tinofanira kufunga patsva nekugadzirisa gakava riripo maererano neizvi US dambudziko - Kuwedzera kweWashington kusagadzikana. Izvi zvinoda kuona irikuuya "isingafungidzirwe," kwete chiitiko chakazvimiririra asi semhedzisiro isinga fambe yekuenderera kwechisimba maitiro ezvehumambo hwehumambo nehumambo pamusoro penguva - kwete "kungoona" chete, asi vachiita zvinoenderana nekuchinja zvakanyanya marudzi edu. kuwanda kwechisimba.
Notes.
[1] Bertrand Russell, Unpopular Essays (Simon Uye Schuster, 1950)
[2] "Mauto Echiuto muJapan Mauto Mabhesi"
[3] Cumings, Nzvimbo yeKorea muZuva: Nhoroondo Yemanje (WW Norton, 1988) p. 477.
Alex Ward,South Korea Inoda US ku Station Nuclear Weapons Munyika. Icho Chakaipa Idea. " Vox (5 Gunyana 2017).
[4] Alex Lockie, "US inotumira yechitatu mutakuri wendege kuPacific semasaini makuru eArmada looms pedyo neNorth Korea, " Business Insider (5 June 2017)
[5] Bridget Martin, "Moon Jae-In's THAAD Conundrum: South Korea" Kenduru "Mutungamiri" Inotarisana Yakasimba Citizen Kupokana paMisodzi Defence., " Asia Pacific Chinyorwa: Japan Focus 15: 18: 1 (15 Gunyana 2017).
[6] Jane Perlez,Kune China, iyo Missile Defense System muSouth Korea Inotsikisa Yakakundikana Dare," New York Times (8 Chikunguru 2016)
[7] Bruce Klingner,South Korea: Kutora Matanho Akakodzera Ekudzivirira Reform, ”Heritage Heritage (19 Gumiguru 2011)
[8] Oliver Holmes,US neSouth Korea kuyera muhoro chiitiko chihombe kunyangwe North Korea iri kunetsa, " The Guardian (11 Nyamavhuvhu 2017)
[9] "Japan-Airborne Yambiro uye Kudzora System (AWACS) Mission Computing Upgrade (MCU),”Defense Defense Cooperation Agency (26 Gunyana 2013)
[10] Hans M. Kristensen, Matthew McKinzie, uye Theodore A. Postol, "Maitiro eUS Nyukireya Simba Razvino Rinochinjisa Strategic Kugadzika: Iyo Burst-Height inodzosera Super-Fuze, " Bulletin yeAtomic Scientists (March 2017)
Imwe yekumisikidzwa yakaendeswa kudunhu muna Kubvumbi 2017. Ona Barbara Starr, Zachary Cohen naBrad Lendon, "US Navy Yakatungamirirwa-nyowani Sub Inodaidza muSouth Korea, ”CNN (25 Kubvumbi 2017).
Panofanira kuve neanenge maviri mudunhu zvakadaro. Ona “VaTrump vanoudza Duterte nezve maviri eUS nyukireya Sub mumvura yeKorea: NYT,” Reuters (24 Chivabvu 2017)
[11] Dakshayani Shankar,Mattis: Hondo neNorth Korea yaizove 'njodzi',”ABC Nhau (10 Aug 2017)
[12] Bruce Cumings, "Humambo hweHermit Vanodzikisira Tiri, " LA Times (17 Chikunguru 1997)
[13] David Nakamura naAnne Gearan, "Mukutaura kweUN, VaTrump vanotyisidzira 'kuparadza chose North Korea' uye vanodana Kim Jong Un 'Rocket Man', " Washington Post (19 Gunyana 2017)
[14] Paul Atwood, “Korea? Zvagara Zviripo Nezve China! ” CounterPunch (22 Gunyana 2017)
[15] David Stockman,Iyo Yakadzika Yenyika yeBogus 'Iranian Kutyisa', " Antiwar.com (14 Gumiguru 2017)
[16] Joby Warrick, Ellen Nakashima, naAnna Fifield “North Korea ikozvino inogadzira zvombo zvenyukireya yakagadzirira, vaongorori veUS vanoti, " Washington Post (8 Nyamavhuvhu 2017)
[17] Bruce Cumings, North Korea: Rimwe Nyika (Iyo New Press, 2003) p. 1.
[18] Rugwaro rwekurukurirano, "Psychiatrist Robert Jay Lifton paDuty kune Yambiro: VaTrump's 'Relation to Reality' Zvinotitadzisa Tese, ”DemocracyNow! (13 Gumiguru 2017)
[19] Atwood, "Korea? Zvagara Zviripo Nezve China! ” CounterPunch.
[20] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 8, chikamu chakanzi "A Military-Industrial Complex," 7th ndima.
[21] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 8, chikamu chakanzi "A Military-Industrial Complex," 7th ndima.
[22] Aaron David Miller naRichard Sokolsky, “Tiye 'axis yezvakaipa' yadzoka,” CNN (26 Kubvumbi 2017) l
[23] "Kurwiswa kweBoxer-Ini: Dutu Rinounganidza kuNorth China (1860-1900), ”MIT Kuona Tsika Dzemagariro, Kubvumirana kweClive Commons webhusaiti:
[24] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 4, 3rd ndima.
[25] Nick Turse anoudza nhoroondo yeakashata rusaruro yakabatana neizwi iri mukati Kuuraya Chero chipi zvacho chinofambisa: Hondo yechokwadi yeAmerica muVietnam (Picador, 2013), Chitsauko 2.
[26] Kuti uwane chinyorwa chechisimba chine chisimba, ona Hanson W. Baldwin, "Chidzidzo cheKorea: Hutsotsi hweReds, Simba Kudana Kuongororazve Dziviriro Mukudzivirirwa Kumusoro Yekupambwa," New York Times (14 Chikunguru 1950)
[27] Tomohiro Osaki,Kudya kunopfuudza mutemo wekutanga weJapan kumisa kutaura kwekuvenga, " Japan Times (24 May 2016)
[28] Julia Lovell, "Iyo Yero Dambudziko: Dr Fu Manchu & Rise yeChinaphobia naChristopher Frayling - wongororo, " The Guardian (30 Gumiguru 2014)
[29] Christine Hong,Hondo nedzimwe nzira: Chisimba cheNorth Korea Kodzero Dzevanhu, " Asia Pacific Chinyorwa: Japan Focus 12: 13: 2 (30 Kurume 2014)
[30] Lucas Tomlinson uye Iyo Associated Press, "''Axis yeZakaipa 'achiri mupenyu saNorth Korea, Iran inotangisa zvombo, flout sanctions, ”Fox News (29 Nyamavhuvhu 2017)
Jaime Fuller, "Iyo 4th yakanakisa State of the Union kero: 'Axis yezvakaipa, ' Washington Post (25 Ndira 2014)
[31] Caroline Norma, IJapan Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery panguva yeChina uye Pacific Wars (Bloomsbury, 2016), Mhedziso, 4th ndima.
[32] Tessa Morris-Suzuki, "Iwe Haudi kuziva nezve Vasikana?" "Vanonyaradza Vakadzi", mauto eJapan neaneMamwe Hondo muAsia-Pacific War, " Asia Pacific Chinyorwa: Japan Focus 13: 31: 1 (3 Nyamavhuvhu 2015).
[33] John W. Dower, Kukumbira Kukundikana: Japan muKwake kweHondo Yenyika yechipiri. (Norton, 1999)
[34] Katharine HS Mwedzi, "Mauto Prostitution uye mauto eU.S. muAsia," Asia Pacific Chinyorwa: Japan Focus Vhoriyamu 7: 3: 6 (12 Ndira 2009)
[35] Norma, IJapan Comfort Women and Sexual Slavery panguva yeChina uye Pacific Wars, Chitsauko 6, chikamu chekupedzisira chechikamu chakanzi "Vakanyadziswa kusvikira pakupedzisira."
[36] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 5, yechipiri-kusvika-yekupedzisira ndima yechikamu chekutanga pamberi pe "Maodzanyemba akadziva kumadokero kweKorea panguva yeHondo yeHondo."
[37] John W. Dower,Iyo San Francisco Sistimu: Kare, Parizvino, Ramangwana muUS-Japan-China Ukama, " Asia Pacific Chinyorwa: Japan Focus 12: 8: 2 (23 February 2014)
[38] Atwood,Korea? Izvo Zvinogara Chaizvoizvo Nezve China!" CounterPunch.
[39] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 8, chikamu chakanzi "A Military-Industrial Complex," 6th ndima.
[40] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 8, chikamu chakanzi "A Military-Industrial Complex," 9th ndima.
[41] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 1, iyo 3rd ndima.
[42] Cumings, North Korea: Imwe Nyika, Chitsauko 4, 2nd ndima.
[43] Cumings, "Nhoroondo Inouraya yeKorea," London Review of Books 39: 10 (18 May 2017).
[44] Cumings, Koreya nzvimbo munzvimbo yezuva: A Modern History, p. 238.
[45] Cumings, Hondo yeKorea, Chitsauko 5, "Iyo Cheju Insurgency."
[46] Cumings, North Korea: Rimwe Nyika, Chitsauko 2, "Chikamu cheAmerica cheNyukireya" chikamu, chikamu chekupedzisira.
[47] Bruce Cumings, "Nhoroondo Inouraya yeKorea," London Review of Books (18 Mai 2017). Iyi yeCumings 'yakanakisa pfupi-asi-yakanyatsorongeka, nyaya yakapfupika pane nhoroondo yeKorea sezvo ine hukama nedambudziko razvino.
[48] Bulletin yeAtomic Scientists
~~~~~~~~~
Joseph Essertier anodzidzisa purofesa kuNagoya Institute of Technology muJapan.
