NaStefano Zunes, Mafirimu For Action
ZVAKAWANDA PASI PANENGE PANE imwe nguva munhoroondo, nyaya yakasimba inogona kuitwa pane pragmatic, utilitarian chikonzero chekuti hondo haichadiwe. Nonviolent statecraft haifanire kunge iri iyo kurota kweacifist uye vanorota vanofunga. Zviri mukati medu.
Kungopesana nehondo uye kuratidza migumisiro yaro yakaipa haikwani. Tinofanira kukwanisa kuisa dzimwe nzira dzechokwadi, kunyanya panyaya yekuedza kurongedza hondo kune zvikonzero zvese, zvakadai sekugumisa udzvinyiriri nemabasa, kuzviita kuzvidzivirira, nekudzivirira avo vanotarisana nekuurawa uye kuurayiwa.
Dzimwe hurumende dzakarongedza kushanduka kwezvombo zvehondo zvakarwisa hudzvinyiriri. Vamwe vakatofunga kuti vakapindira muchiuto pamusana pekufamba kweizvi nekuda kwezita rekusimudzira democracy. Zvisinei, kune dzimwe nzira, dzakawanda dzinobatsira kuderedza hudzvinyiriri.
Yakanga isiri yevasistist guerrillas yeNew People's Army iyo yakaburitsa hurumende yeAmerica yakatsigira Marcos muPhilippine. Yaiva madhimoni achinyengetera rosary pamberi pematangi emagavhuna, uye mamiriyoni evamwe vasiri mumiririri vasiri kuratidza kuti vakaunza hukuru hweManila kumira.
Hakanga isiri vhiki dzine gumi nemana dzebhomba dzakaburitsa mutungamiriri weSerbia, Slobodan Milosevic, anonyadzisa "mutengesi weBalkans." Kwakanga kusingagadziri kushandura-kutungamirirwa nevadzidzi vaduku avo chizvarwa chavo chakanga chakabayirwa muhondo dzakasvibiswa zvehondo kumusana Nyika dzeYugoslavia - iyo yakakwanisa kuunganidza chikamu chikuru chemukati wevanhu kuti vauye kuzorwisa sarudzo dzakabiwa.
Yakanga isiri iyo mapiritsi akazvidzivirira eAfrica National Congress ayo akaunza hutungamiri hwevanhu vakawanda kuSouth Africa. Vakanga vari vashandi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vematareji avo-kuburikidza nokushandiswa kwehondo, boycotts, kusikwa kwemasangano akasiyana-siyana, nezvimwe zviito zvekuzvidza-zvakaita kuti zvibvirire kuti urongwa hwehupanduki hurambe huripo.
Yakanga isiri NATO iyo yakaburitsa hurumende dzeCommunist yeEastern Europe kana kuti yakasunungura maBaltic republic kubva kuSoviet control. Vakanga vari vaPolish vanoita mapurisa, vaEast German vanoenda kuchechi, vashandi veEstonia, vadzidzisi veCzech, uye mamiriyoni evanhu vese vanogara vakatarisana pasi pematangi nemaoko avo asina maoko uye vakanga vasati vaziva kubvumirana kwevatungamiri veCommunist Party.
Saizvozvowo, vakadzvinyiriri vakadai saJean-Claude Duvalier muHaiti, Augusto Pinochet muChile, Mambo Gyanendra muNepal, Gumi Suharto muIndonesia, Zine El Abidine Ben Ali weTunisia, uye vatongi vekuBolivia vachienda kuBenin nekubva kuMadagascar kuenda kuMaldives vakamanikidzwa kuenda dzoka pasi apo zvakava pachena kuti vakanga vasina simba pamberi pekusimba kukuru kwekusagadzikana uye kusabatsirana.
Nzira isina kuvhiringidza yakaratidza kubudirira
Nhoroondo yakaratidza kuti, mumatambudziko akawanda, chiito chekuita chisingaiti chinogona kuve chakabudirira kupfuura kupesana kwehondo. Imwe yongororo yakabuda yeFree House yakaratidza kuti, yenyika dzinenge makumi manomwe dzakange dzakaita shanduko kubva kudzvinyiriri kumadhigirii ehurumende akasiyana-siyana mumakore makumi matatu nemashanu akapfuura, vashomanana chete ndivo vakadaro kuburikidza nehondo yakagadziriswa kubva pasi kana kuchinja kunoitwa kubva kumusoro. Hazvina maturo humwe hutsva hwezvematongerwo enyika hunokonzerwa nekupinda kune dzimwe nyika. Munenge mamiriyoni matatu emakashanduriro, shanduko yaive yakadzika mumasangano ehurumende-masangano evanhu akashandisa nzira dzisiri dzevasi.
Saizvozvowo, mubhuku rakakurumbira Nei Kurwisana Kwevanhu Munyika Kunoshanda, vanyori Erica Chenoweth naMaria Stephan (vakagadziriswa zvakasiyana-siyana, vaongorori vanoongorora maitiro) vanocherechedza kuti kune hurumende inenge inenge ye350 inotsigira kuzvidzora uye kutonga kwematongerwo enyika pamusoro pezana remakore rapfuura, kurwisana kwechisimba kwakapinda chete ne26 muzana yenguva, asi kunyanya kusagadziriswa kwemishandirapamwe kwaiva ne 53 yepakati yehuwandu hwekubudirira. Saizvozvowo, vakacherechedza kuti kubudirira kunokonzerwa nemakakatanwa kunotora mashizha emakore masere, asi kubudirira kusagadziriswa kwematambudziko kunotora mavhareji kwemakore maviri chete.
Nzira isiri yeropa yakave yakave iri chigadziro chakasimba mukudzorera kukwidzwa kwehurumende. MuGermany mu1923, muBolivia mu1979, muArgentina mu1986, muHaiti mu1990, muRussia mu1991, uye muVenezuela mu2002, kurohwa kwakachinjwa apo varimi vakaziva, mushure mokunge vanhu vaenda kumigwagwa, kuti vateerere zvivako zvakakosha nemasangano hazvina kureva kuti ivo vaiva nesimba.
Kusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana kwakabudirirawo kupikisa basa rezvemauto kunze kwenyika. Munguva yekutanga intifada yePalestina muZ1980s, vazhinji vevanhu vakadzingwa vakakwanisa kuburikidza vakava masangano ekuzvitonga kuburikidza nehukuru husina basa uye kusikwa kwezvimwe zvikoro, vachimanikidzira Israeri kubvumira kusikwa kwePalestine Authority uye kuzvidzora kwevakawanda vemaguta nzvimbo dzeWest Bank. Kusagadziriswa kushorwa muSahara yeHudhiya yakamanikidza Maroc kupa sarudzo yekuzvidzivirira iyo-kunyange ichiri kuwira pasi pfupi neMorocco kusungirwa kwekupa Sahrawis kodzero yavo yekuzvisarudzira - zvisinei vanobvuma kuti ndima yacho haisi imwe chikamu cheMorocco.
Mumakore okupedzisira ekugara kweGermany kweDenmark neNorway munguva yeWWII, maNazi aisazogadzirisa zvakare vanhu. Lithuania, Latvia, neEstonia vakazvisunungura kubva kumabasa eSoviet kuburikidza nekusagadzikana kwekusateerera kusati kwaitika kusati kwasvika USSR. MuRebhanoni, rudzi rwakaparadzwa nehondo kwemakumi emakore, makore makumi matatu ekutonga kweSyria kwakapera kuburikidza nehukuru, husingarevi kukwikwidza mu2005. Uye gore rakapera, Mariupol yakazova guta guru kuna vose kuti risunungurwe kubva kutungamirirwa nevapanduki veRussia vakatsigira muUkraine, kwete nebhomba uye mabhomba akaurawa nemauto eUkraine, asi apo zviuru zvevashandi vasina kugadziriswa vaifamba murugare mune zvikamu zvepakati peguta ravo uye kunze kwevaparatisti vakashonga.
Inenge dzose idzi idzi dzinopesana nemabasa dzaive dzakawanda. Ko kana, panzvimbo yekushandisa mabhiriyoni emauto ehondo - hurumende dzaizodzidzisa vanhu vavo mukurwisana kwevanhu vakawanda? Hurumende dzinonyanya kururamisa mararamiro avo ezvematongerwe enyika ehurumende senzira yekudzivisa kupinda kune dzimwe nyika. Asi mauto ehuwandu hwemarudzi enyika (ayo ari maduku), haagoni kuita zvishomanana kudzivisa musimba ane simba, anorwisa zvombo. Kuzvidzivirira kwevanhu vehurumende kunogona kunge iri nzira yakakosha yekudzivisa kutorwa nemuvakidzani ane simba kuburikidza nehukuru hwekusagadzikana uye kukanganisika.
Kubudirira kwekusagadzikana kwekusagadzikana kurwisana nevatambi venyika kwawedzera kuwedzerwa. Izvo zvinogona kusagadzikana kusagadzikana zvakare kunobatsira pakubata nevasingaoneki, kunyanya mumamiriro ezvinhu anokwikwidza makwikwi ehondo, varwi vehondo, magandanga, nevaya vasina hanya nekutsigirwa kwakakurumbira kana kududzirwa kwenyika dzose? Kunyange mumatambudziko ezvo zvinogona kutumidzwa se "madzvinyiriri akaparadzana," taona kubudirira kunoshamisa, kwakadai seRiberia rakaputswa nehondo uye Sierra Leone, uko kunyanya kushandiswa kwevakadzi kwakatungamirirwa nevakadzi kusina basa guru mukuunza rugare. MuColombia, Guatemalan highlands, uye Niger Delta, pane zvishoma zvakakunda kukunda kusagadzikana kwemasimba ehurumende uye mazita akazvidzivirira emapoka ehurumende, achipa pfungwa yezvinogona kuitika kana nzira dzakadaro dzakashandiswa mune zvakazara tsika.
Empirical Studies Rebut the Case for Militarism
Zvakadini nezviitiko zvekutambudzwa kwakarongeka kunopesana nehutongi, iyo yakashandiswa sechikonzero chezvinzi zvinonzi kuchengetedzwa? Zvinonakidza kuti dhiyabhorosi data inoratidza kuti izvo zvinodanwa kuti hurumende inopindira muchiuto, paavhareji, inowedzera chiyero chekuuraya, kunyanya munguva shoma, sezvo vanoita zvakaipa vanofunga kuti havana chavanofanira kurasikirwa uye kushorwa kwezvombo vanozviona sevanenge vasina chekuongorora pasina chikonzero chekukanganisa. Uye, kunyange munguva yakareba, kupindira kune dzimwe nyika hakurevi kuponda kunze kwekusava nekwechokwadi, izvo zvisingawanzoitiki.
Tora 1999 NATO kupinda muKosovo: apo muSerbia mhirizhonga yekurwisana nehondo yeKosovar guerrillas yakanga iine utsinye, kuchenesa kwemarudzi akawanda - apo masimba eSerbia akadzinga mazana ezviuru zvemadzinza eAlbania - akauya chete pashure NATO yakaraira Sangano rekuchengetedza uye kubatanidzwa muEurope kubvisa vatariri varo ndokutanga kubhomba. Uye zvinyorwa zvechibvumirano chekuguma-moto chakagumisa hondo yevhiki gumi nemasere gare gare zvakanyanyobvumirana pakati pemitemo yekutanga yeNATO pamusangano weRambouillet isati yasvika hondo uye counteroffer neparamende yeSerbia, ichisimudza mubvunzo wekuti chibvumirano chingave chichikurukurwa pasina masvondo gumi nemaviri ezvo bhomba. NATO yakanga ichitarisira kuti bhomba raizosimudzira Milosevic kubva pasimba, asi rakamusimbisa pakutanga pakutanga seSerbia yakarongedza mhirizhonga sezvo nyika yavo iri kuputirwa. Vechidiki vechiSerbs of Otpor, musangano wevadzidzi wakatungamirira kupesana kwakakurumbira kwakazopedzisira kwakaparadza Milosevic, vakazvidza hurumende uye vakavhiringidzika nekudzvinyirira muKosovo, asi vakaramba zvakasimba kuputika uye vakaziva kuti yakadzorera mhaka yavo. Kusiyana neizvi, vanoti ivo kana ivo nemapapiro asingaiti zveboka reKosovar Albanian vakanga vatsigirwa kubva kuMadokero kare mumakore gumi, hondo ingadai isina kudzivirirwa.
Mashoko akanaka, zvisinei, ndeyekuti vanhu vemunyika havasi kumirira kuchinja mumitemo yehurumende dzavo. Kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakaonda kwazvo dzeAfrica kune nyika dzakapfuma zveEastern Europe; kubva kuhurumende dzechikominisi kusvika kurudyi-mapfumo ekudzvinyirira zvehondo; kubva kune dzimwe tsika, nzvimbo, uye mafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika, maitiro ehurumende uye ekufambira mberi akacherechedza simba rekurwisa kusagadzikana kwehurumende kusingabatsiri kuzvisunungura kubva pakudzvinyirirwa uye kupokana nehondo. Izvi hazvina kuuya, mumatambudziko akawanda, kubva pakuzvibata kana mune zvekunamata kuzvipira kusina rusununguko, asi nokuti zvinoshanda chete.
Tinogona here kutaura nechivimbo kuti hondo yehondo haizomboruramiswi? Kuti pane nguva dzose dzimwe nzira dzisiri dzechivi? Aiwa, asi tiri kuswedera pedyo.
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti tsika dzetsika dzekuita zvemasimba dziri kunyanya kuoma kudzivirira. Pasinei nokuti kana mumwe asingabatanidzi pacifism semunhu wega wega, isu tinogona kubudirira zvikuru mukurudzira kwedu kwemashoko asina kukanganisa kana tikanzwisisa uye tichishuva kusimudzira nzira dzisiri dzekuzvidzivirira kuhondo, dzakadai sesarudzo isingaiti.
