Sei kune imwe nzira yakasiyana-siyana yenyika yakachengeteka iyo yose inofadza uye inodiwa?

Nyika dzepakati padzakatanga kugadzira nyika yekare, dzakatarisana nedambudziko ratakatanga kugadzirisa. Kana boka renzvimbo dzerunyararo rakasangana nenyika ine zvombo, ine hutsinye, yaingova nesarudzo nhatu chete: kuzviisa pasi, kutiza, kana kutevedzera nyika yakaita sehondo uye tariro yekukunda muhondo. Nenzira iyi nharaunda dzepasi rose dzakave nemauto uye rakaramba rakadaro zvakadaro. Hunhu hwakazvivharira mukati mekati yesimbi yehondo. Kunetsana kwakatanga. Hondo ndiyo inosimudzira uye kurongeka kurwa pakati pemapoka anotungamira kune huwandu hukuru hwevakakuvara. Hondo zvakare zvinoreva, sekunyora kunoita munyori John Horgan,, zvehondo, tsika yehondo, mauto, maoko, maindasitiri, hurongwa, hurongwa, kuparadzira, rusaruro, kurangana kunoita kuti boka rinouraya risawane1.

Mukuchinja kwehondo, Hondo hadziganhurwe kumatunhu. Mumwe anogona kutaura nezvehondo dzehondo, apo kurwa, magandanga, kurwiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye dzimwe nzira dzemhirizhonga dzakaitika dzinoitika.2. Vatambi vasiri-nyika vanoita basa rakawedzera pakurwa, izvo zvinowanzoita semhando yeanodaidza asymmetric war.3

Kunyange zvazvo hondo dzakasiyana dzinokonzerwa nezviitiko zvekugara, hazviti "kuputika" pakarepo. Icho chigumisiro chisingadzivisiki chehutano hwevanhu hwekugadzirisa mhirizhonga dzenyika dzakawanda uye dzevanhu, War System. Chinokonzera hondo munharaunda ndeyeGadziriro yeHondo iyo inogadzirira nyika nguva pfupi yehondo.

Kuita kwemauto chero kwese kunowedzera kutyisidzira kwechiuto kwese kwese.
Jim Haber (Nhengo ye World Beyond War)

Iyo Hondo Sisitimu inozorora mune imwe sevhizheni yakatenderedzwa uye tsika dzakange dzakatenderedza kwenguva yakareba zvekuti chokwadi chavo uye zvinoshandiswa zvinorerutswa uye vanowanzoenda vasina kubvunzwa, kunyangwe vachinyepa.4 Pakati pezvinowanzofanana neHondo System myths ndeyikuti:

• Hondo haidzivirirwe; tagara tinazvo uye tinogara tichida.
• Hondo “munhu.”
• Hondo inodiwa.
• Hondo inobatsira.
• Nyika inzvimbo ine ngozi.
• Nyika ndeye zero-sum mutambo (Izvo zvaunazvo ini handigone uye zvinopesana, uye mumwe munhu anogara achititonga; zvirinani kwatiri kupfuura "ivo.")
• Tine "vavengi"

Isu tinofanirwa kurega kufunga kwekufungidzira, eg, kuti hondo ichagara iripo, kuti isu tinogona kuramba tichirwa uye kurarama, uye kuti takaparadzaniswa uye tisina kubatana.
Robert Dodge (Nhengo yeBhodhi, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation)

Iyo Hondo System zvakare inosanganisira masisitimu uye zvombo matekinoroji. Yakanyudzwa kwazvo munharaunda uye zvikamu zvayo zvakasiyana-siyana zvinodyirana mukati meumwe neumwe kuitira kuti ive yakasimba kwazvo. Semuenzaniso, mashoma emarudzi akapfuma anogadzira akawanda ezvombo zvinoshandiswa muhondo dzepasi rose, uye kururamisa kwavo kutora chikamu muhondo nekuda kwekukuvara kunoitwa nevezvombo zvavakatengesa kana kupa nyika hurombo kana mapoka.5

Hondo dzakarongeka kwazvo, kuunganidziridzwa kwemauto anogadzirirwa nguva refu pamberi peiyo Hondo System iyo inowanikwa munzvimbo dzese dzenzanga. Semuenzaniso, muUnited States (muenzaniso wakasimba wemuridzi wehondo anoshanda), kwete chete kuti kune nzvimbo dzinogadzira hondo dzakadai sengebazi revashandi vehurumende uko mukuru wenyika anotungamira mukuru, sangano remauto pacharo (Army , Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, Coast Guard) uye CIA, NSA, Homeland Security, akati wandei maHondo maKoreji, asi hondo zvakare yakavakirwa muhupfumi, yakasimudzirwa mutsika muzvikoro nemasangano echitendero, tsika inoitwa mumhuri. , vanokudzwa pamitambo yemitambo, yakaitwa mumitambo nemabhaisikopo, uye hyped nevatori venhau. Panenge pese panodzidziswa mumwe nezveimwe nzira.

Muenzaniso diki diki weimwe chete mbiru yemagariro ehondo kuhodha muchiuto. Marudzi anoedza zvikuru kunyorera vechidiki muchiuto, vachidana kuti "iro Sangano." Vanyoreri vanoedza nepose pavanogona kuita kuti "Service" iite seyakanaka, vachipa mari uye varaidzo yekudzidzisa vachiratidzira seinonakidza uye yerudo. Hazvina kumbobvira zvaitika pasi zvinoratidzwa. Kunyorera maposta hakuratidziri vakaremara uye nevarwi vakafa kana misha yakaputswa uye vanhu vakafa.

KuUS, bazi reMaseketi uye Tsvakiridzo reNational Assets bazi rinochengetedza rori nematiraki marefu, ayo anoyevedza, anoratidzira maratidziro ehondo uye anoitirwa kudzidzira ku "zvakaoma kupinza zvikoro zvepamusoro." Chikepe ichi chinosanganisira " Army Adventure Semi ", iyo" American Soldier Semi "nevamwe.6 Vadzidzi vanogona kutamba mune simulators uye kurwira mateki kurwa kana kubhururuka Apache kurwisa maherikoputa uye donha mauto gear epa photos ops uye vawane pitch yekubatana kumusoro. Iwo marori ari munzira ye230 mazuva pagore. Izvo zvinodikanwa zvehondo zvinotorerwa uye zviiparadza hazviratidzike. Photojournalist Nina Berman akasimba zvine mutsindo iyo US Pentagon yekuzvirudzira kune veruzhinji veAmerica kupfuura zvakajairwa kushambadzira kweTV uye kuvepo pamarudzi ese ezviitiko zvemitambo.7

Nepo hondo dzichiwanzo kuvhurwa kana kuenderera pasina ruzhinji rutsigiro rwevanhu, hondo dzinoguma muchikamu kubva kune imwe, yakapusa pfungwa. Hurumende dzakabudirira kuzvitutumadza pamwe nemhomho yevanhu kuti kune mhinduro mbiri chete kumhirizhonga: kuzviisa pasi kana kurwa - kutongwa ne "zvidhoma izvi" kana kuvabhomba muDombo Age. Ivo vanowanzodudza "Munich Analogy," apo muna 1938 maBritish nenzira yeupenzi vakapa kuna Hitler uyezve, pakupedzisira, nyika yaifanira kurwisa maNazi zvakadaro. Icho chirevo ndechekuti dai maBritish "akasimuka" kuna Hitler angadai akatsigira pasi uye pangadai pasina Hondo Yenyika II. Muna 1939 Hitler akarwisa Poland uye maBritish akasarudza kurwa. Makumi emamiriyoni evanhu akafa.8 Hondo inopisa kwazvo "neyehondo yenyukireya yakatevera." Nehurombo, muzana re21st, zvave pachena kuti kugadzira hondo hakuumbike runyararo, sezvo zviitiko zvehondo mbiri dzeGulf, Hondo yeAfghan nehondo yeSyria / ISIS inoratidza zvakajeka. Tapinda mumamiriro ekunze. Kristin Christman, mu "Paradigm Yerunyararo," anoratidza nenzira yekufananidza imwe nzira, yekugadzirisa matambudziko kurwisano yenyika:

Hatidi kukandira motokari kuti iite. Kana chimwe chinhu chakanga chisina kunaka nazvo, taizoziva kuti chii chakanga chisina kushanda uye nei: Sei kusashanda? Icho chinoshandiswa pane zvishoma here? Mavhiri acho anotenderera mumatope here? Iriya bhati inoda kubhadhara here? Ko gesi nemhepo zvinopinda here? Kufanana nekukandira motokari, nzira yekukakavadzana inotsigirwa nezvekugadzirisa zvemashure hakuiti zvinhu zvisizvo: Haisi kusiyanisa pakati pezvinokonzera zvechisimba uye haitauri zvinotyisa uye zvinodzivirira.9

Tinogona kupera hondo chete kana tikachinja pfungwa, bvunza mibvunzo yakakodzera kuti tipe zvinokonzeresa maitiro emumwe mukusangana uye, pamusoro pezvose, kuti uone kana maitiro emumwe ari chimwe chezvikonzero. Semushonga, kurapa chete zviratidzo zvechirwere hakuzo kurape. Mune mamwe mazwi, isu tinofanirwa kuratidza tisati tavhomora pfuti. Ichi chinyorwa cherunyararo chinoita izvozvo.

Hondo yeHondo haina kushanda. Izvo hazviuyise rugare, kana kunyangwe kuchengeteka. Zvinokonzera kusagadzikana kwevanhu pamwe chete. Asi isu tinoenderera mberi.

Hondo dzinopera. muHondo Hondo munhu wese anofanirwa kuchenjerera munhu wese. Nyika inzvimbo ine njodzi nekuti iyo Hondo System inoitisa kudaro. I "Hobbes" Hondo yevose kurwisa vese. "Nyika dzinotenda kuti dzakapambwa nezvirongwa nekutyisidzirwa nedzimwe nyika, vane chokwadi chekuti mauto evamwe angavavarira kuparadzwa kwavo, vachitadza kuona kwavo kutadza, kuti zviito zvavo vachigadzira iwo iwo maitiro avanotya nekupokana nawo, sevavengi vanova magirazi mifananidzo yeumwe neumwe. Mienzaniso yakawandisa: kusangana kweArab-Israel, kurwa kweIndia nePakistan, hondo yeAmerican yekutyisa inogadzira magandanga. Rutivi rumwe nerumwe runofambisa kune yakakwirira yepamusoro pasi. Rutivi rumwe nerumwe runodhimudza rumwe ruchirovera ruchipo rupi nerupi rwewakabudirira. Kuwedzerwa kune kushushikana uku nhangemutange yezvicherwa, kunyanya mafuta, sezvo nyika dzinotevedzera muenzaniso wehupfumi wekukura kusingaperi uye kupindwa muropa nemafuta.10. Kupfuurirazve, mamiriro aya ekusachengeteka kusingaperi anopa vanokarira vatungamiriri nevatungamiriri mukana wekubatirira simba rezvematongerwo enyika nekupfuura kutya kwakakurumbira, uye inopa mukana wakakura wepundutso kune vagadziri vezvombo vanobva vatsigira vezvematongerwo enyika vanopisa marimi.11

Nenzira idzi Hondo Hondo ndeyokuzvifutisa, kuzvisimbisa uye kuzvisimbisa. Kutenda kuti nyika inzvimbo ine njodzi, nyika dzinozvishongedza uye dzichiita zvekurwa muhondo, zvichidaro zvichiratidza kune mamwe marudzi kuti nyika inzvimbo ine ngozi uye saka ivo vanofanirwa kuve vakashonga uye kuitawo saizvozvo. Chinangwa ndechekutyisidzira chisimba chine pfuti munzvimbo yemakakatanwa mune tariro yekuti icha "kudzikisira" rimwe divi, asi izvi zvinokundikana, uyezve chinangwa chinove chisiri chekudzivisa kukakavara, asi kuchikunda. Dzimwe nzira dzehondo dzakadai hadzimbotsvakwe zvakadzama uye pfungwa yekuti panogona kuve neimwe nzira yeHondo iyo pachayo haina kumboitika kune vanhu. Mumwe haawani izvo izvo zvisingatsvaki.

Hazvina kukwana kupedza hondo yakasiyana kana zvombo zvehondo kana tichida rugare. Iyo yose mitambo yakaoma yeWarth System inofanira kuchinjwa nehurongwa hwakasiyana hwekugadzirisa kukakavara. Nenzira yakanaka, sezvatichaona, hurongwa hwakadaro hwave huchiri kuitika munyika chaiye.

The War System ndiyo sarudzo. Gedhi revhare resimbi ndiro, chokwadi, rakazaruka uye tinokwanisa kufamba kunze chero nguva yatinosarudza.

Kubatsirwa kweimwe nzira

Zvikomborero ndezvi: kwete kuuraya kuwanda nekuremara, kusisinazve kurarama mukutya, kusisinazve kurwadziwa nekurasikirwa nevadikanwa muhondo, hapanazve mazana emadhora emadhora ekuparadzwa nekugadzirira kuparadzwa, kusisina kuchena zvakare uye kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza izvo zvinobva muhondo uye kugadzirira hondo, kwetezve vapoteri vanoendeswa kuhondo uye hondo-inokonzera matambudziko evanhu, kusisina kukonzerwa kwema democracy uye hurumende dzehurumende sezvo hurumende inotangira hurumende uye pakavanzika inofungidzirwa nehutsika hwehondo, haicharemi uye kufa kwezvombo zvakasara kubva kare hondo.

Ruzhinji ruzhinji rwevanhu vanobva mutsika dzese vanofarira kugara murunyararo. Pakusvika kwakadzama kwekuvapo kwedu, vanhu vanovenga hondo. Chero tsika yedu, tinogovana chishuvo chehupenyu hwakanaka, hunotsanangurwa nevakawanda sekuti tine mhuri, kurera vana uye kuvaona vachikura kuva vakuru vanobudirira, uye nekuita iro basa ratinowana rine chinangwa. Uye zvehondo zvinokanganisa zvido izvozvo.
Judith Ruoko (Munyori)

Vanhu vanosarudza runyararo pahombekombe yemufananidzo wavo wepfungwa inokwanisika uye inodikanwa yemangwana ravanogara. Ichi chifananidzo chinogona kuita chisina kujeka sechiroto kana kunyatsoita sechinangwa kana chirevo chemishoni. Kana vamiriri verunyararo vakajekesa maonero enzvimbo yechokwadi, yakavimbika uye inoratidzika kuvanhu, chimiro chiri nani mune dzimwe nzira kupfuura izvo chiripo, zvino mufananidzo uyu unozove chinangwa icho unogogodza uye unokurudzira vanhu kuti vatevedze icho. Havasi vanhu vese vanonyengerwa nepfungwa yerunyararo.
Luc Reychler (Peace Scientist)

Kukosha kweimwe nzira inoshandiswa - Hondo inokundikana kuunza rugare

Hondo Yenyika I yakaruramiswa se "hondo yokugumisa hondo," asi hondo haina kumbounza rugare. Izvo zvinogona kuuya nekutengesa kwenguva pfupi, chido chokutsiva, uye rutsva rutsva rwehondo kusvikira hondo inotevera.

Hondo, pakutanga, tariro yokuti munhu achava nani pane; rinotevera kutarisira kuti mumwe munhu acharamba ari nani; ipapo kugutsikana kuti iye haasi nani pane zviri nani; uye, pakupedzisira, kushamiswa kwevanhu vose kuri kuipa kupfuura. "
Karl Kraus (Munyori)

Mune zvakajairika mazwi, kukundikana kwehondo makumi mashanu muzana - ndokuti, rimwe divi rinorasikirwa. Asi muzvokwadi, kunyangwe vanonzi vakundi vanotora kurasikirwa kunotyisa.

Kurasikirwa kwehondo12

Matsotsi ehondo akanyanya kudarika akafa chaiko. Kunyangwe paine kukakavara pakati pevaya vanoedza kuyera njodzi dzehondo, isu tinonyevera pamusoro pekudzikira pasi huwandu hwevanhu vakauraya vanhu, nekuti izvo zvinokanganisa kubva pamutengo wenguva refu wevanhu vehondo. Isu tinofunga kuti kungoona chete kwakabatana kunoitika panjodzi dzehondo kunoratidza migumisiro yakaipa. Iyo yakakwana yehondo kukuvadzwa kuongororwa kunofanirwa kusanganisira zvakananga uye zvisina kunangana kuhondo. Vakasarudzika muhondo vanogona kudzoserwa shure kune zvinotevera:

• Kuparadza kwezvakawanikwa

• Landmines

• Kushandisa yakapera uranium

• Vapoteri uye vanhu vakadzingwa mukati

• Kushaya chikafu zvinovaka muviri

• Zvirwere

• Kusateerera mutemo

• Intra-nyika kuuraya

• Vakabatwa chibharo uye dzimwe nzira dzemhirizhonga yebonde

• Kusarongeka munharaunda

MunaJune 2016, United Nations High Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) yakataura kuti "hondo nekutambudzwa zvakadzora vanhu vazhinji kubva kudzimba dzavo kupfuura chero nguva kubvira zvinyorwa zveUNHCR zvakatanga". Pahuwandu hwe65.3 mamirioni vanhu vakadzingwa pakupera kwe2015.13

Chete nekufunga nezve “njodzi” dzakadai sehondo dzakaitika setsaona chaidzo dzinogona kuita kuti ngano dze "kuchena", dze "kuvhiyiwa" nehondo dzakaderera dziverengedzo yevakarwa vetsiva dzinogona kuverengerwa nenzira kwayo.

Iyo nyonganiso yakakuvadzwa pamusoro pevagari haigovaniswe, yakagadzirirwa uye haina kufambiswa
Kathy Kelly (Peace activist)

Pamusoro peizvozvo, mumakore makumi maviri uye ekutanga mazana maviri emakore, hondo dzinoratidzika kunge dzisiri kupera, asi kudhira pasina resolution yemakore uye kunyange makumi emakore pasina rugare rwakambowanikwa. Hondo hazvishande. Ivo vanogadzira mamiriro ehondo isingagumi, kana izvo vamwe vaongorori vava kudana kuti permawar. Mumakore ekupedzisira e120 nyika yakatambura nehondo dzakawanda sekuratidzwa kunotevera chikamu:

Hondo yeSpanish yeAmerica, Hondo dzeBalkan, Hondo Yenyika Yekutanga, Hondo yeRussian Hondo, Hondo yeSpanish Yenyika, Hondo Yenyika yechipiri, Hondo yeKorea, Hondo yeVietnam, Hondo kuCentral America, Hondo dzeYugoslav Devolution, Yekutanga uye Yechipiri Congo Wars, Iran-Iraq Hondo, Gulf Wars, Soviet uye US Afghanistan hondo, US Iraq hondo, Hondo yeSyria, nevamwe vakasiyana vanosanganisira Japan vachipesana neChina mu1937, kurwira nguva refu muhondo muColombia (yakaguma mu2016), uye hondo muSudan, Ethiopia neEritrea, hondo dzevaArab-Israel (dzakateerana mhirizhonga yemauto pakati peIsrael nemauto akasiyana eArabia), Pakistan pamusoro peIndia, nezvimwewo.

Hondo iri Kuva Izvo Zvimwe Zvinoparadza

Mari yehondo yakakura pamunhu, pamagariro uye pahupfumi. Mamirioni gumi akafa muHondo yeNyika I, 50 kusvika 100 mamirioni muHondo yeNyika yechipiri. Hondo yakatanga mu2003 yakauraya vashanu muzana vevanhu muIraq. Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinogona, kana zvikashandiswa, kugumisa budiriro kana kunyange hupenyu papasi. Muhondo dzazvino haasiri mauto chete anofira panhandare yehondo. Pfungwa ye "hondo yakazara" yakatakura kuparadzwa kune vasiri varwi zvakare, zvekuti nhasi vazhinji vazhinji varidzi- vakadzi, vana, vakuru-vanofa muhondo kupfuura varwi. Yazova tsika yakajairika mauto emazuvano kunasarura zvisina mwero kuputika kwakakura mumaguta kune yakakura tarisiro yevagari vemo vanoedza kupukunyuka kuurayiwa.

Chero bedzi hondo inotaridzirwa sevakaipa, ichagara ichifadza. Apo rinotaridzirwa sechizvaro, rinopera kuva rakakurumbira.
Oscar Wilde (Munyori uye Nhetembo)

Hondo inonyadzisa uye inoparadza zvisikwa zvepasi apo hupfumi huripo. Kugadzirira hondo kunogadzira uye kunounza matani emishonga inotyisa. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzeSuporofunditi muUnited States dziri pazvigaro zvehondo. Zvombo zvenyukireya zvinyorwa zvakafanana naFernald muOhio uye Hanford muWashington State zvakasvibisa ivhu nemvura nemvura ine magetsi anokonzerwa nehutachiona iyo ichave ine uturu kwezviuru zvemakore. Hondo yekurwa inosara zviuru zvemakiromita masere emvura isina maturo uye inotyisa nekuda kwemigodhi yemigodhi, yakapera zvombo zveUrianium, uye mabhoti emabhomba anozadza nemvura uye kuva marariya yakazara. Zvombo zvemakemikari zvinoparadza mvura yemvura uye mangrove maruva. Mauto ehondo anoshandisa mazana akawanda emafuta uye anokonzera matani emagetsi echando.

Mu2015, mhirizhonga yakadhura nyika $ 13.6 trillion kana $ 1,876 yemunhu wese wepanyika. Iyi chiyero chakapihwa neInstitute of Economics uye Runyararo mune yavo 2016 Global Peace Index inoratidza kuti kurasikirwa kwehupfumi "kunowedzera mashandisiro uye mari mukuvaka rugare uye kuchengetedza rugare".14 Sekureva kwaMel Duncan, muvambi werimwe Nonviolent Peaceforce, mutengo unoshanda uye unobhadharisa vanhu vasina zvombo murugare muchengeti iUS $ 50,000 pagore, uchienzaniswa nemadhora 1 mamirioni unotora US mutero kumurwi muAfghanistan pagore.15

Nyika iri kutarisana nedambudziko rezvakatipoteredza

Hupfumi hwevanhu hwakatarisana nedambudziko repasi rese renzvimbo umo hondo dzese dzinotibvisa uye inowedzera, kusanganisira, asi isina hushoma, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze inozokanganisa kurima, kugadzira kusanaya kwemvura nemafashama, kukanganisa maitiro ezvirwere, kusimudza mawereji egungwa, kuisa mamirioni evapoteri kufamba, nekuvhiringidza masikirwo ezvisikwa zvakasarudzika pazvinogara. Isu tinofanirwa kukurumidza kuchinjisa zviwanikwa zvakaparara mukuisira tsvina munzira yekugadzirisa matambudziko makuru anosangana nevanhu iye zvino.

Shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, kushatiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uye kushomeka kwezvekushandisa zviri kukonzera zvinhu muhondo nemhirizhonga. Vamwe vanotaura nezvenjodzi inosangana yehurombo, mhirizhonga, uye shanduko yemamiriro ekunze.16 Kunyangwe isu tisingafanire kupatsanura izvo zvinhu sekukonzera vatyairi vehondo, zvinofanirwa kunzwisiswa sezvakawedzerwa - uye pamwe zvichikosha - zvinhu zviri chikamu chezvematongerwo enyika, zvematongerwo enyika, uye nhoroondo yezvehondo hurongwa.

Izvo zvinodikanwa kupindira iyi nzira yakaipa iyo inotyisa zvakanyanya kuvanhu kupfuura mhedzisiro yakananga yehondo. Kutanga nemauto inhanho inonzwisisika. Haisi chete iyo iyo kunze-kwe-yekudzora bhajeti remauto inotora zvakanyanya zvinodiwa pazvinhu zvekugadzirisa dambudziko repadenga. Kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemauto chete kwakakura.

Kubatanidza matsi - kuratidza kukanganisika kwehondo kunharaunda

• Ndege dzehondo dzinodya dzinoda kusvika chikamu chimwe chete chemafuta epasi rose.
• Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rinoshandisa mafuta akawanda pazuva kupfuura nyika yeSweden.
• Dhipatimendi reDziviriro rinogadzira marara emakemikari kupfuura emakambani mashanu makuru emakemikari akabatanidzwa.
• Iye F-16 murwi wemabhomba anoshandisa kanenge kaviri mafuta akawanda muawa imwe sezvo vanodzidzisa veUnited States vanopisa moto unopisa gore.
• Mauto eUS anoshandisa mafuta akakwana mugore rimwe kumhanyisa iyo sisitimu yehuwandu yenyika yerudzi rwe22 makore.
• Munguva yemushandirapamwe we1991 wepanhamba pamusoro peIraq, iyo US yakashandisa angangoita matani e340 emakoronyera ane uranium (DU). Paive nehuwandu hwepamusoro wekenza, urema hwekuzvarwa uye kufa kwevacheche muFallujah, Iraq mukutanga kwe2010.17
• Imwe fungidziro yemauto mu2003 yaive yekuti zvikamu zviviri kubva muzvitatu zveMafuta zvekushandisa mafuta zvakaitika mumotokari dzaiendesa mafuta kunhandare yehondo.18

Mumushumo wePost-2015 Development Agenda, UN High-Level Panel yeEminent Persons yakajekesa kuti bhizinesi-se-kazhinji yanga isiri sarudzo uye kuti panofanirwa kuve nekushandurwa kwekuchinja kunosanganisira budiriro inosimudzira uye kuvaka rugare kune vese.19

Isu hatigone kuenda kumberi nehurongwa hwekugadzirisa mhirizhonga iyo inovimba nehondo munyika iyo ichave nevanhu mabhiriyoni mapfumbamwe ne2050, kushomeka kwezvekushomeka kwemagetsi uye mamiriro ekunze ari kuchinja anozokanganisa hupfumi hwenyika nekutumira mamirioni evapoteri . Tikasapedza hondo uye tikatarisa kune dambudziko repasirese, nyika yatinoziva ichaguma mune imwe uyezve inodzvinyirira Nguva yeRima.