Mushure memakumi maviri emakore ehondo, vanhu veCongo Vanoti Zvakwana

NaTanupriya Singh, Kuda Kuramba, December 20, 2022

M23 Uye Kuita Hondo muCongo.

Peoples Dispatch yakataura nemurwiri wekuCongo uye muongorori, Kambale Musavuli nezve kurwadzisa kwechikwata cheM23 nechekumabvazuva kweDRC uye nhoroondo yehondo dzevamiriri mudunhu iri.

NeMuvhuro, Zvita 12, musangano wakaitwa pakati peboka revapanduki veM23, mauto eCongo (FARDC), mukuru wemubatanidzwa weEast African Community (EAC) mauto, Joint Expanded Verification Mechanism (JMWE), Ad-Hoc. Verification Mechanism, nemauto eUN anochengetedza runyararo, MONUSCO, muKibumba munzvimbo yeNyiragongo mudunhu reNorth Kivu iri kumabvazuva kweDRC.

Musangano uyu wakaitwa mushure me mishumo kurwa pakati peM23 neFARDC, mazuva mashoma mushure mekunge boka remapanduki ravimbisa "kumisa kurwa" munharaunda ine zvicherwa. M23 inobvumwa nevakawanda kuve mauto evakidzani veRwanda.

NeChipiri, Zvita 6, M23 yakazivisa kuti yakagadzirira "kutanga kuregedza uye kubuda" munzvimbo yakatorwa, uye kuti inotsigira "kuedza kwedunhu kuunza runyararo rusingaperi kuDRC." Chirevo ichi chakaburitswa mushure mekupera kwe Yechitatu Inter-Congo Dialogue pasi pemubatanidzwa weEast African Community (EAC) bloc yakaitirwa muNairobi, uye ichitungamirwa nevaimbove mutungamiri weKenya, VaUhuru Kenyatta.

Mapoka anoda kusvika makumi mashanu ane zvombo akamiririrwa pamusangano muNairobi, tisingabatanidzi M50. Hurukuro iyi yakaitwa musi wa23 Mbudzi, vatungamiri vanobva kuKenya, Burundi, Congo, Rwanda, neUganda varipowo. Zvakatevera imwe nhaurirano yakaparadzana yakaitwa muAngola pakuvamba muna Mbudzi, iyo yakaunza chibvumirano chokurega kurwa chaizotanga kushanda kubva munaNovember 28. Izvi zvaizoteverwa nokubuda kweM25 munzvimbo dzayakanga yatora—kusanganisira Bunagana, Kiwanja, neRutshuru.

Nepo M23 yanga isiri chikamu chenhaurirano, boka racho rakanga rataura kuti raizobvuma kumisa kurwa uku richichengeta "kodzero yakazara yekuzvidzivirira." Yakanga yadaidzirawo "nhaurirano yakananga" nehurumende yeDRC, iyo yakadzokorora mukutaura kwayo kwaZvita 6. Hurumende yeDRC yaramba chikumbiro ichi, ichiti mauto evapanduki "boka remagandanga."

Lieutenant-Colonel Guillaume Njike Kaiko, mutauriri wemauto mudunhu iri, yakazotaurwa pava paya kuti musangano wakaitwa musi wa12 Zvita wakanga wakumbirwa nevapanduki, kuti vatsvage vimbiso yekuti havazorwiswa neFARDC kana vakabuda munzvimbo dzakatorwa.

Nekudaro, Lieutenant-General Constant Ndima Kongba, gavhuna weNorth Kivu, akasimbiswa kuti musangano uyu wanga usiri wenhaurirano, asi kuti wakaitirwa kuona kushanda kwezvisungo pasi pehurongwa hwerunyararo muAngola neNairobi.

Musi waZvita 1, mauto eCongo akapomera M23 nemamwe mapoka emubatanidzwa mhosva yekuuraya vanhu makumi mashanu musi wa50 Mbudzi muKishishe, iri muRutshuru Territory, makiromita makumi manomwe kuchamhembe kweguta reGoma. Musi wa29 Zvita, hurumende yakavandudza huwandu hwevanhu vafa kusvika mazana matatu, kusanganisira vana vanosvika gumi nevanomwe. M70 yakaramba mhosva iyi ichiti vanhu vasere chete ndivo vakaurayiwa nemabara akarasika.

Zvisinei, kupondwa kwacho kwakatsigirwa neMONUSCO, uye Joint Human Rights Office (UNJHRO) musi waDecember 7. Zvichibva pakuongorora kwokutanga, mushumo wacho wakataura kuti vanhuwo zvavo vanenge 131 vakaurayiwa mumisha yeKishishe neBambo pakati paNovember 29 kusvika. 30.

"Vakaurayiwa vakaurayiwa nemabara kana kuti zvombo zvine mapanga," verenga gwaro. Rakawedzera kuti vakadzi vanosvika makumi maviri nevaviri nevasikana vashanu vakabatwa chibharo, uye kuti mhirizhonga iyi "yakaitwa senzira yekuponda, kubata chibharo, kupamba nekupamba misha miviri muRutshuru Territory vachitsiva kurwisana pakati peM22 ne Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR-FOCA), nemapoka ane zvombo Mai-Mai Mazembe, neNyatura Coalition of Movements for Change.”

Chirevo ichi chakawedzera kuti mauto eM23 akavigawo mitumbi yevakaurayiwa "kungave kuri kuedza kuparadza humbowo."

Kupondwa kwevanhu muRutshuru hazvisi zviitiko zvega, asi kuti ndezvekupedzisira mumutsara wakareba wehutsinye hwakaitwa muDRC kwemakore anoda kusvika makumi matatu, hunofungidzirwa kuti hwakauraya 30 miriyoni yeCongo. Ipo M6 yakave nemukurumbira zvichitevera kubatwa kwayo kweGoma muna 23, uye zvakare nekutangazve kurwisa kwayo kwazvino muna Kurume, zvinokwanisika kutsvaga gwara reboka mumakumi emakore apfuura uye, pamwe nazvo, zvishuwo zvema impiriya zvinokuchidzira mhirizhonga munyika. Kongo.

Makumi emakore eProxy Warfare

"DRC yakarwiswa nevavakidzani vayo, Rwanda neUganda, muna 1996 na1998. Kunyange hazvo nyika mbiri idzi dzakabuda munyika zviri pamutemo zvichitevera kusainwa kwechibvumirano chenyika mbiri idzi muna 2002, dzakaramba dzichitsigira zvikwata zvevapanduki," vakatsanangura Kambale Musavuli, a. Muongorori wekuCongo uye muratidziri, mubvunzurudzo na Vanhu Vanotumira.

M23 ipfupiso ye "March 23 Movement" yakaumbwa nemasoja mukati meuto reCongo vaive nhengo dzevaimbove boka revapanduki, National Congress for the Defense of the People (CNDP). Vapomera hurumende mhosva yekuramba kuremekedza chibvumirano cherunyararo chakasainwa musi wa23 Kurume 2009, icho chakaita kuti CNDP ibatane muFARDC. Muna 2012, vaimbova varwi veCNDP ava vakapandukira hurumende, vakaumba M23.

Zvisinei, Musavuli anoti zvaitaurwa nezvechibvumirano cherunyararo manyepo: “Chikonzero chavakasiya ndechekuti mumwe wevakuru vavo, Bosco Ntaganda, akatyisidzirwa kusungwa. Dare reInternational Criminal Court rakanga raburitsa magwaro maviri nekuda kwekusungwa kwake, muna 2006 na2012, achipomerwa mhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzakaitirwa vanhu. Paive pasi pekuraira kwake kuti mauto eCNDP akauraya vanhu vanosvika zana nemakumi mashanu mutaundi reKiwanja kuNorth Kivu muna150.

Zvichitevera sarudzo dzemutungamiri wenyika muna 2011, pakava nekumanikidza hurumende yeCongo kuti itendeutse Ntaganda, vakadaro vaMusavuli. Akazozvipira muna 2013, uye akabatwa nemhosva uye akatongerwa neICC muna 2019.

Mwedzi mishomanana raumbwa, boka revapanduki reM23 rakatora Goma muna November, 2012. Zvisinei, rakatora nguva pfupi, uye pakazosvika December boka racho rakanga rabuda. Vanosvika 750,000 vanhu vekuCongo vakadzingwa nekurwa gore iroro.

“Panguva iyoyo, zvakava pachena kuvanhu venyika dzakawanda kuti Rwanda yaitsigira vapanduki muCongo. Iwe wakaita kuti US neEurope nyika dziise kuRwanda kumanikidza, zvichibva zvaderedza rutsigiro rwayo. " Mauto eCongo anga achitsigirwawo nemauto emunyika dziri muSouthern African Development Community (SADC) - kunyanya South Africa neTanzania, achishanda pamwe chete nemauto eUnited Nations.

Nepo iyo M23 yaizomuka zvakare makore gumi gare gare, nhoroondo yayo yaive isina kugumira kuCNDP. "CNDP yakatangira CNDP iCongolese Rally for Democracy (RCD), boka revapanduki raitsigirwa neRwanda iro rakarwa hondo kuCongo pakati pa1998 kusvika 2002, pakasainwa chibvumirano cherunyararo, izvo zvakazoita kuti RCD ipinde muuto reCongo," Musavuli. akadaro.

"RCD pachayo yakatangirwa neAFDL (Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire), uto raitsigirwa neRwanda rakapinda muDRC muna 1996 kuti ribvise hutongi hwaMobuto Sese Seko." Mushure meizvozvo, mutungamiri weAFDL, Laurent Désiré Kabila akaunzwa pachigaro. Zvisinei, Musavuli anowedzera kuti, kusawirirana kwakakurumidza kukura pakati peAFDL nehurumende itsva yeCongo zvakanyanya pamusoro penyaya dzine chokuita nekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa uye mitsara yezvematongerwo enyika.

Gore rava kutonga, Kabila akarayira kubviswa kwemauto ose ekunze munyika. "Mumwedzi mishoma yakatevera, RCD yakaumbwa," Musavli akadaro.

Chinonyanya kukosha munhoroondo iyi kuedza kudzokororwa, kuburikidza nezvibvumirano zvakasiyana-siyana zverunyararo, kubatanidza mauto evapanduki aya muuto reCongo.

"Uku kwaisambove kuda kwevanhu vekuCongo, kwakaiswa," Musavuli akatsanangura. “Kubva muna 1996, kwave kune nzira dzakawanda dzenhaurirano dzerunyararo dzinowanzotungamirwa nenyika dzekuMadokero. Kutevera chibvumirano cherunyararo cha2002, takava nazvo vatevedzeri vemutungamiri vana uye mutungamiri mumwe. Izvi zvaive nekuda kwenharaunda dzepasirese, kunyanya aimbove mumiriri weUS, William Swing. "

“VaCongo pavakaenda kunhaurirano dzerunyararo kuSouth Africa, masangano akazvimirira ega akasimbisa kuti vaisada kuti vaimbove vapanduki vave nechinzvimbo muhurumende panguva yeshanduko. Swing akadzora nhaurirano, achifunga kuti US yagara ichipesvedzera nhaurirano dzerunyararo dzeDRC, uye ndokuuya negwara rakaona vakuru vehondo vana sevatevedzeri vemutungamiri wenyika. "

Paramende yeCongo ikozvino yatora danho rakasimba kupokana nechero mukana wakadai nekuzivisa M23 'boka remagandanga' uye nekurambidza kubatanidzwa kwayo muFARDC.

Kupindira Kwekunze Uye Kubiwa Kwezviwanikwa

Kupindira kweAmerica muDRC kwave kuoneka kubva payakawana kuzvitonga, Musavuli akawedzera kuti — mukupondwa kwaPatrice Lumumba, rutsigiro rwakapihwa hutongi hwehutsinye hwaMobuto Sese Seko, kupinda nechisimba kwema1990 nehurukuro dzakazotevera dzerunyararo, uye shanduko yebumbiro remitemo yenyika. muna 2006 kubvumira Joseph Kabila kukwikwidza musarudzo. “Muna 2011, US yaive imwe yenyika dzakatanga kuona zvakabuda musarudzo dzakabirirwa. Ongororo yakaitwa panguva iyi yakaratidza kuti mukuita izvi, US yaibhejera kugadzikana kwete gutsaruzhinji,” Musavuli akadaro.

Mwedzi mitatu gare gare, kumukira kweM23 kwakatanga. “Ndiro mauto mamwe chete evapanduki kwemakore makumi maviri, ane masoja mamwechete nevakuru vemauto mamwe chete, kuti aite zvido zveRwanda, iyo pachayo ishamwari yakasimba yeUnited States mune inodaidzwa kuti War on Terror. Uye ndezvipi zvakanakira Rwanda muCongo- ivhu rayo nezviwanikwa zvayo,” akawedzera.

Zvakadaro, “kunetsana kuri muDRC hakufanire kuonekwa sekurwa pakati peboka revapanduki nehurumende yeCongo. Izvi zvaiva rinodzokorora nemurwiri uye munyori Claude Gatebuke, “Uku hakusi kumukirawo zvakwo. Kupindirwa kweCongo neRwanda neUganda”.

Kunyangwe hazvo Kigali yakaramba ichiramba kutsigira M23, humbowo hunosimbisa mhosva iyi hwakaramba huchiunzwa, nguva pfupi yadarika. mushumo weboka reUN renyanzvi muna Nyamavhuvhu. Chirevo ichi chinoratidza kuti mauto eDziviriro eRwanda (RDF) anga achitsigira M23 kubva muna Mbudzi 2021, uye achiita "mabasa ehondo achirwisa mapoka ane zvombo eCongo nenzvimbo dzeFARDC," unilaterally kana neM23. Muna Chivabvu, mauto eCongo akanga atorawo mauto maviri eRwanda munharaunda yawo.

VaMusavuli vakawedzera kuti kutsigira kwekunze uku kuri kuonekwawo nekuti M23 yaikwanisa kuwana zvombo nemichina yakaomarara.

Ichi chinongedzo chinowedzera kujeka mumamiriro enhaurirano dzekumisa pfuti. “Kuti M23 ibvume kumisa hondo, Uhuru Kenyatta akatanga afonera mutungamiri weRwanda, VaPaul Kagame. Kwete izvozvo chete, muna Zvita 5, Dhipatimendi reUS State rakaburitsa a press communique akataura kuti Secretary of State Antony Blinken ataura nemutungamiri wenyika Kagame, achikumbira Rwanda kuti irege kupindira muDRC. Chii chakaitika mangwana acho? VeM23 vakaburitsa mashoko vachiti havacharwa,” vakadaro VaMusavuli.

Rwanda yakapembedza kurwisa kwayakaita DRC nekunyepedzera kurwisa bato reDemocratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), chikwata chevaHutu kuDRC chiri kupomerwa mhosva yekuuraya rudzi kuRwanda muna 1994. “Asi Rwanda haisi kutevera FDLR, iri kutevera migodhi. Ko zvicherwa zveCongo zviri kupinda muKigali sei?”

Saizvozvo, Musavuli akati, Uganda yakanga yagadzira chikonzero chekupinda muCongo nekushandisa zviwanikwa zvayo- Allied Democratic Forces (ADF). "Uganda yakataura kuti ADF "majihadist" ari kutsvaga kupidigura hurumende. Chatinoziva ndechekuti ADF vanhu vekuUganda vanga vachirwira hutongi hwaMuseveni kubvira 1986.

"Kubatana kwemanyepo kwagadzirwa pakati peADF neISIS kuunza kuvepo kweUS ... zvinogadzira chikonzero chekuve nemauto eUS muCongo muzita rekurwisa "Islamic fundamentalism" uye "jihadists".

Sezvo mhirizhonga irikuenderera mberi, vanhu veCongo vakaitawo kuratidzira kukuru muna 2022, izvo zvakaonawo kutaura kwekupokana kwakasimba kweUS, kusanganisira nenzira yevaratidziri vakatakura mureza weRussia. "VaCongo vaona kuti Rwanda iri kuramba ichiwana rutsigiro kubva kuUS kunyangwe yakaramba ichiuraya nekutsigira zvikwata zvevapanduki muDRC.", Musavuli akawedzera.

"Mushure memakumi maviri emakore ehondo, vanhu veCongo vari kuti zvakwana."