Kubva kuAfro-Middle East Centre, February 19, 2018
Pakugadzwa kweAfrica Union (AU) muna May 2001, hurukuro pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwevanhu uye kupesana kwehugandanga dzaive dzakawanda pasi pose uye munyika. MuAfrica, ruzivo rwemakakatanwa muSierra Leone neGreat Lakes dunhu rakakosha zvikuru pavanhu vekondinendi, uye pamuviri mutsva. IA ichangobva kuumbwa AU yakatsvaga kutanga zvirongwa zvingasimudzira rugare nekuchengeteka uye kuvimbisa kukura kwevanhu, kunyange kubvumira kuti sangano ringapindira mune dzimwe nyika. Chisungo chechina cheAU's Constitutive Act chakataura kuti kupindira mune imwe nhengo kunogona kubvumidzwa nemuviri apo chiitiko chekuti hurumende yenyika iyoyo yakanyanyisa kudzvinyirira vanhu vayo; kudzivirirwa kwemhosva dzehondo, mhosva dzakapesana nevanhu uye kuparadza zvakataurwa zvakajeka.
Mumwedzi mishoma pakusikwa kweAU, the Svondo 2001 World Trade Center kuputika mabhomba muNew York yakaitika, kumanikidzira chimwe chinhu chakakosha pamagariro eAU. Somugumisiro, iAU ine, kwemakore gumi apfuura nehafu, yakatora basa rakawanda pakurwisana nehugandanga (pane dzimwe nguva kuipa kwehutunhu huri vanhu). Kugadziriswa pamusana pehugandanga kwakave kwakasimbiswa pakati penyika dzenhengo, uye, kunetseka, kudzidzisa, kuwedzerwa kweunyanzvi, uye kuendeswa kwemauto kubva kune dzimwe nyika masimba - kunyanya US uye France - zvakanga zvatsvakwa kugadzirisa izvo zvave, pane imwe nguva, kuwedzeredza mungozi. Izvo izvi zvisina kuziva zvichibvumira, zvekare, kusanganiswa kwezvimwe zvekunze kune dzimwe nyika, zvichiwanzorega mahedheni ekunze kutonga.
Mumakore mashomanana apfuura, maitiro matsva ekune imwe nyika kunze kwenyika akatanga kutangwa, uye izvi ndizvo zvatinoda kuratidza sechinetso cheUnited Union, kondinendi yose, uye hukama pakati peAfrica. Tinotarisa pano kune zvakasikwa zvekusimbiswa kwezvigaro zvekuendesa mberi zvehondo izvo zvakagarwa nehurumende dzakasiyana-siyana dzeAfrica, izvo, zvingave zvichitaurirana, zvinokonzera, kwatiri, dambudziko maererano nehutongi hwepasi.
Dambudziko rezvigaro
Kazhinji zvinokwidziridzwa nemauto emauto sekudzora 'hudzvanyiriri hwedaro', mabhesi ekuendesa mberi anotendera kuendeswa kumberi kwemauto nemidziyo, kubvumira kukurumidza kupindura nguva, uye kupfupisa kwedaro, kunyanya maererano nekudiwa kwekuwedzera mafuta. Iri zano raive pakutanga rave simba remauto eUS - kunyanya mushure mehondo yeEuropean yepakati pezana ramakumi maviri emakore, kana Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Sezvakanyorwa na Nick Turse, Nheyo dzehondo dzeUnited States (kusanganisira mberi nzvimbo dzekuchengetedza, nzvimbo dzekuchengetedzwa kwenharaunda, uye nzvimbo dzisina kukodzera) muAfrica nhamba dzakapoteredza makumi mashanu, zvishoma. The Nhamba yeU.S. in Diego Garcia, somuenzaniso, akaita basa rinokosha mukurwisa kweAraq 2003, nekodzero dzekudzivirira / dzinoita kodzero dzinoda kubva kune dzimwe nyika.
Nheyo dzeU.S., makemikari, zvivako zvekufambisa uye mafuta bunkers zviri mune makumi matatu nemana nyika dzeAfrica, kusanganisira munzvimbo dzenharaunda yeKenya, Ethiopia neAlgeria. Pasi pechikonzero chekudzivirira hugandanga, uye kuburikidza nehukama hwakabatana, Washington yakapindira masangano ekuchengeteka kwekondinendi uye yakashandura pfungwa yekugadzirisa-e-mahofisi ekubatanidza pasi. Amauto ehurumende yeAmerica nevanoita mitemo vanoona kondinendi sehondo yakazara mumakwikwi neChina, uye kuburikidza nokusimudzira nyika, vakuru veUnited States vanobudirira kupedza masangano emakondani kusanganisira AU. Kusvika iye zvino, izvi zvisati zvave chinhu chakakosha mumakakatanwa akasiyana-siyana mukondinendi, asi kubatana kweUnited States kwakagadzirisa kuumba nyika dzevadzidzi kuti igoverane nheyo yayo kune dzimwe nyika. Uyezve, US inoshandisa zvidzidzo izvi kuita mabasa kune dzimwe nyika; drones inoshandiswa kubva kuChadeelley nheyo muDibibouti yakashandiswa muYemen neSiria, somuenzaniso. Izvi zvinowedzera kuAfrica zvinopesana mumakakatanwa asingabatanidzi navo, nzvimbo dzavo kana nyika.
Dzimwe dzakawanda dzakatevedzera urongwa hweUnited States - kunyangwe pamwero muduku, kunyanya sekukwikwidzana kwepasi rose pakati pemasimba enyika (kana kuti masimba emagetsi enyika) akawedzera. Iyi hurongwa hweplates rinoshandiswa neU.S., Rashiya, China, France, uye kunyange maduku maduku akadai Saudhi Arabhiya, the UAE uye Iran. Izvi zvinogona kuwedzera, kunyanya sezvo kufambira mberi kwekambanikiti kwakawedzera kubudirira uye kubudirira kwemashure megungwa, zvichiita zvichiita kuti zvive zvakaoma kutora midziyo inotakura semagetsi ekugadzirisa simba. Uyezve, kufambira mberi kwekudzivirirwa kwemasvingo, uye kuderedza mari dzekuwana teknolojia yakadaro kwaireva kuti kufamba kwenguva refu, senzira yekusimudza zvishoma, yakasimudzira; iko kukanganisa-kudzivirirwa kwezvimwe nzira mune dzimwe nzira zvinoshandisa simba rinodzivirira.
Izvo zvidzidzo, kunyanya izvo zvakachengetwa nemasimba enyika, zvakakanganisa AU kubva mukushandisa mamiriro ehurumende yepasi rose, kunyanya avo vanoda kubatana uye kupindirana. Mali inokosha mune izvi, kunyanya sezvo kuvapo kwemauto eFrance akamira ipapo nokuda kweOp Operation Barkhane yakanga yakarongedza mashandiro ehurumende dzevanhu vemuMaliya kusanganisira Islamist Ansar Dine (ikozvino Gira rekudzivirirwa kweIslam neVaMuslim) mune zvematongerwe enyika, nekudaro vachiwedzera hurumende iri kuchamhembe. Saizvozvowo, UAE zvigaro muSomalilandkukurudzira uye kugadzirisa kuparadzaniswa kweSomalia, nemigumisiro yakaipa yemiganhu. Mumakumi emakore anouya, matambudziko akadai seaya achawedzerwa, sezvo nyika dzakadai seIndia, Iran, neSaoudhiya Arabia dzinovaka zvigaro zvemauto munyika dzeAfrica, uye nekuda kwemauto-maitiro ekubatanidza nzira dzakadai sa Multi-National Joint Task Force mu Lake Chad Basin, iyo yakave nokubudirira, inonyanya kukoshesa pakubata ushe hwemhirizhonga. Zvinoshamisika kuti mazano aya anowanzotarisirwa kuitwa ne sub-regional states, nguva zhinji mukupesana nechinangwa uye mapurogiramu emasimba enyika.
Kune chido chakakura chevanhu veAfrica kuti vave nehanya nezvezviitiko izvi uye izvi zvinotarisa pamusoro pekusika kwezvigadziro, nekuda kwezvavanoita kune vanhu vari munyika dzakasiyana-siyana, uye zvinoshandiswa kune nyika pamwe nekusimudzira nyika. Diego Garcia, nheyo iyo yakagadzirisa chiitiko chechiitiko ichi muAfrica, inoratidzira zvakanyanya kufadza zvinogona kuita izvi. Vanhu vechitsuwa ichi chave chichiita sechisina kodzero uye rusununguko, uye nhengo dzayo dzakawanda dzakabviswa zvakasimba mumisha yavo uye dzakatapirwa - vazhinji kuMauritius uye Seychelles, dzisina kubvumidza kodzero yekudzoka. Uyezve, kuvapo kwechitubu kwakasimbisa kuti African Union haina simba pamusoro pechitsuwa chacho; ichi chichiri chekutonga chinotongwa senharaunda yeBritish.
Saizvozvowo, 'hondo yenyika yose pamusoro pekutya', pamwe nekumuka kweChina, yakaona masimba enyika achida kupinda zvakare kana kusimbisa kuvepo kwavo kune kondinendi, nemigumisiro yakaipa. Vose veUnited States neFrance vakagadzira nheyo itsva muAfrica, neChina, UAE neSadi Arabia kutevera. Pasi pemaonero ekurwisana kwehugandanga, vanowanzova nezvimwe zvinodiwa, zvakadai sezvigaro zveFrance muNiger, izvo zviri kuedza kudzivirira French chido kumativi ose eNiger.
Gore rapera (2017), China yakazadza kuvaka kwechigaro muDibibouti, neSaudi Arabia (2017), France, uye kunyange Japan (iyo yaive yakagadzirwa muna 2011, uye iyo ine zvirongwa zvekuwedzera) kuchengetedza zvigaro mudiki nyika. Eritrea yeruwa reAsabria iri kushandiswa neIran neUAE (2015) kushandisa zvigaro kubva, asi Turkey (2017) irikuvandudza Suakin Island muSudan pasi pechigadziro chekuchengetedza zvinyorwa zvekare zveTurkey. Zvinoshamisa kuti Hondo yeAfrica iri pedyo neBab Al-Mandab neHormuz matambudziko, iyo inopfuura makumi maviri kubva muzana yekutengesa kwenyika yose inopera, uye iri maitiro ehurumende sezvo inobvumira kutonga zvizhinji zveIndia Ocean. Uyezve, zvinokosha kuziva kuti zvese zvidzidzo zvisiri kushandiswa neU.S. neFrance zvakavakwa mushure meC2010, zvichiratidza kuti vavariro dziri shure izvi zvine zvose zvine chokuita nekuratidzwa kwesimba uye zvishomanana zvakapoteredza ugandanga. IUAE akadzika muAsabhi, zvakare, inokosha pane izvi; Abu Dhabhi akashandisa iyo kutumira zvombo nemauto kubva muUAE nedzimwe nyika dzeSouthern coalition, nekuda kwehondo yavo muYemen, zvichiita kuti zvive nemigumisiro yakaipa yevanhu uye zvichida kuparadzaniswa kwenyika iyoyo.
Bases uye uchangamire
Kuvakwa kwezvidzidzo zvechiuto izvi kwakaderedza hutongi hwemhuri uye hwekwenyika. IUAE inowanikwa muchiteshi cheSeraliland cheBerbera (2016), somuenzaniso, inoratidzira kuguma kweprojekiti kuve nechokwadi chekubatana kweSomalia. Kare, Somaliland ine simba rakasimba rekuchengeteka; chivakwa chekuvakwa uye kutsigirwa kunoenderana neUAE kuchaita kuti Mogadishu isakwanisa kuwedzera kutonga pamusoro peHargeisa. Izvi zvingangotungamirira kune dzimwe nharo, kunyanya sezvo Puntland inotanga kudzorerazve kuzvidzora kwayo, uye sezvo al-Shabab inoshandisa kusiyana uku kuwedzera simba rayo.
Uyezve, maAAE's Assab base, pamwe neKatat blockade iripo, vakatyisidzira kutonga Mhirizhonga yemuganhu weEritrean-Djibouti, sezvo chibvumirano cheDibibtiti chekusawirirana neKatar nekuda kwehukama hwahwo hwepedyo neRiadh akaona Doha ichibvisa varindi varo vehondo (2017); apo Emirati inotsigira Eritrea yakatsunga Asmara kuti idzokere mauto ayo kumakwikwi eDoumeira anokwikwidzana, ayo UN inoratidza kuti ndeyeDibibiti.
Uyezve, iyo nhangemutange yekuumba nheyo (pamwe nemamwe magodas geopolitical) yakaona nyika dzedzimwe nyika dzinowanzosigira varwi veAfrica (hazvishamisi, vachifunga kuti dzimwe dzedzimwe nyika dziri nyika dziri udzvinyiriri), zvichiita kuti kushandiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kushamwaridzana kwekwenyika kuedza kuwana mhinduro. Iye zvino Libyan imbroglio, somuenzaniso, akaona nyika dzakadai seEgypt neRussia kutsigira Gavhuna Khalifa Haftar, uyo akavimbisa kodzero yekuchengetedza mukana wekukunda kwake. Izvi zvinofanira kuva zvakanyanya kunetseka sezvo zvinopesana zvose zveAU uye mazano ekuvakidzani ari kuedza kugadzirisa dambudziko racho.
IA uye zvigaro
Izvi zvinotyisa, mune ramangwana, zvinoparadza hurumende yeAfrica yekutonga kwakasimba, kunyanya sezvo simba rekune dzimwe nyika, nenzira yezvikwereti izvi, rinotyisidzira kukurudzira dzimwe nharo dzakasiyana. Mhirizhonga yakatomuka kare muEthiopiya mukupindura kuEritrea kugadziriswa kwezvigadziro zvakawanda, apo nyika mbiri dzakaratidzakushorwa kusvika kuBerbera base muSomaliland. Izvo zvinokonzerwa nekuvandudza zvombo muhurumende idzi zvichaita kuti kupesana kwepakati, sezvakaitwa pakati peEtiopia neEritrea, kunowedzera kuwedzera, uye kuderedza hutano hweAU hwekunyengetedza hurumende kutaurirana. Zvinoshungurudza, kodzero dzekusimudzira dzinowanzobatanidzwa nemamiriyoni emadhora-dollar anotengesa zvikwata. Izvi hazvisi kungovimbisa chete kuti miganhu yepakati pemiganhu, yakadai seiyo pakati peEtiopia neEritrea, inotevera nzira yechisimba uye inoparadza, asiwo hurumende inogona zvakare kukanganisa kupesana mukati mevanhu vayo. Iyi 'kukurudzira kodzero' yaiva chikonzero chikuru chinokonzera dambudziko rekudzivirira iro AU aive achitarisana nayo kubvira pakatanga.
Mukuwedzera, sezvinogona kutariswa neUAE kushandiswa kweAassab kushandiswa kuendesa mauto kuYemen, Africa iri kuwedzera kushandiswa senzvimbo yekugadzirisa inobva kuendesa mauto kuenda kune dzimwe nharo dzemakakatanwa. Zvinonzwisisika, iUAE, muna 2015, yakatsvaga ruoko rwakasimba Djibouti kubvumira ndege dzeEmirati neyokubatanidza kushandiswa kwenharaunda yaro sechinhu chekutanga chekushanda kweAmeni. Djibouti neAud Dhabi vakazobvisa hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika, asi UAE yakawana mukana wokuda kuEritrea.
IAU ichada kuwedzerwa kukwanisa kwayo (dambudziko nenzira yakazara) kuti iise pfungwa yakasimba pakudzivirira kushandiswa kwekunze nekupesana kwepakati pekare - zvinotyisa zvinotyisa kudarika hugandanga. Nzvimbo iyi yakave nebudiriro yakawanda mukurwisana nemhirizhonga yevasati vemuhurumende, kunyanya munharaunda yekusimudzira kushandiswa kwehurumende pasi. Sangano rezvemarudzi akawanda riri pakati peGungwa reChaid Chad uye neG5 Sahel (Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Chad) matanho anofanirwa mukugadzirisa mhinduro dzemunharaunda dzekudzivirira mhirizhonga, kunyange zvazvo izvi zvichiri kudikanwa kuti zvibatanidzwe pamwe nekuwedzera on inclusivity. Kunyangwe neG5 Sahel, iyo yakagadzira kuwirirana pakati peSaullian nhatu dzinoti, kuchengetedzwa kweFrance kwezvidzidzo zviri mberi munyika idzi zvakasimbisa kuti Paris yakanyanyisa zvikuru kuumbwa, chimiro uye zvinangwa zvehondo. Izvi zviri, uye zvichava nemigumisiro yakaipisisa, kunyanya, Mali sezvo GSIM yakabviswa mukutaurirana, zvichiita kuti kusagadzikana muNorth kunoramba kuripo. Iyo Liptako-Gourma corridor partnership pakati peMali, Niger neBurkina Faso ichaona migumisiro yakanaka sezvo vaFrench vasingabatanidzwi zvakananga mairi, uye nokuti inoratidzira zvakanyanya kusvika kumuganhu wezvokuchengetedza kunze kwehupfumi hwematongerwe enyika.
Zvisinei, hukama hwakadai seizvi huchaoma kutanga pamakakatanwa anotevera anokonzerwa nemasimba emunyika, uye anosanganisira mahedheni ehurumende. Izvi zvikurukuru kubva, kusiyana nemamiriro ehondo idzi, masangano emunharaunda achave akaoma mitezo kana mabelligerents ari masimba mashoma. IAU ichadikanwa kuvandudza hukama hwayo uye hunoita kuti hurumende ishande kana kuti pangozi ive yakatarisana sezvinoitika muLibya. Kunyangwe muBurundi, apo maitiro makuru emakondinendi anopa mazano pamusoro pemutatu wechitatu kuna Pierre Nkurunziza, hurumende yake ichiri kushanda, pasinei nehutambudzo hweAU uye nezvisungo.
