Hondo yeAfghanistan Inoshanduka kuenda kune zvisiri pamutemo Drone Strike

by LA Progressive, September 30, 2021

Mushure memavhiki matatu manejimendi ake atanga kurwisa nendege kwakauraya vanhu gumi muKabul, Afghanistan, Mutungamiri Joe Biden akataura kuUnited Nations General Assembly. Achizvikudza Wapikisa, "Ndakamira pano nhasi, kekutanga mumakore makumi maviri, neUnited States isiri muhondo." Zuva rakapfuura, manejimendi ake aive nawo yakatanga chirongwa chedrone kuSyria, uye masvondo matatu zvisati zvaitika, veUS vairatidzira kuSomalia. Mutungamiriri-mukuru zvakare akanganwa kuti mauto eUS achiri kurwira munyika dzinosvika nhanhatu dzakasiyana, kusanganisira Iraq, Yemen, Syria, Libya, Somalia neNiger. Uye akavimbisa kuenderera mberi nekubhomba Afghanistan kubva kure.

Zvinosuruvarisa kubviswa kwaBiden kwemauto eU.S. kubva kuAfghanistan hakuna zvakunoreva zvakanyanya kana akaongororwa nekuda kwevimbiso yehutungamiriri hwake yekukwira "pamusoro-iyo-yakatarisa”Kurwiswa munyika iyoyo kubva kure kunyangwe hazvo tisina mauto pasi.

“Mauto edu haasi kuuya kumba. Tinofanira kuva vakatendeseka nezvazvo, "Mumiriri Tom Malinowski (D-New Jersey) akati panguva yemusangano wekongiresi neMunyori weHurumende Antony Blinken kutanga kwemwedzi uno. "Vari kungoenda kune dzimwe nzvimbo mudunhu rimwe chete kunoitisa misangano imwecheteyo yekurwisa hugandanga, kusanganisira muAfghanistan."

Sezvo Biden akaburitsa mauto eUS kubva kuAfghanistan, manejimendi ake akatanga chombo chegehena kubva kuUS drone muKabul iyo yakauraya vanhu gumi, kusanganisira vana vanomwe, ndokunyepa nezvazvo. Sachigaro weJoint Chiefs of Staff Gen. Mark Milley akabva angoti yaive "vakarurama rova”Kudzivirira mauto eU.S.

Biden ari kutevera mumakwara evakavatangira vana, avo vese vakaitawo zvisiri pamutemo drone steki dzakauraya zviuru zvevanhu.

Anenge masvondo matatu gare gare, zvakadaro, an kuongorora kwakadzama inotungamirirwa na The New York Times yakaratidza kuti Zemari Ahmadi aive mushandi wekuUS, kwete ISIS, uye "zvinoputika" muToyota iyo yakatarwa nedrone drone yaive mabhodhoro emvura. General Frank McKenzie, mutungamiriri weU.S. Central Command, akabva adaidza ratidziro iyi se "kukanganisa kukuru."

Uku kuuraya kusina musoro kwevanhuwo zvavo kwaive kusiri chiitiko chimwe chete, kunyange hazvo chakagashirwa zvakanyanya kupfuura vazhinji vakarova drone. Biden ari kutevera mumakwara evakavatangira vana, avo vese vakaitawo zvisiri pamutemo drone steki dzakauraya zviuru zvevanhu.

Kuratidzira kweKabul drone "kunopokana nekuvimbika kwehungwaru huchashandiswa kuitisa mashandiro," iyo Times akadaro. Chokwadi, ichi hachisi chinhu chitsva. "Huchenjeri" hunoshandiswa kuitisa drone sitiroko ndeye mukurumbira kusavimbika.

Somuenzaniso, i Drone Papers yakaburitsa kuti vangangoita 90 muzana yeavo vakaurayiwa nedrone stirki panguva imwechete yemwedzi mishanu muna Ndira 2012 kusvika Kukadzi 2013 vaive vasiri ivo vaitarisirwa. Daniel Hale, uyo akaburitsa magwaro anosanganisira Drone Papers, ari kusungwa kwemwedzi makumi mana nemashanu mujeri nekufumura humbowo hwemhosva dzehondo dzeUS.

Drone Kurwisa Kwakaitiswa naBush, Obama, Trump naBiden Vakauraya Vasingaverengeke Vagari

MaDrones haakonzere vanhu vashoma kukuvara kupfuura vangayedza mabhomba. Chidzidzo chakavakirwa padanho rezvechiuto, rakaitwa naLarry Lewis kubva kuCentre yeNaval Analyzes naSarah Holewinski weCentre yeVanhu muRwisano, akawanikwa kuti kushandiswa kwedrones muAfghanistan kwakakonzera kagumi kufa kwevanhu vasiri veruzhinji kupfuura ndege dzehondo dzevarwi.

Idzi nhamba dzinogona kunge dzakaderera nekuti mauto eU.S. anotora vanhu vese vakaurayiwa mumabasa aya se "vavengi vakaurayiwa mukuita." George W. Bush, Barack Obama, Donald Trump naBiden vese vakatungamira kurwisa kwedrone kwakauraya vanhu vasingaverengeke.

Bush akapiwa simba vangangoita makumi mashanu emadhora ekurova akauraya vanhu mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nevatanhatu vanonzi "magandanga" uye vagari ve50 muYemen, Somalia nePakistan.

Obama manejimendi akaitisa 10 times yakawanda drone inorova kupfuura iye akamutangira. Pakati pematemu maviri aObama ari muhofisi, akabvumidza ratidziro mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nematatu - zvikuru nedrones - muSomalia, Pakistan neYemen, vachiuraya pakati pevanhu 563 ne384, maererano Bureau of Investigative Journalism.

Trump, uyo akasunungura Obama yakanangana nemitemo, yakabhomba nyika dzese dzaive naObama, maererano ne Micah Zenko, aimbove mukuru mudare paCouncil on Foreign Relations. Munguva yemakore maviri ekutanga aTrump ari muhofisi, akatanga 2,243 drone inorova, zvichienzaniswa 1,878 mumashoko maviri aObama muhofisi. Sezvo hutungamiriri hwaTrump hwaive zvishoma pane zviri kuuya nenhamba dzevanhu vakakuvadzwa zvakaenzana, hazvigoneke kuziva kuti vangani vanhu vakaurayiwa pawachi yake.

MaDrones anotenderera pamusoro pemataundi kwemaawa, achiburitsa ruzha runonzwika inotyisa nharaunda, kunyanya vana. Vanoziva kuti drone inogona kukanda bhomba pavari chero nguva. CIA inotangisa "pombi mbiri," ichiendesa drone kuuraya avo vanoedza kununura vakakuvadzwa. Uye mune izvo zvinofanirwa kunzi "pombi katatu," vanowanzo tarisa vanhu kumariro vachichema vadikani vavo vakauraiwa mukurwiswa kwedrone. Panzvimbo pekuita kuti isu tisanyanya kutyisidzirwa nehugandanga, kuuraya uku kunoita kuti vanhu vari kune dzimwe nyika vatsamwire United States zvakanyanya.

Drone Anorova Panguva ye "Hondo Nekutya" Hazvisi pamutemo

Drone kurwisa kwakaiswa panguva ye "hondo yekutyisa" hazvisi pamutemo. Kunyangwe Biden akavimbisa muhurukuro yake yeGeneral Assembly kuti "ashandise uye asimbise… UN Charter" uye akavimbisa "kutevedzera mitemo nezvibvumirano zvepasi rese," kwake kurohwa kwedrone, neyavatungamiriri vake, kutyora Chibvumirano neGeneva Kokorodzano.

Kurwiswa kwemauto eUS neCIA drone kwakauraya vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuva 9,000 kusvika 17,000 kubvira 2004, kusanganisira vana mazana maviri nemazana maviri nevagari vemuUnited States.

UN Charter inorambidza kushandiswa kwemauto kurwisa imwe nyika kunze kwekunge muchizvidzivirira pasi peChitsauko 51. Musi waAugust 29, mushure mekunge Drone yekuUS yauraya vanhu gumi muKabul, US Central Command yakazvidaidza kuti "yekuzvidzivirira unmanned pamusoro-iyo-yakatenderera airstrike. ” ICentral Command yakati ratidziro iyi yaifanirwa kudzivirira kurwiswa kuri pedyo neKabul Airport neISIS.

Asi Dare repasi rose reJustice rakati nyika hadzigone kukumbira Chisungo 51 kupokana nekurwiswa nezvombo nevanhu vasiri-vehurumende vatambi vasingakonzerwe kune imwe nyika. ISIS inopesana neTaliban. Kurwiswa neISIS hakugone kuverengerwa kuTaliban, iyo zvakare inodzora Afghanistan.

Kunze kwenzvimbo dzemhirizhonga, "kushandiswa kwedrones kana dzimwe nzira dzekuuraya kwakanangwa hazvingamboite kunge kuri pamutemo," Agnès Callamard, UN rapporteur anokosha pamusoro pekusaruramisira, kupfupisa kana kuuraya zvine mutsindo, tweeted. Akanyora kuti "simba rekuuraya nemaune kana rinogona kuuraya rinogona chete kushandiswa pazvinenge zvichikosha kudzivirira kubva kutyisidziro iri pedyo nehupenyu."

Vagari havagone zviri pamutemo kuve tarisiro yekuramwa kwemauto. Dzinotarisirwa kana kuurawa kwezvematongerwo enyika, kunonzi zvakare kuuraya kwekutonga, kutyora mutemo wepasi rese. Kuuraya nemaune kutyora kwakakomba kweGeneva Konferensi inorangwa semhosva yehondo pasi pemutemo weUS War Crimes Act. Kuuraya kwakanangwa kunongobvumirwa chete kana zvichionekwa sezvakakodzera kuchengetedza hupenyu, uye hapana imwe nzira - inosanganisira kubata kana kusauraya - inowanikwa kuchengetedza hupenyu.

Mutemo wepasi rose wekubatsira vanhu unoda kuti kana mauto ehondo ashandiswa, inofanirwa kutevedzera zvese zviri zviviri mamiriro e mutsauko uye kuenzana. Kusiyanisa kunoraira kuti kurwiswa kunofanira kugara kuchisiyanisa varwi nevanhuwo zvavo. Kuenzana kunoreva kuti kurwisa kwacho hakugone kunyanyisa maererano nehunyanzvi hwemauto hunotsvakwa.

Zvakare, Philip Alston, aimbova rapporteur akasarudzika weUN pamusoro pekusarongeka, kupfupisa kana kuuraya zvisina tsarukano, Zvinonzi.

Vagari havagone zviri pamutemo kuve tarisiro yekuramwa kwemauto. Dzinotarisirwa kana kuurawa kwezvematongerwo enyika, kunodaidzwa zvakare kuti kuwuraya zvisiri pamutemo, kutyora mutemo wepasi rese.

Iyo Drone Mapepa inosanganisirwa mapepa akaburitswa kuburitsa "ketani yekuuraya" iyo Obama manejimendi yakashandisa kuona kuti ndiani wainanga. Vagari vasingaverengeke vakaurayiwa vachishandisa "chiratidzo chehungwaru" - kutaurirana kwekunze, radar uye mamwe masisitimu emagetsi - munzvimbo dzisina kutaurwa dzehondo. Matargeting sarudzo akaitwa nekutevera nharembozha dzinogona kana dzinogona kutakurwa nevanofungidzirwa kuti magandanga. Hafu yehungwaru yakashandiswa kuratidza zvingangotarisirwa muYemen neSomalia yaive yakavakirwa pamasaini akangwara.

Obama Presidential Policy Nhungamiro (PPG), iyo yaive nemitemo yakanangwa, yakaratidza nzira dzekushandisa kwesimba rinouraya kunze kwe "nzvimbo dzine hukasha." Zvaida kuti chinangwa chive "kuramba kuchityisidzira kuri kuuya." Asi chakavanzika department reJustice chena bepa yakaziviswa muna 2011 ikaburitswa muna2013 yakabvumidza kuurayiwa kwevagari vekuUS kunyangwe vasina "humbowo hwakajeka hwekuti kurwiswa kwevanhu veUS uye zvido zvavo zvichaitika munguva pfupi iri kutevera." Bhawa racho raifungidzirwa kunge rakadzikira nekuuraya vanhu vasiri vemuUS.

PPG yakati panofanirwa kuve ne "padyo nechokwadi chekuti HVT [gandanga rakakosha kwazvo] kana chimwe chinotyisa chinotenderwa" chiripo mauto anouraya asati atungamirwa kwaari. Asi hutongi hwaObama hwakatangisa "siginicha kurwisa" iyo isina kunanga vanhu, asi varume vezera remauto varipo munzvimbo dzekufungidzira. Hurumende yaObama yakatsanangura varwi (vasiri varwi) sevarume vese vezera remauto varipo munzvimbo yekuramwa basa, "kunze kwekunge paine huchenjeri hwakajeka hunoratidza kuti havana mhosva."

"Njere" panotangira drone yeUS haina kuvimbika zvakanyanya. United States yakaita kutyora kwakadzokororwa kweUN Charter uye Geneva Konferensi. Uye iyo zvisiri pamutemo US kuuraya nedrones inotyora kodzero yeupenyu yakasungirirwa muInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, chimwe chibvumirano chakatemwa neUS. Inodaro, "Munhu wese ane kodzero yehupenyu yehupenyu. Kodzero iyi inofanirwa kuchengetedzwa nemutemo. Hapana munhu achabvisirwa hupenyu hwake. ”

Kabul Drone Strike: "Chekutanga Chiito cheNhanho Inotevera Yehondo Yedu"

"Kurova kwedrone muKabul kwanga kusiri iko kwekupedzisira kuita kwehondo yedu," Mumiriri Malinowski akati panguva yeBlinken's congressional uchapupu. "Zvinosuruvarisa kuti chiitiko chekutanga chedanho rinotevera rehondo yedu."

"Panofanira kuve nekuzvidavirira," Sen. Christopher S. Murphy (D-Connecticut), nhengo yeDare Rezvekubatana Kwekunze, akanyora mu chinyorwa che Twitter. "Kana pasina mhedzisiro yekuramwa basa iri rine njodzi, zvinopa chiratidzo kune vese chirongwa chedrone chekuti kuuraya vana nevanhuwo zvavo kuchabvumidzwa."

Muna Chikumi, masangano zana negumi nematanhatu akazvipira kukodzero dzevanhu, kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwevanhu, dzinza, kururamisira kwezvakatipoteredza uye kodzero dzevakarwa muhondo. akanyora tsamba kuna Biden "kukumbira kupera kwechirongwa chisiri pamutemo chekuramwa kwakaipa kunze kwenzvimbo ipi neipi inozivikanwa yehondo, kusanganisira nekushandisa drones." Olivia Alperstein anobva kuInstitute for Policy Study tweeted kuti United States inofanirwa "kukumbira ruregerero nekuda kwese kurwisa kwedrone, uye kugumisa kurwa kwehondo kamwechete uye zvachose.

Marjorie Cohn

Yakapindirwa nemvumo yemunyori kubva Zvakashata

Pakati pevhiki yaGunyana 26-Gumiguru 2, nhengo dze Veterans For Peace, Code Pink, Ban Killer Drones, uye masangano anodyidzana ari kutora matanho https://www.veteransforpeace.org/take-action/shut-down-creech kunze kweCreech Drone Air Force Base, kuchamhembe kweLas Vegas, mukupesana nedhimoni dzehondo. Drones anodzorwa ari kure kubva kuCreech zvombo zvemoto kuAfghanistan, pamwe neSyria, Yemen neSomalia.