NaRobert Levering, Chivabvu 19, 2020
From Kuring Nonviolence
Sokunge kuti pakanga pasina kukwana kunetseka pamusoro pemazuva ano, vakadzi munguva pfupi vanogona kuve vanodiwa kuti vanyorese kunonyorwa muchiuto.
Iwe unogona kunge usina kunge wakambonzwa nezve ichi chiitiko nekuda kweiyo analog yeCOVID-19 nhau. Mukupera kwaKurume, a komisheni yenyika yakurudzira Congress kuraira kuti vakadzi vese vari pakati pemakore gumi nemasere kusvika makumi maviri nevaviri vanyore nere Selection Service System, iyo kongiri inotarisira kunyorwa kwemauto.
Congress inogona kutenderedza chikumbiro ichi. Vazhinji vakakurumbira manhamba mumapato ese anotsigira pfungwa kubva Hillary Clinton kuna Seneti Mukuru Wekutungamira Mitch McConnell. Kana iyo yakapfuura iri chero nhungamiro, zvisinei, isu tinotarisira kuti vanoita zvekuramba vanogona kuramba. Munguva yeHondo yeVietnam, bato rakakura rekudzvinyirira rakamanikidza hurumende kubvisa hurongwa hwese hwekunyoresa. Jimmy Carter paakadzosera zvekare hurongwa hwekunyoresa muna 1980, bato rakasimba rekurwisa-kuronga rakanyandura kuedza kwehurumende kuishandisa.
Kunyange zvakadaro, hurongwa hwacho hwakaramba huchinyoresa majaya. Nyaya iyi yakadzikira kubva mukuziva kwenyika kusvika 2015, apo Obama akatendera vakadzi kuti vashande mukurwisa mabasa. Vatsananguri vakasiyana-siyana uye vezvematongerwo enyika vakabvunza kuti: Kana vakadzi vachigona kurwira pamitsetse yekumberi, nei vasingafanirewo kuiswa pasi pechirongwa ichi? Vamwe vakabvunza mubvunzo une chekuita: Nei musingade kuti munhu wese aite imwe fomu yebasa yenyika? Congress yakachaira National Commission nezvemauto, National, uye Public Service kuti iongorore nyaya dzakadai.
Commission yakapedza makore matatu nemamiriyoni makumi mana emamiriyoni emadhora, yakafambisa nyaya munyika yese nekukumbira zviuru zvinomwe kuti vanhu vataure. Rayo 45-peji rekupedzisira mushumo raive rine makumi matatu nemapfumbamwe mazano, kazhinji nzira dzekurudzira mikana yekuzvidira yebasa rehurumende uye rehurumende.
Kungoti chete kurudziro uko kwaizomanikidza vakadzi kunyoresa kunyora kune chinhu chinomanikidzwa. Kana vakagamuchirwa, vakadzi vanoramba kunyoresa, sevatezvara vavo, vanogona kupihwa mhosva yekupara mhosva kusvika makore mashanu mutorongo uye / kana $ 250,000 faindi.
Vamwe vanoenderera mberi uye vechikadzi vanotsigira chikomisheni ichi. Jackie Speer, akasununguka Democratic congressikazi kubva kuCalifornia, Akaudzwa The Hill"Kana tichida kufanana munyika muno, kana tichida kuti vakadzi vabatiwe chaizvo sezvinoitirwa varume uye kuti havafanirwe kusarura, saka tinofanirwa kutsigira kunyorerwa vanhu vese."
Zvichakadaro, Rivera Zuva reCODEPINK, sangano rinotungamirwa nevakadzi rinotungamira huswa, rinopokana. Akaudza komisheni: "Runyorwa haisi nyaya yekodzero dzevakadzi." Kuenzana kwevakadzi hakugone kuwanikwa nekusanganisira vakadzi muchirongwa chekunyorwa vanomanikidza vagari kuti vatore muzvinhu zvinopesana nezvavo uye kukuvadza vamwe muhuwandu, senge kuhondo. Kune nzira imwe chete yekunyoresa kunyoresa kubata vanhu vese zvakaenzana: bvisa kunyoreswa kunyorwa.
Uku hachisi zano rakaomarara. Kunze kwechinguva chidiki munguva yeHondo Yenyika uye Hondo Yenyika I, United States yakanga isina-kuiswa muchiuto kusvika kutanga kweHondo Yenyika II. Kumanikidzwa muchiuto basa raionekwa serisina-America, risingapindirani nemagariro akasimbiswa nenyika yemahara. Nhamba isingaverengeki yevatorwa vakapinda kuno kuzochengetedza kubva kunharaunda dzekwavo. Mumwe wevakabva kune imwe nyika aive Frederick Trump, sekuru vemutungamiriri wenyika, akatiza muBavaria kuti vasamanikidzwa mune Chiuto cheGerman.
United States yakaramba kuenda kuhondo mushure meHondo Yenyika yechipiri asi yakatangazve munguva yeHondo yeKorea. Hondo iyoyo yapera, zvisinei, United States yakaramba ichimanikidza majaya kupinda muchiuto. Vashoma ndivo vakadanwa kumusoro mumakore iwayo. Nekudaro, kuvepo kwayo chaiko kwaireva kuti chero mutungamiri anogona kukurumidza kuunganidza mauto pasina kana cheki kubva kuCongress kana veruzhinji.
Ndozvakaitwa naLyndon B. Johnson kutanga muna 1965. Gore rakapfuura akamhanya se "musarudzo werunyararo" achiti haaizopinza United States muhondo yenyika muAsia. Mukati memwedzi yesarudzo, achishandisa zvirevo zvekunyepedzera kurwa uye kurwiswa pachigadziko cheUS, Johnson akatanga kudururira mauto eAmerica muVietnam. Nekuti purezidhendi aigona kuburitsa nharembozha ari ega, akaraira vanyori vangangosvika miriyoni-chiuru kupinda muchiuto muna 1965 uye vanoda 400,000 gore rakatevera. Nenguva isipi pakave nehafu-miriyoni mauto eAmerica achirwa muVietnam, kazhinji vanyori kana varume vakanyoresa kuti varege kuzonyorwa. (Vanyori vanogona kusarudza bazi ravo rebasa asi vaifanira kupedza makore matatu, kwete maviri, muchiuto.)
Kuve nekunyorwa uku kwakakwanisa kugonesa Johnson kudhiza United States muhondo huru yenyika pamberi poruzhinji kuti rwubate zvizere pane zvaiitika. Kusakosha kwakanyanya kweiyo dhizaini kwakamubatsirawo kuona pachena kuruzhinji rwekuvaka kukuru. Kunyangwe nhamba huru yakatumirwa kuAsia, chidimbu chete cheavo vanokodzera vakashumirwa. Kune vane mamirioni makumi mana nevarume vezera rekunyorwa mukati memakore gumi ehondo, 27 miriyoni chete - kana isingasviki gumi muzana - akashanda muVietnam.
Kuti uone kuti ndiani achazonyorwa, iyo Sarudzo yevashandi yakapa mijenya yakawanda kuvana vevashandi vezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi, pamwe nevepakati vepakati. Vadzidzi vepakoreji vakaita saBill Clinton naDick Cheney havana kubatwa. Kana avo vasina kukwanisa kuwana zvinyorwa zvechiremba zvevadiki - kana vakavezwa - maladhi senge mapfupa, semaitiro aDonald Trump. Nekutya kudzora mhezi dzakapfuma, Johnson akaramba kudaidza matura kana National Guard - imwe kuchengetedzwa kwevaipakati vepakati, vamwe vavo, saGeorge W. Bush, vakachengetedza matunhu kuburikidza nekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika.
Nekuda kweizvozvo, Vietnam yakava hondo yekushanda. Chii zvakare, manyorerwo mazhinji aisakwanisa kana kuvhota, sezvo zera rekuvhota panguva iyoyo raive 21. Taura nezve mutero pasina mumiriri!
Iyo yekusagadziriswa yekumukira inomira
Runyorwa rwacho rwakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti mutungamiri wenyika atange kurwa. Asi maexisi vakapaza mukana wekukuvadzika kwavo kukuru: Chinyorwa chinoda kushandira pamwe kwevanoiswa pasi pacho. Gene Sharp, mudzidzi weGandhi uye mumwe wevanonyanya kutaura nezvekusafambidzana, anotsanangura kuti: "Kuita zvisina hukama kunobva pane zvakapepetwa zvisiri nyore: Vanhu havawanzoita zvavanenge vanzi vaite, uye dzimwe nguva vanoita nenzira dzavave vanzi vaite. Zvinorambidzwa… Kana vanhu vakaita izvi nehuwandu hwakakwana kwenguva yakareba, iyo hurumende kana hurongwa hwehupfumi hahusisina simba. ”
Panguva iyo Johnson paakakwira tsamba dzekunyora, varume vaisungirwa kutakura makadhi avo ekunyora nguva dzese uye nekuteerera mirairo kubva kuKusarudza Service kana kutarisana kusvika makore mashanu mutorongo. Kudzivirira mutemo, varume vakatanga kupisa makadhi avo ekunyora kana kudzorera kuhurumende kumisangano yevagari veruzhinji. Muchiitiko chakashamisa kwazvo, vanopfuura chiuru varume vakatendeukira kumakadhi avo panguva imwechete yakaitirwa mumaguta anopfuura gumi nemaviri muna Gumiguru, 16. Vagadziri vakaunganidza makadhi aya ndokuvapa kuDhipatimendi reJustice muWashington, DC Hurumende yakapindurwa kutsoropodza Benjamin Spock, chiremba wepwere anozivikanwa, nevamwe vana kubatsira uye kubata vanhurume kutyora mutemo. Iko kupaza kwakadzokera kumashure. Kwete chete kuti hurumende yakarasikirwa nemhosva iyi, asi mazana evakuru vakuru, kusanganisira Martin Luther King Jr., vakasaina zvikumbiro kana kutaura pachena kuruzhinji rwekutsigira vanenge vachinja.
Mapoinzi maviri anofanirwa kuitwa nezvekunyorwa kurwisa panguva yeVietnam War. Chekutanga, kwaive kusajeka kusiri kwekufamba kwemaitiro. Vazhinji vevatungamiriri vayo vaive nechekuita nekurwira kodzero dzevanhu kumaodzanyemba, uye ivo vakadzamisa kuzvipira kwavo kusarwo hupfumi kubva kuvapihwa vanokudzwa.
David Miller akapisa kadhi rake rekunyorera pachivanhu paruzhinji mushure meCongress kupasira mutemo wakanyatsoita kuti icho chiitwe mhosva. Panguva iyoyo, aigara uye aishanda mune yeCatholic Worker imba muNew York. Bruce Dancis akaronga chirongwa chekutanga chekunyora vanhu vazhinji pavakapisa makadhi avo pamberi pechisimba chekuratidzira chakatungamirwa naMartin Luther King Jr. muNew York. Dancis akadzidza kuCornell kwaidzidziswa nhetembo nemupristi Daniel Berrigan.
David Harris, akabatsira kuronga kadhi yenyika yose muna Gumiguru 1967, yaive chikamu cheGandhian Institute for the Study of Nonviolence muPalo Alto, iyo yakavambwa naI Ira Sandperl naJoan Baez. Michael Ferber, mutungamiri weboka reBoston Resistance uye akatongerwa mhosva pamwe naDr Spock, ndiye aigara mukoreji yemwanakomana waDavid Dellinger. A Hondo Yenyika II kunyorwa kuramba, Dellinger aive mumwe wevakadzivirirwa mune inozivikanwa Chicago 7 kutongwa. Ferber akanyora nhoroondo yakanaka kwazvo yemubatanidzwa weVietnam unorwisa kunyorwa unonzi "The Resistance." Akabvumidza bhuku racho nemunyori wezvakaitika kare Staughton Lynd, mumwe anozivikanwa rugare nerunyararo. (Ini pachangu, Martin Luther King Jr. akafuridzira ini. Ndakavhura kadhi rangu rekunyora pamwe nevamwe varume gumi nevaviri pagungano revanhu mazuva mashoma aponda kuurayiwa.)
Pfungwa yechipiri yakakosha pamusoro peiyo drafti inoramba kufamba ndeyekuti yakabudirira nekudzikisira hurongwa. Varongi vayo vaitenda kuti kana tikakwanisa kuwana varume vakaringana kuti vadzivise, tinogona kukunda nzira yevasungwa. Vakashandisa nenzira yakajeka muenzaniso wekurwira kodzero dzevanhu muBirmingham muna1963, apo mazana evagari vemo (kusanganisira vana) akaiswa mutirongo akaunza guta. Ivo vaitenda kuti ivo vanogona kuwana iwo mhedzisiro imwe chete neakakwana dhizaizi kusimuka. Asi zano iri harina kushanda nekukasira, kana pachena, sezvarakaita South. Pakupedzisira, iyo yekutanga kurwisa dhizaini yakakurira iyo system, asi vashoma vedu vakaziva maitiro edu.
Runyorwa rwacho rwunoita mutoro mukuru
Mumakore ehondo, Selection Service yakaendesa varume vanosvika zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu kuDhipatimendi reJustice kuti itongwe. Vane nhamba iyoyo, vasiri pasi pegumi muzana vakapiwa mhosva, 210,000 muzana muzana vakapiwa mhosva, uye 10 muzana (vangangosvika zviuru zvina) vakatongerwa kugara mutirongo. Kunzwira tsitsi kuruzhinji kune avo vanenge vachinja kunobatsira kutsanangura kuti sei vatevedzeri vehurumende varegedzwa kuenda mushure mekutyora uye vatongi vakaramba kutongera vazhinji vevakatongerwa kuenda kujeri. Pakutanga kwa4, ongororo yeGallup yakaratidza kuti 1.5 muzana chete yevakuru yaifarira nguva yevasungwa kune avo vakaramba kubatana. Maererano nekuongorora kwakadzama kwechirongwa cheVietnam: "Dai [vanyori vemitemo] vangadai vakatemerwa hunyanzvi sevapambi vebhengi, hurumende yemasungwa yehurongwa ingadai yakawedzera huwandu hwayo pakakwirira kwehondo."
Nekuratidza kuti havana kutyisidzirwa, varimisheni vakavhiringidza dhizaini uye vakabatsira kugadzira nharaunda umo nhamba inowedzera yevezera ravo yakasimbiswa kuwana nzira yavo yekudzivirira kuenda kuVietnam. Vanofungidzirwa kuti zviuru mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu havana kungonyoresa (vangangoita vasina kubatwa). Vazhinji nechinangwa vakabhadhara bvunzo dzeuto remauto (vaviri kubva vatatu vakatadza kupasa pakati pa250,000, vachipesana nehafu yemwedzi mitanhatu yapfuura). Vamwe 1970 vakatizira kuCanada kana Sweden. Uye vanosvika mazana masere ezviuru vakadzoserwa pahana nekuda kwehana muhondo. Muna 30,000 varume vazhinji vakagamuchira hana yavanoramba nehana kupfuura zvavakaiswa muchiuto.
Chinyorwa mukati New York yaJune 29, 1970, yakanzi “Selection Service Meets Massive Resistance,” yakatsanangura mamiriro ezvinhu achiti: “Urongwa hwekuda kuramba basa muNew York City hwapararira uye hwakagwinya zvekuti Sarudzo dzeSarudzo, dzisinganzwisisike kutanga, nhasi dzinoita sedzisingakwanisi. kunyora chero munhu asina hanya nekunyorwa. " MuOakland, California, makumi mashanu neshanu muzana ve53 4,500 vakarairwa kuti vapinde mukati havana kuratidzira, uye vamwe mashanu muzana akaonekwa asi akaramba kupinzwa.
Vakadzi vazhinji nevarume vakawandisa vakapinda muhurongwa hwekusvitsa chizvarwa kuti vapikise hurongwa uhu. Ivo vaiwanzonongedza 4,000-pamwe yemunharaunda dhodhi mabhodhi uye induction nzvimbo zveusess, rallies, sit-ins, kana kunyange chaiyo vapanduki umo maartist vakapinda mukati nekuparadza mafaera. (Daniel naPhilip Berrigan vakafambisa nzvimbo inozivikanwa kwazvo muCatonsville, Maryland, muna 1968.) Pakazosvika 1970, Sangano reSarudzo rakashuma kuti, paavhareji, pakanga paine kamwe “chiitiko chinorwisa chiitiko” (kuratidzira kana kuputsa) zuva nezuva. Mamiriro ezvinhu akange akaipa kwazvo kanzuru yakashuma kuti mabhodhi emuno akaomerwa nekurenda nzvimbo nekuchengeta vashandi.
Panzvimbo pekuve yakavimbika hurongwa hwekunakidzwa nekukonzeresa nyama yemukati mumakwakwa uye musango yeVietnam, iyo dhizaina raive rave mhosva hombe kumuchina wehondo. Nguva pfupi Richard Nixon atova mutungamiri muna 1969, akafunga kuti nzira yakanakisa yekupokana nehondo yaive kubvisa chibvumirano zvachose. Iyo nzira yakabviswa muna1973.
Runyorwa rwunodzoka, asi ndozvakaitawo kuratidzira
Jimmy Carter akasarudza kumutsa chikwereti makore manomwe gare gare Soviet Union yapinda muAfghanistan. Akaraira kuti varume vese vakazvarwa muna 1960 kana 1961 vanyore kumahofisi eposvo mukati mevhiki-mbiri muzhizha ra1980 - kana kutarisana nemakore mashanu mutirongo. Kukurudzira kutevedza kwekuzvidira, Selection Service yakabhadhara madhora zviuru mazana maviri kukambani yehukama neruzhinji kuti igadzire kushambadzira kunyoresa zviitiko zvine humbowo senge murairidzi we "Mirodhi pa Ice" US Olimpiki hockey timu. Mapoka eAn-draft mapoka akagadziriswa neredhiyo dzawo naLily Tomlin naMartin Sheen. Avo vairatidzira kunyoresa vakakwaziswa nereal, kuratidzira uye kugara-mumazhinji emaguta. Vamwe vairatidzira vakabvisa mafomu ekunyoresa mumahofisi ekutumira ndokuvaparadza.
Brayton Harris, Mutevedzeri weDirector of Selection Service, akabvuma mutori venhau weTV kuti varume vazhinji vakanyoresa sa "Jimmy Carter" uye vamwe vakadzi vakanyoresa kuratidzira. Zvisinei, akati, mumazuva makumi mapfumbamwe neshanu IRS ingadai yakaendesa data nezvevaya vasina kunyoresa, kuitira kuti "isu tigoenda kuchina chakasimba." Sezvazvakaitika, vangangoita makumi manomwe muzana muzana evarume vane mamirioni 90 vanodiwa kunyoresa vakaita izvi nokuzvidira, vachisiya vamwe zviuru zvina nemazana mashanu vachiputsa mutemo.
Ichiona zvisingaite kupomera mhosva varume vangangosvika hafu yemamirioni, Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro - sekutaura kwemukati - rakasarudza kuti "kutenderera kwekushambadzira kwakabudirira, kwakabudirira kumatare ... kunogona kupa humbowo hwakakwana kuitira kuti Sarudzo Dare Revhisi. [aigona] kuramba akavimbika ehurongwa. "
"Huwandu hwehurumende hwekumisikidza" hwakakundikana. Varume makumi maviri chete ndivo vakamhan'arwa, uye izvo zvakatadza kudzora zviuru zvakaramba pachena kunyoresa uye mazana ezviuru akazviita akanyarara.
Mumwe weavo vakasarudzwa kuti amhan'arirwe ndiEdward Hasbrouck, munhu asina kunyoreswa anga ari murongi wemugadziro wekurwisa kunyorwa. Mumiriri wechidiki mudiki anodaidzira anonzi Robert Mueller (hongu, kuti Robert Mueller) akamiririra hurumende. Mhosva yakava a kukonzera celebre muNew England nezviratidziro zvinoverengeka, kusanganisira chimwe apo vanhu vatatu vakazvisunga nemusuwo weBoston wedare redare redzimhosva kudzivirira kutongwa kuenderere mberi. Mueller akakunda nyaya mudare, asi mutongi akamisa mutongo wemwedzi mitanhatu uye akaraira Hasbrouck kuti aite maawa zana ebasa renharaunda. (Kwapera gore, zvisiri kufadza kuti Hasbrouck aive achienderera mberi nebasa rake rekuronga kunyora, mutongi akadzoreredza nguva yejeri.)
Sarudzo Yekusarudza inova sinecure yezvematongerwo enyika
Kusarudza Service yakabva yaita tsika yekuba. Sezvo havasi vese varume vaizvipira kusaina kana kutya mukati mazvo, iyo agency yakanyorera mamwe mahurumende mahurumende. Ikozvino makumi mashanu muzana ezvekunyoreswa zvinoitika kana varume vakawana marezinesi ehurumende yavo (50 nyika dzinoda kunyoreswa kunyorwa). Mamwe makumi maviri muzana pavanonyorera chikwereti chekoreji. (Zvikwereti zvizhinji zvevadzidzi zvinotsigirwa nehurumende yemubatanidzwa kana yehurumende.)
Zvirango zvekusanyoresa zvinogona kunge zvakanyanya. Mumwe munhu asina kunyoreswa zera ramakore makumi maviri nemasere acharambwa basa kana kudzidziswa basa nehurumende yemubatanidzwa kana nehurumende zhinji dzenyika. Zvichakadaro, chero munhu asiriyezve mutungamiriri akakundikana kunyoresa vasati vasvitsa makore makumi maviri nemasere, haachafanirwa kuve vagari vemo.
Zvakadaro, kunyangwe vashandisa mari inodarika mamirioni mazana masere emakumi matatu emakore apfuura, Sarudzo dzekusarudza dzinobvuma kuti vangangosvika makumi mapfumbamwe muzana muzana vanoita mutemo. Saka, gore rega rega varume vanenge mazana mazana maviri ezviuru vanotsvedza nemumauta akasiyana siyana eKusarudza Sevhisi, uye vanhurume vanopfuura miriyoni imwe vangatongwa sevasungwa. Izvo hazviverenge huwandu avo vakatyora mutemo nenzira yehunyanzvi nekuti ivo havazivise Sarudzo Service pese pavanoshandura kero yavo - chinodikanwa chakatombofuratirwa.
Aimbove Selection Service Director, Bernard Rostker, akarondedzera mamiriro akazoitika nekomisheni gore rakapera, achiti, "hurongwa hwekunyoresa izvozvi haurape dhata rakazara uye kana rakasarudzika rakaringana rekushandisa. "Inorasikirwa nechero chikamu chikuru chevanhurume vanokodzera uye kune avo vanosanganiswa, mari yemashoko iripo haina mubvunzo." Chokwadi, Rostker akagumisa achiti: "Pasi pandiri hapana chikonzero chekuti mupfuurire kunyoresa vanhu."
Saka, nei iyo Sarudza Service inoenderera mberi kunyangwe isingakwanisi kuita kwayo kwakanyanya mabasa? Bureaucratic inertia chikamu chemhinduro. Sezvimwe zvimwe zvikamu zvemauto-maindasitiri akaoma uye zvehondo zvekusingaperi zveAmerica, iyo Selection Service inogara chidiki mumidziyo yemasoja inotsungirira nekuti hapana anozvipokana nazvo.
Iyo kanzuru inoshandawo seyematongerwo enyika sinecure. Mukuru wayo aripo ndiDon Benton, uyo anokodzera kuita basa nekuita sekuti akasarudza kurudziro yaTrump kuPacific Northwest. VaTrump vakatanga kumugadza kuEnvirational Protection Agency, asi akadzingwa mushure memwedzi miviri chete nekuda kwe "noshamisa”Maitiro uye ipapo anoisa mutariri weSarudzo Service. Kutangazve kwake kunogona kutonyanya kuongororwa kana Congress ichinge yafunga nezve komisheni yeKomisheni kunyoresa vanhukadzi. Pairi Washington nyika senator, iye akamboudza munhukadzi weRepublican senator kuti aibata senge “mudiki akatsamwa-mutserendende mwanasikana.”
Hatifanire here kushandura dhizaini kuita chimwe chinhu chinobatsira?
Ichokwadi, iyo Sarudzo Yekusarudza inogona kunge iine zvisirizvo, asi isu hatifanire kuramba tichironga kunyoresa system kuitira kuti tikwanise kurwa imwe hombe hondo? Ndizvozvo chaizvo kuti vatsigiri vavo vanodzivirira sei mubatanidzwa. Webhusaiti yayo inobata Mutungamiri VaTrump vachiti: "Nhoroondo, nyika yakachengetedza Selection Service kunyoreswa kupa ruzhowa kunjodzi isati yatarisirwa. Kunyoresa inzira yekuti urambe wakagadzirira. ”
Yakagadzirira chii? Vanotsigira Chiremba vanoramba vachiunza Hondo Yenyika II, iyo "Hondo Yakanaka," apo varume vanenge mamirioni makumi mashanu vari pakati pamakore gumi nemasere nemakumi mana vakanyoreswa, mamirioni gumi vakanyoreswa, uye vamwe mamirioni matanhatu vakanyorwa muchiuto. Ruzhinji rwevanhu paruzhinji runotenda kuti Hondo yaive yakachena uye kuti kunyorera kwaive kwakakunda kukurira hushamwari.
Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro anogona kuitika zvakadii munyika yanhasi? Tekinoroji remauto - senge drones, kungwara kwekunyepedzera uye marefu mapikicha - yakachinja chimiro chehondo dzazvino. Idzi shanduko dzakabvisa kudikanwa kwenhamba huru dzevanyorovedzi vasina kudzidziswa manpower, ndiko kuti, vakanyorerwa cannon fodder.
Funga nezve hafu yezana remakore apfuura. United States yakapinda mumakakatanwa mazhinji pasina kunyorwa: Muna 1991 hurumende yakakurumidza kuunganidza mauto anopfuura zviuru mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu kuti arwe Hondo yeGulf. Kune iro rinodaidzwa kuti Hondo paTerror, maive nemauto zana zviuru zana emauto eU.S. muAfghanistan, zviuru zana nemazana mashanu muIraq, uye nhamba shoma zvikuru yakaiswa muSyria, Libya, Somalia, Niger, Chad, Mali nePhilippines.
Zvakadiniko nokugadzirira kwechiuto “dambudziko risati ratarisirwa”? Sekureva kwekuenda pamudyandigere wemauto Lieutenant Colonel uye munyori wenhau dzakaitika, William Astore, United States inayo chaanodaidza "ane simba-anokurumidza kurova" mauto angangosvika 250,000 mauto eSpecial Operations mauto. Kana iwe ukawedzera panhamba iyoyo, maArmach makumi masere neshanu uye Ndege yegumi nenomwe Chikamu cheGomo Kukamurwa, Astore inosimbisa kuti United States "inopfuura masimba anokwana mauto kupa kuchengetedzeka chaiko kweAmerica."
Sarudzo Yekusarudza haigone kutora chikamu maererano nekuchengetedzeka kwenyika, asi inosimudzira kubata kwemuchina wehondo pakuziva kweAmerica. Ndiyo imwe yenzira dzisiri pachena kuti mauto ave chinogamuchirwa kumashure kwenharaunda yedu. Kunze kwevaya vasingafariri avo vanonyimwa mabasa kana kukoreji, vamwe vedu havawanzo kurangarirwa kuti kusarudzika kuri kusvetukira shure kwezviitiko. Kusarudzika kwakaitika pakutanga kwegore rino mushure mekunge mutungamiri wenyika akaraira kuurayiwa kwemukuru mukuru weIran uye kutyisidzira kuenda kuhondo neIran. Zuva rakatevera racho webhusaiti reSarudza Service rakarova nekuda kwemafashama evarume vane shungu kutarisa kuti ivo vaive voda kuverengerwa.
Kupedza kunyoreswa kamwechete zvachose
Kana Congress yatanga kuita nharo nezve kurudziro yekomisheni, tinotarisira kunzwa nhaurwa dzichitsigira kuiswa muchiuto izvo zvisina hukama nekugadzirira kwemauto. Vamwe vanopokana kuti gadziriro iyi yaizomanikidza rudzi rwekudyidzana munharaunda uye kunongedzera zvisingaiti kune zvinoitika zvevadzvinyiriri mune yakapfuura.
Essayist Joseph Epstein, akagadzwa kunopera kwe1950s, vakati "Pasi pechirongwa ichi, chimiro cheAmerica chevanhu chaizochinja - uye, kutonga kubva pane zvakaitika kwandiri, kuti zvive zvakanaka." Anoyeuka kuti: Ini handisati ndambonzwa kunge ndakanyanya kunzwa seAmerica kupfuura pandakanga ndiri muchiuto. ”
Icho chingave kupokana kwakasimba, asi mamwe makopi akanyatso kurangarira zvehupenyu hwemauto - chisimba chakatemerwa, mitemo ine hushoma, kudzidziswa kuuraya nekuremara. Uye Epstein haafunge nezve "inosarudza" chikamu cheSarudzo dzeSarudzo. Chero kutangazve kwechirongwa ichi kungangoita chikamu chidiki chehuwandu semauto haadi mamirioni emiviri inodziya. Mauto Echisimba akaisa iyo yakakwira kwazvo zvekuti 70 muzana yevazvipiri vese vanotadza kupasa bvunzo dzemuviri.
Zvakadiniko nebasa renyika? Mushure mezvose, nyika inoda kwazvo basa rinoitwa pane zvigadzirwa zvaro, shandira kuvandudza magetsi matsva, kugadzirisa mikana yekudzidza uye hutano. Wadii kuwedzera zvakanyanya maAmericanps uye Runyararo Corps kana mamwe masangano ane "draftee"?
Zvakadiniko nedenda razvino? "Nei usiri kumanikidzwa kuita pane zvemenu sarudzo izvozvi?" Charli Carpenter, purofesa ku UMass-Amherst, inogadziriswa mune ichangobva kuitika-op. "Fungidzira kuti Sarudzo dzekusarudza dzakadana nhengo dzezera revanhu vasinganyatsovharika munzira yakaoma - vorega kufa kubva - COVID-19 ndokuvaudza kuti varege kupinda muchiuto asi kuti vaite basa rakabhadharwa." Akataura kuti mwana wake Liam ane makore gumi nemasere angave akakwana pabasa rakadai.
Basa reNyika ipfungwa inorumbidzwa, uye komisheni iyi yakakurudzira mazano mazhinji mune izvi. Asi vazhinji vanotsigira basa renyika vanosimbirira kuti riitwe nekumanikidzwa. Uye nei majaya chete kana majaya nemhandara? Vanenge munhu wese mune chero zera reboka anogona kuita mipiro inobatsira kunharaunda, kunyangwe meptuagenarians seni. Mushure mezvose, inenge hafu yevose maseneta eUS (48) vakuru kune makumi matanhatu, sevamiriri ve65 veAmerica uye magavhuna gumi nemashanu. Mutungamiri wazvino anosvika makumi manomwe nenomwe.
Asi haumbonzwa mumwe munhu achikurudzira kwemauto kana kwebasa renyika kune vanhu vezera ravo Kana kuda kuti vanhu vari pakati nepakati uye vanhu vakuru vabvunzwe kuti vanyorese kumisangano yehurumende uye kuti vange vachiwanza makore maviri ehupenyu hwavo muchiuto kana basa rekuzvidira vari pasi pemakore mashanu mujeri uye / kana faindi yemadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu.
Hazvishamisi kuti a kuongorora kwenyika vakawana kuti makumi matatu neshanu muzana evakadzi, makumi matanhatu neshanu muzana evarume vanofarira kurudziro yekomisheni iyi yekuti vanhukadzi vanyoreswe. Kana nhengo dzeCongress dzakatarisa kunyoreswa sechimwe chinhu chingave chinoshanda kwavari, pasina mubvunzo vangatsigira zvikwereti zvekubvisa iyo yekare uye isingabatsiri Military Selection Service System. Kana vasingarase iyo agency, zvichave kune vasiriviolent resess kuti vatsvage nzira dzekugadzira dzekugumisa kunyoreswa zvachose.
Robert Levering anga ari pamusoro pevashandi veNew Mobe muna1969, achitarisira kudzidziswa kwemamandals. Akava mutengesi wenhau webhizimusi kunyora mabhuku uye zvinyorwa nezve nzvimbo yekudyidzana yebasa kune Fortune nemamwe magazini. Parizvino arikunyora bhuku nezve mabudiriro ehondo anti-Vietnam hondo ("Hondo paPamba Pamberi"). Iye zvakare chipangamazano wefirimu nezvekunyorwa kwekusimuka ("Vakomana Ivo Vakati Kwete!", Kuburitswa gore rinouya) uye anogadzira firimu rinotaura nezvekupunzika kwa1969 varwi vekuratidzira ( ”
