NaTad Daley, Chikunguru 16, 2020
Musi uyu makore makumi manomwe nemaviri apfuura zera reatomiki rakazvarwa, nekutanga kudengenyeka kwenyika pedyo neAlamogordo, New Mexico musi waChikunguru 75th, 16. Mazuva makumi maviri chete apfuura, musi waChikumi 1945, United Nations yakagadzwa nekusaina kweChipangano cheUN. muSan Francisco. Bhomba rakazoita here kuti United Nations ibve vhiki nhatu mushure mekuzvarwa kwayo?
Mumwe chete anonyanya kukosha mune izvi zviitiko, Mutungamiri weUnited States Harry S. Truman, zvirokwazvo aiita sekufunga kudaro. Funga nezve chinzvimbo chemurume uye chenguva yacho. Kunyangwe hazvo Alamogordo aive achiri nemavhiki matatu asipo, vanachipangamazano vaTruman vaive vamuvimbisa panguva iyoyo kuti "kubudirira" kwaive kwechokwadi. Uye akaziva kuti iye aive munhuwo zvake iro joko rekutonga raizowira pasi - - kwete chete kana uye nekushandisa mudziyo mutsva unopesana ne Imperial Japan, asi zvekuita ipapo nezve fungidziro ye apocalyptic iri kuda kuburukira pamusoro pevose. vanhu.
Saka akati chii paku kusaina kwegwaro muSan Francisco?
Iyi ingori nhanho yekutanga kurunyararo rusingaperi… Nemaziso edu nguva dzose pachinangwa chekupedzisira ngatifambei mberi… Ichi Chinyorwa, senge Bumbiro redu chairo, chichava chakawedzerwa nekuvandudzwa sezvo nguva ichienderera. Hapana munhu anoti izvozvi chimbo chekupedzisira kana chakakwana. Shanduko yemamiriro ezvinhu epasi pano inoda kudzoreredzwa ... kutsvaga nzira yekupedza hondo.
Kwakanga kuchikarira, kutaura kushoma, kusimbisa zvakanyanyisa kutadza kwegwaro risingasviki awa imwe chete.
Mazuva maviri gare gare, mushure mekufamba kubva kuSan Francisco nechitima kuti agamuchire degree rekuremekedzo kubva kuKansas City University muguta rake chairo, Pfungwa dzaPresident Truman dzakatendeukira kune zvake mitoro uye iyo yekupedzisira chinangwa. "Ndine basa rakakura, iro randisingafaniri kutarisisa zvakanyanya." Hapana kana munhu mumwe chete muvateereri ivavo, angangoita, aiziva zvaaireva. Asi isu tinogona kuita fungidziro yakanaka kwazvo kuti ine chekuita ne "shanduko yenyika mamiriro" aiziva kuti dzave pedyo kuuya:
Isu tinorarama, munyika ino zvirinani, munguva yemutemo. Zvino isu tinofanirwa kuzviita pasi rese. Zvichava nyore nyore kuti nyika dziwirirane muRepublic yenyika sezvazviri kwatiri kuti tiwirirane muRepublic yeUnited States. Zvino, kana Kansas neColorado vaine kukakavara pamusoro pemvura havadanidzi National Guard mudunhu rega rega voenda kuhondo pamusoro payo. Vanouya nesutu kuDare Repamusorosoro uye vanoteerera danho rayo. Iko hakuna chikonzero munyika kuti nei tisingakwanise kuzviita pasi rese.
Musiyano uyu - pakati pemutemo unowanikwa mukati mehukama hwevagari nekushaikwa kwawo pakati penzanga dzenyika - zvaive zvisiri zvekutanga kuna Harry S. Truman. Yakanga yataurwa nekufamba kwemazana emakore neMagonero makuru saDante, Rousseau, Kant, Baha'u'llah, Charlotte Bronte, Victor Hugo, uye HG Wells. Chokwadi, Truman paakamutsa Dare Redu Repamusorosoro sekufananidza akarondedzera iye akafanotungamira, Mutungamiri Ulysses S. Grant, uyo akati muna 1869"Ndinotenda kuti pane rimwe zuva ramangwana nyika dzepasi rino dzichatenderana pane imwe kongiresi ... sarudzo dzayo dzichasunga sezvakatongwa nedare repamusoro."
Uyezve yakanga isiri nguva yekutanga iyo yakamboitika kuna Harry S. Truman. Aimbova Mutungamiriri weBrookings Institution uye Mutevedzeri Wenyunyuta weUnited States Strobe Talbott, mubhuku rake rinoshamisa ra2008 Gwaro Huru (hafu memoir uye hafu yenhoroondo yenyika republic repfungwa), inotiudza kuti 33rd mutungamiriri weAmerica akatakura muhomwe yake mavhesi aAlfred Lord Tennyson wegore ra1835: “Kusvikira ngoma-yehondo isingacharambi, nemireza yehondo vakashatirwa, MuParamende yevanhu, iyo Federation yenyika. ” Talbott anoti apo chikwama chake chehomwe chakakoromoka, Truman akadzokorora mazwi aya neruoko pamwe makumi mana akapatsanurwa nguva muhupenyu hwake hwehukuru.
Zvakaoma kusagumisa kuti panguva ino yakashata yechokwadi, kusiyana neyakamboitika munhoroondo yevanhu, Mutungamiri Harry S. Truman vakatya huremberi hwehondo yeatomu, vakagumisa kuti mhinduro chete yaive yekubvisa hondo, uye vakanzwisisa kuti New United Nations. harina kukwanisa, sekuzivisa kwarakaita Charter, "kuponesa zvizvarwa zvinotevera kubva padenda rehondo."
Flash mberi mwedzi mishoma. Hiroshima naNagasaki vaive vauya, iyo inotyisa yeWWII yakanga yauya kumagumo, asi kutya kusingagumi kwehunhu husina mutsigo WWIII yakanga ichangotanga. Uye chaizvo vhiki mbiri pamberi peC Charter yeUN kuti ishandiswe muna Gumiguru 24, 1945, tsamba inoshamisa yakaonekwa muNew York Times. "San Francisco Charter inhema inosiririsa," vakanyora Seneta weUS, J. William Fulbright, Mutongi wedare repamusoro weUnited States Owen J. Roberts, naAlbert Einstein. "Nekuchengetedza hutongi hwakakwana hwenyika yeikwikwidzana, (zvinodzivirira) kuumbwa kwemutemo wepamusoro muhukama hwenyika ... Tinofanira kufunga nezve Federal Constitution yenyika, inoshanda yepamutemo pasi rose, kana isu tinotarisira kudzivirira hondo yeatomu. . ”
Vanyori vakazo wedzera tsamba iyi, vakawedzera vanodarika gumi nevaviri vakasaina vakakurumbira, ndokuinamira pabhuku ra1945 reAnatomy of Peace rakanyorwa naEmery Reves. Iyi manifesto yenyika republic repfungwa yakashandurwa mumitauro makumi maviri neshanu, uye pamwe yakatengesa anopfuura makopi miriyoni. (Reves akashandawo semumiriri weWinston Churchill, uye akabatsira ku Churchill's yekudzivirira ye "United States of Europe" uye "sangano renyika risingatauriki uye simba risingazungunuke.") Ramangwana US Senator uye weJFK White House mushandi Harris Wofford, uyo sewechidiki anonzwisa tsitsi akatanga "Vadzidzi Federalists" muna 1942, andiudza kuti kadhi rake rechidiki Mumwe Wekushingairira Nyika akafunga bhuku raRever bhaibheri rekufamba kwavo.
Flash mberi kamwe zvakare kusvika 1953, uye Anokudzwa John Foster Dulles, Mutungamiri Eisenhower Secretary of State. Imwe yemakona makuru eiyo Cold War nguva. Izvo zvakapesana chaizvo zveutopian muroti. Aimbove mumwe wevatumwa vekuAmerican kuSan Francisco semurairidzi kuRepublican Senator Arthur Vandenberg, uye akange abatsira kupora kutanga kwaCharter kusimudzira. Zvese izvo zvakaita mutongo wake makore masere pane zvimwe zvinonyanya kushamisa:
Patakanga tiri muSan Francisco muchirimo cha1945, hapana mumwe wedu aiziva nezvebhomu reatomu raifanira kuwira paHiroshima musi waNyamavhuvhu 6, 1945. Iyo Charter nokudaro pre-atomic-zera charter. Mupfungwa iyi yaive yakapera basa zvisati zvatanga kuita musimba. Ini ndinogona kutaura ndine chivimbo kuti, dai vamiriri ikoko vaiziva kuti zvisinganzwisisike uye zvisinganzwisisike simba reatomu raizovepo senzira yekuparadza kwevanhu vazhinji, izvo zvinopihwa chinyorwa chiri kubata nekusabatwa kwezvombo uye kutungamira kwemaoko kungadai kwakatonyanya. inosimbisa uye yechokwadi.
Zvechokwadi, mazuva mashoma mushure mekufa kweFDR musi waApril 12, 1945, Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson akange arayira mutungamiri wenyika mutsva kuti vasiye musangano weSan Francisco - kudzamara mushure memhedzisiro yakazara yebhomba reatomu riri kuuya rinogona kufungidzirwa uye kutorwa.
United Nations yakaita zvakanaka zvakawanda mumakore ayo makumi manomwe nemaviri. Yakapihwa zororo rechikafu kune vanhu mazana mapfumbamwe emamiriyoni, yakagoverwa rubatsiro kune vanopfuura mamirioni mazana matatu evapoteri, vakaita basa rekusachengetedza rugare makumi manomwe neshanu, vakatariswa mazana emazana esarudzo dzenyika, vakabatsira mazana emamiriyoni evakadzi vane hutano hwevatano, vaccin makumi manomwe neshanu evana munyika, uye zvimwe zvakawanda.
Asi - kupisa tora pano - haina kupedza hondo. Uye kuti haina kubvisa zvachose makwikwi kukwikwidza pakati pemasimba makuru, iyo bellum omnium contra omnes zvinotsanangurwa naThomas Hobbes mune yake Leviathan ya1651. Zvombo zveLaser, zvombo zvemuchadenga, zvombo zvecyber, nano zvombo, zvombo zvemadhoni, zvombo zvehutachiona, zvombo zvine hungwaru zvine hungwaru. Nekukurumidza kumberi kusvika 2045, UN iri zana, uye imwe haigone kufungidzira zvipikisheni zvitsva pamberi pezita rekare. Hapana munhu anogona kukahadzika kuti vanhu vacharamba vachisangana nezviitiko zvitsva uye zvinonyanya kutyisa zvedambudziko.
Ndine urombo chii icho? Ehe, iwe ipapo mumutsetse kumashure, taura kumusoro! Kwemakore makumi manomwe neshanu zvino isu hatina kana "republic yenyika" kana nehondo yenyukireya? Saka Truman inofanira kuve yakanganisa? Hunhu hunogona kugara zvakachengeteka munyika yevadziviriri vemarudzi, iwe unoti, wakapakatira zvombo zvenyukireya uye mwari chete ndiye anoziva zvii zvimwe zvombo, ndokukwanisa kudzora zvachose kuuya kweapocalypse?
Mhinduro chete inobvira kune iyoyo ndiyo imwecheteyo yakapihwa Mutungamiri weChina Zhou Enlai muna 1971, paakabvunzwa naHenry Kissinger kuti aifungei nezvezhedzisiro yeRevolution yeFrance. VaZhou, nyaya inoenda, vakafunga mubvunzo uyu kwechinguvana, uye ndokuzopindura: "Ini ndinofunga chasvika nguva pfupi kutaura."
Tad Daley, munyori webhuku racho Apocalypse Musingaiti: Kuumba Nzira kune Nyukliya Isapon-Free World kubva kuRutgers University Press, ndiye Dhairekitori weSystem Analysis pa Citizens for Global Solutions.
