Mumhanzi waMadison: PaKuverenga Chekutanga Chigadziriswa, bhuku idzva naBurt Neuborne, pakutanga rinoratidzika kunge basa risingafungirwe kuti rishande zvine chinangwa nhasi. Ndiani anoda kupemberera muridzi wevaranda James Madison maonero erusununguko seanowanikwa muBumbiro rakare rakapfuura mukuda kukuru kwekuvandudza kana kunyora zvekare? Uye ndiani anoda kuzvinzwa kubva kune aimbove director wezvemitemo weACLU uyo achangosaina chikumbiro chinotsigira kubhadharwa kwaHarold Koh, mudziviriri wemhondi dzedrone nehondo dzemutungamiri wenyika dzechisimba, kudzidzisa mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu kuNew York University, chikumbiro ne boka remapurofesa ane huwori hwakashata vanopikisa chimiro chetsika chiri kutorwa nevadzidzi?
Asi dzidziso huru yaNeuborne hakusi kunamatwa kwaJames Madison, uye anongotambura nehupofu hwakafanana hwehondo sevamwe vanhu vake, achitenda, sekunyora kwake, kuti nyika "inovimba nechisimba cheAmerican simba" (ingave Nyika inochida kana kwete). Nepo kubvumidza kuuraya zvisiri pamutemo kungave kusiri dambudziko pamaonero aNeuborne nezveBumbiro, kupa chiokomuhomwe zviri pamutemo. Uye ndipo pane Mumhanzi waMadison inobatsira. Nguva imwe neimwe Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rinotonga mukurwisana nehuwandu huri kutonga pamusoro pezvakaitika, kunyatsozivikanwa, hutsika hunokosha, uye kuverenga kwakanyatsogadzikana uye kunzwisisika kweBhuku reRungelo iro rinoratidzira shanduko dzakasiyana-siyana sechinangwa chekusimbisa hurumende.
Iri zvakare kutonga richipesana neBumbiro risina kwarakapihwa, Dare Repamusorosoro, chero kodzero yekutonga pane chero zvinhu zvakadaro. Nepo paine, zvinosuwisa, kuti hapana nzira yekuverenga Dare Repamusorosoro kubva muBumbiro, inogona kunzwisiswa zviri nyore sekuteererwa nemitemo yeCongress kwete zvinopesana. Kwete kuti nhasi Congress inotiswededza padhuze nedemokrasi kupfuura zvazvino Dare Repamusorosoro, asi kana tsika yedu yakagadzirira shanduko, nzira dzinowanikwa dzichava dzakawanda uye yega yega yega institution inogona kugadziriswa kana kubviswa.
Amendment yekutanga inoti: "Congress haifanire kuita mutemo zvine chekuita nekumiswa kwechitendero, kana kurambidza kushandiswa kwemahara; kana kudzikisira rusununguko rwekutaura, kana rwevezvenhau; kana kodzero yevanhu yekuungana zvine rugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende kuti igadzirise zvichemo. ”
Neuborne, kune chikwereti chake, haasaridzi kuverenga izvi seC ACLU, iyo kusanganisira kushandiswa kwemari yekuputira uye kusarudzwa kwemasarudzo.
Chinyorwa chekutanga chaMadison, chakakomberedzwa neSeneti - chimwe cheavo masangano akakodzera kubviswa, uye rimwe raive nemhosva kuna Madison - rakatanga nekudzivirirwa kwehana dzechitendero nedzenyika. Runyorwa rwekupedzisira runotanga nekurambidza hurumende kumanikidza chitendero, uye vochirambidza kurambidza chinamato chemunhu. Iyo poindi ndeyekumisikidza, mune yegumi nemasere maitiro maitiro, rusununguko rwekufunga. Kubva pakufunga, munhu anoenderera mberi nekutaura, uye kubva pane zvakajairwa kutaura mumwe anoenderera mberi kunhau. Imwe yeiyi inovimbiswa rusununguko. Kunze kwekutaura uye kudhinda, iyo trajectory yechimwe pfungwa mu democracy inoenderera kuita chiito chakakura: kodzero yekuungana; uye kunze kwaizvozvo kuchine kodzero yekukumbira hurumende.
Sekutaura kwaNeuborne, gadziriso yekutanga inoratidza demokarasi inoshanda; hazvireve kungonyora kodzero dzisina hukama. Kana rusununguko rwekutaura ndiyo yega kodzero chaiyo yainonyora, nemamwe maruramiro ari angori mamwe mamiriro acho. Asi, rusununguko rwekufunga uye rwekutsikirira uye kuungana uye kukumbira kodzero dzakasarudzika nezvinangwa zvavo. Asi hapana imwe yadzo inoperera mukati mawo. Chinangwa chekwakazara kodzero ndechekuumba hurumende uye nzanga umo kufunga kwakakurumbira (pane imwe nguva yevapfumi vachena varume, yakazowedzerwa) ine chakati chakakosha pamitemo yeruzhinji. Parizvino, hongu, hazviite, uye Neuborne anoisa yakanyanya mhosva kune izvo pasarudzo dzeDare Repamusorosoro kwemazana emakore, zvine chirevo uye neimwe nzira, pakuverenga kwekutanga kugadzirisa.
Sekuratidzira kwaNeuborne, kodzero yekukumbira hurumende yakasiiwa. Hapana chinoenda kunovhota muImba yeaya anonzi maVamiririri kunze kwekunge abvumidzwa nemutungamiri webato rakawanda. Makumi mana nemumwe maseneta anomiririra kadiki diki revagari vanogona kumisa chero chero bhiri muSeneti. Kunzwisisa kwedemokrasi kwekodzero yechikumbiro kunogona kubvumira veruzhinji kumanikidza mavhoti muCongress pazvinhu zvinofarirwa neveruzhinji. Muchokwadi, ini ndinofunga kunzwisisa uku kwaisazove kutsva. Manual yaJefferson, inova chikamu chemitemo yeImba, inobvumidza zvikumbiro uye zviyeuchidzo, izvo zvinowanzoendeswa kuCongress nehurumende dzemuno nehurumende nemapoka. Uye zvirinani muchiitiko chekupomerwa mhosva, inonyora chikumbiro uye chirangaridzo (chinyorwa chakanyorwa chechokwadi chinoperekedza chikumbiro) seimwe yenzira dzekutanga kutongwa kwematare. Ndinoziva nekuti zviuru zvedu zvakaunganidza mamirioni emasigineti pazvikumbiro kuti vatange kumisikidzwa kweMutungamiri George W. Bush, kudiwa kwacho kwakasvikawo muvanhu vazhinji pakuvhota kunyangwe pasina chiito kana nhaurirano muWashington. Veruzhinji vakatadza kana kumanikidza vhoti. Zvichemo zvedu hazvina kugadziriswa.
Kodzero yegungano yakachengetwa muhurukuro dzisingabhadhari, kodzero yehurukuro yakasununguka yakave yakabatanidzwa-yakagadziriswa, uye kodzero yekutaura kwekusununguka yakasvibiswa munzvimbo dzakarurama uye yakawedzerwa munzvimbo dzisina kunaka.
Ini handigutsikane neavo vanopokana nemiganhu yese pakutaura. Kutaura, zvakakodzera zvakakwana, hakufungidzirwe semahara kana totaura nezvekutyisidzira, kubiridzira, kubiridzira, zvirevo zvemanyepo zvichikuvadza, zvinyadzi, "mashoko ekurwisa," kutaura kwekutengesa kukurudzira kuita zvisiri pamutemo, kana kutaura kwekunyepedzera kwenhema uye kwakatsausa. Pasi peChipiri Chibvumirano cheKodzero Dzevanhu Nezvematongerwe Enyika, uko United States iri bato, "chero chirevo chehondo" chinofanira kurambidzwa, mwero uyo, kana uchimanikidzwa, unobvisa chikamu chikuru chekuona terevhizheni yeUS.
Nekudaro, isu tinofanirwa kusarudza kwekubvumidza kutaura uye kwekusarega, uye semagwaro eNeuborne, izvi parizvino zvaitwa ne zero kuremekedza pfungwa. Kushandisa mari kusarudza mukwikwidzi ane hushamwari anoonekwa se "kutaura kwakachena," kwakakodzera kudzivirirwa kwepamusoro, asi kupa mari kumushandirapamwe wemumiriri uyu "kutaura kusiri pachena," kwakakodzera kudzivirirwa kushoma uye nekudaro kune miganho. Zvichakadaro kupisa kadhi rekunyora kungori "kutaurirana kwekuita" uye kana muvhoti achinyora muzita sevhoti yekuratidzira iyo isingatorerwi zvachose uye inogona kurambidzwa. VeSupremes havabvumidze vatongi kuti vanzwe nyaya dzine mhosva yekuti mumwe anenge ari mudare anobatsira mutongi, asi vachibvumira vakasarudzwa kutonga vanhu vanovatengera zvigaro. Makambani anotora kodzero dzekutanga kunyatso kushomeka kushaya hunhu hwevanhu kukodzera kodzero yechishanu yekuramba wakanyarara; isu tinofanirwa kunyepedzera kuti makambani vanhu kana kwete? Dare rakasimudzira chidimbu cheIndiana chekuvhota ID kunyangwe ichinzwisisa kuti zvaizokuvadza varombo zvisingaite uye kunyangwe pasina kana imwe nyaya yekubaiwa kwevavhoti inowanikwa chero kupi muIndiana. Kana kodzero yekushandisa chero munhu upi zvake uye nekutenga musarudzo musarudzo ndiyo nzira yepamusoro yekutaura kwakachengetedzwa, nei kodzero yekuvhota yakaderera? Nei mitsetse mirefu yekuvhota munzvimbo dzine varombo ichibvumidzwa? Sei madunhu achigona kumisikidzwa kuvimbisa kusarudzwa kwemumiriri kana bato? Nei mutongo wematsotsi uchibvisa kodzero yekuvhota? Sei sarudzo dzichigona kugadzirirwa kubatsira mapato maviri-mapato pane kuvhota?
Neuborne anonyora kuti, "yakasimba bato rechitatu-bato tsika yezana ramakore regumi nemapfumbamwe rakazorora pakunyoresa kwekuwana mukana wekuvhota uye nekugona kuyambuka. Dare Repamusorosoro rakaparadza zvese zviri zviviri, richisiya kambani yeRepublicrat inovhiringidza pfungwa nyowani dzinogona kukanganisa mamiriro ezvinhu. ”
Neuborne anoratidza akawanda eanowanzoitika, uye akanaka kwazvo, mhinduro: kugadzira yemahara midhiya pamafungu emhepo, kupa mutero zvikwereti kunyatsopa munhu wese mari yekushandisa pasarudzo, kuenzanisa mipiro midiki sezvinoitwa neNew York City, kugadzira otomatiki kunyoreswa seOregon chete akadaro, achigadzira zuva rezororo zororo. Neuborne anotsvaga basa rekuvhota, achibvumidza kusarudza - ini ndoda kuwedzera sarudzo yekuvhotera "hapana pane zvataurwa pamusoro." Asi mhinduro chaiyo isangano rakakurumbira rinomanikidza rimwe kana mamwe mapazi ehurumende yedu kuti aone chinangwa chayo sekutsigira democracy, kwete kungobhomba dzimwe nyika muzita rayo.
Izvo zvinotisvitsa kuchinhu chekutanga chinoitwa nehurumende yedu, iyo kunyange nevanozvidza pakati pevaporofesa vemutemo vanobvumidza, inova hondo. Mukukudzwa kwake, Neuborne anofarira kodzero yekuramba nekuda kwehana, pamwe nekodzero yekutaura yakasununguka yemapoka kana vanhu kudzidzisa maitiro asiri echisimba kumapoka akanzi "gandanga." Asi iye anotsigira kuhaya semudzidzisi weanonzi mutemo wekodzero dzevanhu murume akashandisa mutemo wake kumashure kuudza Congress kuti haina masimba ehondo, kupa mvumo kurwisa kwakashata uye zvisiri pamutemo kuLibya kwakasiya njodzi ingangoitika zvachose vanhu vasina rubatsiro vari kutiza nechikepe, uye kubvumidza tsika yekuuraya varume, vakadzi, nevana muzvizhinji nemissile kubva ku drone.
Ndinoda kuona tsananguro kubva kuna Muzvinafundo Neuborne nezvekuti ingave sei kodzero yehurumende yekumuuraya (uye chero munhu padhuze naye) negehena remoto, nepo panguva imwe chete iri kodzero yake yekuchengetedzeka mumunhu wake pakutsvaga zvisina musoro nekubatwa. , kodzero yake yekusafanirwa kupomerwa mhosva huru kana imwe mhosva yakaipa kunze kwekuratidzwa kana kupomerwa mhosva kweGreat Jury, kodzero yake kumatare anomhanyisa uye yeruzhinji, kodzero yake yekuziviswa mhosva uye kupomedzerwa zvapupu, kodzero yake yekumhan'arira zvapupu, kodzero yake yekutongwa nedare redzimhosva, uye kodzero yake yekutambura chirango chakaomarara kana chisina kujairika.
