89 Nguva Vanhu Vaive neSarudzo yeHondo kana Hapana uye Vakasarudza Chimwe Chinhu Pane

"Sei, dzimwe nguva ndakatenda zvinhu zvitanhatu zvisingagoneki tisati tadya mangwanani." — Lewis Carroll

NaDavid Swanson, World BEYOND War, November 9, 2022

Inofanira kunge isipo. Imwe nzira yekuuraya vanhu vakawanda.

Muzviitiko zvinodaidzira hondo, dzimwe sarudzo hadzigone kutariswa. Kana zvisina kudaro, munhu angapembedza sei hondo?

Saka, zvingaite sei kuti ndanyora pazasi nguva dze89 kuti vanhu vakangomanikidzwa kusarudza hondo kana "Kusaita Chinhu," uye vakasarudza chimwe chinhu zvachose?

Studies kuwana kusava nechisimba kunogona kubudirira, uye kubudirira ikoko kunogara kwenguva refu. Asi tinoudzwa kakawanda kuti mhirizhonga ndiyo yega sarudzo.

Dai chisimba chiri icho chete chishandiso chakamboshandiswa, taigona kuedza chimwe chinhu chitsva. Asi hapana fungidziro yakadaro kana hutsva hunodiwa. Pazasi pane rondedzero iri kukura yeakabudirira asiri echisimba mishandirapamwe yakatoshandiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu umo isu tinowanzo kuudzwa kuti hondo inodiwa: kupindirwa, mabasa, coups, uye udzvanyiriri.

Kana isu taizobatanidza zvese zvakasiyana-siyana zviito zvisiri zvechisimba, senge diplomacy, kupindirana, nhaurirano, uye kutonga kwemutemo, zvikuru kwenguva Pamazita zvingaita. Dai taizobatanidza mishandirapamwe yemhirizhonga uye isina mhirizhonga tinogona kuve nerunyorwa rurefu. Dai taizosanganisira mishandirapamwe isina mhirizhonga yakawana zvishoma kana kusabudirira taigona kuve nerunyorwa rurefu.

Isu tiri kutarisa pano nezvechiito chakanangana nemukurumbira, dziviriro yevagari vasina pfuti, kusashandisa mhirizhonga - uye kushandiswa zvinobudirira - pachinzvimbo chemhirizhonga.

Hatina kutsvaga kusefa rondedzero kwenguva kana kunaka kwebudiriro kana kusavapo kwehuipi hwekunze. Kufanana nemhirizhonga, kuita kwechisimba kunogona kushandiswa kukonzeresa zvakanaka, zvakaipa, kana kusakendenga, uye kazhinji musanganiswa weizvi. Icho chiripo apa ndechekuti chiito chisina chisimba chiripo seimwe nzira yehondo. Sarudzo hadzina kuganhurirwa ku "kusaita chinhu" kana hondo.

Iri idi, chokwadika, haritiudzi izvo munhu upi noupi anofanira kuita mumugariro upi noupi; rinotiudza izvo chero nzanga yakasununguka kuedza.

Tichifunga kuti kazhinji sei kuvepo kwechiito chechisimba sechinhu chinobvira kunorambwa zvine mutsindo, kureba kweiyi runyorwa pazasi kunokatyamadza. Zvichida kuramba kwemamiriro ekunze uye mamwe maitiro ekurwisana nesayenzi kurambwa kweuchapupu kunofanira kubatanidzwa nekusava nechisimba-chiito chekuramba, sezvo iyo yekupedzisira iri pachena chiitiko chakaipa.

Ehe, chokwadi chekuti kune dzimwe nzira dzehondo nguva dzose kana hondo yatanga hachisi chikonzero chekusasika rudzi rwenyika umo hondo dzisina kusikwa, uye hapana chikonzero chekusashanda kudzivirira hondo dziri kuronga uye kuronga vamwe. kugadzira nguva refu vasati vasvika pakukonana chaiko.

● 2022 Nonviolence muUkraine yakavharira matangi, kutaura varwi kubva mukurwa, kusundira masoja kunze kwenzvimbo. Vanhu vari kuchinja masaini emumugwagwa, vachiisa zvikwangwani, vachimira pamberi pemotokari, uye vari kurumbidzwa zvisingaite nezvazvo neMutungamiriri weUnited States mukutaura kweState of the Union. Chirevo pamusoro pezviito izvi pano uye pano.

● 2020s MuColombia, nharaunda yakatora nzvimbo yayo uye yakazvibvisa pahondo. Maona pano, pano, uye pano.

● Ma2020 MuMexico, nharaunda yakaita zvimwe chetezvo. Maona pano, pano, uye pano.

● 2020s MuCanada, vanhu veko vakashandisa chiito chisina chisimba kudzivirira kuiswa kwezvombo kwemapaipi paminda yavo.

● 2020, 2009, 1991, Mafambiro asina mhirizhonga akatadzisa kuumbwa kwenzvimbo yekudzidzira mauto eNATO muMontenegro, uye akabvisa mabhesi emauto eUS kubva kuEcuador nePhilippines.

● 2018 Armenians kupikisa zvakabudirira nekuda kwekusiya basa kweMutungamiri Serzh Sargsyan.

● 2015 Guatemalan kumanikidza Mutungamiriri ane huori ngaasiye basa.

● 2014-15 MuBurkina Faso, vanhu vasina chisimba kudzivirirwa a coup. Ona nhoroondo muChikamu 1 che “Civil Resistance Against Coups” naStephen Zunes.

● 2011 vaEgipita burusa hudzvanyiriri hwaHosni Mubarak.

● 2010-11 vokuTunisia kuparadza mudzvanyiriri uye anoda shanduko yezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi (Jasmine Revolution).

● 2011-12 Yemenis madokero Saleh hurumende.

● 2011 Kwemakore akawanda, kusvika muna 2011, mapoka evasina mhirizhonga munharaunda yeBasque kuSpain akaita basa guru mukubvisa kurwiswa kwehugandanga kwevanoparadzanisa Basque - kunyanya kwete kuburikidza nehondo yehugandanga. Ona "Civil Action Against ETA Hugandanga muBasque Country" naJavier Argomaniz, chinova Chitsauko 9 mu. Civil Action uye Dynamics yeMhirizhonga rakanyorwa naDeborah Avant et alia. Zvingave zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti musi waKurume 11, 2004, mabhomba eAl Qaeda akauraya vanhu zana nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemumwe muMadrid sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa apo rimwe bato rakanga richikurudzira kuti Spain itore chikamu muhondo yakatungamirwa neUS kuIraq. Vanhu vekuSpain Votora maSocialists musimba, uye vakabvisa mauto ese eSpain kubva muIraq muna Chivabvu. Kwakanga kusisinazve mabhomba emagandanga ekunze muSpain. Iyi nhoroondo inosiyana zvakanyanya neiyo yeBritain, United States, nedzimwe nyika dzakapindura kudzoreredza nehondo yakawanda, kazhinji ichiunza kudzoka kwakawanda.

● 2011 Senegal yakabudirira zvinopikisa pfungwa yeshanduko kuBumbiro reMitemo.

● 2011 Maldivians chinodikanwa kusiya chigaro chemutungamiri wenyika.

● 2010s Nonviolence yakagumisa basa remataundi eDonbass pakati pe2014 ne2022.

● 2008 KuEcuador, imwe nharaunda yakashandisa nzira isina mhirizhonga uye kurukurirano kuti idzore kubvutwa kwevhu nekambani nekambani yemigodhi nezvombo, sezvinoratidzwa mufirimu. Pasi Panyika Yakapfuma.

● 2007 Nonviolent resistance muWestern Sahara yakamanikidza Morocco kuti ipe sarudzo yekuzvidzivirira.

● 2006 Thais kuparadza Mutungamiriri Thaksin.

● 2006 VeNepalese vanoramwa mabasa curtails simba ramambo.

● 2005 MuLebanon, makore 30 okutonga kweSyria akaguma nokumukirana kukuru kwakaitika muna 2005.

● 2005 Ecuadorians madokero Mutungamiri Gutiérrez.

● 2005 vagari veKyrgyz kuparadza Mutungamiri Ayakev (Tulip Revolution).

● 2003 Muenzaniso kubva kuLiberia: Firimu: Namata Dhiyabhorosi Adzokere kuGehena. Hondo yeLiberian Civil War ye1999-2003 yaive yakaguma nezviito zvisina chisimba, kusanganisira kuramwa pabonde, kukumbira kuti pave nehurukuro dzerunyararo, uye kugadzirwa kwecheni dzevanhu dzakatenderedza nhaurirano idzi kusvikira dzapera.

● 2003 vokuGeorgia kuparadza mudzvanyiriri (Rose Revolution).

● Kuramwa mabasa kuMadagascar kwa2002 ousts mutongi asiri pamutemo.

● 1987-2002 East Timorese vanoita mhirizhonga ye kuzvimirira kubva kuIndonesia.

● 2001 Chirongwa che“People Power Two”, ousts Mutungamiri wePhilippines Estrada mukutanga kwa2001. mabviro.

● 2000s: kuedza kwenharaunda muBudrus kuramba kuvakwa kwechivharo chekuparadzanisa kweIsrael muWest Bank kuburikidza nenyika dzavo. Ona firimu Budrus.

● 2000 Peruvians mushandirapamwe ku kuparadza Mudzvanyiriri Alberto Fujimori.

● 1999 Surinamese zvinopikisa achipikisa mutungamiri wenyika anoita sarudzo dzinomubvisa pachigaro.

● 1998 vaIndonesia kuparadza Mutungamiri Suharto.

● 1997-98 vagari vomuSierra Leone dzivirra democracy.

● 1997 New Zealand Vanochengetedza Runyararo vane magitare panzvimbo pepfuti vakabudirira apo vachengeti vorugare vaiva nezvombo vakanga vakundikana kakawanda, mukugumisa hondo muBougainville, sezvinoratidzwa mufirimu. Masoja asina Pfuti.

● 1992-93 vokuMalawi burusa Mudzvanyiriri wemakore makumi matatu.

● 1992 MuThailand sangano risina chisimba undid kubvuta masimba kwemauto. Ona nhoroondo muChikamu 1 che “Civil Resistance Against Coups” naStephen Zunes.

● 1992 vokuBrazil dzinga kunze President vane huori.

● 1992 vagari vomuMadagascar hwina sarudzo dzakasununguka.

● 1991 MuSoviet Union muna 1991, Gorbachev akasungwa, matangi akatumirwa kumaguta makuru, nhepfenyuro dzakavharwa, uye kuratidzira kwakarambidzwa. Asi kuratidzira kusina mhirizhonga kwakagumisa kupidigura hurumende mumazuva mashoma. Ona nhoroondo muChikamu 1 che “Civil Resistance Against Coups” naStephen Zunes.

● 1991 vokuMali kukunda mudzvanyiriri, gamuchirai sarudzo dzakasununguka (March Revolution).

● 1990 Ukrainian vadzidzi kupera pasina chisimba Kutonga kweSoviet pamusoro peUkraine.

● 1989-90 vokuMongolia hwina democracy yemapato akawanda.

● 2000 (nema1990) Kukundwa muSerbia muma1990. VaSerbia kuparadza Milosevic (Bulldozer Revolution).

● 1989 vokuCzechoslovakia mushandirapamwe wakabudirira yedemocracy (Velvet Revolution).

● 1988-89 Solidarność (Solidarity) zvinounza pasi hurumende yechiKomonisiti yePoland.

● 1983-88 vokuChile kuparadza Pinochet hurumende.

● 1987-90 veBangladesh burusa Ershad hurumende.

● 1987 Muhondo yokutanga yePalestine mukupera kwema1980 kusvika kumavambo kwema1990, vanhu vakawanda vakanga vadzvinyirirwa vakabudirira kuva masangano anozvitonga kupfurikidza nokusabatira pamwe kusina chisimba. Mubhuku raRashid Khalidi Hondo Yemakore Ane zana paPalestine, anotaura kuti izvi zvisina kurongeka, zvakangoerekana zvaitika, zvakadzika, uye zvakanyanya kusava nechisimba zvakashanda zvakanaka kupfuura PLO yakanga yaita kwemakumi emakore, kuti yakabatanidza bato rekupikisa uye kuchinja maonero enyika, pasinei nekubatana, kushorwa, uye kukanganisa nePLO isingazivi. kune kukosha kwekupesvedzera maonero epasirese uye kusaziva zvachose nezve kukosha kwekushandisa kumanikidza kuIsrael neUnited States. Izvi zvinopesana zvakanyanya nemhirizhonga uye mhedzisiro inopesana neChipiri Intifada mu2000, mukuona kwaKhalidi nevamwe vazhinji.

● 1987-91 Rituaniya, Rativhiya, uye Esitoniya vakazvisunungura kubva kuhugaro hweSoviet kuburikidza nekusapikisa kuramba isati yaparara USSR. Ona firimu Kuimba Revolution.

● 1987 Vanhu muArgentina vakadzivisa kuvhozhokera kwemauto pasina chisimba. Ona nhoroondo muChikamu 1 che “Civil Resistance Against Coups” naStephen Zunes.

● 1986-87 vokuSouth Korea hwina mushandirapamwe mukuru wedemocracy.

● 1983-86 Sangano re“people power” muPhilippines akaunza pasi udzvinyiriri hunodzvinyirira Marcos. mabviro.

● Vana 1986-94 veUnited States vanopikisa kumanikidzwa kutamiswa kwevanhu vanopfuura 10,000 XNUMX vechiNavajo vanogara kuNortheastern Arizona, vachishandisa Kuurayiwa Kwemarudzi, uko vakakurudzira kuti vose vane mhosva yokutamisa vanhu vatongerwe mhosva.

● 1985 Vadzidzi veSudan, vashandi burusa Numeiri udzvanyiriri.

● 1984 vanhu vokuUruguay vanoramwa mabasa migumo hurumende yemauto.

● Ma1980 MuSouth Africa, zviito zvisina chisimba zvakaita basa guru mukugumisa rusaruro.

● 1977-83 MuArgentina, Vanaamai vePlaza de Mayo mushandirapamwe wakabudirira yedemocracy uye kudzoka kwenhengo dzemhuri yavo "dzakanyangarika".

● 1977-79 MuIran, vanhu kupidigura iye Shah.

● 1978-82 MuBolivia, vanhu vaisarwa kudzivirira kubvuta masimba kwemauto. Ona nhoroondo muChikamu 1 che “Civil Resistance Against Coups” naStephen Zunes.

● 1973 vadzidzi veThai kuparadza mauto Thanom hurumende.

● 1970-71 vashandi vekuPoland tanga kupidigura.

● 1968-69 vadzidzi vePakistan, vashandi, uye varimi burusa mudzvanyiriri.

● 1968 Apo uto reSoviet rakavhozhokera Czechoslovakia muna 1968, pakanga pane kuratidzira, kuramwa mabasa, kuramba kubatira pamwe, kubviswa kwezviratidzo zvomumugwagwa, kunyengetedza mauto. Pasinei nevatungamiriri vasina njere vakabvuma, kutora kwacho kwakanonoka, uye kuvimbika kweSoviet Communist Party kwakaparara. Ona nhoroondo muChitsauko 1 cheGene Sharp, Civilian Based Defense.

● 1959-60 Japanese zvinopikisa chibvumirano chekuchengetedza neUS uye Prime Minister asina basa.

● 1957 vokuColombia kuparadza mudzvanyiriri.

● 1944-64 vokuZambia mushandirapamwe wakabudirira kuitira rusununguko.

● 1962 vagari vomuAlgeria kupindira pasina chisimba kudzivirira hondo yevagari vemo.

● 1961 MuAlgeria muna 1961, vakuru vemauto vana vokuFrance vakamukira hurumende. Nonviolent resistance yakazvibvisa mumazuva mashoma. Ona nhoroondo muChitsauko 1 cheGene Sharp, Civilian Based Defense. Onawo account muChikamu 1 che “Civil Resistance Against Coups” naStephen Zunes.

● 1960 vadzidzi vokuSouth Korea kumanikidza mudzvanyiriri kusiya basa, sarudzo itsva.

● 1959-60 vokuCongo hwina rusununguko kubva kuBelgian Empire.

● Kuedza kwaGandhi muna 1947 kubva muna 1930 zvichienda mberi kwakava chinhu chikuru pakubvisa maBritish muIndia.

● 1947 Mysore vagari Unobata hutongi hwegutsaruzhinji muIndia ichangozvimiririra.

● 1946 vokuHaiti kuparadza mudzvanyiriri.

● 1944 Vadzvanyiriri vaviri veCentral America, Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez (E Savhadho) naJorge Ubico (Guatemala), vakadzingwa pamusana pokumukira kusina chisimba kwevanhuwo zvavo. mabviro. Kupidigurwa kwehurumende yemauto muEl Salvador muna 1944 kunorondedzerwa muna Simba Rine Simba Rakawanda.

● 1944 Ecuadorians kuparadza mudzvanyiriri.

● Ma1940 Mumakore okupedzisira okutonga kweGermany Denmark neNorway munguva yeHondo Yenyika II, vaNazi vakanga vasingachadzori vanhu.

● 1940-45 chiito chisiri chechisimba chokuponesa vaJudha kubva muKuparadza Kukuru muBerlin, Bulgaria, Denmark, Le Chambon, France nedzimwe nzvimbo. mabviro.

● 1933-45 MuHondo Yenyika II yose, kwakanga kune nhevedzano yemapoka maduku uye aiwanzova ari oga aishandisa nzira dzokusarwisa vaNazi zvinobudirira. Aya mapoka anosanganisira White Rose neRosenstrasse Resistance. mabviro.

● 1935 veCuba vanoramwa mabasa ku kuparadza mutungamiri.

● 1933 veCuba vanoramwa mabasa ku kuparadza mutungamiri.

● 1931 vokuChile kuparadza mudzvanyiriri Carlos Ibañez del Campo.

● 1923 Apo mauto eFrance neeBelgium akatora Ruhr muna 1923, hurumende yeGermany yakakumbira vagari vayo kuti varambe vasingarwiswi. Vanhu vasina chisimba vakashandura maonero eruzhinji muBritain, US, uye kunyangwe muBelgium neFrance, vachifarira maGerman akatorwa. Nekubvumirana kwenyika dzakawanda, mauto eFrance akabviswa. Ona nhoroondo muChitsauko 1 cheGene Sharp, Civilian Based Defense.

● 1920 MuGermany muna 1920, kupandukira kwakakunda ndokudzinga hurumende, asi payaibuda hurumende yakarayira kuti varamwe simba. Kupidigura hurumende kwakapedzwa mumazuva mashanu. Ona nhoroondo muChitsauko 1 cheGene Sharp, Civilian Based Defense.

● 1917 Kumukira kweRussia kwaFebruary 1917, pasinei zvapo nokurwisana kwakaganhurirwa, kwakanga kusinawo chisimba zvikurukuru uye kwakatungamirira kukuparara kwegadziriro yokutonga kwamambo.

● 1905-1906 MuRussia, varimi, vashandi, vadzidzi, uye vakangwara vaiita kuramwa mabasa kukuru nemamwe marudzi okusava nechisimba, vachimanikidza Czar kubvuma kuumbwa kwedare reparamende rakasarudzwa. mabviro. Onawo Simba Rine Simba Rakawanda.

● 1879-1898 Maori kuramba zvisina chisimba British settler colonialism ine budiriro shoma asi ichikurudzira vamwe mumakumi emakore anotevera.

● 1850-1867 vatsigiri vomunyika yeHungary, vachitungamirirwa naFrancis Deak, vakaramba vachiramba kutonga kweAustria pasina chisimba, vakazowanazve kuzvitonga kuHungary sorutivi rwomubatanidzwa weAustria-Hungary. mabviro.

● 1765-1775 Vapambi vekuAmerica vakaita mauto matatu makuru asina chisimba achipikisa hutongi hweBritain (vachipikisa Stamp Acts of 1765, Townsend Acts of 1767, uye Coercive Acts of 1774) zvichiita kuti de facto isununguke kumakoroni mapfumbamwe muna 1775. mabviro. Uyezve ona pano.

● 494 BCE MuRoma, plebeians, panzvimbo pevanoponda vachiedza kugadzirisa zvichemo, akabva kubva muguta kusvikira kuchikomo (chakazonzi “Gomo Dzvene”). Vakagara ikoko kwemazuva akati, vachiramba kupa mipiro yavo yenguva dzose muupenyu hweguta. Chibvumirano chakabva chasvikwa chichivimbisa kuvandudzwa kwakakosha muhupenyu hwavo uye chimiro. Ona Gene Sharp (1996) “Kunze kwehondo chete nerunyararo: kurwisana kusina chisimba kune ruramisiro, rusununguko norugare.” Ongororo yeEcumenical (Bhuku 48, Chinyorwa 2).