Drone Inouya Blowback

NaJohn Feffer, Counterpunch

Kuurayiwa kwakanangana nemutungamiriri weTaliban Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansour kupera kwesvondo rapfuura kwaisave kungori kurwisa kwedrone.

Chekutanga pane zvese, zvaive inoitwa nemauto eU.S., kwete iyo CIA, iyo yakaronga dzinenge dzese mhirizhonga muPakistan.

Chechipiri, hazvina kuitirwa muAfghanistan kana munzvimbo inonzi isina mutemo yemadzinza ePakistan inozivikanwa seFederalally Administered Tribal Areas, kana FATA. Chombo chakatenderedzwa chakachinja chena Toyota nevatakuri vayo vaviri kupinda mumoto mumugwagwa unofamba-famba muBalochistan, kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kwePakistan.

Pamberi peiyi drone steki, Pakistan yakabvumidza United States kutarisa kumatenga pamusoro penzvimbo yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero kweFATA, nhare yeTaliban. Asi Mutungamiri Obama vakasarudza kuyambuka "mutsvuku" uyu kuti vabudise Mansour (uye mutyairi wetekisi, Muhammad Azam, ndiani aive nerombo rakaipa rekugara nemutakuri asiriye panguva isiri iyo).

Vatungamiriri vePakistan vakanyoresa kusafara kwavo. Sekureva kwaimbove mumiriri kuUnited States Sherry Rehman, "Kurwisa kwedrone kwakasiyana nedzimwe dzese nekuti haina kungomutsiridza mhando yeinetic maitiro iyo imwe chete, asiwo zvisiri pamutemo uye nekuwedzera munzvimbo yayo yemitambo yekushandira."

Mune mamwe mazwi, kana United States iri kutumira drones mushure mezvinangwa muBalochistan, chii chichaitadzisa kutora gandanga anofungidzirwa mumigwagwa yakazara yeKarachi kana Islamabad?

Iyo Obama manejimendi iri kuzvikorokotedza pachayo nekubvisa mukomana akaipa anga achinongedzera vashandi vemauto eUS muAfghanistan. Asi ratidziro yacho pachayo inogona kusaburitsa chero kuda kukuru kune veTaliban kupinda mukutaurirana nehurumende yeAfghan. Mansour, sekureva kwehutungamiriri, vakapokana nhaurirano dzakadai, uye maTaliban ane chokwadi yakaramba kujoina hurukuro muPakistan pamwe neQuadrilateral Coordination Group - Pakistan, Afghanistan, China, United States - kunze kwekunge mauto ekunze atanga kubviswa kuAfghanistan.

Iyi "yekuuraya rugare" zano rehutongi hwaObama rinogona kudzoka shure.

Sekureva kwevakuru vakuru veTalibanKufa kwaMansour kuchabatsira sangano rinotsemuka kubatana kubatana mutungamiriri mutsva. Zvakare, kunyangwe paine kufungidzira kwakadai mukati, maTaliban anogona kutsemura nekugonesa mamwe masangano ane hukasha senge al-Qaeda uye Islamic State kuzadza iyo void. Mune yechitatu mamiriro, iyo drone steki haizokanganisa pasi muAfghanistan zvachose, kubvira iyo yazvino kurwa mwaka iri kutoenderera mberi uye maTaliban anoda kusimbisa nzvimbo yavo yekutaurirana vasati vapinda muhurukuro.

Mune mamwe mazwi, United States haigone kuziva kana kufa kwaMassoud kuchasimudzira kana kuomesa zvinangwa zveUS mudunhu iri. Iyo drone stereki ndeye, zvakanyanya, crapshoot.

Kuratidzira uku kunouyawo panguva iyo mutemo weUS drone uri kuongororwa zvakanyanya mukati meUnited States. Mushure mekuwongorora kwakazvimirira kwevakaurayiwa nedrone, iyo Obama manejimendi ichakurumidza kuburitsa fungidziro yayo yeyekufa kwevarwi nevasiri varwi kunze kwenzvimbo dzinoshanda dzehondo. Kuongorora kutsva kwakazvimirira kwekurohwa kwedrone muFATA kunopokana kuti iyo yakareba-yakatarisira "blowback" haina kuitika. Uye manejimendi aObama ari kuyedza nemoyo wese kununura gwara muAfghanistan iro rakatadza kudzikisira mauto eU.S. sezvakavimbiswa, kuzadza basa remauto kuhurumende yeAfghan, kana kumisa maTaliban kuita mibairo mikuru yehondo.

Rufu rwaMassoud muenzaniso wekupedzisira weUnited States ichipa rufu uri kure mukuyedza kugadzirisa gakava iro rakatotadza kutonga pamusoro paro. Kurongeka kwekuramwa kunokanganisa kusanzwisisika kwemutemo weUS uye zvisingaite zvekuzadzisa zvinangwa zveUS sezvazviri kutaurwa parizvino.

Mubvunzo weBlowback

Izwi rekuti "blowback" pakutanga raive izwi reCIA kune zvaisatarisirwa - uye zvakaipa - mhedzisiro yekushanda muchivande. Mumwe wemienzaniso ine mukurumbira yaive US fanneling yezvombo uye zvekushandisa kune mujahedeen vachirwisa maSoviet muAfghanistan. Vamwe vevairwi ava, kusanganisira Osama bin Laden, vaizopedzisira vatora zvombo zvavo kurwisa zvinangwa zveUS kana maSoviet anga abva kure nenyika.

Mushandirapamwe weUS drone hausi wekuvanda chaiko, asi iyo CIA yakaramba kuramba kubvuma basa rayo mukurwiswa (Pentagon iri pachena pamusoro pekushandisa kwayo madrones ekurova pane zvinowanzoitika zvemauto). Asi vatsoropodzi vekurwiswa nedrone - ini pachangu ndakasanganisira - vagara vachipokana kuti vese varwi vakaurayiwa vanokonzerwa nekurwiswa nedrone vanounza blowback. Drone inorova uye hasha dzavanogadzira zvinoshanda kushandira kupinza vanhu muTaliban nemamwe masangano ane hukasha.

Kunyangwe avo vanobatanidzwa muchirongwa vakasvika pamhedziso imwechete.

Funga, semuenzaniso, ichi chikumbiro chine tsitsi kuna Mutungamiriri Obama kubva kumhare ina yeVarwi veMweya vakayedza drones. "Vagari vasina mhosva vatanga tichiuraya vanongowedzera pfungwa dzoruvengo rwakakonzera hugandanga nemapoka akaita seISIS, uku achishandawo sedanho rekutora vanhu," vakaita nharo mutsamba yaNovember yapfuura. "Vatungamiri nevatungamiri vayo vakavaka chirongwa che drone icho chimwe chezvinhu zvinotyisa zvinotyisa zvehugandanga uye kugadzikana pasi rose."

Asi ikozvino kwauya Aqil Shah, purofesa paYunivhesiti ye Oklahoma, uyo achangobva yakabudisa mushumo kuyedza kukanganisa uku kutaura.

Sekureva kweseti 147 dzehurukuro dzaakaitisa kuNorth Waziristan, nzvimbo iri muFATA yePakistan iyo yakachengetedza huwandu hwakawanda hwekuramwa kwedrone, 79 muzana yevakabvunzwa vanotsigira mushandirapamwe. Vazhinji vanotenda kuti kuramwa mabasa hakuwanzo kuuraya vasiri varwi Zvakare, sekutaura kwenyanzvi dzakataurwa naShah, "vanhu vazhinji veko vanosarudza madhiraoni kwete pasi pemauto ePakistan uye nendege zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya hupenyu hwevanhu nepfuma."

Ini handina chokwadi nezvakawanikwa izvi. Vazhinji vanhu muPakistan havana tsitsi neTaliban. Zvinoenderana ne ichangopfuura Pew poll, 72 muzana yevakabvunzwa muPakistan vaive nemaonero asina kunaka evaTaliban (na mavhoti ekutanga kuratidza kuti kushomeka kwerutsigiro kunoenderera kune FATA). MaDrones hapana mubvunzo kuti ari nani pane mashandiro emauto ePakistan, sezvaanomiririra kuvandudzwa kwemitemo yakatsva-pasi inoshandiswa neUnited States muhondo yeVietnam yekuparadza zvikamu zvikuru zveSoutheast Asia.

Ongororo yaShah yakanga isiri yesainzi chaiyo. Anobvuma kuti mabvunzurudzo ake aive "asiri emumiriri anomiririra" - uyezve anoenderera mberi kutora mhedzisiro nezve huwandu hwese hweFATA. Ichokwadi zvakare kuti dzimwe dzakawanda sarudzo vanoratidza kuti maPakistani munyika yese vanopokana nechirongwa chedrone uye vanotenda kuti inokurudzira kuita zvehondo, asi idzi sarudzo hadziwanzo sanganisira FATA.

Asi mhedzisiro ine nharo ya Shah ndeyekuti danho repamusoro rerutsigiro rwechirongwa che drone rinoreva kuti hapana blowback yakaitika. Kunyangwe dai kubvunzurudzwa kwake kwaive kwakamiririra, ini handinzwisise kusvetuka uku kwekuongorora.

Blowback haidi kupikiswa kwepasirese. Vashoma chete muzana yemujahedeen yakaramba ichirwa naOsama bin Laden. Chete imwe nhamba yeContras ndiyo yaibatanidzwa mukuvhiya kwakapomba zvinodhaka kuUnited States.

Hazvina kuita sekunge huwandu hwese hweFATA huri kuzobatana neTaliban. Kana chete zviuru zviviri varume vechidiki vanobatana neTaliban kunze kwekutsamwa nekuda kwekurohwa kwedrone, izvo zvinoverengerwa senge blowback. Kune vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni mana vanogara muFATA. Hondo yekurwa ye4 vanhu ndeye 4,000 muzana yevagari - uye izvo zvinowira zviri nyore mukati meye 1 muzana yevakapindura vasina kubvumidza drones mune zvakawanikwa naShah.

Uye zvakadii nezveye anozviuraya iye anopinda munzira yake yekunyanyisa nekuti kurwisa kwedrone kwakatora hama yake? Iyo Times Square bhomba, Faisal Shahzad, aive chinokurudzira zvirinani muchidimbu nekurohwa kwedrone muPakistan, kunyangwe vanga vasina kuuraya chero munhu mumhuri yake.

Pakupedzisira, blowback inogona kungova munhu akatsamwa uye akatsunga munhu anoita mucherechedzo pane nhoroondo asina kutanga aratidzira muongororo.

Mamwe Matambudziko eDrone

Iyo blowback nyaya ingori yeimwe yematambudziko mazhinji neUS drone mutemo.

Vatsigiri vemadrones vagara vachipokana kuti ratidziro ndidzo dzinokonzeresa vashoma kukuvara kwevagari pane kuputika kwemuchadenga "Chandinogona kutaura zvine chokwadi ndechekuti mwero wevakauraiwa mukuuraya vanhu mune chero dhoni yakaderera zvakanyanya kupfuura mwero wevanyajambwa vevanhu vanowanikwa muhondo," President Obama vakati munaEpril.

Kunyangwe izvo zvingave zviri zvechokwadi kune isingasarudze kapeti yekubhomba, zvinoitika kuti hazvizove zvechokwadi kune mhando yemushandirapamwe unoitwa neUnited States muSyria neAfghanistan.

"Kubvira Obama paakatanga basa, 462 yemadrone drones muPakistan, Yemen, neSomalia vauraya vanhu vanofungidzirwa kuti makumi maviri nevasere, kana murwi mumwe chete pakaramwa vanhu 289," nyora Mika Zenko naAmelia Mae Wolf munguva pfupi yapfuura Foreign Policy chidimbu. Mukuenzanisa, huwandu hwevanhu vakaurayiwa muAfghanistan kubvira Obama atora chigaro anga ari munhu mumwe chete pamabhomba makumi maviri nerimwe akadonha. Mukurwa neIslamic State, mwero wacho waive munhu mumwe chete pamabhomba makumi manomwe nemaviri akadonhedzwa.

Uyezve pane mubvunzo wemutemo wepasi rese. United States yanga ichiitisa madhiraoni kunze kwenzvimbo dzekurwa. Yakatourayiwa vagari vemuUS. Uye zvinoitwa saizvozvo pasina kupfuura nenzira ipi neipi yepamutemo. Purezidhendi vanasaina pamirairo yekuuraya, uyezve iyo CIA inoita idzi mhirizhonga.

Hazvishamise kuti hurumende yeUS inoti kuramwa mabasa kuri pamutemo nekuti vanovavarira varwi muhondo yepasi rose yekurwisa magandanga. Pasi peiyo tsananguro, zvakadaro, United States inogona kuuraya chero munhu waanofunga segandanga chero kupi pasi. Mishumo yakati wandei yeUN ine kunzi kuramwa mabasa uku hakusi pamutemo. Pane zvirinani, drones inomiririra a dambudziko rakakosha kumutemo wepasi rese.

Ikozve kune iyo inopokana pfungwa yekusaina kusaina. Kurwiswa uku hakunyore vanhu chaivo, asi chero munhu anokodzera chimiro chegandanga mune inoonekwa senzvimbo ine hupfumi. Ivo havadi mvumo yemutungamiri wenyika. Kuratidzira uku kwakakonzera kukanganisa kwakakura, kusanganisira kuurawa kwevanhu gumi nevaviri vemu Yemeni muna Zvita 12 izvo zvaida miriyoni yemadhora mu "nyaradzo." Iyo Obama manejimendi inoratidza hapana chiratidzo che kubvisa iyi chaiyo nzira.

Chekupedzisira, pane nyaya yekuwedzera kwedrone. Zvaimbove izvo kuti chete United States yaive nehunyanzvi hutsva. Asi mazuva iwayo akapfuura kare.

"Nyika makumi masere nematanhatu dzine drone, ne19 dzingave nedrones dzakashonga kana kuwana tekinoroji," anonyora James Bamford. "Dzinenge nyika nhanhatu kunze kweAmerica dzakashandisa madhiraoni muhondo, uye muna 2015, kambani inoona nezvekudzivirira Teal Group yakafungidzira kuti dhoni yekugadzira yaizokwana madhora makumi mapfumbamwe nemapfumbamwe emadhora mumakore gumi anotevera - ichisvika kanopfuura katatu mutengo wemusika uripo."

Parizvino, United States inobata zvisina kufanira kuitisa drone kurwisa pasirese zvisina kurangwa. Asi panotanga kuitirwa drone kurwisa United States - kana nemasangano amagandanga kurwisa vagari vemuUS mune dzimwe nyika - chaiyo blowback ichatanga.