Pearl Harbour Day nhasi rakaita seColumbus Day 50 makore apfuura. Ndokureva: vanhu vazhinji vachiri kutenda iwo hype. Idzo ngano dzichiri dzakachengetedzwa mumugariro wavo wekunakidzwa unquestioned. "New Pearl Harbor" inoshumirwa nevagadziri vehondo, vanonzi, uye vanobiridzirwa. Asi Pearl Harari yekutanga inoramba iri iyo inonyanya kuzivikanwa nharo yeUS yezvinhu zvese zvechiuto, kusanganisira iyo yakanonoka kudzokororwa kudzokororwa kweJapan - tisingatauri nezveWWII kudzidziswa kwevaJapan vekuAmerican senzira yekunanga mamwe mapoka nhasi. Vanotenda muPearl Harbor vanofungidzira nezve chiitiko chavo chakare, mukusiyana nanhasi, kusarongeka kukuru kweUS, kushomeka kwakachena, mutsauko wakanyanya pamusoro pezvakanaka nezvakaipa, uye kukosha kwakakwana kwekudzivirira kwehondo.
Ichokwadi hachibatsiri nheyo. Hurumende yeUnited States haina kudikanwa kuita Japan ishamwari yakakura muhutongi, haifaniri kupisa nhangemutange yehondo, haina kudikanwa tsigira Nazism uye fascism (semamwe emakambani makuru eUnited States akaita zvakanaka kuburikidza nehondo), haaifanira kutsvaga Japan, haaifanira kubatanidzwa nehondo muAsia kana kuEurope, uye haana kushamiswa nekurwiswa kwePearl Harbor. Kuti uwane rubatsiro rweumwe neumwe wezvirevo izvi, ramba uchiverenga.
Vhiki rino ndiri kupupura pa Irak Tribunal nezve Downing Street Maminetsi. MuUS tichifunga iyo 2003-2008 nguva yemakumi emakore-hondo refu paIraq neimwe nzira yakaipa kupfuura Hondo Yenyika II. Asi kana zvasvika pakunyepa, sarudzo dzakaipa, uye huwandu hwekufa nekuparadzwa, hapana kana fananidzo: Hondo Yenyika II inomira isina kupikiswa sechinhu chakaipisisa muvanhu pamwe nehurumende yeUS kunyanya (pamwe nedzimwe hurumende dzakawanda) zvakamboitwa. Iko kune kunyange yakafanana neiyo Downing Street Minute.
Musi waAugust 18, 1941, Prime Minister Winston Churchill akasangana nekambani yake ku10 Downing Street. Musangano uyu wakanga wakafanana kuneJuly 23, 2002, musangano pane imwechete kero, maminitsi ayo akazozivikanwa seAwaying Street Minutes. Misangano miviri iyi yakaratidza chakavanzika cheUnited States chinangwa chokuenda kuhondo. Mu musangano we1941, Churchill akaudza hurumende yake, maererano nemaminitsi anoti: "Mutungamiri akanga ataura kuti aizorwa hondo asi asingazvitauri." Mukuwedzera, "Zvese zvaifanira kuitwa kumanikidza chiitiko."
Zvechokwadi, zvose zvakaitwa kukamanikidza chiitiko, uye chiitiko chacho chaiva Pearl Harbor.
Recent Memories
Muna May 2005 dzimwe shamwari neni takatanga AfterDowningStreet.org (zvino inodanwa WarIchirime.org) kukurudzira kuziviswa kwe Downing Street Minutes kana Downing Street Memo uye zvinyorwa zvine chokuita.
Ichi chaive chirongwa chakakosha chakasunungurwa munguva pfupi iyo inogona kuva nechinetso chakakosha.
Kunge hondo dzese dzakambotangwa nechero ani zvisati zvaitika kana kubvira (zvirinani kusvika zera rekuburitsa pachena "kuba mafuta avo" uye "kuuraya mhuri dzavo"), danho ra2003 muhondo yeIraq rakatangwa nekuda kwenhema uye anga ave uye achiri kuenderera pahwaro hwedzimwe nhema.
Hatifaniri kunge taida humwe uchapupu. Hazvisi pamutemo kutambudza imwe nyika pasi peUnited Nations Charter uye pasi peKellogg Briand Pact (uye zviri pachena pasi peHague Convention ye1899). Uye munyaya iyi, sekufanana neAfghanistan makore maviri apfuura, UN yakanga yakanyatsoramba hondo. Kutanga hondo hakubvumirwi nemutemo uye unzenza zvisinei kuti zvombo zvipi zvingave zviri munharaunda yakarwiswa uye hazvina mhosva kuti rudzi rwenyika iyo rwakaita sei. Kutanga kurwisa kwakazara kune vanhu vanofunga kuti vanoshamiswa uye kuvhunduka kwavo hakubvumirwi nemutemo kunyange mumanzwisisi emagweta avo vasingateereri mhirizhonga yehondo. Mufambiro ndechimwe chezvinhu zvakashata zvakamboitika. Zvinenge zvisati zvamboshanda.
Kunyangwe tikatambira izvo zvombo muIraq kana mhosva dzeIraq zvinogona kutsigira hondo, humbowo hwaive pachena kuti idzi dzaive nhema. Hurumende yeIraq yaipokana neboka raifungidzirwa kuti rakashanda naro. Muna 1995 mukuwasha waSaddam Hussein akange azivisa US neBritish kuti zvese zvipenyu, zvemakemikari, zvombo, uye zvombo zvenyukireya zvakaparadzwa pasi pekutarisa kwake kwakananga. Mushure mekunge vaongorori veUN vabuda muIraq mu1998, mutungamiriri anotungamira akati vaizosvika pamhedziso imwechete. Muna 1999 pagakava rekutanga muNew Hampshire, Bush akati acha "tora" Saddam Hussein. "Ndiri kushamisika kuti achiripo," akadaro. Muna 2001, Condoleezza Rice, Colin Powell, nevamwe muBush Administration vaiudza vezvenhau kuti Saddam Hussein anga asina zvombo. Ivo zvakajeka vachinja maonero avo pamurairo.
Saka, pakabuda Downing Street Minute musi waMay 1, 2005, takasvetukira pairi, kwete neruzivo rutsva asi seuchapupu hwataigona kushandisa, kunyengetedza vamwe nekuita nyaya mudare kana kuCongress. Iyi yaive maminetsi emusangano kumahofisi aMutungamiri Prime Minister Tony Blair musi waChikunguru 23, 2002, panguva iyo musoro wake weavo vanonzi ungwaru, achangodzoka kubva kuWashington, akataura (sezvakataurwa muchidimbu mumaminetsi):
"Chiito chemauto chaive chaonekwa sekusingadzivisike. Bush aida kubvisa Saddam, kuburikidza nemauto, akaruramiswa nekubatana kwehugandanga neWMD. "Asi huchenjeri uye chokwadi chaive chiri kugadziriswa maererano nemutemo uyu."
Uye saka vaive, sekunyorwa kwazvakaitwa zvizere. Varwi vemuWhite House varongi uye vanobatsirana navo vakagadzira zvinyorwa, vakakumbira zvirevo zvaidiwa zvakarambwa nehunyanzvi hwavo, vakavimba nezvapupu zvisina kuvimbika, vakapa humbowo hwekunyepera kumisikidza vanonzi vatori venhau, uye vakatambudza zvirevo zvavakada kubva kuvanhu vavakatapa. Bush akaronga zvirongwa zvekukonzeresa kuti atange hondo yaakataura pachena kuti aiedza kunzvenga. Ona, semuenzaniso, iyo White House Memo.
Asi kungoti maBritish akange audzwa kuti hondo yaisadzivirika musi waChikunguru 23, 2002, yaifanirwa kunge iri nyaya hombe muna Chivabvu 2005. Takashanda nesimba kuzviita zvakadaro, tichimanikidza vezvenhau vezvematongerwo enyika vairamba kuti yaigona 't tiongorora memo yainyatso kuve yechokwadi uye isina kana kupokana, kana kuita nharo kuti zvayakaburitsa yaive "nhau dzekare," kunyangwe hazvo yaive nyowani nyowani kunaani zvake akaudzwa nenhepfenyuro idzi.
Takazviita mumashoko makuru kuburikidza nekupikisa kwevanhu, kufungidzirwa mune zvinyorwa zvemashizha, nhepfenyuro yemakori kune vashanduri, uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuita zviito. Asi isu takanga tine mukana. VaDemocrate muCongress vakanga vari vashomanana uye vazhinji vavo vaiti vaitora matanho ekugumisa hondo kana vakapiwa vazhinji. Nhengo dzeChinyorwa dzeCongress dzakatsigira zvatinoita. Ndinotenda kuti takashandura zvido zvavo zvinokurudzira mukunyengera kuburikidza nekuderera panzvimbo yekuwedzera uye kusimbisa kufamba kwedu munaJanuary 2007.
Diane Sawyer paakabvunza Bush kuti sei aitaura zvaaifunga nezvezvombo zvekuIraq zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvombo zvekuparadza, akapindura kuti: "Ndeupi musiyano?"
Zvichida zvishoma zvishoma izvozvi, sezvatakange tave nemakore masere nemutungamiriri wenyika anotanga hondo asinganetseki kunyepa kuCongress. Kana kuti zvimwe zvakanyanya ikozvino, sezvo isu takaratidza simba redu rekudzivisa nhema pamusoro peSyria mu2013 semakore gumi ekurwisa hondo kuIraq yakatsigira Congress kure nekutsigira hondo nyowani.
Tinofanira kuita mhinduro mhinduro. Tinofanira kutaura nyaya yacho nemazvo, sezvo hafu yeUnited States ichiri kusazviziva. Manyepo makuru ikozvino, anotendwa nevazhinji vekuAmerican, ndeyekuti Iraq yakabatsirwa uye iyo US yakatambura (chikamu chechipiri ichi ichokwadi) kubva kuhondo yakaparadza Iraq.
Pakururamisa kutenda kwekwenhema ndinozviisa muhupowo pepa yandakanyora makore matatu akapfuura anonzi Hondo yeIraq Pakati Pezviitiko Zvakaipisisa Pasi Pose.
Kutya kwangu kukuru ndekwekuti drone hondo uye proxy hondo uye zvakavanzika hondo zvicharamba zvichitangwa zvisina kutungamirwa neruzhinji mushandirapamwe wekunyepa. Kana zvakatonyanya hazvo: hondo dzichatangwa nemishumo yakatendeseka yekuti oiri yemumwe munhu inoda kubiwa kana vamwe vanhu vanoda kuurawa - uye hatizopikisane kana kubudirira kumisa idzi mhosva. Chimwe chezvishandiso zvakanakisa zvatinazvo mukurwira uku kuziva nhema dzese dzinoshandiswa kutsigira hondo yapfuura. Tinofanira kuwedzera kuziva uku pamukana wese.
Chinonyanya kukosha, tinofanira kubvisa zvinyorwa zvePearl Harbor.
Unsprising
MaJapan mazhinji anokwanisa zvirinani kuziva mhosva dzehurumende yavo, mhosva pamberi uye shure kwePearl Harbor, pamwe nemhosva yePearl Harbor. United States inenge isinganyatso kuona nezvebasa rayo. Kubva kudivi reUS, Pearl Harbor yaive nemidzi kuGerman.
Nazi Germany, isu tinowanzo tarisa dzimwe nguva, hatigone kuvepo kana kurwa hondo pasina rutsigiro rwemakumi emakore apfuura uye kuenderera kuburikidza nehondo yemakambani eUS senge GM, Ford, IBM, uye ITT. Sangano reUnited States rakasarudza Nazi Germany kune yeCommunist Soviet Union, vakafara kuona nyika mbiri idzi dzichiurayana, uye dzichifarira United States ichipinda muhondo yechipiri-yakanaka-uye-inodikanwa yechipiri kudivi reEngland chete. kamwe hurumende yeUS yainge yaita izvozvo zvikuru. IUS yakanonoka D-Day kwemakore apo Germany yakadeura Russia kuoma, uye mukati memaawa ekukundwa kweGerman, Churchill akaronga hondo itsva kuRussia vachishandisa mauto eGerman.
Tariro yakasimba yaChurchill kwemakore US asati apinda muhondo yaive yekuti Japan yaizorwisa United States. Izvi zvaizobvumidza United States (kwete zviri pamutemo, asi mune zvematongerwo enyika) kupinda zvizere muHondo Yenyika yechipiri muEurope, sezvaida kuitwa nemutungamiri wenyika, zvichipesana nekungopa zvombo nekubatsira mukutarisa kwema submarine sezvaanga achiita.
Musi waZvita 7, 1941, Mutungamiri Franklin Delano Roosevelt vakagadzira chiziviso chehondo kuJapan nekuGerman, asi vakafunga kuti hazvishande ndokuenda neJapan chete. Germany yakakurumidza kuzivisa hondo kuUnited States, pamwe netarisiro yekuti Japan yaizozivisa kurwisa Soviet Union.
Kupinda muhondo kwakanga kusiri pfungwa itsva muRoosevelt White House. FDR yakanga yaedza kureva nhema kuvanhu veUnited States pamusoro pezvikepe zveUnited States kusanganisira Greeruye Kerny, iyo yakanga iri kubatsira mabhurani eBritish kutarisa maGermany sousmarine, asi iyo Roosevelt akazvinyengedza akanga asina kurwiswa pasina mhosva. Roosevelt akanyepawo kuti aiva nechinzvimbo chake chakanga chakavanzika chaNazi chemapurisa ekukundwa kweSouth America, uyewo chirongwa cheNazi chakavanzika chekutora zvitendero zvose neNazism. Mepu iyi yaiva yehutano hwe "huchapupu" hwaKarl Rove apo Iraq yakanga iri kutenga uranium muNiger.
Uye zvakadaro, vanhu veUnited States havana kutora pfungwa yekuenda mune imwe hondo kusvikira Pearl Harbor, iyo iyo Roosevelt yakanga yatotanga kunyorwa, yakagadziridza National Guard, yakagadzira Navy huru mumakungwa maviri, vakatengesa vaparadzi vekare kuenda kuEngland kuchinjana nekutengesa kwezvigaro zvayo muCaribbean neBermuda, uye-kwemazuva 11 zvisati zvaitika "kusatarisirwa" kurwisana, uye mazuva mashanu FDR isatarisira - akange araira pachivande kusikwa (naHenry Field) rwerwendo wevanhu vose veJapan neJapan-America muUnited States.
Musi waApril 28, 1941, Churchill akanyora murairo wepachivande kuhondo yekare yehondo:
"Zvinogona kutorwa sezviri pachena kuti kupinda kweJapan muhondo kunoteverwa nekupinda pakarepo kweUnited States kune rumwe rutivi."
Musi waMay 11, 1941, Robert Menzies, gurukota reAustralia, vakasangana naRoosevelt uye vakamuwana "ane godo" rekuChurchill pakati pehondo. Kunyange zvazvo cabinet raRoosevelt yose yaida United States kupinda muhondo, Menzies akawana kuti Roosevelt,
". . . akadzidziswa pasi paWoodrow Wilson muhondo yekupedzisira, anomirira chiitiko, icho chingangoita kuti USA irwe muhondo uye ibudise R. muzvibvumirano zvake zveupenzi zvekuti 'Ndichakuchengetedza kuti usapinda muhondo.' ”
Musi waAugust 18, 1941, Churchill akabata musangano uyu nekambani yake ku10 Downing Street.
Chiitiko chakamanikidzwa.
Japan rakanga risina kupesana nekurwisa vamwe uye rakanga rakabatikana kusika umambo hweAsia. Uye United States neJapane vakanga vasina kurarama neshamwari yakabatana. Asi chii chingaunza maJapan kurwisa?
Apo Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt akashanyira Pearl Harbor munaJuly 28, 1934, makore manomwe kusati kwaitika kuJapan, mauto eJapan akaratidza kutya. Mukuru Kunishiga Tanaka akanyora mu Japan Advertiser, vachipesana nekuvakwa kwezvikepe zveAmerica uye kusikwa kwezvimwe zvigaro mu Alaska neAleutian Islands:
"Kuzvidza kwakadaro kunoita kuti tisafungire. Kunotiita kuti tifunge kuti kupesana kukuru kunenge kuchikurudzirwa muPacific. Izvi zvinonyadziswa zvikuru. "
Zvingave zvichinyadziswa kana kwete iyo mubvunzo wakasiyana kubva kune iyi iyi yaive yakagadziriswa uye inofanirwa kugadzirisa kuhondo yekuwedzera, kunyange kana yakaitwa muzita re "kudzivirirwa." Izvo zvisina kuvharwa (sezvataida nhasi kumudana) mutori wenhau George Seldes akanga kunyunyuta zvakare. MunaOctober 1934 akanyora Magazini yeHarper: "Icho chinhu chinonyadzisa kuti nyika dzisingagadzirire hondo asi dzehondo." Seldes akabvunza mukuru mukuru weNavy League kuti:
"Iwe unogamuchira mararamiro emvura ayo unogadzirira kurwisana nemauto chaiwo here?"
Murume wacho akapindura "Hongu."
"Iwe unofunga nezvekurwa nemauto eBritain?"
"Zvechokwadi, kwete."
"Unofungidzira hondo neJapan?"
"Ehe."
Muna 1935 ndiyo yakanyanyiswa yeUnited Marine munhoroondo panguva iyoyo, Brigadier General Smedley D. Butler, yakabudiswa kubudirira kukuru bhuku rino Hondo Ndeye Raketi. Akaona zvakakwana izvo zvaizouya uye akanyevera rudzi:
"Purogiramu imwe neimwe yeCongress mubvunzo wekuwedzera kwemari yevashandi inouya. Vatongi-chair-chair admirals havadanidzi kuti 'Tinoda zvakawanda zvezvombo zvehondo zvehondo kune nyika ino kana rudzi irworwo.' Oo, kwete. Chokutanga pane zvose, vanoita kuti zvizivikanwe kuti America inotyisirwa nesimba guru remvura. Panenge zuva ripi neripi, madiresi aya achakuudza, zvikepe zvikuru zvekuda kuti vavengi zvicharova nokukurumidza nekuparadza vanhu vedu 125,000,000. Saizvozvo. Zvadaro vanotanga kuchema nokuda kwemavhiri makuru. Yechii? Kurwisa muvengi? Oo, kwete. Oo, kwete. Nechinangwa chekudzivirira chete. Zvadaro, zvichiitika, vanozivisa kutungamirira muPacific. For defense. Uh, huh.
"Pacific ndiyo igungwa guru. Tine nzvimbo yakakura yegungwa muPacific. Ko kuenderera kunenge kuri kumhenderekedzo, maira maviri kana mazana matatu emakiromita here? Oo, kwete. Kufambisa kuchava zviuru zviviri, hongu, zvichida kunyange makumi matatu nemashanu mairaira, kubva kumhenderekedzo.
"Vanhu veJapan, vanhu vanozvikudza, chokwadi vachafara kupfuura mamwe maonero kuti vaone mauto eUnited States ari pedyo nehove dzeNippon. Kunyange zvakanakidza sezvingave zvakaita vagari vomuKalifornia vaifanira kunge vachinzwisisa zvishoma, kuburikidza nemhute yemangwanani, zvikepe zveJapan zvichitamba mumitambo yehondo kuLos Angeles. "
Muna March 1935, Roosevelt akapa Wake Island kuUnited States Navy ndokupa Pan Am Airways mvumo yekuvaka migwagwa ye Wake Wake, Midway Island, neGuam. Vatungamiri veuto reJapan vakataura kuti vakanganiswa uye vakaona iyi migwagwa sechityiso. Saizvozvowo vanoita zvematongerwo enyika muUnited States. Mumwedzi wakatevera, Roosevelt akanga aronga mitambo yehondo uye kufamba nenzira yeAleutian Islands neMidway Island. Mwedzi unotevera, varwi vorugare vakanga vachifamba muNew York vachitsigira ushamwari neJapane. Norman Thomas akanyora muna 1935:
"Murume weMaric uyo akaona kuti varume vakatambura sei muhondo yekupedzisira uye kuti vari kurwisana sei hondo iri kutevera, iyo yavanoziva kuti ichava yakaipisisa, yaizosvika pakuguma kwekuti iye ari kutarisa kune avo vanoramba vachizorora."
Mauto eU.S. Navy akapedza makore mashoma akatevera achironga zvirongwa zvehondo neJapan, iyo Kurume 8, 1939, vhezheni yacho yaitsanangura "hondo inogumbura yenguva refu" iyo yaizoparadza mauto nekukanganisa hupenyu hwehupfumi hweJapan. Muna Ndira 1941, mwedzi gumi nerimwe kusati kwatanga, iyo Japan Advertiser akaratidza kutsamwa kwake pamusoro pePearl Harbor mune imwe nyanzvi, uye munyori weUnited States kuJapan akanyora mubhuku rake remashoko anoti:
"Pane hurukuro dzakawanda kumativi eguta kusvika kuitika kuti maJapan, kana akazoputsa neUnited States, vari kuronga kuenda kunze kwekushamiswa kwevanhu vakawanda paPearl Harbor. Zvechokwadi ndakaudza hurumende yangu. "
Musi waFebruary 5, 1941, Mushure weAdmiral Richmond Kelly Turner akanyorera Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson kuti anyevere pamusoro pekukwanisa kushamiswa kushamiswa paPearl Harbor.
Kubva kare 1932 United States yakanga ichitaura neChina pamusoro pekupa ndege, vatyairi, uye kurovedza hondo yayo neJapane. MunaNovember 1940, Roosevelt akabhadhara China mamiriyoni zana emadhora muhondo neJapan, uye mushure mekubvunzana neBrithani, Munyori weUnited States weHaimari Henry Morgenthau akaita zvirongwa zvekutumira maChinese mabhomba nevashandi veUnited States kuti vashandise kuputira bhomba Tokyo nemamwe maguta eJapan. Musi waDecember 21, 1940, masvondo maviri ane hanya kwegore risati rasvika kuJapan kuPearl Harbor, Mutungamiri Wezvemari weChina TV Soong naColonel Claire Chennault, musungwa weUnited States Army uyo akanga achishanda kumaChina uye akanga achivakurudzira kushandisa America vatyairi vomuBooklyn vachibva vauya kuTokyo kubvira panguva ye1937, vakawana muimba yekudya yeHenry Morgenthau kuti varonge kupisa moto kweJapan. Morgenthau akati aigona kuwana varume vakasunungurwa kubva kumabasa muUnited States Airyps Air kana maChinese aigona kuvabhadhara $ 1,000 pamwedzi. Soong akabvuma.
Musi waMay 24, 1941, the New York Times yakashuma pamusoro pekudzidziswa kweUnited States kwemauto emhepo, uye kupa "mauto akawanda ehondo uye mabhomba" kuChina neUnited States. "Kuputika kweMaguta eJapan anotarisirwa" verenga musoro wehurukuro. Pakazosvika July, Joint Army-Navy Board yakanga yabvumirana chirongwa chinonzi JB 355 kupisa moto kuJapan. Rimwe boka rinotenga ndege dzeAmerica dzichitenderera nemaAmerica akazvipira akadzidziswa naKennault uye akabhadharwa nerimwe boka rinotangira. Roosevelt akabvumirwa, uye nyanzvi yake yeChina Lauchlin Currie, mumashoko aNikholson Baker, "akawirwa naMade Chaing Kai-Shek naClaire Chennault tsamba yakanyengeterera kuti vabvumirwe nevasori veJapan." Zvingave kana kwete iyo iyo yose, iyo yaiva tsamba:
"Ndiri kufara zvikuru kuti ndinokwanisa kuudza nhasi Mutungamiri akarayira kuti makumi matanhatu nematanhatu mabhomba awanike kuChina gore rino nemakumi maviri nemana kuti anunurwe pakarepo. Akabvumirawo chirongwa chekudzidzira ndege yekuChina. Tsanangudzo kuburikidza nemitambo yakajairika. Zvakanaka zvekutaura. "
Mumiriri weAmerica akanga ataura "kana pakazorora neUnited States" maJapan aizouya nebhombe Pearl Harbor. Ndinoshamisika kana izvi zvakakodzera!
I1st American Volunteer Group (AVG) yeChinese Air Force, iyo inozivikanwawo seFlying Tigers, yakatungamira mberi nekushandira nekudzidziswa pakarepo, yakaendeswa kuChina pamberi Pearl Harbor, uye yakatanga kuona hondo musi waDecember 20, 1941, mazuva gumi namaviri (nguva yenguva) pashure pokunge maJapan akarwisa Pearl Harbor.
Musi waMay 31, 1941, paWatch America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin akapa nyevero yakajeka: "Kuwanda kwehupfumi hweJapan, kugadziriswa kwemafuta kunotengeswa, kwaizoita kuti Japan ive mumaoko emaAxis. Hondo yezvehupfumi yaizova yekutanga kwehondo yehondo uye yehondo. "Chinhu chakanyanya kuipa pamusoro pehutungamiri vehutungamiri ndechekuti kakawanda vanozove vakarurama sei.
Musi waJuly 24, 1941, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akati, "Kana tikachera mafuta, [maJapan] zvichida tingadai taenda kuDutch East Indies gore rapfuura, uye iwe ungadai wakanga uine hondo. Zvaive zvakakosha kubva pachedu pachedu pachedu pachedu rekufunga nezvekudzivirirwa kuti tidzivise hondo kubva pakatanga kuSouth Pacific. Saka mutemo wedu wekune dzimwe nyika waiva kuedza kumisa hondo kubva kubuda ikoko. "
Vatori vezvematongerwo enyika vakaona kuti Roosevelt akati "aiva" pane "pane." Zuva rakatevera, Roosevelt akabudisa mutungamiri wehurumende akatema zvinhu zveJapan. IUnited States neBrithani vakagura mafuta uye zvigadzirwa zvematare kuJapan. Radhabinod Pal, mumwe muJurist jurist uyo akashanda pamhosva yezvemhosva yehondo mushure mehondo, yainzi embargoes "kutyisa uye kutyisa kwakanyanya kuvepo kweJapane," ndokupedzisa kuti United States yakatsamwisa Japan.
Musi waAugust 7th, mwedzi mina isati yasvika, iyo Japan Times Advertiser akanyora kuti: "Kutanga kwaiva nekusika kwepamusoro peSingapore, yakasimudzirwa zvikuru nemauto eBritish uye Empire. Kubva iri hubhu gumbo guru rakavakwa uye rakabatanidzwa nemaodzanyemba eAmerica kuumba rhete rukuru rinowedzera munzvimbo huru kumaodzanyemba uye kumadokero kubva kuPhilippines kuburikidza neMalaya neBurma, nechisungo chakakoromoka chete muTeniland peninsula. Iye zvino zvinorongerwa kuisa zvishoma kumativi akapoteredza, izvo zvinosvika kuRangoon. "
Mumwe haagoni kubatsira kubatsira chiyeuchidzo pano chaHillary Clinton mashoko kuna Goldman Sachs mabhengi. Clinton akati akaudza chiChinese kuti United States inogona kutora wega wePacific yose sechikonzero cheku "kusunungura iyo." Akaenderera mberi achitaura kuti akavaudza kuti "Takawana Japan nekuda kwedenga." Uye: " Tine uchapupu hwekutenga [Hawaii]. "
Nenguva yaSeptember 1941 mutambi weJapane wakatsamwiswa kuti United States yakanga yatanga kutumira mafuta kumaJapan kusvika kuRussia. Japan, mapepanhau ayo akati, akanga achifa rufu runononoka kubva "kuhondo yezvemari."
Chii chingave United States chave chiri kutarisira kuwana nekutengesa mafuta mafuta akapfuura rumwe rudzi mukuchida kwakanyanya kwariri?
Mukupera kwaOctober, US vatsva Edgar Mower vakanga vachiita basa reColonel William Donovan uyo akatsvaga Roosevelt. Mowerzi akataura nemumwe murume muManila ainzi Ernest Johnson, nhengo ye Maritime Commission, uyo akati akati anotarisira "IJaps ichatora Manila ndisati ndabuda." Apo Mudiri akaratidza kushamisika, Johnson akapindura achiti "Hauna kuziva Jap zvikepe zvakatamira kumabvazuva, zvichida kurwisa zvikepe zvedu paPearl Harbor? "
Musi waNovember 3, 1941, mumiriri weUnited States akaedzazve kuwana chimwe chinhu kuburikidza nehenya rake guru rehurumende, kutumira telegram yakareba kuDhipatimendi reHurumende anonyevera kuti zvigaro zvezvematongerwo enyika zvinogona kumanikidza Japan kuti iite "national hara-kiri". Akanyora kuti: " Kurwisana nemauto neUnited States kunogona kuuya nekukurumidza uye kunoshamisa. "
Sei ndichiramba ndichiyeuka musoro wehurukuro yakapiwa Mutungamiri George W. Bush pamberi peSeptember 11, 2001, kurwisa? "Bin Laden Akatsunga Kurova muUnited States" Zviri pachena kuti hapana muWashington aida kuzvinzwa mu1941 zvakare.
Musi waNovember 15th, Mukuru weVashandi veGeorge Marshall akaudza vatori venhau pamusoro pechinhu chatisingayeuki se "Marshall Plan." Zvechokwadi isu hatizviyeuki zvachose. "Tiri kugadzirira hondo inopesana neJapan," Marshall akadaro, achikumbira vatori venhau kuti vazvichengetedze zvakavanzika, izvo sezvandinoziva kuti ivo vakaita zvakanaka.
Mazuva gumi gare gare Munyori weHondo Henry Stimson akanyora mubhuku rake rekunyora kuti akanga asangana muOval Office naM Marshall, Mutungamiri Roosevelt, Munyori weNavy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, uye Munyori wehurumende Cordell Hull. Roosevelt akanga avaudza kuti vechiJapan vaizogona kurwisa nokukurumidza, zvichida Muvhuro unotevera. Izvo zvakanyatsorongedzwa kuti United States yakanga yatyora maJapan 'maitiro uye kuti Roosevelt aive nevanokwanisa kuwana. Izvo zvaive kuburikidza nekubvisa kweiyo inonzi Purple code code iyo Roosevelt yakanga yawana zvirongwa zveGermany zvekupinda muRussia. Yaiva Hull uyo akadzinga Japan achimhanyira kune pepanhau, zvichiguma munaNovember 30, 1941, musoro we "Japanese May Kurwisa Kwevhiki."
Muvhuro unotevera waizove muna December 1st, mazuva matanhatu kusati kwasvika. "Mubvunzo," Stimson akanyora, "ndiwo maitiro atinofanira kuvamanikidza kuti tiende kunzvimbo yekuuraya pfumo rekutanga tisingaregi ngozi yakawanda kwatiri. Icho chaive chirevo chakaoma. "Ndizvo here? Imwe mhinduro yakajeka ndeyekuchengetedza ngarava muPearl Harbor uye kuchengeta vafambisi vengarava vakamira ipapo murima pavanenge vachivhunduka pamusoro pavo kubva kumahofisi akanaka muWashington, DC Chaizvoizvo, iyo ndiyo yaiva mhinduro dzedu shumba dzakasungwa-uye-akasungirirwa.
Zuva raitevera kurwisa, Congress yakasarudza hondo. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Mukadzi wokutanga akambosarudzwa kuCongress, uye uyo akanga avhota neHondo Yenyika I, akamira ari oga mukurwisana neHondo Yenyika II (sezvo Congresswoman Barbara Lee [D., Calif.] Aizomira oga kurwisana neA Afghanistan Afghanistan 60 makore gare gare).
Gore rimwe mushure mekuvhota, musi waDecember 8, 1942, Rankin akaisa mazwi ku Congressional Record achitsanangura kushorwa kwake. Akataura nezvebasa reBritish propagandist rakange rakataurirana mu1938 yekushandisa Japan kuunza United States muhondo. Akatsanangura mazita aHerce Luce upenyu magazini yaJuly 20, 1942, kune "VaChina avo vekuAmerica vakanga vauya nayo yekupedzisira yakaunza Pearl Harbor." Akazivisa uchapupu hwokuti paAtlantic Conference yaAugust 12, 1941, Roosevelt akanga avimbisa Churchill kuti United States yaizounza dambudziko rezvemari kutakura kuJapan. "Ndakataura," Rankin akazonyora, "State Department Bulletin yaDecember 20, 1941, iyo yakaratidza kuti musi waSeptember 3 kutaurirana kwakatumirwa kuJapan ichikumbira kuti igamuchire mutemo we" nondisturbance yemamiriro ezvinhu muPacific, 'iyo yakave ichida kuvimbiswa kwekusununguka kwemadzimambo matsvene muEast. "
Rankin yakawana kuti Economic Economic Board yakanga yawana zvigadziriswa zvemari zvishoma pasi pevhiki mushure meAlantic Conference. Musi waDecember 2, 1941, the New York Times akanga ataura, chokwadi, kuti Japan "yakagurwa kubva munharaunda ye75 yezana yekutengeserana kwake kwemazuva ose neAllied kubviswa." Rankin akataurawo mashoko aLieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN, Mugovera Evening Post yaOctober 10, 1942, iyo musi waNovember 28, 1941, mazuva mapfumbamwe kusati kwarwiswa, Mumiririri wechirwere William F. Halsey, Jr., (iye wezwi rakakosha rokuti "Kaura Japs! Kaura Japs!") akanga amupa mirayiridzo kwaari uye vamwe "kupfura pasi chero chinhu chatakaona mudenga uye kubhomba chero chii chatakaona mugungwa."
Gavhuna George Marshall akabvuma zvakanyanya kuCongress in 1945: kuti nheyo dzacho dzakanga dzaputswa, kuti United States yakanga yatanga matanho eAnglo-Dutch -America ekubatanidza kuwirirana neJapane ndokuiisa kushanda pamberi pePearl Harbor, uye kuti United States yaiva vakapa vatungamiri vehondo yavo kuenda kuChina kubasa rehondo pamberi Pearl Harbor. Icho hachisi chakavanzika kuti zvinotora masimba maviri ehondo kurwisana hondo (kusiyana nepo imwe simba rehondo rinorwisa nyika isina kugadziriswa) kana kuti nyaya iyi yakanga isiri iyo kune mutemo iwoyo.
An October 1940 memorandum neLieutenant Mutungamiri Arthur H. McCollum yakaitwa naMutungamiri Roosevelt nevatungamiri vake vakuru. Yakadana kuti zviito zvisere izvo McCollum akafanotaura zvaizotungamirira maJapan kurwisa, kusanganisira kuronga kushandiswa kwezvidzidzo zveBritish muSingapore uye nekushandiswa kwezvidzidzo zveDutch mune zvino yava Indonesia, zvichibatsira hurumende yeChina, kutumira kuparadzaniswa kwenguva refu vanoenda kuPhilippines kana kuSingapore, vachitumira mapoka maviri emakungwa e "East," achichengeta simba guru rezvikepe muHawaii, achiomerera kuti maDutch anoramba mafuta eJapan, uye anonyadzisa kutengeserana kwose neJapane pamwe chete neBritain Empire .
Zuva rakatevera mushure meMcCollum, Dhipatimendi reHurumende rakataurira vaAmerica kuti vabve munyika dziri kure kumabvazuva, uye Roosevelt akarayira kuti ngarava idzi dzirambe dziri muHawaii pamusoro pokurwisana kwakasimba kweAdmiral James O. Richardson uyo akanyora Mutungamiri achiti "Zvichida kana chiJapan chizoita zvinowanzoita zvinopesana neUnited States uye rudzi rwaizove rwunoda kupinda muhondo. "Mharidzo iyo Admiral Harold Stark yakatuma kuna Admiral Husband Kimmel musi waNovember 28, 1941, yaiverenga," KANA MAZVINHU ASINGADZIDZE KUTI ASARADZIDZWA NE UNITED STATES ZVINOKOSHA JAPAN IVA KUTANGA KWEVHIKI YECHITENDE. "Joseph Rochefort, uyo akatanga ruzivo rweNavy's communications intelligence section, uyo akashanda pakusakwanisa kukurukurirana naPearl Harbor zvaizouya, akazoti:" Yakanga iri mutengo wakaisvonaka wokubhadhara kubatanidza nyika . "
Husiku hwakatevera kurwiswa uku, Mutungamiri Roosevelt akange aine CBS News yaEdward R. Murrow naRoosevelt's Coordinator weRuzivo William Donovan pakudya kwemanheru kuWhite House, uye Mutungamiriri wese aida kuziva kuti vanhu veAmerica vagamuchira hondo here. Donovan naMurrow vakamuvimbisa kuti vanhu vaizogamuchira hondo izvozvi. Donovan akazotaurira mubatsiri wake kuti kushamisika kwaRoosevelt hakusi kwevamwe vakamukomberedza, uye kuti iye, Roosevelt, akagamuchira kurwiswa uku. Murrow akatadza kurara husiku ihwohwo uye akatambudzwa kwehupenyu hwake hwese nezvaakadana kuti "nyaya hombe kwazvo yehupenyu hwangu" iyo yaasina kumbotaura, asi iyo yaaisada. Zuva rakatevera, Mutungamiriri akataura nezvezuva rekunyadzisa, United States Congress yakazivisa Hondo yekupedzisira yeConstitution munhoroondo yeRepublic, uye Mutungamiri weFederal Council of Churches, Dr. George A. Buttrick, vakave nhengo iyo Kubatana kweKuyananisa kunozvipira kuramba hondo.
Nei zvichikosha? Nemhaka yokuti nhoroondo yePearl Harbor, inoshandiswa zvakare pa 9-11, haisi yekuita nokuda kwekuparadza kwep-hondo mitemo ye1920s uye 1930s iyo yakaunza Hondo Yenyika II kuva, asi inokonzera hondo yekusingaperi ye75 yapfuura makore, uyewo kuti Hondo Yenyika II yakakura sei, yakareba, uye yakapedzwa.
“Anonetsekana muna 1942,” akanyora kudaro Lawrence S. Wittner, “nerunyerekupe rwezvirongwa zveNazi zvekuparadza, Jessie Wallace Hughan akanetseka kuti mutemo wakadai, uyo waionekwa sewechisikigo, nemaonero avo, 'unogona kuitwa kana Hondo Yenyika II. akaenderera mberi. 'Zvinoita sekuti nzira chete yekuponesa zviuru uye pamwe mamirioni evaJudha vekuEurope kubva mukuparadzwa,' akanyora kudaro, 'ichave yekuti hurumende yedu iratidze chivimbiso' che '' armistice pachinzvimbo chekuti vashoma veEurope vasazonetswazve. . . . 'Zvinotyisa kwazvo kana mwedzi mitanhatu kubva zvino tikazoona kuti kutyisidzira uku kwaitika pasina kuita chiratidzo chekuti tizvidzivirire.' Kana zvaakafungidzira zvazadzikiswa zvakanakisa na1943, akanyorera kuDhipatimendi reHurumende uye New York Times, vachishora chokwadi chekuti 'mamirioni maviri [maJuda] akatofa' uye kuti 'mamwe mamirioni maviri achauraiwa panopera hondo.' Zvakare akakumbira kumisa ruvengo, achipokana kuti kukundwa kwemauto eGerman kwaizoita kutsiva chaiko kuna mbudzi yechiJudha. 'Kukunda hakuzovaponesa,' akadaro, 'nekuti vanhu vakafa havagoni kusunungurwa.' ”
Hitler akauraya mamiriyoni evanhu veGermany, asi vashanduri vakaurayiwa vakawanda kana kupfuura, maGermany akarayirwa muhondo naHitler kana maGermany munzvimbo isina kururama apo mabhiriro ehondo akawira. Uye, sezvakataurwa naHughan panguva iyoyo, hondo yakafambisa kuurawa kwevanhu, sezvakangoita zvekuzvitsiva zvehondo yehondo yapfuura kwezana remakore rokutanga zvisati zvave zvichisimudzira ruvengo, kupisa, uye kuwedzera kweHitlerism.
Kubva pakurwisana nehondo neUnited States vakaramba zvehana vaizouya, pakupedzisira, kukurudzirwa kwehurumende kurudzi rwemajeri mumajeri eUnited States akazopararira kune nyika kunze kwejeri sezvo vashandi vekutsvaga vakatsvaga kudzokorora kukunda kwavo pamwero mukuru. Asi zvakare kubva pane icho chakaipisisa icho zvisikwa zvipenyu zvati zvambozviitira pachedu, Hondo Yenyika II, yaizouya inogara isiri yemabhizimisi yakaoma. Tinogona kuwedzera simba rekuvhota kune vakawanda vekuAmerica apo, mune utsinye hwemajokes, kuchinja kuvhota mune rimwe basa risina chinangwa. Isu taigona kupora jasi idzva rekunyepedzera kwekunyengedza pamusoro pehurumende yedu patinenge tichiiputira kubva mukati, tichiiisa nehondo yehondo iyo inofarira iyo nyika yakanga isati yamboona uye isingagoni kurarama.
Kuparadzira Nhema
IUnited States pasina mubvunzo ndiyo nyika inowanzoitika uye yakazara wager yehondo ine hukasha, mukuru anogara kune dzimwe nyika, uye mutengesi mukuru wezvombo pasi. Asi kana United States ichidongorera kubva pasi pemagumbeze painorara ichidedera nekutya, inozviona semunhu asina mhosva. Haina zororo rekuchengeta chero kukunda muhondo mundangariro dzemunhu wese. Iine zororo rekurangarira kurwisa kweJapan paPearl Harbor - uyezve zvakare imwe, pamwe ichitsvenesa, kurangarira, kwete "kushamisika nekutya" kuparadzwa kweBaghdad, asi mhosva dzaGunyana 11, 2001, iyo "Pearl Harbor nyowani." . ”
Saizvozvowo kuIsrael, asi nekusiyana, United States inonyanya kufungidzirwa neHondo Yenyika II, yakafukidzwa zvechokwadi paSouth obsession neUnited States War. Rudo rwekumaodzanyemba kweUnited States rweHondo Yenyika rudo rudo rwehondo rwakarasika, asiwo kune vanotambudzwa uye kururama kwekutsiva kwakaitwa munyika yose gore negore nemauto eUnited States.
Rudo rweUS rweHondo Yenyika II zvakare, zvakanyanya, kuda kwehondo yakarasika. Izvo zvinogona kutaridzika kunge zvisinganzwisisike kutaura, nekuti panguva imwecheteyo zvakanyanya rudo rwehondo rwakundwa. Hondo Yenyika II inoramba iri iyo US modhi ingangoita rimwe zuva kuhwina hondo zvakare, sezvo yanga ichirasikirwa navo pasirese paseri pemakore makumi manomwe nerimwe kubva Hondo Yenyika II. Asi iyo US maonero eWWII zvakare zvinoshamisa kuti akafanana nemaonero eRussia.
Russia yakarwiswa zvine utsinye nemaNazi, asi yakashingirira ndokukunda hondo. United States inozvitenda pachayo kuve yakarwiswa nemaNazi. Izvo, shure kwezvose, yaive propaganda yakatora United States kuhondo. Pakange pasina kana izwi rimwe chete pamusoro pekununura maJuda kana chero chinhu hafu inokudzwa. Asi, Mutungamiri Franklin Roosevelt akataura kuti aive nemepu yezvirongwa zvevaNazi zvekuveza nyika dzeAmerica.
Hollywood yakagadzira mashoma emamuvhi nemitambo yeterevhizheni nezve dzimwe hondo dzese dzakabatanidzwa, tichienzanisa nemadhirama nezve Hondo Yenyika II, iyo inogona kunge iri musoro wenyaya unozivikanwa kwazvo. Isu hatisi kunyura mumabhaisikopo anokudza kubiwa kwekuchamhembe kweMexico kana kugara kwePhilippines. Hondo yeKorea inotamba zvishoma. Kunyangwe Hondo yeVietnam uye neese dzimwe hondo dzichangoburwa dzinotadza kukurudzira vanyori venhau vekuUS seHondo Yenyika II, uye zvimwe makumi mapfumbamwe muzana ezvenyaya idzi zvine chekuita nehondo yekuEurope, kwete Asia.
Iyo yeEuropean nyaya inosarudzika zvakanyanya nekuda kwehumwe huipi hwemuGerman muvengi. Kuti US yakadzivirira runyararo isina mukundi muHondo Yenyika I nekupwanya Germany, ndokuzoiranga zvinehutsinye, ndokuzobatsira maNazi - zvese izvo zvinokanganikwa zviri nyore kupfuura mabhomba enyukireya akadonherwa neUnited States kuJapan. Asi iko kurwisa kweJapan kwaDecember 7, 1941, pamwechete nekufungidzira kwekupinda kweNazi, kunonyengetedza ruzhinji rweUS kuti kurwa muEurope kwaidzivirira. Saka nhoroondo yeUnited States ichidzidzisa Japan mu imperialism uyezve ichipokana nekutsamwisa Japan inofanira kukanganikwa futi.
Amazon.com, kambani ine kambani huru yeCIA, uye muridzi wayo anewo Washington Post, yakatanga terevhizheni yakadanwa ariMan in the High Castle. Nhau yacho inowanikwa muZ1960 nevaNazi vanogara kumativi matatu eUnited States uye veJapan vamwe vose. Mune izvi zvisikwa zvinoshandiswa, kusunungurwa kwekupedzisira kunowanikwa muGermany sezvo rudzi rwacho rwakakanda mabhomu enyukliya.
Vanokunda maAxis, nevatungamiriri vavo vakwegura, vagadzira nekuchengetedza humambo hwechinyakare - kwete semabhesi eU.S.mumagweta ehurumende, asi basa rakazara, senge United States muIraq. Izvo hazvina basa kuti hazvinzwisisike sei izvi zvinonzwika. Iyo ndiyo mamiriro anonyatso kuoneka anogona kuumba fungidziro yeUS yemumwe munhu kuzviitira izvo zvainoita kune vamwe. Nekudaro mhosva dzeUS pano muma 2000s chaiwo dzinova "dzinozvidzivirira," sezviri kuita kune vamwe vasati vogona kuzviita.
Kusagadzikana kusagadzikana hakuna muMwaka wekutanga Chikamu Chimwe cheichi chinozorodza chiitiko chemunhu, uye sezviri pachena hachina makore panguva iyoyo mune ngano. Asi zvaigona sei? Simba rinomiswa kuburikidza nekusagadzikana - kunyangwe iyo yekufungidzira - haigone kushandira kururamisa mhirizhonga yemauto eUS chaiwo. Vagari vechiGerman nevechiJapan vanofanirwa kunangana chete kuburikidza nemhirizhonga, kunyangwe anachronistically mune imwe nguva yaive nehunyanzvi hwekuita zvechisimba, umo kufamba kwekodzero dzevanhu kwairamba fascism yeUS zvakanyanya.
"Hondo isati yatanga… murume wese aive akasununguka," anodaro mumwe wevachena vechidiki vachena vanoumba magamba ese uye vamwe vevanhu vakaipa mumutambo uyu. Panzvimbo pemhirizhonga yemujaho, McCarthyism, Vietnam, uye kutapudza uye kuyedza kune vasina simba izvo zvakanyatsoitika, iyi imwe United States inosanganisira kupisa maJuda, vakaremara, nevanorwara zvakaipisisa. Kupesana neakafungidzirwa pre-Nazi yapfuura umo "murume wese [asi kwete mukadzi?] Aive akasununguka" akanyatsojeka. Mumwe anenge anoda kuita kuti America ive huru zvakare.
Amazon inoratidzawo isu maNazi kuzvibata senge chaiko United States inoita: kutambudza nekuuraya vavengi. Rikers Island jeri rine hutsinye mune ino showa yeTV uye muchokwadi. Mune ino fungidziro, zviratidzo zveUS neNazi nyika yekudyidzana zvakabatanidzwa zvisina musono. Muchokwadi, mauto eUS akabatanidza kufunga kwakawanda kwevaNazi pamwe nemaNazi mazhinji aakatora kuburikidza neOperation Paperclip - imwe nzira iyo iyo US chaiyo yakarasikirwa neWWII kana tichifungidzira kukunda sedemokrasi ichikunda rudzi rwenzanga umo mumwe munhu saDonald Trump aigona kubudirira.
United States nhasi inokwanisa kuona vapoteri kubva kuhondo dzavanorwira kunzvimbo dziri kure sevavengi vane njodzi, sevaNazi vatsva, sekutungamira kwezvematongerwo enyika kuUS kunongedzera kuvatungamiriri vekunze sevaHitler vatsva. Nevagari vekuUS vachipfura nzvimbo dzeveruzhinji zuva nezuva, kana kuuraya kwakadaro kuchinzi kwakaitwa neMuslim, kunyanya muMuslim anonzwira tsitsi varwi vekunze, saka, hakusi kungopfura chete. Izvi zvinoreva kuti United States yakapambwa. Uye izvo zvinoreva kuti chero chinhu chainoita "chinodzivirira."
Venezuela inosarudza vatungamiriri US haifarire? Uku ndiko kutyisidzira "kuchengetedzeka kwenyika" - kumwe kutya kwemashiripiti kupinda nekugara muUnited States nekuimanikidza kutambudza nekuuraya vakapfeka mureza wakasiyana. Iyi paranoia haina kubva kupi. Iyo inouya kubva kuzvirongwa zvakaita Murume uyu mu High Castle.
Pearl Harbor ngano yekufungidzira haisi chete munda wevaraidzo. Heano a newspaper article:
“Pearl Harbor neHondo Yenyika II zvakatiunza pamwe chete senyika. Takatenda kuti hatingarohwe. Uye takakunda. Asi nei Congress ikozvino yakanangana nekuparadza manzwiro edu ekuda nyika uye kupedza kwedu kudzivirirwa kwenyika? Nhengo zhinji dzeCongress dzinoda kucheka mari yedu yekudzivirira nyika mukuedza kubhadharira kusakwanisa kwavo, kusazadzisa mabasa avo sevamiririri vedu uye nekupa kune mamwe mapoka uye vezvematongerwo enyika kuitira yavo yezvipfuyo (nyama yenguruve) zvirongwa uye sarudzo inotevera. Ivo vanokanganwa (kana havazive) kuti yavo yekutanga Nha. Kudzivirirwa kwenyika yedu, uye zvine hukama nazvo, kudzivirirwa kwema veterans edu mabhenefiti. . . .
"Chokwadi here chekuti America yakanganwa nezve zvakaitika paPearl Harbor uye nekurega varindi vayo zvakabatsira kubvumira kurwiswa kwa9 / 11 kuti kuitike? Uye iko kukanganwa uye kusaziva kuchamisa zvinangwa zvemagandanga kuwedzera kurwisa kwavo? Nekuda kwekuti Congress '' supercommittee 'yakundikana kusangana nemhedzisiro yayo mwedzi wapfuura kuti itore madhora 1.2 trillion mukuchengetedza, mari yekushandisa yakatemwa yatove kushanda muna 2013, kusanganisira madhora mazana matanhatu emadhora ekuzvidzivirira. Kana Congress ichibvumidzwa kucheka bhajeti remauto, kumwe kurwiswa kunowanzoitika.
“Tinofanira kudaidza mutungamiri wenyika, vatungamiriri vedu vemakongiresi, maseneta edu maviri ehurumende nevamiriri vedu muImba kuti vavaudze kuti vasiye hupenzi hwavo, vavandudze bhajeti remauto neveVeterans, uye vatovawedzera kuitira kuti tese tisimbise zvirongwa zvedu kutsvagisa nekusimudzira kuitira kuti tigare tiri vemauto makuru uye akashongedzerwa zvakanyanya pasi rese uye kuremekedza nekukudza magamba edu ekare.
"Kana tikavatendera kuti vazvidzivirire vachicheka zvese muzita rekuti vabude muIraq, uye pakupedzisira neAfghanistan (inova inenge iri mhosho, asi hurukuro iyoyo ichave yeimwe zuva), hapazovi nemari dzekutsvagisa dzekugara No. 1, hapana kukwidziridzwa, hapana matangi matsva, ndege, ngarava uye madhiraoni, hakuna zvakawanda kana nhumbi dzokurwa nadzo nemota. ”
Kunyangwe iwe uchitenda ngano yePearl Harbor, zvakaoma kwazvo kuramba kuti iri izvimwe nyika. United States haingori nemauto anodhura chete pasirese, asi imwe saizi yemamwe epasi akaiswa pamwechete. United States ine mabheseni kana mauto mune mazhinji enyika dzenyika. United States inotonga makungwa uye nzvimbo yekunze. United States yakacheka nyika kuita matunhu ekuraira. Congress iri kurasa inopfuura hafu yemashandisirwo emari muchiuto. Kunyangwe vaine zvakapetwa zvakapetwa kushandisa uku, zvese mumadhora chaiwo uye sechiyero chebhajeti yemubatanidzwa kubvira 9-11, chokwadi ndechekuti ariki yenyukireya uye humambo hwezvigaro nemari yese isingaperi haina chekuita ne9- 11 kunze kwekushandira kuti udenhe. Pepanhau rako riri kukukumbira kuti urarame munyika yekurota, uye kuti uparadze iri muchiitiko.
Hapana matangi matsva? Hapana ndege nyowani? $ 600 bhiriyoni inonzwika hombe, asi pamusoro pemakore gumi iri $ 10 bhiriyoni kubva pagore "chengetedzo" bhajeti yetriliyoni - zvichireva 60%. Zvese zvinodikanwa kushandura izvo kuva kuwedzera panzvimbo yekucheka ndiko kuzviburitsa mubhajeti "inofungidzirwa" iyo inowedzera neinopfuura 6%. Kana chero kucheka chaiko kukaitika, unogona kuva nechivimbo chekuti vamiririri vedu vanozoita zvese musimba ravo kutora mari kubva munzvimbo dzisiri dzechiuto, kana kumbocheka mabhenefiti ehondo panzvimbo pematangi anoera uye anobatsira uye ndege nezvimwe. iyo ine chekuita ne "kudzivirira."
Kurwisana Nhema
Sezvatinoverenga Ulysses paBloomsday yega yega June 16 (kana isu tichifanira kana tikasadaro) ndinofunga kuti wega Zvita 7 haifanire kungoyeuchidza iwo Mutemo Mukuru wa1682 wakarambidza hondo muPennsylvania asiwo mucherechedzo Pearl Harbor, kwete nekupemberera nyika ye permawar ine yakavapo kwemakore makumi manomwe nemashanu, asi nekuverenga The Golden Age Gore Vidal nekucherechedza kune imwe Joyjocean irony yezera regoridhe rinopesana nekuzvidzivirira kune hurumende kuuraya-kuuraya kwakapoteredza hupenyu hwevagari vese veUnited States pasi pezera re75.
Zuva reGolden Age rinofanira kusanganisira kuverengerwa paruzhinji kwenhau yaVidal uye kubvumidzwa kwayo nerubatsiro Washington Post, New York Times Book Review, uye rimwe nerimwe bepa remakambani mugore ra2000, iro rinozivikanwa segore 1 BWT (hondo isati yatanga). Hapana kana rimwe remapepanhau rakamboita, mukuziva kwangu, rakadhindisa ongororo yakatwasuka yakatarisa kuti Mutungamiri Franklin D. Roosevelt akafambisa sei United States muHondo Yenyika II. Asi bhuku raVidal - rakaunzwa senge ngano, asi richizorora zvachose pane zvakanyorwa - rinorondedzera nyaya nekutendeseka kwakazara, uye neimwe nzira mhando yakashandiswa kana yemhuri yemunyori kana hunyanzvi hwekunyora kana hurefu hwebhuku racho (akawandisa mapeji evapepeti vakuru kuti ave anetswa ne) anomupa rezinesi rekutaura chokwadi.
Chokwadi, vamwe vanhu vakaverenga The Golden Age uye akaratidzira kukodzera kwayo, asi inoramba iine ruremekedzo rukuru rwepamusoro. Ndinogona kukuvadza chikonzero nekunyora pachena pamusoro pezvakanyorwa. Nhema, iyo yandinorumbidza zvikuru kune vose, ndeyokupa kana kukurudzira bhuku kune vamwe pasina ndichivaudza zviri mazviri.
Kunyangwe mugadziri wemafirimu ari iye mutambi mukuru mubhuku, haina kugadzirwa kuita firimu, sekuziva kwangu - asi chiitiko chakapararira chekuverengwa neveruzhinji chingangoita kuti zviitike.
In The Golden Age, isu tinotevera mukati mamasuo ose akapfigwa, sezvo veBrithani vachikurudzira kuUnited States muHondo Yenyika II, sezvo Mutungamiri Roosevelt achizvipira kuna Prime Minister Winston Churchill, sezvo vashandi vanogadzirisa gungano reRepublican kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti zvose zviri zviviri mapurisa anosarudza vatsva muZ1940 vakagadzirira kuparidzira murunyararo pavanenge vachironga hondo, sezvo FDR inoshuva kumhanya kwenguva isina kumboitika yechitatu semuongorori wehondo asi unofanira kuzvigutsikana nekutanga sarudzo uye kuparidzira semuongorori wepurogiramu munguva inofungidzirwa njodzi yenyika, uye sezvo FDR inoshanda kushusha Japan kuti irwise purogiramu yaanoda.
Maungira acho anotyisa. Roosevelt mishandirapamwe yerunyararo ("kunze kwekunge warwiswa"), saWilson, saJohnson, saNixon, saObama. Roosevelt, pre-sarudzo, anoisa kuna Henry Stimson seMunyori weHondo anoshuvira zvehondo haana kufanana zvachose nevakasarudzwa naDonald Trump.
Hondo Yenyika II Yakanga Isiri Hondo Yakarurama
Hondo Yenyika II inowanzonzi "hondo yakanaka," uye yakabva kubva muhondo yeUnited States kuVietnam kwaive yakasiyana naizvozvo. Hondo Yenyika II inotonga zveUnited States uye saka varaidzo yeWestern uye dzidzo, iyo "yakanaka" kazhinji inosvika kureva chimwe chinhu kupfuura "kungoita."
Mukundwa we2016 "Miss Italy" kunaka kwekambani akazviwanira pangozi yezvakaipisisa nekuzivisa kuti angadai akada kurarama neHondo Yenyika II. Paakanga achisweveredzwa, zviri pachena kuti haasi oga. Vakawanda vangada kuva chikamu chechimwe chinhu chakanyatsoratidzwa sechinhu chakanaka, heroic, uye chinonakidza. Vanofanira kunge vawana mhepo nguva, ini ndinorayira kuti vaverenge zvinyorwa zvevamwe vemazuva eWWII veterans nevasara vasati vazodzoka kuti vagozobatana nomufaro.
Hazvina mhosva kuti makore akawanda anonyora mabhuku, anobvunzurudza, anoparidzira zvinyorwa, uye anotaura pane zviitiko, zvinoramba zvisingaiti kuti zviitike mukova wechiitiko muUnited States apo iwe wakatsigira kuparadza hondo pasina munhu anokurova ne mubvunzo wei-ne-we-zvakanaka-war. Iyi yekutenda kuti kwaiva nehondo yakanaka 75 makore apfuura chikamu chikuru chezvinoita kuti hurumende yeUnited States ishivirire kurega madhora madriyoni ane gore pagore mukugadzirira kana pane hondo yakanaka gore rinotevera, kunyange munguva yehondo dzakawanda kwazvo munguva yekare ye71 makore apo pane kubvumirana kukuru kwekuti vakanga vasina kunaka. Pasina pfuma, yakanyatsosimbiswa nheyo pamusoro peHondo Yenyika II, kuparidzira kwemaRussia kana Siria kana Iraq kana kuti China kunotinhira semapenzi kune vanhu vakawanda sezvazvinonzwika kwandiri. Uye zvechokwadi mari inokonzerwa neNyaya Yakanaka yeHondo inotungamirira kune dzimwe hondo dzakaipa, kwete kuvadzivisa. Ndanyora pamusoro pehurukuro iyi panguva yakareba mumashoko akawanda nemabhuku, kunyanya Hondo Ndicho Nhema. Asi ini ndichapa pano mashomanana maikirwo anokosha anofanira kuisa mbeu shomanana yekusahadzika mupfungwa dzevamwe vatsigiri vemuUnited States veWorld War.
Hondo Yenyika II haigone kuitika kunze kweHondo Yenyika I, pasina upenzi hwekutanga Hondo Yenyika I uye kunyanya kushandiswa kwekuguma kweHondo Yenyika I iyo yakaita kuti vanhu vakangwara vagara vafanotaura Hondo Yenyika II panzvimbo iyo, kana pasina Rusvingo rweWall Street yeNazi Germany kwemakumi emakore (seanosarudza kumakomunisti), kana pasina shamhu yezvombo uye zvisarudzo zvakashata zvisingadi kuti zvidzoke munguva yemberi.
Hondo yakanga isiri yerubatsiro uye haina kunyange kutengeswa zvakadai kusvikira yapera. Kwakanga kusina poster kukukumbira kuti ubatsire Uncle Sam kuponesa vaJudha. Ngarava yevapoteri vechiJudha kubva kuGermany yakadzingwa kubva kuMiami neGungwa Guard. IAmerica nemamwe marudzi vakaramba kugamuchira vapoteri vevaJudha, uye vazhinji vevanhu veUnited States vakatsigira iyo nzvimbo. Mapoka erugare akambokumbira gurukota guru Winston Churchill nemunyori wake wekune dzimwe nyika nezvekutumira vaJudha kubva kunze kweGermany kuzodziponesa vakaudzwa kuti, nepo Hitler anganyatsobvumirana zvikuru neurongwa, zvingava dambudziko guru uye zvinoda zvikepe zvizhinji. IUnited States haina kuita zvematongerwo enyika kana zvehondo kuti ichengete avo vakaurayiwa mumisasa yevasungwa yeNazi. Anne Frank akarambidzwa visa yeU.SA.
Kunyange zvazvo pfungwa iyi isingatauri nemhosva yakakosha yezvakaitika kare yeWWII seHurumende Yakafanana, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa kuItland mythology kuti ndichabatanidza pano ndima huru kubva kuna Nicholson Baker:
"Anthony Eden, munyori wekuBrithani wokune imwe nyika, uyo aive akatarisirwa neChurchill nekubata mibvunzo nezvevapoteri, akataura nechisimba kune umwe wevanhu vazhinji vakakurudzira, achitaura kuti chero dhigiriro rekutsvaga kwekusunungurwa kwevaJudha kubva kuna Hitler raive 'risinganzwisisike.' Ari parwendo rwokuenda kuUnited States, Edheni yakatsanangurira Cordell Hull, munyori wehurumende, kuti kunetseka kwechokwadi nekukumbira Hitler kuvaJudha ndiko kuti 'Hitler angatitora kune chero ipi zvayo, uye ipapo hapana zvingarava zvakakwana uye nzira dzokufambisa munyika kuti dzigadzirise. ' Churchill akabvumirana. 'Kunyange dai taive nemvumo yekubvisa vaJudha vose,' akanyora kudaro achipindura tsamba imwe inokumbira, 'kutakura voga kunounza dambudziko rinenge rakaoma kugadzirisa.' Kwete kutumira uye kutakura zvakakwana here? Makore maviri izvi zvisati zvaitika, vaBrithani vakanga vabuda varume vanenge 340,000 kubva kumahombekombe e Dunkirk mumazuva mapfumbamwe chete. IUnited Air Force yaiva nezviuru zve ndege itsva. Munguva yekutonga kwechidimbu, vaAllies vaigona kufamba ndege uye kutakura vapoteri vakawanda kwazvo kubva muGermany sphere. "
Rutivi "rwakanaka" rwehondo haruna kungoisa ruzivo pamusoro pezvaizova muenzaniso mukuru wehuipi hwe "zvakaipa" kurutivi rwehondo.
Hondo yakanga isiri kuzvidzivirira. Mhosva inogona kuitwa kuti US inofanira kupinda muhondo kuEurope kudzivirira dzimwe nyika, dzakanga dzakapinda kuti dzidzivirire dzimwe nyika, asi nyaya inogonawo kuitika kuti US inowedzera kukurudzira kwevanhu, kuwedzera hondo, uye zvakakonzera kukanganisa kudarika zvingave zvakaitika, dai US asina kuita chinhu, akaedza kuita dhizimano, kana kuiswa mune zvekusagadzikana. Kutaura kuti umambo hweNazi hwakanga huri kukura pane rimwe zuva hunosanganisira basa reUnited States rakanyanyisa kubatwa uye risingabhadharwi nemamwe emangwana kana emamwe mienzaniso kubva kune dzimwe hondo.
Iye zvino tava kuziva zvakawanda zvakanyanya uye nedzimwe nhepfenyuro isingaiti kusagadzikana kwebasa uye kusaruramisira zvinowanzobudirira-uye kubudirira ikoko kunogona kupedzisira-kudarika kushorwa kwechisimba. Nezivo iyi, tinogona kutarisa shure kubudirira kunoshamisa kwezviito zvisingaiti zvekupikisana nevaNazi zvakanga zvisina kurongeka zvakanaka kana kuvakwa kunze kwekubudirira kwavo kwekutanga.
Hondo Yakanaka yakanga isiri yakanaka kune mauto. Vasina huro hwemazuva ano kudzidziswa uye kugadzikana kwepfungwa kuti vagadzirire masoja kuti vaite chiito chisina kusimba chekuuraya, vamwe 80 muzana yeUnited States nemamwe mauto muHondo Yenyika II havana kupisa zvombo zvavo pa "muvengi." Ichokwadi chokuti veterans veWWII vairapwa zviri nani mushure mehondo kupfuura mamwe mauto kare kare kana kuti, kubva mugumisiro wakagadzirwa neBonus Army mushure mehondo yapfuura. Veterans ivavo vakapiwa yekoroji yekusununguka, utano hwehutano, uye pensions yakanga isingakonzerwi nekodzero yehondo kana kuti neimwe nzira chikonzero chehondo. Pasina hondo, munhu wose aigona kupiwa koreji yekusununguka kwemakore mazhinji. Kana tikapa hureji yekusununguko kune vose nhasi, zvingadai zvinoda zvakawanda kupfuura Hollywoodized World War II nyaya kuti vanhu vakawanda vauye kunzvimbo dzekudzidzira zvechiuto.
Nenguva dzakawanda nhamba yevanhu vakaurayiwa mumisasa yeGermany vakaurayiwa kunze kwavo muhondo. Ruzhinji rwevanhu ivavo rwakanga ruri vanhu. Chiyero chekuuraya, kukuvadza, uye kuparadza kwakaita kuti WWII ive chinhu chakaipisisa chakaitwa nevanhu pachavo munguva shoma kwenguva. Isu tinofungidzira zvibatanidzwa zvaive "zvakapesana" nekuuraya kuduku kuduku mumisasa. Asi izvozvo hazvikwanise kururamisa mushonga waive wakaipa kudarika chirwere.
Kuwedzera kwehondo kunosanganisira kuparadzwa kwevanhu vese nemaguta, kusvika pakuguma kusingakanganwiki kwemaguta kwakatora WWII kunze kwemamiriro emapurojekiti anodzivirirwa kune vazhinji vakange vadzivirira kutanga kwayo. Kurayira kusazvipira kusingagumi uye kutsvaka kuwedzera kufa uye kutambura kwakaunza kukuvara kukuru ndokusiya nhaka yakaipa uye inotyisa.
Kuuraya huwandu hwevanhu hunofanirwa kudzivirirwa ne "zvakanaka" kurutivi muhondo, asi kwete ye "zvakaipa". Kusiyanisa pakati pezviviri hakusi kungofanana nekufungidzira. IUnited States yakanga ine nhoroondo yakareba sehutongerwe enyika. Nzira dzekuAmerica dzokudzvinyirira vanhu veAfrica dzeAmerica, kuedza kuparadza VaAmerica veAmerica, uye ikozvino vaidzidzira maJapan maAmerica uye vakapa mapurogiramu chaiwo akafuridzira vaJazia veGermany-izvi zvaisanganisira misasa yeVanhu veAmerica, uye mapurogiramu eugenics nekuedza kwevanhu kwakambovapo, panguva, uye mushure mehondo.
Chimwe chezvirongwa izvi chaisanganisira kupa saruphi kuvanhu vomuGuatemala panguva imwechete miedzo yeNuremberg yaiitika. Hondo yeUnited States yakashandira mazana emaNazi makuru pakuguma kwehondo; iyo inokodzera imomo. IU.S. inotarisira humambo hwepasi rose, hondo isati yatanga, panguva iyo, uye kubva iko. ChiGermany neNazizi nhasi, zvisingabvumirwi kujeka mureza weNazi, dzimwe nguva inowedzera mureza weChristian States of America panzvimbo.
Rutivi "rwakanaka" rwe "hondo yakanaka," bato rakauraya zvakanyanya nekufira iro rakakunda divi, raive koministi Soviet Union. Izvo hazviite kuti hondo ive kukunda kwecommunism, asi zvinokanganisa ngano dzeWashington neHollywood dzekukunda kwe "democracy."
Hondo Yenyika II haisati yapera. Vanhuwo zvavo muUnited States vakanga vasina mari yavo yekubhadhara mari kusvikira muHondo Yenyika II uye izvo hazvina kumbomira. Zvaifanira kunge zvenguva pfupi. WWII-nguva nheyo dzakagadzirwa pasi pose hazvina kumbovharwa. Mauto eUnited States haana kumbobva Germany kana Japan. Kune huwandu hwe100,000 US neBritish mabhomba achiri pasi muGermany, achiri kuuraya.
Kudzokera makore 75 kunyika yenyukireya-isina, nyika yekoloni yezvivako zvakasiyana zvakasiyana siyana, mitemo, uye tsika kuti ruramisire icho chave chiri mari yakakura yeUnited States mumakore ose kubva ipapo kubva pane zvinoshamisa zvekuzvinyengera izvo zvisiri ' t akaedza mukururamisirwa kwechinhu chipi zvacho chakaitwa. Tifunga kuti ndine zvimwe zvose zvakashata zvachose, uye iwe unotofanira kutsanangura kuti chiitiko chinobva mukutanga kwe1940s chinoruramisa kurasa madhiriyoni emadhora e2017 muhondo yemari ingadai yakashandiswa kufudza, kupfeka, kurapa, nekugara mamiriyoni evanhu vanhu, uye kuchengetedza nyika.
