NaPeter van den Dungen
Kubatana ndiko kugona kushanda pamwe chete kuti muone chiono chakafanana. … Ndiwo mafuta anobvumidza vanhuwo zvavo kuwana mibairo isingawanzoitika. -Andrew Carnegie
Sezvo iyi iri musangano wekushandura wehutano uye kurwisana nehondo, uye sezvo ichiri kutarisana nechepakati pezana remakore reHondo Yenyika Yenyika Ikutanga, ndichaisa mhinduro dzangu kune dzimwe nyaya dzinotarisirwa nezana remakore dzinofanira kutarisa uye munzira umo musangano werugare unogona kuita kuti zviyeuchidzo zviitiko zvichave zvichipararira kune makore mana ari kuuya. Zviitiko zvakawanda zvekuyeuchidza kwete muEurope chete kunze kwenyika inopa mukana wekurwisana nehondo uye rugare rwechikwata chokuzivisa uye kufambira mberi zvarongwa.
Zvinoratidzika zvakadaro kusvika parizvino purogiramu iyi inonyanya kusipo kubva purogiramu yepamusoro yekuyeuchidza, kunyanya kuBritain apo zvinyorwa zvepurogiramu yakadaro yakatanga kupiwa pa 11th Gunyana 2012 neHurezidhendi David Cameron muhurukuro paImperial War Museum muLondon [1]. Akazivisa ikoko kusarudzwa kwemuongorori anokosha, uye bhendi rezano, uyewo kuti hurumende yaive ichipa mari yakakwana ye £ 50 mamiriyoni. Chinangwa chikuru chekuyeukwa kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese yakange katatu, akati: 'kukudza avo vakashanda; kurangarira avo vakafa; uye kuvimbisa kuti zvidzidzo zvadzidza zvinogara nesu nokusingaperi. Isu (kureva., Runyararo rwenyama) inobvumirana kuti 'kukudza, kuyeuka, uye kudzidza zvidzidzo' zvechokwadi zvakakodzera, asi zvinogona kusawirirana pamusoro pechimiro chaicho uye zvakagadziriswa pane zvinenge zvichirongwa pasi pematatu aya.
Usati wagadzirisa nyaya iyi, zvingabatsira kuratidza muchidimbu chii chiri kuitwa muBritain. Pakati pemamiriyoni e50, £ 10 mamiriyoni akapiwa kuImperial War Museum iyo Cameron inofadza zvikuru. Zvinodarika £ 5 mamiriyoni zvakagoverwa kuchikoro, kuitira kuti kushanya kwevadzidzi nevadzidzisi kuenda kunzvimbo dzehondo muBelgium neFrance. Kufanana nehurumende, BBC yakagadzawo mutungamiriri chaiye wekutanga World War Centenary. Zvirongwa zvayo zvezvi, zvakashumwa pa 16th Gumiguru 2013, yakakura uye inokurudzira kupfuura chero ipi zvayo ipi zvayo yakamboitwa. [2] Mutambo wenhepfenyuro uye muterevhizheni wehurumende akatumirwa pamusoro pezvirongwa zve 130, nepamapuraneti eA2,500 maawa ekuparidzira paredhiyo neTV. Semuenzaniso, redhiyo yeBBC yepamutemo, BBC Radio 4, yakapa imwe yemitambo yakakurumbira yakakurumbira nguva dzose, ichitarisa 600 episodes, uye inosangana neimba yepamberi. I BBC, pamwe neImperial War Museum, iri kuvaka 'digital cenotaph' ine chikamu chisingambofungidziki chezvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza. Inokurudzira vashandisi kuisa tsamba, diaries, uye mifananidzo yezvakaitika zvehama dzavo munguva yehondo. Izvo webhusaiti iyo ichapawo ruzivo rwekutanga kune mamwe anopfuura mamiriyoni e8 emitambo yebasa remauto akachengetedzwa neMusimusi. MunaJuly 2014, iyo Museum inobata hurukuro yakareba yeHondo Yenyika I yakamboonekwa (inonzi Chokwadi & Ndangariro: yeBritish Art yeHondo Yenyika Yekutanga). [3] Pachava nemuenzaniso wakafanana muTate Modern (London) uye Imperial War Museum North (Salford, Manchester).
Kubva pakutanga, pakanga pane gakava muBrithani pamusoro pemamiriro ekuyeuchidza, kunyanya, kana izvi zvaivawo mhemberero - kupemberera, ndiko kuti, yekugadzirisa kweBritish uye kukunda pakupedzisira, nokudaro kuchengetedza rusununguko nehurumende, kwete chete nyika asi uyewo kune vashanduki (asi kwete kwete kumakoloni!). Vatungamiri vehurumende, vatungamiri vezvakaitika kare, vatori vehondo uye vatori venhau vakapindirana nharo; zvisingaiti zvakare mumiriri weGermany akabatanidzwa. Kana, sezvakataurwa naHurumende muhurukuro yake, chiyeuchidzo chinofanira kunge chiine musoro wekuyananisa, zvino izvi zvingaratidza kudikanwa kwekutaura (pane kugona gung-ho).
Kurwisana kwevoruzhinji kusvikira zvino, muBrithani chero ipi zvayo, yakave yakanzwisiswa nechinangwa chakanyanyisa, uye chave chichiitwa mumiganhu yakanyanya kutevedzwa. Chinhu chiripo kusvika ikozvino ndizvo zvinotevera uye zvinogona kushanda kune imwe nzvimbo zvakare.
- Plus ca change ...?
PAKUTANGA, uye hazvishamisi kuti zvichida, nharo yacho yakanyanya kufunga nezvekukonzera kwehondo uye nyaya yehondo. Izvi hazvifaniri kuvharidza chokwadi chokuti mbeu yehondo yakadyarwa zvakanaka vasati vaurawa muSarajevo. Izvo zvakakosha uye zvinovaka, uye zvisingagoni kupatsanurana, nzira inoda kuisa pfungwa kune dzimwe nyika kunze kwemaitiro epasi rose sezvose zvakaguma nehondo. Izvi zvichange zvichitaura nezvemasimba ehurudzi, hutongi, hutongi, hutongi huri pamwe chete hwakagadzirisa nzvimbo yezvombo zvehondo. Hondo yaiwanzoonekwa sekusingadzivisiki, inokosha, inokudzwa uye heroic.
Tinofanira kubvunza kuti zviyero izvi ndezvipi systemic zvinokonzera hondo - izvo zvakaguma muHondo Yenyika Yokutanga - zvichiri nesu nhasi. Maererano nevanotsvakurudza vanoverengeka, mamiriro ezvinhu nyika inozviwana nhasi haasi kuenzana kune yeEurope mushure mehondo mu1914. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, kukakavadzana pakati peJapan neChina kwakatungamirira vatauriri vakawanda kuti vaone kuti kana pane dambudziko rehondo huru nhasi, zvinogona kuva pakati penyika idzi - uye kuti zvichava zvakaoma kuzvichengetedza ivo uye nyika. Analogies nehizha re 1914 muEurope rakaitwa. Zvechokwadi, pagore reWorld Economic Forum rakaitwa muDosos munaJanuary 2014, Mutungamiri weJapan, Shinzo Abe, akapiwa kunzwa kwakanyatsonaka paakaenzanisa ikozvino Sino-Japanese kukwikwidzana neAnglo-German pane kutanga kwe20th zana remakore. [Izvozvi ndezvokuti nhasi China inokurumidza, isingashiviriri nehurumende yezvigadziriswa, sezvakaita Germany mu1914. IU.S., kufanana neBritain muna 1914, isimba guru rekugadzikana pakuonekwa sekunonoka. Japan, kufanana neFrance muna 1914, inobva mukuchengetedzwa kwayo pane izvo zvishoma zvinopera simba.] Rudzi rwemhirizhonga, uye sezvino, runogona kukonzera hondo. Maererano naMargaret Macmillan, munyori wenhau dzakaitika weOxford wekutanga yeHondo Yenyika, Middle East nhasi inewo kunetseka kwakafanana neBalkans mu1914. [4] Ichokwadi chaicho chokuti vatungamiriri vezvematongerwe enyika nevatori venhoroondo vanogona kutora zvinyorwa zvakadaro zvinofanira kuva chikonzero che kunetseka. Nyika haina kudzidza here kubva pamatambudziko e1914-1918? Mune rimwe rukudzo runokosha izvi hazvina mubvunzo nyaya yacho: inodaro inopfuurira kuve yakashonga, uye kushandisa simba uye kutyisidzira kwekumanikidzwa muhukama hwavo hwepasi pose.
Zvechokwadi, kune mazvino masangano epasi rose, kutanga uye mberi kweUnited Nations, ane chinangwa chikuru chekuchengetedza nyika murugare. Kune humwe hutano huri nani huri mumutemo wepasi rose uye masangano kuenda nawo. MuEurope, muvambi wehondo mbiri dzepasi pose, pane ikozvino Union.
Kunyange zvazvo ichi chiri kufambira mberi, masangano aya haana simba uye kwete pasina vatsoropodzi. Sangano rerugare rinogona kutora chikwereti chezviitiko izvi, uye rinozvipira kugadzirisa kweUnited States nekuita mitemo inokosha yemutemo wenyika dzakawanda iyo inonyatsozivikanwe uye inonyatsotevedzwa.
- Kuyeuka vanoita rugare nekukudza nhaka yavo
MUTSVENE, nhaurirano kusvikira ikozvino yakanyanyocherechedza chokwadi chokuti musangano wekurwisa hondo nevekugara wakagara uripo 1914 munyika dzakawanda. Sangano iroro rakange rine vanhu, mararamiro, masangano, uye masangano akanga asina kugoverana maonero akakurumbira pamusoro pehondo nerunyararo, uye iyo yakaedza kuunza nzira iyo hondo yakanga isisiri nzira inogamuchirwa kuti nyika dzigadzirise kukakavadzana kwavo.
Ichokwadi, 2014 haisi yezana chete yekutanga kweHondo Huru, asiwo bicentenary weboka rorugare. Mune mamwe mazwi, kuzadzwa kwezana remakore kusati kwatanga hondo mu 1914, kufamba ikoko kwakanga kuri kushingaira uye kunetseka kudzidzisa vanhu nezvehungwaru nehuipi hwehondo, uye zvakanakira uye mikana yorugare. Munguva iyoyo yezana remakore rokutanga, kubva pakuguma kwehondo dzeNapoleonic kusvika pakutanga kweHondo Yenyika Yese, kubudirira kwechikwata chekururama kwaive, kupesana nemafungiro akapararira, zvakakosha. Zviri pachena, sangano rekuramba harina kubudirira mukudzivisa njodzi iyo yaiva Hondo Yenyika, asi izvozvo hazvibviri kuderedza kukosha kwayo uye zvakakodzera. Asi, izvi bicentenary hakuna nzvimbo inotaurwa - sekunge sangano iroro harina kumbovapo, kana kuti harina kukodzera kuyeukwa.
Sangano rerugare rakamuka mushure mekupedzisira kweNapoleonic Wars, zvose muBritain uye USA. Sangano iroro, iro rakapararira zvishoma nezvishoma kunyika yeEurope uye kune dzimwe nzvimbo, rakateya nheyo dzevakawanda vezvivako uye zvigadzirwa zvepamakwikwi enyika dzakawanda zvingasvika pakubudirira gare gare muzana ramakore, uye zvakare shure kweHondo Huru - sekuda kwekukakavara senzira yakarurama uye yepamusoro kune yakashata. Zvimwe pfungwa dzakasimudzirwa nehurumende yekutenderera dzakanga dzisingabvumirwi, sangano rehurumende, European Union, mutemo wenyika dzakawanda, sangano rose renyika, decolonization, kusunungurwa kwevakadzi. Zvakawanda zvemashoko aya zvakasvika pakupedzisira mushure mehondo yenyika ye20th zana remakore, uye mamwe akave akazadzika, kana zvimwe zvishoma.
Sangano rerugare raibudirira zvikuru mumakumi makumi emakore apfuura Hondo Yenyika I apo hurongwa hwayo hwakasvika kune hukuru hwehurumende hunoonekwa, somuenzaniso, muHague Peace Conferences ye1899 ne1907. Chikonzero chaicho chemakwikwi aya asina kumboitika - akatevera chikumbiro (1898) naTsar Nicholas II kuti amise nhangemutange yezvombo, uye kutsiva hondo nekugadzirisa runyararo - ndiyo yekuvakwa kweMuzinda weRugare wakazarura mikova yayo mu1913, uye yakarongeka yakapera muna August 2013. Kubva 1946, ndeyechokwadi chigaro cheNyika Dare Dzekutonga kweUN. Nyika inobhadhara Peace Palace kune munificence yaAndrene Carnegie, Scottish-American steel tycoon uyo akava piyona wekuponesa kwemazuva ano uye uyo aivewo munhu ane simba rehondo. Sezvisina mumwe munhu, akapa zvipo zvekutsvaga kutsvaga rugare rwepasi, izvo zvakawanda zvichange zvichiripo nhasi.
Nepo Rugare Rwenyika, iyo inovaka Dare Repamusorosoro reRubatsiro, rinorinda basa rayo rakakwirira rekutsvaira hondo nehurumende, gwaro reCarnegie rakapiwa nerunyararo rwekune rugare, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), yakanyatsotsauka kubva pakutenda kwayo akatanga kubvisa kwehondo, nokudaro nekudzivisa sangano rerugare rwezvinhu zvakawanda zvinodiwa. Izvi zvinogona kunge zvichitsanangura kuti sei kufamba ikoko kusina kukura kuva kufamba kwevanhu vakawanda izvo zvinogona kuita kuti hurumende iwedzere kushanda. Ndinotenda kuti zvakakosha kufungisisa pamusoro pechinguvana. Muna 1910 Carnegie, uyo akanga ari wekuAmerica anonyanya kuzivikanwa nerunyararo, uye munhu akapfuma kwazvo munyika, akapa mhirizhonga yake ne $ 10 mamiriyoni. Mune mari yanhasi, iyi ndiyo yakaenzana ne $ 3,5 bhiriyoni. Chimbofungidzira kuti kurongedza kworugare - kureva, kufamba kwekugumisa kwehondo-kunogona kuita nhasi kana yakakwanisa kuwana mari yakadaro, kana kunyange chikamu chayo. Zvinosuruvarisa, apo Carnegie aida kukurudzira uye kuita zvechisimba, vatongi vemapato ake Peace Endowment vaifarira kutsvakurudza. Kubva kare 1916, pakati peHondo Yenyika Yekutanga, mumwe wevamiririri vakatotaura kuti zita rechigadziro rinofanira kushandurwa kuCarnegie Endowment for International Justice.
Apo iyo Simba iri rapemberera zuva rayo 100th chiitiko chekuyeuka, Mutungamiri wayo (Jessica T. Mathews), akadana sangano 'yekare yezvematongerwo enyika funga tangi muUnited States '[5] Anoti chinangwa chavo chaive, mumashoko omusunguri, kuti' kukurumidze kubviswa kwehondo, kusvibiswa kunonyanya kuipa pahupfumi hwedu ', asi anowedzera,' icho chinangwa chakanga chisingagoneki '. Muzvokwadi, aive achidzokorora izvo izvo mutungamiri weWendowment panguva ye1950s uye 1960s akanga ambotaura kare. Joseph E. Johnson, aichimbova mukuru weDhipatimendi reDhipatimendi reUnited States, 'akaita kuti chikwata chacho chirege kubatsigirwa neUnited Nations nemamwe masangano emarudzi ose maererano nezvakaitika kare zvakabudiswa neWendowment pachake. Uyezve, '... kwekutanga, mutungamiri weCarnegie Endowment [akarondedzera] chiratidzo chaAndire Andrew Carnegie sechigadzirwa chezera rakapfuura, pane kufemerwa kwezvino. Chero tariro yehugare husingagumi yaiva chirevo ". [6] Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Yokutanga yakamanikidza Carnegie kuti aongorore kufunga kwake kwekutenda kuti hondo yaizo"nokukurumidza kuraswa sechinyadzisa kuvanhu vakabudirira "asi hazvigoneki kuti akasiya kutenda kwake zvachose. Akashingaira kutsigira pfungwa yaWoldrow Wilson yenhlangano yenyika yose uye akafara apo Mutungamiri akabvuma zita raCarnegie rakarongerwa, iro 'League of Nations'. Aine tariro, akafira mu1919. Aizotii pamusoro pevaya vakatungamira Simba ravo guru reRunyararo kubva kune tariro uye kubva kune chivimbo chokuti hondo inogona uye inofanira kuparadzwa? Uye nenzira iyo zvakare yakaderedza hurumende yekuramba kubva pane zvakakosha zvigadziro zvakakosha kuti iite zvinokonzera chikonzero chayo chikuru? Ban Ki-moon ndeyechokwadi paanotaura, uye anodzokorora achiti, 'Nyika yakapfuura-yakashonga uye rugare rusingabhadharwi mari'. Iko 'Zuva Rokuita Rokuita Pamasoja Emasoja' (GDAMS), rokutanga rakarongedzerwa ne International International Bureau Bureau, iri kunyatsotarisa nyaya iyi (4th edition on 14th April 2014). [7]
Imwe nhaka inotangira Hondo Yenyika I musangano wekune rugare wepasi rose inobatanidza nezita romumwe bhizimisi akabudirira uye rugare philanthropist, uyo aivawo musayendisiti akakurumbira: muSweden muumbi weAlfred Nobel. Iko Nobel Peace Prize, yakatanga kupiwa mu1901, inonyanya kuguma nekushamwaridzana kwake naBertha von Suttner, mutevedzeri weAustria uyo panguva imwechete akanga ari munyori wake muParis, kunyange kwevhiki imwe bedzi. Akava mutungamiri asingafungidziki wesangano kubva panguva iyo nhoroondo yake yakanakisisa, Isa pasi Pako maoko (Die Waffen nieder!) akaonekwa mu1889, kusvikira afa, makore makumi maviri nemashanu gare gare, pa 21st June 1914, vhiki imwe vasati vasvika kuSarajevo. Pa 21st June wegore rino (2014), tinoyeuka makore zana ekufa kwake. Ngatisarege kukangamwa kuti iyi ndeye 125th chirangaridzo chekubudiswa kwebhuku rake rakakurumbira. Ndinoda kuverenga izvo Leo Tolstoi, uyo aiziva chinhu kana mbiri pamusoro pehondo norugare, akanyora kwaari muna October 1891 mushure mekunge averenga rwiyo rwake: 'Ndinonyanya kukoshesa basa rako, uye pfungwa yacho inouya kwandiri kuti kubudiswa kwe nhau yako inofadza. - Kubviswa kweuranda kwakatangira nebhuku rakakurumbira remukadzi, Mai Beecher Stowe; Mwari anopa kuti kubviswa kwehondo kunatevere pane yako. "[8] Zvechokwadi, hapana mukadzi akaita zvakawanda kuti arwise hondo kupfuura Bertha von Suttner. [9]
Inogona kukakavhirwa kuti Isa Pasi Zvombo Zvako ndiro bhuku rekusikwa kweNobel Peace Prize (iyo munyori akazova mukadzi wokutanga kugamuchira mu 1905). Mubayiro iwoyo, chaizvoizvo, mubairo weboka rerugare sezvakamiririrwa naBertha von Suttner, uye kunyanya, zvekudzivirira zvombo. Kuti inofanira zvakare kuva imwe yave yakabvumirana zvakasimba mumakore achangopfuura nemugweta weNorway uye mutori wenyika, Fredrik Heffermehl mubhuku rake rinonakidza, Nobel Peace Prize: Ndeipi Nobel Chaizvo Chaida. [10]
Mamwe emitambo inotungamirira yekutanga-1914 rushandirapamwe runyararo yakaita kuti denga nepasi zvikurudzire vamwe vagari vemo zvekugadzirisa kwehondo huru yeramangwana uye yekudikanwa kuzvidzivirira zvachose. Mukutengeserana kwake, The Great Illusion: Chidzidzo cheHukama hweHondo reMasimba muMarudzi kuHurumende neHurumende Inobatsira, Mutori wenhau weChirungu Norman Angell akatsigira kuti kudzvinyirira kwezvematongerwe enyika uye kwezvemari yezvematongerwo enyika kwakagadzirisa hondo pakati pavo kusinganzwisisiki uye kunopesana nekubudirira, zvichikonzera kuparadza kukuru mune zvehupfumi uye zvemagariro. [11]
Zvose panguva uye shure kwehondo, manzwiro aiwanzobatanidzwa nehondo aive 'kuora mwoyo', achitsigira zvakanyanya kutenderera kweAngell. Mamiriro ehondo, pamwe nemigumisiro yaro, yaiva kure neicho chakanga chatarisirwa. Zvakanga zvakatarisirwa, muchidimbu, zvaive 'hondo sezvaiwanzoita'. Izvi zvakaratidzwa mumutauro wakakurumbira, munguva pfupi mushure mekutanga kwehondo, kuti 'vakomana vacho vaizove vari kunze kwematanda uye kumba neKrisimasi'. Zvimwe zvaive, zvechokwadi, Krisimasi 1914. Muchiitiko ichocho, avo vakapukunyuka kuurayiwa kwevakawanda vakadzokera kumba kwemakore makumi mana gare gare.
Chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha kutsanangura kusanzwisiswa kwemafungiro uye mafungiro asina kunaka pamusoro pehondo ndechokushaya kwekufungidzira kweavo vaibatanidzwa mukuronga nekuita kwayo. [12] Havana kuona kuti kufambira mberi kwezvigadzirwa zvemichina - kunyanya, kuwedzera kwekupisa moto kuburikidza ne mhonga yemapurisa - akanga aita hondo dzepaduku pakati pemakungwa asina kushandiswa. Kufambira mberi pamunda wehondo hakuzoitike, uye mauto aizozvivhara mumigero, zvichiita kuti zvive nyore. Ichokwadi chehondo, yezvakanga zvasvika - viz. hurumende yakawanda kuuraya - yaizozarurirwa chete apo hondo yaifamba (uye kunyange ipapo vatungamiriri vakanga vasinganono kudzidza, sezvakanyatsoratidzwa munyaya yeBritain mukuru-mukuru, General Douglas Haig).
Asi, muna 1898, makore gumi nemashanu asati aguma hondo, muPolish -Russia muzvinabhizimisi uye piyona wekutsvakurudza runyararo rwemazuva ano, Jan Bloch (1836-1902), akanga ataura mubhuku reuprofita 6-volume pamusoro pehondo ye remangwana kuti iyi ingadai iri hondo sezvisina imwe. "Pamusana pehondo huru inotevera munhu anogona kutaura pamusoro peRendez-iwe nerufu" akanyora mumutauro weGermany edition yebasa rake guru. [13] Akakakavadzana ndokuratidza kuti hondo yakadaro yakanga isati yamboita 'isingabviri' - haigoneki, ndiko kuti, kunze kwemutengo wekuzviuraya. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo izvo hondo, iyo yakasvika, yakaratidza kuva: kuzviuraya kweEuropéan kubudirira, kusanganisira kuparadzwa kweumambo hweAustria-Hungarian, Ottoman, Romanov uye Wilhelmine. Pakazopera, hondo yakanga yaperawo nyika sekunge vanhu vaizviziva. Izvi zvakanyatsotsanangurwa mumusoro wemashoko anonyaradza aiye akamira 'pamusoro pehondo', munyori weAustria munyori Stefan Zweig: Nyika Yezuro. [14]
Ava vanoita pacifists (avo vaZweig vakanga vari vamwe, kunyange zvazvo asina kubatanidzwa muchikwata cherugare), avo vaida kudzivirira nyika dzavo kuti dziparadzwe muhondo, vaiva vechokwadi vechokwadi, asi kazhinji vaibatwa nokuzvidzwa uye vakadzingwa seveive idealists, utopians, cowards uye kunyange vatengesi. Asi ivo vakanga vasiri ivo vemhando. Sandi E. Cooper akakodzera kuti ave nechikwata chake chekudzidza musangano worugare Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese Isati yasvika: Patriotic Pacifism: Kurwara Hondo paHondo muEurope, 1815-1914.[15] Dai nyika yakanga yatora kunyanya kuteerera kwemashoko avo, njodzi yacho ingadai yakadziviswa. Sezvo Karl Holl, nyanzvi yevanyori vezvakaitika zvekuGermany, akacherechedza mukutaura kwake kune mbiri yakaisvonaka vade-mecum yehurumende yekutenderera muEurope-inotaura yeEurope: 'zvizhinji zvemashoko pamusoro penyaya yezvematongerwe enyika ehupenyu zvicharatidza kusava nechokwadi kuti kutambura kukuru kweEurope kwaizoita sei zvakaponeswa, dai nyevero dzeve pacifist dzisina kuwira nzeve dzakawanda dzisina matsi, uye dzaive nemaitiro anobatsira uye zvigadziro zvekugadzikana kwakarongeka kwakawana mukova mune zvematongerwe enyika nemauto ekukurukurirana '. [16]
Kana, sezvo Holl inoratidzika zvakanaka, kuziva kwekuvapo uye kubudirira kwehurongwa hwakarongeka wehukama Hondo Yenyika Yenyika Yese Isati yafanirwa inofanira kukurudzira vatsoropodzi vayo kune chiyero chekuzvininipisa, inofanira kunge panguva imwechete inopawo kukurudzira kune vatsivi venyika iyo nhasi . Kutaurazve Holl zvakare: 'Chivimbiso chekumira pamapfudzi evatori vekutanga avo, pasinei nekuvenga kana kusava nehanya kwevanhu venguva yavo, vakanyatsosimbiswa kune zvavanotenda, vachaita kuti sangano rerugare rwanhasi rive nani kukwanisa miedzo yakawanda kuora mwoyo. "[17]
Kuti awedzere kutukwa nekukuvadza, ava 'vagadziri vemangwana' (mumutauro weRoma Roma Rolland) havana kumbopiwa zvakakodzera. Hatiyeuke; haasi chikamu chezvakaitika kare sezvakadzidziswa mumabhuku ekuchikoro; pane zvifananidzo zvadzo uye hapana magwagwa anonzi mazita avo. Iko maonero akafanana-siyana emanhoroondo atinenge tichitumira kumarudzi anotevera! Chinonyanya kukoshesa kuedza kwevanyori venhoroondo dzakafanana naKarl Holl nevamwe vake vauya pamwe chete mubato reKushandira Group Historical Peace Research (Arbeitskreis Historische Friedensforschung), kuti kuvapo kweGermany yakasiyana zvikuru kwakaratidzwa mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. [18] Mukusanganiswa uku ini ndinodawo kubhadhara mutero kuimba yekudhinda yakagadzwa muBrmen nerunyararo wenhau dzakaitika kare Helmut Donat. Tinovonga, isu iye zvino tine makirasi ekuwedzera ezvinyorwa zvezvinyorwa uye zvimwe zvidzidzo maererano nehutano hwemagariro eGermany rwema-pre-1914 uye nguva dzepakati. Mhedzisiro yeimba yake yekudhinda inofadza: Haikwanisi kuwana muparidzi wehupenyu hwake hweHaas Paasche - mukuru wevashambadziri uye wekolonial uyo akazova muongorori wechiGermany chitendero chisimba uye uyo akaurayiwa nemauto emarudzi mu1920 - Donat akabudisa bhuku rake (1981), wekutanga wevakawanda kuonekwa muDonat Verlag. [19] Zvinosuruvarisa, sezvo zvishoma zvinyorwa izvi zvakashandurirwa muchiChirungu, hazvina kukanganisa zvikuru pfungwa, yakapararira muBritain, yenyika uye vanhu vakapinda muhurumende yePrussia, uye vasina sangano rekugara.
Uyewo kune dzimwe nzvimbo, kunyanya muU.SA, vanyori venhau vorugare vakaungana pamwe chete mumakore makumi mashanu apfuura (yakasimbiswa neHondo yeVietnam) kuitira kuti nhoroondo yeboka rerugare iri kuwedzera kunyatsorongedzerwa-kupa kwete kungotaura zvakarurama, kwakanyatsojeka, uye kwechokwadi maererano nezvenyaya yehondo nerunyararo, asi kupawo kukurudzira rugare uye varwi vehondo varwi nhasi. Chimwe chinhu chinokosha mukuedza uku ndeye Biographical Dictionary yeZvirevo zveNyika dzeMutungamiri, uye iyo inogona kuonekwa seshamwari yevheti kuDonat-Holl Lexikon, kuwedzera kuwanda kwayo kunyika yose.
Ndiri kureva kudai kuti mukuyeukwa kweHondo Yenyika Yenyika Dzepasi Pose isu tinofanira kubhadhara, kutanga, ku-systemic zvinhu izvo zvakakonzera hondo uye, zvechipiri, zvakare inofanira kuyeuka nekukudza avo avo, mumakumi emakore vasati vasvika 1914, vakaita basa rakaoma kuti aunze nyika inobva pakarongerwa hondo. Kuziva kukuru uye kudzidzisa kwehupenyu hwehupenyu hakusi kungofadza, zvechokwadi kunokosha, kuvadzidzi nevechidiki, asi kunowedzera kune zvese sevanhu. Mikana yekuendesa maonero akaenzana ezvakaitika kare - uye, kunyanya, ekukudza vanokurwisana nehondo - haafaniri kunge asipo kana kusakanganwa mukuyeukwa kwevaya vanourayiwa muhondo munzvimbo dzakawanda dzemauto muEurope uye munyika yose.
- Magamba ekusauraya
Tauya ikozvino kune kutarisa kweTIRD. Nezvokutanga Hondo Yenyika Yese, tinofanira kubvunza kuti kusakanganiswa nekusaziva (pane zvizvarwa zvekare) zvevaya vakanyevera nezvehondo, uye vakaita zvose zvavanogona kuti vadzivirire, zvaizoonekwa nemamiriyoni evarwi vakarasikirwa noupenyu hwavo mune dambudziko iroro. Ko vazhinji vavo vangave vasina kutarisira kuti hurumende ingadai ichikudzwa pamusoro pezvose zvinorangarirwa nevaya vaida kudzivirira kuurayiwa kwevakawanda? Is kuponesa hupenyu husingarevi kukudzwa uye hutsinye kupfuura kutora upenyu? Ngatiregei kukanganwa: masoja, mushure mezvose, akadzidziswa uye akagadzirirwa kuuraya, uye apo paanowa muchengeti wemuvengi, ichi ndicho chikonzero chinodzivirirwa chebasa ravakabatanidzwa, kana kuti vakamanikidzwa kupinda. Pano, tinofanira kutaurira zvakare Andrew Carnegie, uyo akavenga kusagadzikana kwehondo, uye akave nemimba uye akaisa 'Hero Fund' yekukudza 'heroes yekubudirira' yaaifananidza ne 'heroes of barbarism'. Akacherechedza chinetso chinotambudza chechigamba chakabatanidzwa nekudururwa kweropa muhondo, uye aida kuratidza kuvepo kwerudzi rwe purer rwechigamba. Akanga achida kukudza mauto ehurumende avo, dzimwe nguva vari pangozi yakawanda kune ivo pachavo, vakaponesa upenyu - kwete kuparadza nemaune. Chokutanga chakagadzwa muguta rake rePittsburgh, Pennsylvania mu1904, mumakore akazotevera akasimbisa Hero Fund mune nyika gumi dzeEurope, dzakawanda dzaive dzichipemberera makore zana emakore akapfuura [20]. MuGermany, mumakore achangopfuura kuedza kwakaitwa kuti vadzosezve Carnegie Stiftung fuer Lebensretter.
Munyaya iyi zvakakosha kutaura nezvebasa ra Glenn Paige neCent for Global Nonkilling (CGNK) yaakasimbisa paYunivhesiti yeHawaii 25 makore apfuura. [21] Uyu mhare weKorea Hondo, uye musayendisiti wezvematongerwe enyika, ane akataura kuti tariro uye kutenda mumunhu uye mikana yevanhu zvine simba rekuchinja sangano nenzira huru. Kuisa munhu mumwedzi kwaive kwenguva refu kunofungidzirwa hope isina tariro asi zvakakurumidza kuitika munguva yedu apo maonero, simba uye sangano revanhu pamwe chete kuti zviitike. Paige anonyengetedza anotaura kuti kushanduka kwenyika kusingabatsiri kunogona kuwanikwa nenzira imwe chete, kana chete tikatenda mazviri, uye takatsunga kuzviunza. Kuyeuka kwemakore mana kwenguva refu kuurayiwa kwehuwandu hwehuwandu hwemabhizimisi, hahukwanisi uye hauna hanya kana hukasabatanidze kukurukurirana kwebvunzo iyo CGNK inosangana nayo, zvichireva, 'Takasvika kusvika papi muhupenyu hwedu?' Kunyange zvazvo kufambira mberi kwesayenzi neyemagetsi kwakazara, hondo, kuponda uye kuparadza zvinoramba zvichinetseka. Mubvunzo wekuda uye mukana wekusava nehupfumi hwepasi rose unofanirwa kuwana zvakakosha zvikuru panguva ino.
- Kuparara kwezvombo zvenyukireya
CHISVENE, kurangarirwa kweHondo Yenyika Yekutanga iyo inongova yekuyeuka nekukudza avo vakafira mairi (kana vachiuraya), inofanira kuita imwe chete, uye zvichida kwete iyo inonyanya kukosha, chiyeuchidzo. Rufu rwemamiriyoni, uye kutambura kwevamwe vakawanda (kusanganisira avo vakaremara, vangave mumuviri kana mupfungwa, kana vose vari vaviri, kusanganisira chirikadzi dzakawanda nenherera), ingadai yakanyanya kugamuchirwa kana hondo yakakonzera kurashikirwa kukuru uye kurwadziwa kwaive zvechokwadi yakanga iri hondo yekugumisa hondo yose. Asi izvozvo zvakaratidza kure kurega.
Ndeipi mauto akarasikirwa nehupenyu hwavo muHondo Yenyika Yekutanga vanoti vaifanira kudzoka nhasi, uye pavaizozviwana, panzvimbo yekugumisa hondo, hondo yakatanga mu1914 yakaunza imwe yakakura, zvisati zvasvika makumi maviri shure kwekuguma yeHondo Yenyika I? Ndiri kuyeuchidzwa kwechitambo chine simba neAmerican playwright, Irwin Shaw, akadanwa Viga Vakafa. Chokutanga chakaitwa muNew York City munaMarch 1936, mubasa iri pfupi, rimwe chete, mauto matanhatu eUnited States akaurawa muhondo havadi kuvigwa. [22] Vanochema zvakaitika kune avo - hupenyu hwavo hupfupika, vakadzi vavo chirikadzi , vana vavo nherera. Uye zvose nokuda kwei-nokuda kwemadiyoni mashoma edope, mumwe anonyunyuta achinyunyuta. Zvitunha, zvimire mumakuva akave akachera kwavari, vanoramba kurara pasi uye vanobvunzurudzwa-kunyange kana vakarayirwa kuti vaite saizvozvo nevakuru vakuru, mumwe wavo anotaura mukusuwa, 'Havana kumbotaura chero chinhu pamusoro pechinhu ichi West Point. ' Dhipatimendi reHondo, ruzivo rwemamiriro ezvinhu anoshamisa, inorambidza nyaya yacho kuziviswa. Pakupedzisira, uye sekuedza kwekupedzisira, madzimai evarwi ehondo, kana musikana, kana amai, kana hanzvadzi, vanoshevedzwa kuti vauye kumakuva kunokurudzira varume vavo kuti vazvivigire kuvigwa. Mumwe anodzokorora, 'Zvichida kune vakawanda vedu pasi pasi zvino. Zvichida nyika haigone kumira zvakare '. Kunyange muprista anotenda kuti varume vane dhiabhorosi uye anoita shanje haakwanisi kuita kuti varwi varare pasi. Pakupedzisira, zvitunha zvinotama kubva panhandare kuti zvifambe panyika, zvinopomerwa zvinopesana neupenzi hwehondo. (Munyori, nenzira, akazonyoreswa panguva yeMcCarthy kutyisa ndokuenda kunogara kuEurope kwemakore 25).
Ndinofunga kuti zvakanaka kufungidzira kuti aya mauto masere angadai asina kunyatsogadzirira kurega kusimudza manzwi avo (uye zvitunha) mukurwisana nehondo kana vaizoziva nezvekugadzirwa, kushandisa, uye kupararira kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Zvichida ndiyo hibakusha, avo vakapukunyuka mabhomba eAromamiki neNagasaki munaAugust 1945, avo nhasi vanofanana nemasoja aya. The hibakusha (iyo nhamba dzacho dziri kukurumidza kuderera nekuda kwekwegura) zvishoma nezvishoma zvakapukunyuka rufu muhondo. Kune vazhinji vavo, gehena vanga vari mukati, uye kutambura kwakakura kwepanyama uye kwepfungwa kwakanyanyisa hupenyu hwavo, kwakangoberekwa chete nekuda kwekuzvipira kwavo kwakadzika midzi pakugumisa zvombo zvenyukireya, uye zvehondo. Izvo chete izvi zvakapa zvinoreva upenyu hwavo hwakaparadzwa. Zvisinei, inofanira kuva chikonzero chekutsamwa kukuru pamwe nekurwadziwa kwavari, zvokuti, kunyange makore makumi manomwe gare gare, nyika inoramba ichingoramba isingachemi kuchema kwavo - 'Hachisirizve Hiroshima kana Nagasaki, hazvichazovizve nhumbi yenyukireya, hapana hondo!' Uyezve, hachisi chinhu chinonyadzisa chokuti munguva iyi yose yeNorway Nobel Komiti haina kuona zvakakosha kupa chikamu chimwe chete muhomwe huru hibakusha yakatsaurirwa kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya? Nobel zvirokwazvo aiziva zvose pamusoro pezvipuka, uye akafanoona zvombo zvekuparadza kwakawanda uye akatya kudzokera kuchisimba kana hondo isina kubviswa. The hibakusha ari uchapupu hupenyu hwehutsinye.
Kubva 1975 komiti yeNobel muOslo inoratidzika kuti yakatanga tsika yekupa mubairo wekugumisa nyukliya kwemakore gumi anotevera: mu 1975 mubayiro wakaenda kuna Andrei Sakharov, mu1985 kuPPNW, muna 1995 kuna Joseph Rotblat naPugwash, mu2005 kuMohamed ElBaradei uye IAEA. Mubayiro wakadaro unokonzerwa zvakare gore rinotevera (2015) uye rinowanzoita sechiratidzo-ism. Izvi zvose zvinonyadzisa, uye zvisingagamuchirwi, kana tichibvumirana nemafungiro, ataurwa kare, kuti mubairo waireva kuva umwe wekusagadzirisa zvombo. Dai iye aive mupenyu nhasi, Bertha von Suttner angangodaro amudana bhuku rake, Isa pasi Pako Nyukliya Arms. Zvechokwadi, chimwe chezvinyorwa zvake pamusoro pehondo nerunyararo zvine chindori chemazuva ano: Mu 'The Barbarisation of the Sky' akafanotaura kuti matambudziko ehondo aizouya zvakare kubva kumatenga kana rutsanga rwemauto rwakashata haruna kugadziriswa. [23] Nhasi, vazhinji vakaurayiwa vasina mhosva yehondo ye drone vanobatana nevaya veGernika, Coventry, Cologne, Dresden, Tokyo, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, nedzimwe nzvimbo nzvimbo dzakapoteredza nyika dzakasangana nezvakaipa zvemazuva ano zvehondo.
Nyika inoenderera mberi kurarama yakaipa zvikuru. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kuri kuuya nengozi itsva uye inowedzera. Asi kunyange avo vanoramba kuti zvakagadzirwa nevanhu havagoni kuramba kuti zvombo zvenyukireya zvakagadzirwa nevanhu, uye kuti kuparadza kwe nyukireya kunogona kunge kwakakwana kwevanhu pachavo. Inogona kungodziviswa nechinangwa chakatsunga chokugumisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Izvi hazvirevi chete kungwara nemitemo zvinongorayira, asiwo kururamisira uye mutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Kubiridzira uye unyengeri hwemasimba ezvombo zvenyukireya, kutanga uye kunyanya USA, UK, neFrance, zvinonyadzisa uye zvinonyadzisa. Zviratidzo zveNyukliya Isina Kuwedzerwa Kwechibvumirano (yakasayirwa mu1968, inotanga kushanda mu1970), inoramba ichinge isingazivi zvavanosungirwa kuti vataurirane nekutenda kwakanaka kwezvombo zvezvombo zvenyukireya. Pane kudaro, ivo vose vanobatanidzwa pakugadzirisa mafungiro avo, kuparadza mabhiriyoni ematambudziko. Izvi zviri mukuputsa kwakashata kwezvisungo zvavo izvo zvakasimbiswa mumutemo weParctic 1996 weNyika Dzemitemo Yezvemitemo pamusoro pe "Mutemo weKutyisa kana Kushandisa Nuclear Weapons". [24]
Zvinogona kukakavhirwa kuti kusanzwisisa nekusaziva kwevanhu vokwadi yezviitiko izvi. Mushandirapamwe wepasi rose uye wepasi pose uye masangano ekugadzirisa zvombo zvenyukireya anofarira kushandiswa kushingaira kwechikamu chiduku chevanhu. Mubairo, nguva dzose, weNobel mubayiro wekugadzirisa zvekugadzirisa zvombo zvenyukireya, waizova nemigumisiro yekuchengetedza ruzivo panyaya iyi pamwe nekupa kukurudzirwa nekusimbiswa kune vatsigiri. Izvozvi, zvinopfuura 'kukudzwa', izvo zvinoreva kukosha kwemubairo.
Panguva imwecheteyo, mutoro uye kukanganisa kwehurumende uye vezvematongerwo enyika nevakuru vehondo zvakajeka. Zvombo zvenyukireya zvishanu zvinotaura izvo zvinogara zviri nhengo dzeUnited Security Council zvakaramba kunyange kutora muhurukuro pamusoro pemigumisiro yevanhu yezvombo zvenyukireya yakagadzirwa muna March 2013 nehurumende yeNorway uye munaFebruary 2014 nehurumende yeMexico. Zviri pachena kuti vanotya kuti misangano iyi inotungamirira kune zvinodiwa zvekukurukurirana kubvisa zvombo zvenyukireya. Mukuparidzira musangano wekutevera muVienna mushure megore rimwe chete, Mutungamiriri wekuAustria wekune dzimwe nyika Sebastian Kurz akanyatsocherechedza, 'Chirevo chinowanikwa mukuparadzwa kwepasi rose hazvifaniri kuva nenzvimbo mu 21st muzana remakore ... Iyi hurukuro inonyanya kukosha muEurope, umo hondo yekutonhora inofunga ichiri kuwanda mune dzidziso dzekuchengeteka. "[25] Akati zvakare: 'tinofanira kushandisa chiyeuchidzo [yeHondo Yenyika I] kuti tishande nesimba kupfuura zvombo zvenyukireya , iyo nhaka yakaipisisa ye20th yezana remakore '. Tinofanira kunzwa izvi zvakare kubva kune dzimwe nyika vatungamiriri vezvombo zvenyukireya vanoti - kwete zvishoma Britain neFrance avo vane vanhu vakatambura zvikuru muhondo iyoyo. Nuclear Security Summits, iyo yechitatu iyo iri kuitirwa muna March 2014 muHague, inangwa yekudzivirira hugandanga hwezvigetsi pasi rose. Nhepfenyuro inofungisisa kuti isataure nezvehupenyu hwemazuva ano huripo hunomiririrwa nezvombo zvenyukireya uye zvinhu zvemasimba enyukireya zvombo. Izvi zvinoshamisa, sezvo chikwata ichi chiri kubatwa muThe Hague, guta rakatsanangurwa zvakajeka mukupedza kwepasi rese zvombo zvenyukireya (sekurairwa nedare repamusorosoro reUnited States riri muThe Hague).
- Nonviolence vs the Military-Industrial Complex
Ngationei kusvika kuFIFI kufunga. Tiri kutarisa panguva ye100-kubva ku1914 kusvika ku2014. Ngatimbomirai kwechinguva uye tiyeuke chiitiko chinenge chiri pakati, semu. 1964, iyo makore 50 akapfuura. Mugore iroro, Martin Luther King, Jr, akagamuchira Nobel Peace Prize. Akazviona sekuzivikanwa kwekusasvibiswa se "mhinduro kumubvunzo unokosha wezvematongerwe enyika uye wemitemo yenguva yedu - chido chevanhu kukunda kudzvinyirirwa uye chisimba pasina kushandisa chisimba nekudzvinyirirwa". Akagamuchira mubairo wehutungamiri hwake hwekusava nehanya kwekodzero dzevanhu, kutanga neMontgomery (Alabama) bhasi inopinda muna December 1955. Muhurukuro yake yeNobel (11th December 1964), Mambo akaratidza dambudziko revanhu vemazuva ano, viz. 'Mupfumi isu tava pfuma, varombo isu tatova netsika uye mumweya'. [26] Akaenderera mberi kuzivisa matambudziko matatu makuru uye akabatanidzwa akakura kubva pane "tsika dzevanhu dzakanaka": kukanganisa, urombo, uye hondo / zvehondo. Mumazana mashomanana akasara ayo akasara kwaari asati aurayiwa nemuurayi (1968), akawedzera kutaura pamusoro pehondo nehondo, kunyanya hondo muVietnam. Pakati pemashoko angu aidiwa kubva kumuporofita mukuru uyu uye mubatsiri, ndezvekuti 'Hondo idzi dzinotapira zvigaro zvekuveza rugare rwamangwanani', uye 'Takatungamira zvombo uye varume vasina kururama'. Mushandirapamwe weMambo wokupikisa hondo wakaguma mumashoko ake ane simba, ane musoro Kunze kweVietnam, yakapiwa muRwiziside Church muNew York City pa4th April 1967.
Nekupa mubayiro weNobel mubayiro, akati, 'mumwe mutoro wekutakura wakaiswa pamusoro pangu': mubairo 'waivawo wekutumwa ... kushanda zvakaoma kudarika zvandakanga ndamboshanda kare nokuda kwehama dzevanhu'. Achirondedzera zvaakanga ataura muOslo, akataura nezve 'guru guru rechisarura, kunyanya kuda pfuma, uye zvechiuto'. Nezvezvekupedzisira, akataura kuti haakwanisi kunyarara uye akadana hurumende yake 'ndiyo inonyanya kuratidza zvechisimba munyika nhasi.' [27] Akatsoropodza 'kuzvikudza kwekuMadokero kwakaipa kwakapisa mhepo yepasi pose kwenguva yakareba kudaro '. Mharidzo yake ndeyokuti 'hondo haisi mhinduro', uye 'Rudzi rwunopfuurira gore negore kushandisa mari yakawanda yekudzivirirwa kwemauto pane pane zvirongwa zvekusimudzirwa kwevanhu kunosvika pakufa kwemweya'. Akadana 'kuchinja kwechokwadi kwehutsika' izvo zvaida kuti 'nyika yose inofanira kutanga ichiwedzera kuvimbika kune vanhu vose.' [28]
Iko kune avo vanotaura kuti hazvisi mungozi kuti yakanga iri gore rimwe chete kune rimwe zuva gare gare, kuti ML King akapfurwa afa. Nehurukuro yake yekurwisana nehondo muNew York, uye kutongerwa kwake nehurumende yeAmerica semu "mukuru mukuru wezvokuita zvechisimba" munyika, akanga atanga kusvika pamwero wekushanda kwake kwechisimba kunze kwehurumende kodzero dzevanhu uye nokudaro akatyisidzira zvivimbiso zvine simba . Izvi zvinogona kunyatsotsanangurwa mumashoko okuti 'mauto ehurumende-dhizimusi' [MIC], yakagadzirirwa naMutungamiri Dwight D. Eisenhower mune imwe nzvimbo yake yekutsaurira munaJanuary 1961. [29] Muchivimbiso ichi uye chiyevero cheuporofita, Eisenhower akati kuti 'mauto makuru ehurumende uye indasitiri huru yezvombo' yakanga yasvika semasimba matsva uye akavanzwa mune zvematongerwo enyika eUnited States. Akati, "Mumatare ehurumende, tinofanira kutarisana nekutenga kwekutonga kusina kukodzera ... neuto rezvematongerwo enyika. Izvo zvinogona kukwira kukuvadza kwesimba risina kunaka uye zvicharamba '. Ichokwadi kuti Mutungamiri wekupedzisira aive nehondo-akanga ari mukuru wevashanu-nyota muuto reUnited States munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri, uye akashanda seMukuru Mukuru weAllied Forces muEurope (NATO) - akaita nyevero dzake dzose iyo inoshamisa zvikuru. Kusvikira kumagumo ekero rake rinokuvadza, Eisenhower akarayira vanhu veAmerica kuti 'kusagadzikana ... ndezvekuita zvinopfuurira'.
Kuti nyevero dzake hadzina kuteerera, uye kuti njodzi dzaakadana kutarisa dzakagadzirwa, zvinongowanikwa pachena nhasi. Vaongorori vakawanda veMIC vanopokana kuti US haiti zvakawanda vane MIC sokuti nyika yose yava imwechete. [30] MIC ino inosanganisirawo Congress, Academia, Media, uye Indasitiri, uye izvi kuwedzerwa kwemasimba ayo uye chiito chinoratidza zvakajeka kukurudzira kwevanhu veAmerican society . Uchapupu huripo hweizvi hunoratidzirwa nemashoko akadai seaya anotevera:
* Pentagon ndiyo inoshandisa simba guru munyika;
* Pentagon ndiro guru guru renyika, richitaura pachavo seimwe ye "guru" renyika "", "ane zvigaro zveuto zve 1,000 nekuisa kune imwe nyika kune dzimwe nyika dzinopfuura 150;
* Pentagon owns kana kukodzera 75% yezvivako zvematongerwo enyika muUnited States;
* Pentagon ndiyo 3rd gurukota guru rezvemari yekuongorora yunivhesiti muUnited States (mushure mehutano, uye sayenzi). [31]
Zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti mari yeUnited States mari yepamusoro inopfuura yeiyo inotevera gumi kana gumi gumi nemaviri akabatanidzwa. Izvi chaizvoizvo, kutora Eisenhower, 'njodzi', uye kupenga, uye kupenga kwakanyanya kune iyo. Izvo zvakakosha zvekudzivirira zvisizvo zvaakatsanangura zvakashandurwa kuva zvakasiyana. Izvi ndizvo zvinoshamisa zvikuru kana munhu achifunga kuti akanga achitaura panguva yeCold War, apo communism yakaonekwa sekutyisidzira kwakanyanya kuU.S. uye nedzimwe nyika isingasununguka. Kuguma kweCold War uye kuparadzwa kweSoviet Union uye umambo hwayo hakuna kukanganisa kufambira mberi kweMIC, iyo mitemo yava ikozvino inopota nyika yose.
Izvi zvinonzwisisika nenyika zvinonzwisiswa mumigumisiro yeongororo yegore yeChine 'End of Year' neWorldwide Independent Network of Market Research (WIN) uye Gallup International iyo inosanganisira vanhu 2013 munyika dze68,000. [65] Mukupindura kumubvunzo wokuti, 'Ndeipi nyika yaunofunga kuti ndiyo ngozi huru kune rugare munyika nhasi?', United States yakatanga kusvika pamaganhu akare, ichigamuchira 32% yemavhoti akaiswa. Izvi zvakaenzana nemavhoti akabatanidzwa emarudzi mana anotevera: Pakistan (24%), China (8%), Afghanistan (6%) uye Iran (5%). Zvinonzwisisika kuti makore anopfuura gumi nemaviri mushure mekugadzwa kwezvinonzi 'Global war on terror', US inoratidzika kuva inotyisa mumoyo yevamwe vese venyika. Martin Luther King, Jr. kuratidza ushingi uye kutongerwa hurumende yake sekuti ndiyo 'inonyanya kuratidza zvechisimba munyika nhasi' (5) ikozvino, makore anenge makumi mashanu gare gare, yakagoverwa nevanhu vakawanda pasi rose.
Panguva imwecheteyo, kuve nekuwedzera kukuru muhuwandu hwepfuti dzakagarwa nevanhu vanogara muUnited States vachiita kodzero yavo (iyo inopikisirwa) kutakura zvombo pasi peChipiri Chirongwa cheMutemo. Ne 88 pfuti yevanhu vose ve100, nyika ine yepamusoro-soro yehurumende pfuma munyika. Chimiro chechisimba chinoratidzika se chakanyatsosimbiswa muvanhu veAmerica nhasi, uye zviitiko zve 9 / 11 zvakangowedzera dambudziko racho. Martin Luther King, Jr., mudzidzi uye muteveri weMahatma Gandhi, akaratidza simba rekusasvibiswa mumutungamiri wake akabudirira wesangano rekodzero dzevanhu muUnited States. IU.S. yakawanda yakadikanwa yekudzokororazve nhaka yake sezvo India inoda kugadzirisa zvakare Gandhi's. Ndinowanzoyeuchidzwa nezvemhinduro Gandhi akapa mutori wenhau apo, panguva yekushanya kuEngland munguva ye1930s, akabvunzwa kuti chii chaaifunga nezvekubudirira kwekumadokero. Mhinduro yeGandhi haina kurasikirwa chero ipi zvayo yakakosha, makore 80 gare gare, pane zvinopesana. Gandhi akapindura, 'Ndinofunga kuti ingadai iri pfungwa yakanaka'. Kunyange zvazvo chokwadi chebhuku iyi chiri kukakavara, ine chindori chechokwadi - Se not e vero, e ben trovato.
IWest, nedzimwe nyika, ingadai yakave yakawanda zvikuru yakabudirira kana hondo - 'inonyanya kuvhara pamusoro pedu kubudirira' mumashoko aAndrene Carnegie - yakabviswa. Apo paakataura kudaro, Hiroshima naNagasaki vakanga vachiri maguta eJapan sezvimwewo. Nhasi, nyika yose inotyisidzirwa nokutsungirira kwehondo uye zvishandiso zvitsva zvekuparadza izvo zvakabereka uye zvinoramba zvichikura. Izwi rekare uye rakanzwisiswa reRoma, si vis pacem, para bellum, inofanira kutsiviwa neshoko rakanzi kune vose Gandhi neQuakers: Hapana nzira yorugare, rugare ndiyo nzira. Nyika iri kunyengeterera rugare, asi kubhadhara hondo. Kana tichida runyararo, tinofanira kuisa mari murugare, uye izvo zvinoreva pamusoro pezvose muhutano hwehukama. Inoramba ichionekwa kune zviyero zvakakura sei muzvikwereti zvehondo mumasamu emasvingo uye maonesheni, uye mumapurogiramu asina kufanira pamusoro peHondo Huru (zvakadai zviri kuitika ikozvino kuBritain asiwo kune imwe nzvimbo), ndiyo dzidzo pamusoro pekusava nehanya, kusina kuuraya , kubviswa kwezvombo zvenyukireya. Maonero akadaro bedzi angaita kuti zvive zvakakwana (pamwe chete uye zvinodhura) zvirongwa zvekuyeuka.
Kuyeukwa kwezana remakore reHondo Yenyika Yokutanga mumakore mana anotevera kunopa sangano rerugare rine mikana yakawanda yekusimudzira tsika yorugare uye kusagadzikana iyo, iga, ichakwanisa kuunza nyika isina hondo.
Hapana munhu akakanganisa zvakanyanya kupfuura iye asina chaakaita nekuti aigona kungoita zvishoma. -Edmund Burke
Peter van den Dungen
Kubatana kweKunyarara, 11th Annual Strategy Conference, 21-22 February 2014, Cologne-Riehl
Mashoko okuzarura
(yakadzokororwa, 10th March 2014)
[1] Nyaya yakazara yekutaura iripo www.gov.uk/government/speeches/speech-at-imperial-war-museum-on-first-world-war-centenary-plans
[2] Mashoko akazara pa www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/latestnews/2013/world-war-one-centenary.html
[3] Mashoko akazara pa www.iwm.org.uk/centenary
[4] 'Ndizvo here 1914 zvekare zvakare?', The Independent, 5th January 2014, p. 24.
[5] Cf. chinyorwa chake muna David Adesnik, 100 Makore Okugadzirisa - Mitsva paKarnegie Indowment yeKunyarara Kwomunyika Yose. Washington, DC: CEIP, 2011, p. 5.
[6] Ibid., Peji. 43.
[8] Memoirs yaBertha von Suttner. Boston: Ginn, 1910, vol. 1, p. 343.
[9] Cf. Caroline E. Playne, Bertha von Suttner uye hondo yekudzivisa Hondo Yenyika. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1936, uye kunyanya mavhoriyamu maviri akarongedzwa naAlfred H. Fried achiunza pamwechete raSuttner anowanzoitika matongerwo enyika Die Friedens-Warte (1892-1900, 1907-1914): Der Kampf um die Vermeidung des Weltkriegs. Zurich: Orell Fuessli, 1917.
[10] Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger-ABC-CLIO, 2010. Shanduro yakawedzerwa uye yakashandurwa ndiyo shanduro yeSpain: La voluntad de Alfred Nobel: Ndezvipi zvinonzi pretendia ndeye Premio Nobel de la Paz? Barcelona: Icaria, 2013.
[11] London: William Heinemann, 1910. Bhuku racho rakatengesa mamiriyoni emakopi, uye rakashandurwa mumitauro ye25. Shanduro dzeGerman dzakabuda pasi pemazita Die Taeuschung (Leipzig, 1911) uye Die falsche Rechnung (Berlin, 1913).
[12] Ona, somuenzaniso, Paul Fussell, Hondo Yakare uye Kuyeuka Kwemazuva Ano. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975, pp. 12-13.
[13] Johann von Bloch, Der Krieg. Uebersetzung des russischen Werkes des Autors: Der zukuenftige Krieg en seiner technischen, volkswirthschaftlichen und politischen Bedeutung. Berlin: Puttkammer & Muehlbrecht, 1899, vol. 1, peji. XV. MuChirungu, chete vhoriyamu-pfupiso vhezheni yakabuda, zvakasiyana siyana zvine musoro Is Hondo Zvino Haigoni Here? (1899), Zvombo zvemazuva ano uye Hondo Yemazuva ano (1900), uye Ramangwana rehondo (US eds.).
[14] London: Cassell, 1943. Bhuku rakabudiswa muchiGermany muStockholm muna 1944 se Nyika von Gestern: Erinnerungen eines Europaers.
[15] New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
[16] Helmut Donat & Karl Holl, eds., Die Friedensbewegung. Organisisier Pazifismus in Deutschland, Oesterreich und in der Schweiz. Duesseldorf: ECON Taschenbuchverlag, Hermes Handlexikon, 1983, p. 14.
[17] Ibid.
[18] www.akhf.de. Sangano rakatangwa mu1984.
[19] Nokuda kwechinyorwa chinonzi Paasche, ona chinyorwa naHelmut Donat muHarold Josephson, ed., Biographical Dictionary yeZvirevo zveNyika dzeMutungamiri. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985, pp. 721-722. Onawo mukova wake Die Friedensbewegung, op. cit., pp. 297-298.
[20] www.carnegieherofunds.org
[21] www.nonkilling.org
[22] Nyaya yacho yakatanga kubudiswa mukati New Theatre (New York), vol. 3, no. 4, April 1936, pp. 15-30, nemifananidzo yaGeorge Grosz, Otto Dix, uye mamwe mauto anorwa nehondo.
[23] Die Barbarisierung der Luft. Berlin: Verlag der Friedens-Warte, 1912. Shanduro bedzi iri muchiJapane, yakabudiswa munguva pfupi yezvakanyorwa zveCln's 100th anniversary: Osamu Itoigawa & Mitsuo Nakamura, 'Bertha von Suttner: “Die Barbarisierung der Luft”', pp. 93-113 in The Journal of Aichi Gakuin University - Humanities and Sciences (Nagoya), vol. 60, no. 3, 2013.
[24] Pamusoro pemashoko akazara ona International Court of Justice, Bhuku Regore 1995-1996. Hague: ICJ, 1996, mapeji 212-223, uye Ved P. Nanda & David Krieger, Nyukliya Weapons uye Dare Renyika Yose. Ardsley, New York: Transnational Publishers, 1998, pp. 191-225.
[25] Mutsara wehurukuro yakazara, yakabudiswa neUnited Foreign Ministry muVienna pa 13th February 2014, inogona kuwanikwa pa www.abolition2000.org/?p=3188
[26] Martin Luther King, 'Kutsvaka Rugare uye Kururamisira', pp. 246-259 mu Les Prix Nobel en 1964. Stockholm: Impr. Royale PA Norstedt yeNobel Foundation, 1965, p. 247. Cf. zvakare www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1964/king-lecture.html
[27] Clayborne Carson, ed., The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. London: Abacus, 2000. Ona zvikuru ch. 30, 'Beyond Vietnam', pp. 333-345, p. 338. Pamusoro pekukosha kwekutaura uku, onawo Coretta Scott King, Upenyu Hwangu naMartin Luther King, Jr. London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1970, ch. 16, mapeji 303-316.
[28] Autobiography, p. 341.
[29] www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents/farewell_address/Reading_Copy.pdf
[30] Ona, somuenzaniso, Nick Turse, Dambudziko: Mauto Ehondo Anopinda Sei Muupenyu Hwedu hwezuva nezuva?. London: Faber & Faber, 2009.
[31] Ibid., Pp. 35-51.
[32] www.wingia.com/web/files/services/33/file/33.pdf?1394206482
Imwe Mhinduro
Excellent post asi ndaishamisika kana iwe unogona kunyora litte
zvimwe pamusoro penyaya iyi? Ndingatenda zvikuru kana iwe ukakwanisa kutsanangura zvishoma zvishoma kumberi.
Kudos!