Saunia e David Vine, Patterson Deppen, ma Leah Bolger, World BEYOND War, Setema 20, 2021
Aotelega o Pulega
E ui lava i le toʻesea o nofoaga o militeri a le US ma fitafita mai Afghanistan, ae o loʻo tumau pea le malo o Amerika i le faʻamautuina o nofoaga o fitafita i fafo atu e 750 i atunuʻu mamao ma kolone (teritori). O nei faʻavae e taugata i le tele o auala: mea tau tupe, polokiki, agafesoʻotaʻi, ma le siʻosiʻomaga. O nofoaga faʻavae a Amerika i atunuʻu i fafo e masani ona faʻatupuina ni feteʻenaʻiga, lagolagoina pulega le faʻatemokalasi, ma avea o se mea faigaluega e suʻe ai vaega o le militeri e teteʻe atu i le auai o Amerika ma malo o loʻo i ai le malosi. I isi tulaga, o faʻavae mai fafo o loʻo faʻaaogaina ma ua faʻafaigofieina mo le Iunaite Setete ona faʻalauiloa ma faia taua mataʻutia, e aofia ai ma i Afghanistan, Iraq, Yemen, Somalia, ma Libya. I tala atu o fusi faaupufai ma e oʻo lava i totonu o le militeri a Amerika o loʻo tupuola pea le amanaiaina o le tele o nofoaga i fafo atu sa tatau ona tapunia i le tele o tausaga ua mavae, ae o ofisa o le le malamalama ma le fia malamalama i mea faapolokiki na latou tatalaina.
I le ogatotonu o le "Global Posture Review," o le pulega a Biden o loʻo iai se avanoa taua e tapunia ai le fiaselau o 'au militeli le talafeagai i fafo atu ma faʻaleleia le saogalemu o le atunuʻu ma faʻavaomalo i le gaioiga.
O le Pentagon, talu mai le Tausaga Faʻaletupe 2018, ua le mafai ona lolomiina lana lisi faʻaletausaga muamua o US faʻavae nofoaga i fafo. E pei ona silafia, o lenei tala puʻupuʻu o loʻo faʻailoa mai ai le aofaʻi atoa o faʻamaumauga a tagata lautele o nofoaga o Amerika ma ofisa o fitafita i le lalolagi atoa. O lisi ma faʻafanua o loʻo aofia i totonu o lenei lipoti o loʻo atagia mai ai le tele o faʻafitauli e fesoʻotaʻi ma nei nofoaga i fafo atu, o loʻo ofaina ai se mea faigaluega e mafai ona fesoasoani ai i le au fai tulafono, e manaʻomia vave le tapunia o faʻavae.
Vave mea moni luga atu fafo US militeli ofisa
• E tusa ma le 750 US nofoaga faʻavae militeli i fafo atu i le 80 atunuʻu mamao ma kolone.
• E toeititi faʻatoluina le tele o faʻavae i fafo atu o le Iunaite Setete (750) e pei o Amepasa, konesula, ma misiona i le lalolagi atoa (276).
• E ui lava e tusa ma le afa le tele o faʻapipiʻiga nai lo le Cold War i le faʻaiuga o le Cold War, o nofoaga faʻavae a le US ua salalau atu i le faʻalua atu i le tele o atunuʻu ma kolone (mai le 40 i le 80) i le taimi lava e tasi, faʻatasi ai ma nofoaga tetele i Sasaʻe tutotonu, Sasaʻe o Asia. , vaega o Europa, ma Aferika.
• E le faʻatoluina le faʻateleina o nofoaga faʻavae i fafo a le Iunaite Setete pei o isi atunuʻu uma.
• US bases i fafo tau totogi lafoga tagata tusa ma le $ 55 piliona i tausaga taʻitasi.
• Fausiaina o mea tau militeri i fafo atu o tau o tagata totogi lafoga a itiiti mai $ 70 piliona talu mai le 2000, ma e mafai ona sili atu i le $ 100 piliona.
• O fesoasoani mai fafo na fesoasoani i le Iunaite Setete e faalauiloa taua ma isi taua i totonu o le 25 atunuu talu mai le 2001.
• O mea faʻapipiʻi a le US o loʻo maua i totonu o le 38 atunuʻu le faʻatemokalasi ma kolone.
O le faʻafitauli o ofisa militeli a Amerika i fafo
I le taimi o le Taua Lona Lua a le Lalolagi ma aso amata o le Cold War, na fausia ai e le Iunaite Setete se faiga e le mafaatusalia o nofoaga faamiliteli i atunuu ese. Tolu tausaga talu ona maeʻa le Cold War, o loʻo iai pea nofoaga faʻavae 119 i Siamani ma le isi 119 i Iapani, e tusa ai ma le Pentagon. I Korea i Saute e 73. O isi nofoaga faʻavae a le US o loʻo i le paneta mai Aruba i Ausetalia, Kenya i Qatar, Romania i Sigapoa, ma tala atu.
Matou te taumate o loʻo tausia nei e le Iunaite Setete pe tusa o le 750 faʻavae tulaga i 80 atunuʻu mamao ma kolone (teritori). O lenei tala faʻatatau e sau mai le mea matou te talitonu o ni lisi auiliili o nofoaga o militeri a Amerika i fafo o loʻo avanoa (tagai i le faʻaopoopoga). I le va o tausaga faʻaletupe 1976 ma le 2018, na faʻasalalau ai e le Pentagon se lisi faʻaletausaga o faʻavae sa iloga ona o mea sese ma mea sa le faia; talu mai le 2018, ua le mafai e le Pentagon ona tatalaina se lisi. Na matou fausia a matou lisi faataamilo i le lipoti 2018, David Vine's 2021 avanoa lautele lisi o faʻavae nofoaga i fafo, ma faʻatuatuaina tala fou ma isi lipoti.1
I tala atu o fusi faaupufai ma e oʻo lava i totonu o le militeri a Amerika o lo o tupuola pea le amanaiaina o le tele o nofoaga autu o malo i fafo atu sa tatau ona tapunia i le fiasefulu tausaga talu ai. "Ou te manatu ua tele naua a tatou atinae i fafo atu," o le ofisa sili ona maualuga i le militeri a Amerika, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chair Mark Milley, na faailoaina i le taimi o saunoaga faalauaitele ia Tesema 2020. le puipuiga a le Iunaite Setete? ” Na manaʻomia e Milley le “maʻaʻa, maʻaʻa vaʻai” i nofoaga faʻavae i fafo, ma matauina o le toʻatele e "afua mai i le mea na gata ai le Taua Lona II a le Lalolagi." 2
I le tuʻuina atu o nofoaga autu a le militeri 750 i fafo i se vaaiga mamao, e toeititi tolu taimi le tele o nofoaga faʻamiliteli ona o loʻo iai amepasa a Amerika, konesula, ma misiona i le lalolagi atoa - 276.3 Ma e aofia ai le sili atu i le faʻatolu taimi le aofaʻi o faʻavae i fafo o loʻo taofia e isi uma. militeri tuʻufaʻatasia. O le Malo Tele na lipotia mai e 145 nofoaga i fafo atu.4 O isi vaega o fitafita a le lalolagi na tuʻufaʻatasia e puleaina 50-75 sili atu, e aofia ai Lusia e lua i le tolu taseni nofoaga faʻavae mai fafo ma le lima o Saina (faʻatasi ai ma nofoaga i Tibet) .5
O le tau o le fausiaina, faʻagaioia, ma le faʻamautuina o nofoaga faʻamiliteli a Amerika i fafo atu e tusa ma le $ 55 piliona i tausaga taʻitasi (tausaga faʻaletupe 2021). tagata i le tausaga averesi.6 Faʻaopopoina o tau o tagata faigaluega faʻatulagaina i fafo faʻamamafaina le tau atoa o faʻavae i fafo atu o le $ 10,000 piliona pe sili atu.40,000 O nei conservative estimates, pe a fua i le faigata o le tuʻufaʻatasia o tau nana.
E tusa ai ma tupe faʻaalu a le militeli - tupe na faʻatupeina e fausia ma faʻalautele ai nofoaga i fafo - na faʻaalu e le malo o Amerika i le va o le $ 70 piliona ma le $ 182 piliona i le va o tausaga faʻaletupe 2000 ma le 2021. fausiaina i "nofoaga le faʻamaonia" i le lalolagi atoa, i se faʻaopopoga i le $ 132 piliona manino faʻaalu i fafo. O lenei tala o le tupe e le mafai ai ona iloilo pe fia le aofaʻi o tupe faʻaalu na fausia i fale ma faʻalauteleina nofoaga i fafo. O se faʻatatauga faʻatamaitiiti o le 34 pasene o le a maua ai se faʻaopopoga $ 15 piliona, e ui lava o le tele o "le faʻamaonia nofoaga" e mafai ona i fafo. $ 20 piliona sili atu na aliali mai i paketi "taua" faʻafuaseʻi .16
I tua atu o latou tau faʻaletupe, ma fai si faʻataʻitaʻiga, o nofoaga i fafo atu o le malo e faʻaleagaina ai le saogalemu i le tele o auala. O le i ai o US nofoaga i fafo atu o le tele o taimi e faʻatupuina ai feteʻenaʻiga geopolitical, faʻaosofia ai le salalau o le le fiafia i le Iunaite Setete, ma avea o se recruiting mea faigaluega mo vaega militeri pei o al Qaeda.10
O malo mai fafo na faafaigofieina foi mo le Iunaite Setete ona aafia i le tele o taua taua o filifiliga, mai taua i Vietnam ma Sautesasae Asia i le 20 tausaga o "faavavau taua" talu mai le 2001 osofaiga o Afghanistan. Talu mai le 1980, US bases i le sili atu o Sasaʻe tutotonu na faʻaaogaina a itiiti mai 25 taimi e faʻalauiloa ai taua poʻo isi taua gaioiga i le itiiti ifo i le 15 atunuʻu i lena lava itulagi. Talu mai le 2001, o le US militeri na auai i taua i le le itiiti ifo i le 25 atunuu i le lalolagi atoa. 11
E ui o nisi na fai mai talu mai le Cold War o nofoaga i fafo atu e fesoasoani e faasalalau le temokalasi, o le faafeagai e masani ona foliga mai o le mataupu lea. O faʻaputuga tupe a le US o loʻo maua i le 19 malo pule, valu malo faʻataʻitaʻi, ma kolone e 11 (vaʻai faʻaopoopoga). I nei mataupu, o loʻo tuʻuina atu i lalo o le faʻavae lagolago le malosiaga faʻamalosi mo le le faʻatemokarasi ma e masani lava ona faʻatonutonu pulega faʻapenei e pei o pulega o Turkey, Niger, Honduras, ma le Persian Gulf setete. E faʻapea foi, o nofoaga o loʻo totoe o kolone a Amerika - o Amerika "teritori" o Puerto Rico, Guam, o le Commonwealth o le Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, ma le US Virgin Islands - ua fesoasoani e faʻaauauina le latou pulega faʻa kolone ma isi vaega o le Iunaite Setete. ma o latou tagata 'lua vasega US sitiseni.12
E pei ona faʻailoa mai e le koluma o le "Taua o le Siʻosiʻomaga Siosiomaga" i le Laulau 1 o le Faʻaopopoga, o le tele o nofoaga faʻavae i fafo atu o loʻo i ai ni faʻamaumauga o le faʻaleagaina o siosiomaga i le lotoifale e ala i suavai oona, faʻalavelave, lafoai o lapisi mataʻutia, fausiaina o nofoaga, ma aʻoaʻoga e aʻafia ai mea mataʻutia. I nei nofoaga i fafo atu, o le Pentagon e masani ona le usitaʻi i tulaga o le siʻosiʻomaga o Amerika ma e masani ona faʻagaioia i lalo o Tulaga o Maliega Faʻavae e faʻatagaina ai le militeli e aloese mai tulafono o le siosiomaga a malo.
Talu ai na o le siosiomaga faaleagaina na o ia ma le faigofie mea moni o se fafo militeli nofoia malo tupu, e le o se mea e ofo ai o faavae i fafo atu faatupuina tetee i soo se mea latou te maua ai (tagai "Tetee" koluma i le Laulau 1). O faʻalavelave mataʻutia ma soligatulafono na faia e fitafita a le militeri a Amerika i atunuʻu i fafo, e aofia ai le toso teine ma le fasioti tagata, e masani lava e aunoa ma le faʻamasinoga i le lotoifale poʻo le tali atu, e mafua ai foʻi le teteʻe ma faʻaleagaina ai le taʻuleleia o le Iunaite Setete.
Lisiina o faʻavae
Ua leva na le mafai e le Pentagon ona saunia ni faʻamatalaga talafeagai mo le Konekeresi ma tagata lautele e iloilo ai nofoaga i fafo atu ma le faʻatutuina o 'au - o se itu taua tele o faiga faʻavae a Amerika i fafo. O nei vaʻavaʻaiga faiga e le lava mo le Konekeresi ma tagata lautele e faʻatino ai le faʻatonutonuina o le va o tagata i pulega a le militeri ma gaioiga i fafo. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ina ua maliliu fitafita e toafa i le taua i Niger i le 2017, na faateʻia le toatele o sui o le Konekeresi ina ua latou iloa e tusa ma le 1,000 le au fitafita i lena atunuu. 14 O le le faʻamaonia le tulaga e ofisa o le militeli e foliga mai afai e i ai se nofoaga i fafo atu, e tatau ona aoga. E seasea faʻamalosia e le Konekeresi le militeli e suʻesuʻe pe faʻaalia le penefiti o le puipuiga o le atunuʻu o faʻavae i fafo atu.
Amata mai le itiiti ifo i le 1976, na amata ona manaʻomia e le Konekeresi le Pentagon e faia ai se tusi faʻaletausaga o ana "nofoaga faʻamiliteli, faʻapipiʻiina, ma fale," e aofia ai le latou numera ma le tele.16 Seʻia oʻo i le Tausaga Faʻaletupe 2018, na gaosia ma lolomiina e le Pentagon se lipoti faʻaletausaga i tusa ai ma le tulafono a le US.17 E oʻo lava i le taimi na gaosia ai lenei lipoti, na saunia e le Pentagon faʻamatalaga le atoatoa pe le saʻo, ma le le mafai ai ona faʻamaonia le tele o faʻailoaina lauiloa.18 Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, ua leva ona fai mai le Pentagon e naʻo le tasi lona faʻavae i Aferika - i Djibouti . Ae o suʻesuʻega faʻaalia ai nei e tusa ma le 40 faapipiiina o eseesega tele i le konetineta; Tasi le ofisa o le militeli na ia faailoaina 46 faapipiiina i le 2017.19
E ono le iloa e le Pentagon le numera moni o faʻapipiʻi i fafo. I se faʻamatalaga taua, o se suesuega talu ai nei a le US Army-funded o US bases na faʻamoemoe i le David Vine's 2015 list of base, ae le o le Pentagon's list.20
O lenei puʻupuʻu o se vaega o le taumafaiga e faʻateleina le manino ma mafai ai ona vaʻai lelei i gaioiga a le Pentagon ma tupe faʻaalu, ma mafua ai i taumafaiga taua e aveʻese tupe faʻaalu a le militeri ma faʻapalenia tulaga le lelei i fafo atu o ofisa o Amerika i fafo. O le aofaʻi tele o faʻavae ma le mea lilo ma le le lava o le manino o le faʻavae fesoʻotaʻiga faia se atoa lisi le mafai; o le Pentagon talu ai nei le le faʻamalieina o le Base Structure Lipoti faia se saʻo lisi e sili atu ona faigata nai lo tausaga muamua. E pei ona taʻua i luga, a matou metotia faʻalagolago i le 2018 Base Structure Lipoti ma faʻatuatuaina muamua ma tulaga lua punaoa; o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia i le David Vine's 2021 seti faʻamatalaga i luga o le "US Military Basases Abroad, 1776-2021."
O le a le "faʻavae"?
O le laʻasaga muamua i le fausiaina o se lisi o faʻavae i fafo atu o le faʻamatalaina lea o le mea e taʻu o le "faʻavae." Faʻauiga e mulimuli ane faʻapolokiki ma masani ona faʻapolokiki. E masani ona taumafai le malo o le Pentagon ma le US, faʻapea foʻi malo talimalo, e faʻailoa mai le iai o le US "e leʻo se US base" e aloese ai mai le manatu o Amerika o loʻo solia le pule silisili a malo (o le mea moni, o le) . Ina ia aloese mai nei felafolafoaiga i le tele e mafai ai, matou te faʻaaogaina le Pentagon's Fiscal Year 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) ma lona faaupuga "nofoaga autu" o le amataga mo a matou lisi. Faʻaogaina o lenei faaupuga o lona uiga i nisi tulaga o se faʻapipiʻiga masani ona taʻua o se tasi faʻavae, pei o le Aviano Air Base i Italia, e aofia ai tele nofoaga faʻavae - i le mataupu a Aviano, a itiiti mai e valu. O le faitauina o tulaga taʻitasi tulaga e talafeagai aua o saite ma le igoa e tasi e masani ona i ai i nofoaga eseese nofoaga. Mo se faʻataʻitaʻiga, Aviano's e valu nofoaga o loʻo i vaega eseese o le itumalo o Aviano. O le mea masani lava, o nofoaga faʻavae e atagia mai ai vaegatupe eseese a le aufaʻatupe o tagata totogi lafoga. E faʻamatalaina ai le mafuaʻaga e aliali mai ai ni igoa faʻavae poʻo ni nofoaga i luga o le lisi auiliili e fesoʻotaʻi i le faʻaopoopoga.
O faʻavae e amata mai i le tele o faʻatulagaina o le taulaga ma le fiasefulu afe o fitafita ma tagata o le aiga e oʻo atu i tamaʻi laulaʻau ma vaʻavaʻaiga, vaʻalele vaʻalele, ma e oʻo lava i fanuaoti o le militeri. Fai mai le Pentagon's BSR e naʻo le 30 "lapisi tetele" i fafo atu. Atonu e faʻapea mai nisi, o le tatou faitau aofai o 750 nofoaga faʻavae i fafo atu, ua faʻateleina ai le aofaʻi o Atinaʻe a Amerika i fafo. Peitai, o le lolomiga lolomi a le BSR o loʻo faʻaalia ai o le Pentagon o loʻo faʻamatalaina le "laʻititi" e pei ona lipotia le tau e oʻo atu i le $ 1.015 piliona. i fafo atu O lea la, matou te faʻamatalaina la matou aofaʻi o "tusa 21" o se sili faʻatatauina.
Matou te aofia faʻavae i US kolone (teritori) i le faitauga o nofoaga faʻavae i fafo ona o nei nofoaga le atoatoa faʻa-temokalasi tuʻufaʻatasia i le Iunaite Setete. O loʻo faʻavasega foʻi e le Pentagon nei nofoaga o ni "fafo." (Uosigitone, DC leai ni aia tatau faʻatemokalasi, ae talu ai o le atunuʻu o le laumua, matou te manatu o Washington e faʻavae nofoaga.)
Faʻaliga: Lenei faʻafanua 2020 faʻaalia latalata 800 US nofoaga faʻavae i le lalolagi atoa. Talu ai talu ai tapunia, e aofia ai i Afghanistan, ua matou toe faʻavasegaina ma toe iloiloina la matou faʻatatau i lalo i le 750 mo lenei puʻupuʻu.
Faʻavae faʻavae
O le tapunia o nofoaga i fafo atu e faigofie i le polokiki pe a faʻatusatusa i le tapunia o fale. E le pei o le Base Realignment ma le tapunia o gaioiga mo fale i le Iunaite Setete, e le manaʻomia e le Konekeresi ona aafia i fafo tapunia. O Peresetene George HW Bush, Bill Clinton, ma George W. Bush na tapunia le fiaselau o nofoaga le talafeagai i Europa ma Asia i le 1990s ma le 2000s. Na tapunia e le pulega o le pu nisi o nofoaga autu i Afghanistan, Iraq, ma Syria. O Peresetene Biden na faia se amataga lelei e ala i le aveʻesea o malosiaga a le US mai nofoaga autu i Afghanistan. O a matou faʻatusatusaga talu ai, talu ai nei ile 2020, o le Iunaite Setete na faʻatumauina 800 faʻavae i fafo atu (vaʻai Faʻafanua 1). Ona o le tapunia talu ai nei, ua matou toe fuafuaina ma toe iloilo i lalo i le 750.
Ua faalauiloa e le Peresetene Biden le faaauau ai pea o le “Global Posture Review” ma tuuina atu lana pulega e faamautinoa ai o le faagaioiga o vaegaau a le malo o Amerika i le lalolagi atoa ua “talafeagai lelei ma a tatou faiga malo i fafo ma le saogalemu o le atunuu.” 22 O le mea lea, o le pulega a Biden ei ai lona talafaasolopito avanoa e tapunia ai le fiaselau o faʻaopoopoga le faʻaogaina nofoaga autu i fafo ma faʻaleleia le atunuʻu ma faʻavaomalo le saogalemu i le gaioiga. I le faatusatusa atu i le sa avea muamua Peresitene Donald Trump o le faaui vave o nofoaga ma 'autau mai Suria ma lana taumafaiga e faasala Siamani e ala i le aveʻesea o installations iina, Peresitene Biden mafai tapunia nofoaga ma le faaeteete ma tali atu, faʻamautinoa soʻoga ao sefe tele aofaʻi o lafoga lafoga tupe.
Mo naʻo mafuaʻaga faʻavae, e tatau i sui o le Konekeresi ona lagolagoina le tapunia o atunuʻu i fafo e toe faʻafoʻi le afe ma afe o tagata faigaluega ma aiga - ma latou totogi - i o latou itumalo ma setete. O loʻo faʻamaonia lelei sili atu gafatia mo le toe foʻi mai o 'au ma aiga i nofoaga faʻavae. 23
O le pulega a Biden e tatau ona faʻalogo i le tuputupu aʻe o manaʻoga i vaega lautele o polokiki e tapuni nofoaga faʻavaomalo ma tuliloa se metotia o le tosoina i lalo o le US militeri tulaga i fafo, aumaia o fitafita i le fale, ma le fausiaina o le atunuʻu tulaga faʻavaega ma soʻotaga.
faʻaopoopoga
| Lisi 1. Atunuʻu ma US Militeli Tulaga (atoa seti iinei) | ||||||
| Igoa o le Atunuu | Aofaʻi # o Nofoaga Faʻavae | Ituaiga o le Malo | Tagata faigaluega Est. | Militupe Fausiaina Faʻatupe (FY2000-19) | Feteenaʻi | Taua o le Siosiomaga Faʻaleagaina |
| AMERICAN SAMOA | 1 | US kolone | 309 | $ 19.5 miliona | leai | ioe |
| ARUBA | 1 | Kolone Dutch | 225 | $ 27.1 miliona24 | ioe | leai |
| ASCENSION ATU | 1 | Kolone Peretania | 800 | $ 2.2 miliona | leai | ioe |
| AUSETALIA | 7 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 1,736 | $ 116 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| BAHAMAS, LE | 6 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 56 | $ 31.1 miliona | leai | ioe |
| BAHRAIN | 12 | Le pule | 4,603 | $ 732.3 miliona | leai | ioe |
| BELGIUM | 11 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 1,869 | $ 430.1 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| BOTSWANA | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 16 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| BULGARIA | 4 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 2,500 | $ 80.2 miliona | leai | leai |
| BURKINA FASO | 1 | Le pule | 16 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| CAMBODIA | 1 | Le pule | 15 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| CAMEROON | 2 | Le pule | 10 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| KANATA | 3 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 161 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | ioe |
| CHAD | 1 | Le pule | 20 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| CHILE | 1 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 35 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| COLOMBIA | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 84 | $ 43 miliona | ioe | leai |
| COSTA RICA | 1 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 16 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| CUBA | 1 | Le pule25 | 1,004 | $ 538 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| CURAÇAO | 1 | Faatemokalasi atoa26 | 225 | $ 27.1 miliona | leai | leai |
| CYPRUS | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 10 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| DIEGO GARCIA | 2 | Kolone Peretania | 3,000 | $ 210.4 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| DIJBOUTI | 2 | Le pule | 126 | $ 480.5 miliona | leai | ioe |
| AIKUPITO | 1 | Le pule | 259 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| EL SALVADOR | 1 | Pule malo | 70 | $ 22.7 miliona | leai | leai |
| ESTONIA | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 17 | $ 60.8 miliona | leai | leai |
| GABON | 1 | Le pule | 10 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| GEORGIA | 1 | Pule malo | 29 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| SIAMANI | 119 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 46,562 | $ 5.8 piliona | ioe | ioe |
| GHANA | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 19 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| GREECE | 8 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 446 | $ 179.1 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| GREENLAND | 1 | Kolone Tenimaka | 147 | $ 168.9 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| GUAM | 54 | US kolone | 11,295 | $ 2 piliona | ioe | ioe |
| HONDURAS | 2 | Pule malo | 371 | $ 39.1 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| HUNGARY | 2 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 82 | $ 55.4 miliona | leai | leai |
| AISELANI | 2 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 3 | $ 51.5 miliona | ioe | leai |
| IRAQ | 6 | Le pule | 2,500 | $ 895.4 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| AIALANI | 1 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 8 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| ISALAERU | 6 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 127 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| ITALIA | 44 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 14,756 | $ 1.7 piliona | ioe | ioe |
| IAPANI | 119 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 63,690 | $ 2.1 piliona | ioe | ioe |
| JOHNSTON ATOL | 1 | US kolone | 0 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | ioe |
| JORDAN | 2 | Le pule | 211 | $ 255 miliona | ioe | leai |
| KENYA | 3 | Pule malo | 59 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| KOREA, REPUBLIKA O | 76 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 28,503 | $ 2.3 piliona | ioe | ioe |
| KOSOVO | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua liua * | 18 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | ioe |
| KUAKI | 10 | Le pule | 2,054 | $ 156 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| LATVIA | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 14 | $ 14.6 miliona | leai | leai |
| LUXEMBOURG | 1 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 21 | $ 67.4 miliona | leai | leai |
| MALI | 1 | Le pule | 20 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| MARSHALL ISLANDS | 12 | Temokalasi atoa * | 96 | $ 230.3 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| NETHERLANDS | 6 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 641 | $ 11.4 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| NIGER | 8 | Le pule | 21 | $ 50 miliona | ioe | leai |
| ISI MARIANA | 5 | US kolone | 45 | $ 2.1 piliona | ioe | ioe |
| NORWAY | 7 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 167 | $ 24.1 miliona | ioe | leai |
| OMAN | 6 | Le pule | 25 | $ 39.2 miliona | leai | ioe |
| PALAU, REPUBLIC O | 3 | Temokalasi atoa * | 12 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| PANAMA | 11 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 35 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| PERU | 2 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 51 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| FILIPINO | 8 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 155 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| POLANI | 4 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 226 | $ 395.4 miliona | leai | leai |
| PORTUGAL | 21 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 256 | $ 87.2 miliona | leai | ioe |
| PUERTO RICO | 34 | US kolone | 13,571 | $ 788.8 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| QATAR | 3 | Le pule | 501 | $ 559.5 miliona | leai | ioe |
| ROMANIA | 6 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 165 | $ 363.7 miliona | leai | leai |
| SAUDI ALAPI | 11 | Le pule | 693 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | ioe |
| SENEGAL | 1 | Pule malo | 15 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| SINGAPORE | 2 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 374 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| SLOVAKI | 2 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 12 | $ 118.7 miliona | leai | leai |
| SOMALIA | 5 | Pulega Hybrid * | 71 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| SPAIN | 4 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 3,353 | $ 292.2 miliona | leai | ioe |
| SURINAME | 2 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 2 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| SYRIA | 4 | Le pule | 900 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | ioe | leai |
| THAILAND | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 115 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| TUNISIA | 1 | Faiga faatemokalasi ua suia | 26 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| TURKEY | 13 | Pule malo | 1,758 | $ 63.8 miliona | ioe | ioe |
| UGANDA | 1 | Pule malo | 14 | LD FAʻAIʻUINA | leai | leai |
| UNITED ARAB EMIRATES | 3 | Le pule | 215 | $ 35.4 miliona | leai | ioe |
| MALO TUPU | 25 | Faatemokalasi atoa | 10,770 | $ 1.9 piliona | ioe | ioe |
| VIRGIN ISLANDS, US | 6 | US kolone | 787 | $ 72.3 miliona | leai | ioe |
| Ala mai le Motu | 1 | US kolone | 5 | $ 70.1 miliona | leai | ioe |
Faamatalaga i luga o le Laulau 1
Nofoaga faʻavae: O le Lipoti a le Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report o loʻo faʻamatalaina ai se "tulaga" faʻavae e avea ma soʻo se "nofoaga faʻapitoa e iai fanua taʻitasi poʻo ni meafale ua tuʻuina atu ia te ia […] o lena, poʻo e ona e, lisiina atu i ai, pe i lalo o le pule a le DoD Vaega e fai ai ma sui o le Iunaite Setete. ”27
Malo ituaiga: O ituaiga malo a le atunuu ua faauigaina o le "faatemokalasi atoa," "faatemokalasi le atoatoa," "pulega malo," po o le "pule malosi." Nei o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia mai le Economist Intelligence Unit's 2020 “Democracy Index” seʻi vagana ua faʻailoa atu i se asterisk (upusii e mafai ona maua i le seti atoa).
Faʻatupeina o Militeri Fausiaina: O nei fuainumera tatau ona manatu maualalo. O faʻamatalaga e sau mai le Pentagon budget budget aloaia na tuʻuina atu i le Konekeresi mo le fausiaina o le militeri. O le aofaʻi e le aofia ai faʻaopoopo faʻatupega i taua ("fafo contingency gaoioiga") paketi, faʻavasega paketi, ma isi paketi faʻasoa ia, i taimi, e le faʻailoa atu i le Konekeresi (eg, pe a faʻaaoga e le militeli tupe faʻatulagaina mo le tasi faʻamoemoe mo militeli fausiaina ) .28 Faʻatauaiga taua o tupe faʻaletausaga o le faʻatupeina o le militeri e alu i "nofoaga le faʻamatalaina," ma atili ai ona faigata ona iloa pe o le a le tele o le malo a le malo o loʻo teu faʻafaigaluega i nofoaga a militeri i fafo.
Tagata faigaluega fuafuaina: O nei fua faatatau aofia ai toaaga-tiute fitafita, leoleo a le atunuʻu ma faʻasao fitafita, ma Pentagon tagata lautele. O tala faʻatatau e maua mai i le Defense Manpower Data Center (faʻafouina Mati 31, 2021; ma Iuni 30, 2021 mo Ausetalia), seʻi vagana ua tusia i se isi asterisk (faʻamatalaga e mafai ona maua i le seti atoa). Tagata faitau e tatau ona maitauina o le militeli masani ona saunia le saʻo tagata faigaluega faʻamatalaga e faʻafoliga o le natura ma le tele o deployments.
Fuafua le fanua (avanoa i le seti atoa): O nei mea na maua mai i le Pentagon's 2018 Base Structure Report (BSR) ma e lisiina i eka. E le maeʻa faʻatulagaina e le BSR ma o nofoaga faʻavae e leʻo aofia ai ua faailogaina "le faʻamatalaina."
Talu ai nei / faifai pea teteʻe: Lenei e faʻasino i le tulaʻi mai o ni teteʻe tetele, a le o se setete, tagata poʻo se faʻalapotopotoga. Naʻo teteʻe manino lava e faʻasaga i nofoaga o militeri a Amerika poʻo le i ai o le militeri a Amerika i le tulaga lautele, ua faʻailogaina "ioe." O atunuʻu uma e faʻailogaina le "ioe" e molimauina ma lagolagoina e lipoti faʻasalalau e lua talu mai le 2018. O na atunuʻu e leʻi maua ai ni teteʻe talu ai nei pe o faʻaauau pea na faʻailogaina "leai."
Taua o le siosiomaga faaleagaina: Lenei vaega faʻatatau i le ea faʻaleagaina, eleele faʻaleagaina, vai faʻaletonu, leo pisapisao, ma / poʻo flora poʻo manuʻa lamatiaga faʻapipiʻi i le i ai o le US militeri faʻavae. O nofoaga faʻamiliteli, faʻatasi ai ma ni mea e seasea tupu ai, faʻaleagaina le siosiomaga ona o lo latou teuina ma le faʻaaogaina e le aunoa o mea mataʻutia, vailaʻau oona, mataʻutia o meatau, ma isi mea matautia.29 O faʻavae tetele e tele lava ina faʻaleagaina; lea, matou manatu o soʻo se tele tele mafua ai nisi siosiomaga afaina. O se nofoaga ua faʻailogaina "leai" e le o lona uiga o se faʻavae e leʻi mafua ai se faʻaleagaina o le siosiomaga ae leai se pepa e mafai ona maua pe o faʻaleagaina ua manatu e faʻatapulaʻaina.
tautinoga
O vaega ma tagata taʻitasi o loʻo avea ma vaega o le Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition, na fesoasoani i le faʻatulagaina, suʻesuʻega, ma le tusiaina o ma mo lenei lipoti: Tauiviga mo le Filemu, Faʻaletonuina o le Puipuiga ma le Puipuiga Lautele; Codepink; Fono mo se Lalolagi Livable; Malo Aufaatasi Faiga Faavae Alliance; Inisitituti mo Faiga Faʻavae / Faiga faʻavae i fafo e taulaʻi i ai; Andrew Bacevich; Medea Peniamina; John Feffer; Sam Fraser; Joseph Gerson; Barry Klein; Jessica Rosenblum; Lora Lumpe; Catherine Lutz; David Swanson; John Tierney; Allan Vogel; ma Lawrence Wilkerson.
O le Overseas Base Realignment and Closure Coalition (OBRACC) o se lautele lautele o militeri auiliiliga, tagata atamamai, fautua, ma isi vaega taua a le militeri mai itu eseese o faaupufai o loʻo lagolagoina tapunia nofoaga militeli US i fafo atu. Mo nisi faʻamatalaga, vaʻai i le www.overseasbases.net.
David Vine o le Professor of Anthropology i le American University i Washington, DC. O Tavita o le tusitala o tusi e tolu e uiga i nofoaga faʻamiliteli ma taua, e aofia ai ma le fou faʻatulafonoina o le United States of War: A Global History of America's Endless Conflicts, mai Columbus i le Islamic State (University of California Press, 2020), lea na avea ma tagata mulimuli mo le LA LA Book Book Prize mo Talafaʻasolopito. O tusi muamua a Tavita o le Base Nation: Faʻafefea ona faʻaaoga e US US Bases Abroad Harm America ma le lalolagi (Metropolitan Books / Henry Holt, 2020) ma le Island of Shame: le talafaʻasolopito o le militeri a Amerika i Diego Garcia (Princeton University Press, 2015). O David o se sui o le Overseas Base Realignment ma Closure Coalition.
Patterson Deppen o se tagata suʻesuʻe mo World BEYOND War, lea na ia tuʻufaʻatasia ai lenei lipoti atoa le lisi o nofoaga faʻamiliteli a Amerika i atunuʻu i fafo. Na galue o ia i le laupapa faatonu i le E-International Relations i le mea o ia o le co-faatonu mo tamaiti aoga tala. O ana tusitusiga na aliali mai i le E-International Relations, Tom Dispatch, ma le The Progressive. O lana tusitusiga talu ai nei i le TomDispatch, "Amerika o se Base Nation Revisited," o loʻo ofoina ai se vaʻai i nofoaga o militeri a Amerika i atunuʻu i fafo ma le latou pulega malo i le lalolagi i aso nei. Na ia mauaina ona matai i le atinaʻe ma le puipuiga mai le Iunivesite o Bristol. O ia o se sui o le Overseas Base Realignment ma Closure Coalition.
Lea Bolger litaea i le 2000 mai le US Navy i le tulaga o le Taʻitaʻi ina ua maeʻa le 20 tausaga o galue malosi tautua. Na filifilia o ia e avea ma uluaʻi tamaʻitaʻi Peresetene o Veterans For Peace (VFP) i le 2012, ma i le 2013 na filifilia ai e tuʻuina le Ava Helen ma Linus Pauling Memorial Peace Lecture i le Oregon State University. Sa galue o ia o le Peresitene o World BEYOND War, o se faʻalapotopotoga faʻavaomalo faʻapitoa mo le faʻamutaina o taua. O Lea o se sui o le Overseas Base Realignment ma Closure Coalition.
World BEYOND War o se gaioiga le faʻamalosi a le lalolagi e faʻamutaina taua ma faʻatutuina se filemu ma tumau le filemu. World BEYOND War na faavaeina ia Ianuari 1st, 2014, ina ua o atu faʻatasi ia David Hartsough ma David Swanson e fausia se gaioiga a le lalolagi e faʻateʻa le faʻavae o taua, ae le naʻo le "taua o le aso." Afai o taua e tatau lava ona faʻamutaina, ona tatau lea ona aveʻese mai le laulau o se filifiliga talafeagai. E pei lava ona leai se mea e taʻua o le "lelei" poʻo le faʻapologa tatau, e leai foi se mea e taʻu o le "lelei" poʻo se taua talafeagai. O nei faʻalapotopotoga uma e inosia ma e le taliaina, tusa lava poʻo a tulaga. Afai la, a le mafai ona tatou faʻaaogaina taua e foʻia ai feteʻenaʻiga faʻavaomalo, o le a le mea e mafai ona tatou faia? O le sailia o se auala e sifi ai i le lalolagi atoa, o loʻo lagolagoina e tulafono faʻavaomalo, faʻavaomalo, galulue faʻatasi, ma aia tatau a tagata, ma le puipuia o na mea i gaioiga le faʻamalosi ae le o le faʻamataʻu o sauaga, o le fatu lea ole WBW. O la matou galuega e aofia ai aʻoaʻoga e faʻateʻa ai talafatu, pei o le "Taua e masani ai" poʻo le "Sa masani ona i ai taua," ma faʻaalia ai i tagata e le gata o lena taua e tatau ona faʻaumatia, ae e mafai foi ona mafai. O la matou galuega e aofia ai ituaiga uma o le le faʻamalosia o gaioiga e faʻagaioia le lalolagi i le itu o le faʻamutaina o taua uma.
Faamatalaga Faasino Upu:
1 Matagaluega o le Puipuiga a le Iunaite Setete. "Lipoti o Faʻavae Faʻavae - Tausaga Faʻavae 2018 Faʻavae: O se Aotelega o Faʻamatalaga o Meatotino o Meatotino." Ofisa o le Failautusi Fesoasoani mo le Lagolagoina, 2018.
https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/BSI/BEI_Library.html;see also Vine, David. “Lists of U.S. Military Bases Abroad, 1776–2021.” American University Digital Research Archive, 2021.https://doi.org/10.17606/7em4-hb13.
2 Burns, Ropati. “Ua unaʻi e Milley le 'toe suʻe' mai i Tumau i Fafo o loʻo faʻaaluina ai 'Au.” Associated Press, Tesema 3, 2020. https://apnews.com/article/persian-gulf-tensions-south-korea-united-states-5949185a8cbf2843eac27535a599d022.
3 "Faʻatonuina o Tupe a le Konekeresi - Matagaluega o le Setete, Faʻagaioiga a le Va i Fafo, ma Polokalame Faʻatatau, Tausaga Faʻaletupe 2022." Iunaite Setete Matagaluega o le Setete. 2021. ii.
4 Ole faʻalilolilo ma le faʻamapulaʻaina o malamalama ile siʻosiʻomaga o Amerika o loʻo atagia mai i isi malo 'eseʻese faʻavae. Tala Faatatau muamua na fautuaina ai o le vaega o totoe o le militeri a le lalolagi e tusa ma le 60-100 malo mai fafo. Lipoti fou faʻailoa mai o le Malo Aufaatasi e 145. Vaʻai Miller, Phil. "FAʻAALIGA: O le UK militeli 'auʻaunaga i lalo atu o fesoʻotaʻiga fesoʻotaʻiga aofia ai 145 nofoaga i le 42 atunuʻu." Faʻalauiloa UK, Novema 20, 2020.
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-11-24-revealed-the-uk-militarys-overseas-base-network-involves-145-sites-in-42-countries/). As we discuss in our “What Isa Base?” section, the definition of a “base” is also a perennial challenge, making cross-national comparison even more difficult.
Vaʻai, faʻapea, Jacobs, Frank. "O Malo Taua e Lima a le militeri." BigThink.com, Iulai 5, 10.
http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/the-worlds-five-military-empires;Sharkov, Damien. “Russia’s Military Compared to the U.S.” Newsweek, June 8, 2018.
http://www.newsweek.com/russias-military-compared-us-which-country-has-more-military-bases-across-954328.
6 O le Matagaluega o le Puipuiga “Lipoti a le tau i atunuu i fafo” (eg, US Department of Defense. “Operations and
Maintenance Overview, Fiscal Year 2021 Budget Tala Faatatau o Tupe. ” I lalo o le failautusi o le puipuiga (Comptroller), Fepuari 2020. 186-189), na tuuina mai i ana faamaumauga faaletausaga paketi, maua ai faʻatapulaʻa tau faʻamatalaga e uiga i faʻapipiʻiina i nisi ae le o atunuʻu uma o le militeli faʻamaumauga nofoaga. O le lipoti o faʻamatalaga e masani ona le maeʻa ma e masani ona leai mo le tele o atunuʻu. Mo le sili atu ma le sefulu tausaga, ua lipotia e le DD tau aofaʻi faʻaletausaga i fafo faʻapipiʻiina latalata i le $ 20 piliona. Ua saunia e David Vine se auiliiliga auiliili ileBase Nation: Faʻafefea e le militeri a Amerika i atunuu mamao ona afaina ai Amerika ma le lalolagi. Niu Ioka. Tusi Lautele, 2015. 195-214. Na faʻaaoga e Vine le metotia lava e tasi e faʻafou ai lenei tala faatatau mo le tausaga faʻaletupe 2019, e le aofia ai ni tau e sili atu le faʻasao e uiga i le ono aʻafia i totogi faʻalua. Na matou faʻafouina le fua faatatau o le $ 51.5 piliona i le taimi nei i le faʻaaogaina o le Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI Inflation Calculator, https: //www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm.
7 Lostumbo, Michael J, et al. Oversas Basing o USMiliteri Malosiaga: O se Suʻesuʻega o Totogi Tau ma Faʻataʻitaʻiga penefiti. Santa Monica. RAND Corporation, 2013. xxv.
8 Matou te fuafuaina le tau o le aufaigaluega e ala i le faʻapea, o le mea moni, o le tau a le tagata e $ 115,000 (o isi e faʻaaogaina le $ 125,000) ma le tusa ma le 230,000 'au ma tagata faigaluega lautele o loʻo i ai nei i fafo. Matou te mauaina le $ 115,000 mo le tagata fuafuaina e ala i le fetuʻunaʻi o le tala faʻatatau o le $ 107,106 mo tagata faigaluega na tuʻuina i fafo ma atunuʻu (Blakeley, Katherine. Lipoti / fitafita-tagata faigaluega), aveina le $ 15- $ 2017 taʻi tasi i tau faʻaopopo mo tagata faigaluega i fafo (vaʻai Lostumbo.Oversas Basingof US militeli malosiaga).
9 Fuafuaina militeli fuafuaina mo lenei lipoti na saunia e Jordan Cheney, Iunivesite a Amerika, faʻaaoga ai faaletausaga Pentagon paketi pepa tuʻuina atu i le Konekeresi mo militeli fausiaina (C-1 polokalama). Ole aofaʻiga o tupe faʻaalu a le militeri i fafo e maualuga atu ona o tupe faʻaopoopo na faʻaalu i taua ("fafo contingency operations") paketi. I le va o tausaga faʻaletupe 2004 ma le 2011, toʻatasi lava, o fitafita na fausiaina i Afghanistan, Iraq, ma isi vaega o taua, e $ 9.4 piliona le aofaʻi (Belasco, Amy. Auaunaga Suesuega, Mati 9, 11. 29). I le faʻaaogaina ai o lenei tulaga o tupe faʻaalu e fai ma taʻiala ($ 2011 piliona i tupe faʻaalu a le militeri mo tausaga tupe 33-9.4, e fai ma sui .2004% o le aofaʻi o tupe faʻaalu a le militeri mo le vaitaimi lava lea e tasi). O le 2011 e tusa ma le $ 85 piliona mai le tupe faʻaalu a le Pentagon e $ 2001 piliona i le taua (McGarry, Brendan W. ma Emily M. Morgenstern. O a matou aofaʻi e le aofia ai faʻaopoopo tupe i faʻavasegaga paketi ma isi paketi faʻasoa ia, i taimi, e le faʻailoa atu i le Konekeresi (eg, pe a faʻaaoga e le militeri tupe faʻatulagaina mo le militeli faʻamoemoeina fausiaina mo militeli fausiaina). Vaʻai Vine. Malo Nofoaga. Mataupu 2019, mo le talanoaina o le faʻatupeina o le fausiaina o le militeri.
10 Vine, Tavita O le Iunaite Setete o Taua: O le Talafaʻasolopito o le Lalolagi o Feteʻenaʻiga e le Gata a Amerika, mai Columbus i le Islamic State. Oakland. Iunivesite o Kalefonia Press, 2020.248; Glain, Setefano. "O le a le mea na Uunaʻia Osama bin Laden." US News & Lipoti a le Lalolagi, Me 3, 2011.
http://www.usnews.com/opinion/blogs/stephen-glain/2011/05/03/what-actually-motivated-osama-bin-laden;
Bowman, Bradley L. “Ina ua mavae Iraki.” Washington Quarterly, vol. 31, nu. 2. 2008. 85.
11 Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central Africa Republic, Chad, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Haiti, Iraq, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Uganda, Yemen. Vaʻai Savell, Stephanie, ma le 5W Infographics. "Lenei Faʻafanua Faʻaalia Nei i le Lalolagi o le US Militeli o loʻo Teteeina Faʻamataʻu." Smithsonian Mekasini, Ianuari 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick, ma Sean D.Naylor. "Faʻaalia: O le US Military's 36 Code-called Operations i Aferika." Yahoo News, Aperila 17, 2019.https: //news.yahoo.com/revealed-the-us-militarys-36-codenamed-operations-in-africa-090000841.html.
Vaʻai, faʻapea, Vine.Base Nation. Mataupu 12. O tagata i Amerika Amerika e i ai le maualalo o vasega o tagatanuʻu ona e leʻo otometi o latou sitiseni US i lo latou fananau mai.
13 Vine.Base Nation.138–139.
14 Volcovici, Valerie. "Saili e le Senators a Amerika tali i luga o le US Presence i Niger ina ua maeʻa faʻatama." Reuters, Oketopa 22, 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-niger-usa-idUSKBN1CR0NG.
15 O se tasi o faʻataʻitaʻiga e le masani ai a le Konekeresi i nofoaga faʻavae a Amerika ma lona iai i atunuʻu i fafo, na faʻaalia ai, "o le taimi lava e faʻamautu ai se ofisa mai Amerika i fafo atu, e amata ai foi lona olaga…. O misiona muamua atonu ua le toe aoga, ae o ni misiona fou ua atiaʻe, e le gata i le faʻamoemoe ia tuʻu pea le nofoaga, ae masani ona faʻalauteleina. " Senate a Amerika. "Maliega ma Tautinoga mo le Puipuiga a le Iunaite Setete i fafo." Fofogaina i luma o le Senate Komiti a le Senate i le Iunaite Setete maliliega maliliega ma tautinoga i fafo atu o le Komiti i Fafo Fafo. Iva sefulu ma le tasi le Konekeresi, Vol. 2, 2017. E tele atu suʻesuʻega talu ai nei na faʻamaonia ai lenei sailiga. Eg, Glaser, Ioane. "Tuumuli ese mai Atunuʻu i Fafo: Aisea e le manaʻomia ai, tuai, ma mataʻutia le agaʻi i luma o le militeri." Faʻailoaina o Faiga faʻavae 816, CATO Institute, Iulai 18, 2017; Johnson, Kaletaia. O Faʻanoanoa o le Emepaea: Militarism, Secrecy, ma le Iuga o le Republic. Niu Ioka. Metropolitan, 2004; Vine Malo Nofoaga.
16 Tulafono Lautele 94-361, sek. 302.
17 US Code 10, failautusi 2721, "Faʻamaumauga o Meatotino." Talu ai, vaʻai US Code 10, sek. 115 ma le US Code 10, sek. 138 (i). E le o mautinoa pe a faʻasalalau e le Pentagon le lipoti i tausaga taʻitasi i le va o le 1976 ma le 2018, ae o lipoti e mafai ona maua i luga o le upega tafailagi talu mai le 1999 ma e foliga mai na tuʻuina atu i le Konekeresi i le tele pe a le o nei vaitaimi uma.
18 Turse, Nick. “Faʻavae, Faʻavae, Soʻo se mea… Seʻi vagana ai le Lipoti a le Pentagon.” TomDispatch.com, Ianuari 8, 2019. http://www.tomdispatch.com/post/176513/tomgram%3A_nick_turse%2C_one_down%2C_who_knows_how_many_to_go/#more; Vine.Base Nation.3-5; David Vine. "Lisi o US militeri nofoaga i fafo atu, 1776–2021."
19 Turse, Nick. "US Militeli Fai mai E i ai sona 'Malamalama Tulagavae' i Aferika. O nei pepa o loʻo faʻaalia mai ai se lautele lautele o faʻavae. ” Le Faʻalavelave, Tesema 1, 2018. https://theintercept.com/2018/12/01/us-military-says-it-has-a-light-footprint-in-africa-these-documents-show-a- tele-fesoʻotaʻiga-o-faʻavae /; Savell, Stephanie, ma le 5W Infographics. Smithsonian Mekasini, Ianuari 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/map-shows-places-world-where-us-military-operates-180970997/; Turse, Nick. "Amerika's War-Fighting Footprint in Africa Secret US Military Documents Faʻaalia se faaputuga fetu o Amerika militeli faʻavae i itu uma o lena konetineta." TomDispatch.com, Aperila 27, 2017. https://tomdispatch.com/nick-turse-the-us-military-moves-deeper-into-africa/
20 O'Mahony, Angela, Miranda Priebe, Bryan Frederick, Jennifer Kavanagh, Matthew Lane, Trevor Johnston, Thomas S. Szayna, Jakub P. Hlávka, Stephen Watts, ma Matthew Povlock. "Iunaite Setete ma Faʻafitauli o Feteʻenaʻiga." RAND Faʻalapotopotoga. Santa Monica, 2018.
21 Iunaite Setete o le Puipuiga. "Lipoti o Fausaga Faʻavae - Tausaga Faʻaletupe 2018." 18.
22 Biden, Joseph R. Jr. “O saunoaga a Peresitene Biden i le tulaga o Amerika i le lalolagi.” Fepuari 4, 2021.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/02/04/remarks-by-president-biden-on-americas-place-in-the-world/.
23 "Vaega o Atinae Eseese a le Matagaluega o le Puipuiga." Iunaite Setete o le Puipuiga. Oketopa 2017,
https://fas.org/man/eprint/infrastructure.pdf.
24 Tupe mo le fausiaina i Aruba ma Curaçao o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia i le Pentagon faʻatupeina. Na matou vaevaeina le aofaʻi ma
vaevaeina afa i nofoaga taʻitasi.
25 Matou te faʻaaogaina le Economist Intelligence Unit'scategorizationof Cuba o le pule, e ui lava o le nofoaga autu i Guantánamo Bay, Cuba, e mafai ona faʻavasegaina o se kolone o le Iunaite Setete talu ai le le mafai e le malo o Cuba ona tutuliese le militeri US i lalo o tuutuuga o le maliega US ofisa. faʻatulafonoina luga o Cuba i le 1930s. Vaʻai Vine. O le Iunaite Setete o Taua. 23-24.
26 Tupe mo le fausiaina i Aruba ma Curaçao o loʻo tuʻufaʻatasia i le Pentagon faʻatupeina. Na matou vaevaeina le aofaʻi ma
vaevaeina afa i nofoaga taʻitasi.
27 United States Department of Defense.Base Structure Report —Tausaga Fa'aletupe 2018. 4.
28 Vaʻai Vine. Malo Nofoaga. Mataupu 13.
29 Mo se vaaiga aoao, vaʻai ia Vine. Malo Nofoaga. Mataupu 7.
