Ndi Joseph Essertier, March 4, 2008, kuchokera Sungani ku Korea.
Kumayambiriro kwa Lachisanu, February 23, akuluakulu awiri achijapani, Katsurada Satoshi (56) ndi Kawamura Yoshinori (46), adatsogolera kumalo akuluakulu a General Association of Korean Residents ku Tokyo ndipo adamuwombera ndi thumba. Katsurada anachita galimoto, ndipo Kawamura anachita kuwombera. Mwamwayi, zipolopolo zinagunda pachipata, ndipo palibe amene anavulala.
Ngati wina adavulala kapena waphedwa, ayenera kuti anali a Msonkhano, ambiri mwa iwo ali ndi pasipoti zakunja, kotero pamapepala, wina anganene kuti izi ndizochitika padziko lonse. Bungwe limatchedwa Chongryon ku Korea. Amalandira thandizo la ndalama kuchokera ku boma la North Korea, ndipo ngati ambassy, limalimbikitsa zofuna za boma ndi North Korea. Koma limagwiranso ntchito ngati malo osonkhanitsira anthu a ku Korea, kumpoto ndi kumwera, kukambirana, kumanga mabwenzi, kuyeretsa zolemba, kuthandizana, ndikusunga chikhalidwe chawo. Ndi theka la mamembala omwe ali ndi malire a kumpoto kwa Korea. Theka lina liri ndi pasipoti za South Korea kapena Japanese.
Ngakhale kuti palibe yemwe adavulazidwa thupi, mosakayika ena mamembala ndi anthu omwe si a ku Korea onse ku Japan ndi kuzungulira dziko lapansi akhala akukhumudwa pamalingaliro kapena m'maganizo. Taganizirani nthawi. Zachitika sabata imodzi isanafike pa March 1st, tsiku lomwe, zaka za 99 kale, anthu a ku Koreya anayamba kuyesetsa kuti azidzilamulira okha popanda ufumu wa ku Japan. Kulimbana kwakukulu kwa ufulu wochokera kudziko lina kunayamba tsiku lomwelo mu 1919 ndipo likupitirira lero. Tsiku la kuwombera, la 23rd la February, linalinso pa Maseŵera a Pyeongchang ndi Olympic Truce ku Peninsula ya Korea pamene Washington ndi Seoul anasiya "masewera a nkhondo" (ie, masewera a nkhondo) opangidwira boma ndi anthu a North Korea. Panali nthawi imene anthu padziko lonse adalowa ku Korea kuti azisangalala ndi masewera ochokera kumpoto ndi South Korea komanso kuunika kwa miyoyo ya anthu a ku Korea ndi ena a kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Asia -kupereka kwa kuwala kwa chiyembekezo kwa anthu okonda mtendere padziko lonse kuti tsiku lina, mwinamwake ngakhale chaka chino, mtendere pa Peninsula ukhoza kukwaniritsidwa.
Kuwombera kwa zigawenga ku nyumbayi kumabweretsa chiwonetsero cha chiwawa cha mtsogolo komanso imfa ya anthu osalakwa a ku Korea - miyoyo ya anthu a ku Koreya kutali ndi Korea, ena mwa iwo ndi a chikhalidwe cha Japan ndipo makolo awo anabadwira ndi kubadwira ku Japan. Izi zidawopsya bwanji-kuwombera mfuti pamalo osasungira malo omwe anthu osamvera amachitira anthu ochepa, omwe makamaka ndiwo mbadwa za anthu olamulidwa ndi ufumu wa Japan. Poganizira zonsezi, kuwombera kumeneku kukuwongolera mtendere umene anthu a ku Koreya komanso anthu amtendere padziko lonse akulakalaka ndikulimbana nawo-ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti nkhani zofalitsa nkhani, mu Chingerezi ndi Chijapani, zokhudzana ndi chochitika chofunika ichi chakhala ochedwa pang'onopang'ono kubwera ndi ochepa mu chiwerengero.
Momwe Anthu Ambirimbiri a Korea Anakhalira Kudera ku Japan
Anthu okhala ku Korea a ku Japan amatchulidwa kuti Zainichi Kankoku Chosenjin mu Japanese, kapena Zainichi kwafupipafupi, ndipo mu Chingerezi nthawi zina amatchedwa "Zainichi Koreans." Chiwerengero cha Zainichi Koreans ku 2016 chinali 330,537 (299,488 South Koreans ndi 31,049 osadziwika ku Korea). Pakati pa 1952 ndi 2016, anthu a ku 365,530 a ku Korea adalandira ufulu wa chiyanjano, kapena kupyolera mu chikhalidwe kapena jus sanguinis kapena "magazi enieni," mwachitsanzo, pokhala ndi kholo limodzi lovomerezeka mwalamulo. Kaya ali ndi chiyankhulo cha ku Japan, South Korea, kapena North Korea, kapena ali osadziwika, chiwerengero cha anthu a ku Korea omwe amakhala ku Japan ali pafupifupi 700,000.
Mzinda wa Zainichi wa Korea lero sungaganizire popanda chiwawa cha ufumu wa Japan (1868-1947). Japan inagonjetsa Korea kuchokera ku China mu Nkhondo Yoyamba Sino-Japan (1894-95). Mu 1910 izo zimagwirizanitsa Korea. Pambuyo pake adatembenuza dzikoli kuti likhale malo omwe adapeza chuma chambiri. Ambiri ambiri a ku Korea anadza ku Japan mwachindunji chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa ufumu wa Korea; ena anabwera monga zotsatira zosawonekera. Chiwerengero choyambirira chinadza mwa kufuna kwawo kukwaniritsa ntchito ya Japan yolimbikira ntchito mwamsanga, koma pambuyo pa zochitika za Manchurian za 1931, anthu ambiri a ku Koreya anakakamizika kugwira ntchito ku Japan monga antchito olemba ntchito, zomangamanga, ndi migodi. (Onani Youngmi Lim "Zochitika Zachiwiri za Kudana Chigamulo cha Korea ku Japan")
Pa nthawi yakugonjetsedwa kwa Ufumu mu 1945, panali anthu awiri miliyoni a ku Koreya ku Japan. Ambiri mwa omwe adakakamizika kugwira ntchito ku Japan ndipo adatha kupulumuka ku Korea, koma anthu a 600,000 anasankha kukhalabe. Popanda kulakwa kwawo, dziko lakwawo linali lachisokonezo, losasunthika, ndipo makonzedwe a nkhondo yapachiweniweni yowopsa anali kuwonekera. M'chaka chimenecho, 1945, mbali ya kumwera kwa Korea Peninsula inali kugwira ntchito ndi asilikali a United States, ndipo kumpoto kunkalamulidwa ndi Kim Il-sung (1912-1994), mmodzi mwa akuluakulu a boma omwe anali kutsogolera kukana kwa a ku Japan Akuluakulu a nkhondo m'ndondomeko yowonongeka kwa zaka pafupifupi 15.
A colonizers a ku Japan anayambitsa chidole chawo cha Manchukuo ku Manchuria pa March 1st, 1932-akudziŵa bwino tanthauzo la March 1st kwa A Koreya ndipo mosasamala kanthu. Panthawi imeneyo, kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wodziwidwa payekha amatchedwa "March 1st Movement" (Sam-il ku Korea. "Sam" amatanthawuza "atatu" ndi "il" amatanthauza "chimodzi." San-ichi mu Japanese). Lero lachotsedwa nthawi zingapo m'mbiri. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti wa ku Japan, Shinzo Abe, anasankha March 1st, 2007 kuti apange chidziwitso chake chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa kuti "palibe umboni" kuti amayi a ku Korea "adakakamizidwa" kutengedwa monga "otonthoza akazi" pa Nkhondo. (Onani Mutu 2 wa Bruce Cumings ' Nkhondo ya Korea: A History).
Monga momwe kukana kwa France (mwachitsanzo, "La Résistance") kunali kulimbana ndi kulanda kwa Nazi Germany ku France ndi omwe anali nawo, kukana kwa aku Korea kunali kulimbana ndi atsamunda aku Japan ndi omwe anali nawo. Koma pomwe kukana kwa France kwakondwerera Kumadzulo, kukana ku Korea kunyalanyazidwa.
Pakati pa zaka za ku South South pansi pa boma la United States Army Army ku Korea (USAMGIK, 1945 - 1948), boma latsopano kumpoto linalimbikitsidwa kwambiri pakati pa anthu a ku Korea kuyambira nthawi yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi apamwamba omwe adalonjeza zabwino ndi tsogolo labwino mudziko lopanda chikhalidwe, losiyana. Mwatsoka, idalimbikitsidwa ndi Soviet Union ndi Joseph Stalin (1878-1953), wolamulira wankhanza. A US anali kukhala ku Japan ndi South Korea, koma dziko la Japan linali lokhazikitsidwa ufulu. Demokalase yaing'ono inaloledwa kuti ikhale mizu kumeneko. Ku South Korea, kumbali ina, US anamanga wolamulira wankhanza Syngman Rhee ndipo adaonetsetsa kuti adagonjetsa utsogoleri kudzera mu chisankho cha 1948. Anali wotchuka pakati pa anthu ambiri olemekezeka kwambiri, omwe ambiri mwa iwo anali atagwirizana ndi Ufumu wa Japan, koma adadedwa ndi kuwonongedwa ndi ambiri a ku Koreya. (Pankhani ya Japan, ulamuliro wa dzikoli sunabwererenso ku manja a ku Japan mpaka 1952, koma izi sizinali zaulere. Boma latsopano la Japan linayenera kuvomereza mapiritsi owawa.Ayenera kuvomereza "mtendere wosiyana" umene Washington anakhazikitsa, "mtendere" umene Japan unalepheretsa kusayina mgwirizano wamtendere ndi South Korea ndi China. Japan siidakhazikitsa chiyanjano ndi South Korea mpaka 1965.)
Mayiko a US aletsa mtendere pakati pa South Korea ndi Japan, anatsogolera nkhondo kuti athandize ulamuliro wonyenga ku South Korea, ndipo anapitiriza kubwezeretsa maulamuliro angapo kwa zaka makumi angapo mpaka anthu a ku South Korea adabweza dzikoli kudzera m'masinthidwe a demokarasi. Dziko la South Korea lakhala likulamulidwa ndi Washington kwa zaka za 73 tsopano, ndipo ulamuliro wachilendo ukulepheretsa mtendere pa Peninsula ya Korea. Potero munthu akhoza kunena kuti Zainichi Koreans ku Japan lero ndi omwe akuzunzidwa ndi ulamuliro wa chikhalidwe cha ku Japan ndi zaka za 73 za ulamuliro wa America. Nthawi zina ulamuliro wakhala wochuluka, ndipo nthawizina wakhala wakhala kumbuyo -mawonekedwe, koma nthawizonse wakhalapo, kuteteza chisankho cha nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Ichi ndi chimodzi chokha chomwe Amerika ayenera kuganizira zovuta za Zainichi Koreans.
Chikumbutso cha kayendetsedwe ka March 1
Loweruka, February 24, ku Tokyo, ndinapita ku phwando lamadzulo madzulo kukumbukira tsiku la 99th la mgwirizano wa March 1st. Panali zigawo ziwiri - mmodzi ndi wolemba nkhani komanso winayo ndi wotsutsa nkhondo ku South Korea - zomwe zikuchitika ku South Korea lerolino. (Chidziwitso chochitika ichi chilipo Pano mu Japanese).
Mu chipinda chokhala ndi 150, panali anthu a 200. Handa Shigeru, mtolankhani wa ku Japan amene analemba zolemba zambiri ku Japan ponena za kusintha kwa Japan, kuphatikizapo imodzi Kodi Japan Idzayamba Nkhondo? Ufulu Wodzifunira Kudziletsa ndi Odzidzimangira (Ndibwino kuti mukuwerenga: Kuyambira lero, Iwanami, 2014). Phunziro lake likukhudza kwambiri momwe boma la Japan lakonzera asilikali amphamvu m'zaka makumi aposachedwapa, ali ndi zida zamakono zamakono, kuphatikizapo ndege zina za AWACS, F2s, ndege zankhondo za Osprey tilt-rotor, ndi magalimoto a M35. Izi ndi mitundu ya zida zonyansa zimene zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poukira maiko ena. Posachedwapa dziko la Japan lidzatha, malinga ndi Bambo Handa, ndege zowonongeka ndi Aegis asanu ndi atatu owononga. Izi ndizo Aegis owononga kuposa dziko lina lililonse kupatula US.
Japan ili ndi ma Patriot PAC-3 maulendo a chitetezo cha ndege, koma Handa anafotokoza kuti njirazi sizikanatha kuteteza Japan ku misomali yomwe ikubwera popeza idaikidwa m'malo a 14 ku Japan ndipo dongosolo lirilonse liri ndi mizere ya 16. Magulu awo akagwiritsidwa ntchito mmwamba, palibe malo ena otetezera kumalo omwewo. Iye anafotokoza kuti North Korea yakhazikitsa maukonde okha kuti asungidwe, motsogoleredwa ndi MAD (chiwonongeko chimodzimodzi) -lingaliro lakuti kugwiritsira ntchito zida za nyukiliya ndi dziko lomwe likuukira lidzathetsa kuwonongedwa kwathunthu kwa dziko lolimbana ndi kuteteza dziko-m'mawu ena, "mukhoza kundipha, koma ngati mutero, mudzafa," nanunso.
Nkhani ina inaperekedwa ndi wogwira ntchito ku South Korea, Han Chung-mok. Iye akuchokera ku Korea Alliance Progressive Movements (KAPM), bungwe la magulu opita patsogolo a 220 ku South Korea, kuphatikizapo antchito, alimi, akazi, ndi ophunzira, omwe akhala akufuna mtendere pa Korea Peninsula.
KAPM yafuna kuthetseratu ntchito zonse zomwe ziwopsezedwe pamagulu ankhondo kuti muchepetse mavuto ku Peninsula komanso olimbikitsa US-North Korea komanso zokambirana ku North-South.
Han anafotokoza tanthauzo la Candlelight Revolution zomwe zinatsogolera kuchotsedwa kwa pulezidenti wosakondwera chaka chatha chapitacho. Mu mawu Pulezidenti waku South Korea Jae-in, "miyezi ikuluikulu yochuluka yomwe inagwiridwa ndi anthu ena a 17 sanachite zachiwawa kapena kumanga kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto." Ndilo gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a anthu a ku South Korea . "Ma Olympic Amtendere" akuyenda tsopano sakanakhoza kupindula popanda kuchotsedwa kwa Park Geun-hye, mu lingaliro la Han.
Han anagogomezera kuti North Korea ndi dziko laling'ono kwambiri-liri ndi anthu pafupifupi 25 miliyoni-koma ilizunguliridwa ndi mayiko akulu okhala ndi asilikali amphamvu. (Ponena za ndalama zodzitetezera, China ndi Number 2, Russia ndi Namba 3, Japan ndi Chiwerengero 8, ndipo South Korea ndi Namba 10 padziko lonse. Mtsogoleri Wopambana Mtsogoleri wa Komiti Yamtundu Wachiwawa Ndichiwawa Chachilendo Padziko Lonse Pogwiritsa Ntchito Zowonongeka.) Ngakhale kuti North Korea yapeza nukes pofuna kudzipulumutsa yokha, izi zakhala zikuopseza, mwina, kuwukira kwa America.
Han adalongosola zomwe adatcha "Olympic Peace." Iye adatsindika misozi yomwe Kim Yong Nam, yemwe anali mkulu wa dziko la North Korea, dzina lake Kim Yong Nam, adachita misozi, komanso zotsatira zake zamphamvu ku Korea.
Iye adati anthu ambiri ochokera kumpoto kwa Korea anali kuimba ndikulira misozi pomwe akuyimba timagulu timodzi ogwirizana la amai a hockey. Anthu aku South Korea okonda mtendere masauzande ochepa komanso anthu ochokera padziko lonse lapansi adasonkhana munyumba yapafupi ndi bwaloli, adakumbatirana ndikusangalala pomwe amawonera masewerawa kudzera pazakudya zapakanema.
Han ananena kuti Candlelight Revolution yapanga mphindi yapadera m'mbiri yomwe "oyatsa makandulo" ayenera kuganizira mozama. Limodzi mwa mafunso akulu ndi momwe mungagonjetsere kubisala kwachinsinsi ndi United States. A South Korea ndi aku Japan, adati, ayenera kuganizira za njira yomwe akufuna kutsatira: kumamatira ku America kapena kutenga njira ina yatsopano. Kuchokera pa kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe adadumphadumpha kapena kuseka mawu a Mr. Han asanamasuliridwe mu Chijapani, ndikulingalira kuti omvera anali osachepera 10 kapena 20% azilankhulo ziwiri za Zainichi Koreans, koma ambiri amawoneka kuti anali olankhula limodzi achi Japan, ambiri kapena ambiri omwe atha kukhala ndi makolo achi Korea kapena chikhalidwe chawo.
Otsutsa amtendere ku South Korea akukonzekera tsiku lamtendere lamtendere pa 15th ya August, tsiku limene Koreya inamasulidwa ku ulamuliro wa ku Japan ku 1945. (March 1st chaka chamawa chidzakhala chikondwerero chazaka zana cha March 1st Movement).
Han adatsekedwa kunena, "mtendere wa Korea ndi mtendere wa ku East Asia. Demokalase ya ku Japan idzagwirizana ndi kayendedwe ka mtendere ku Korea. Ndikuyembekeza kuti ndikulimbana. "
Mgwirizano wa March 1st unalinso kukumbukiridwa ndi boma la South Korea kwa nthawi yoyamba ku Seowemun Prison History Hall ku Seoul. Pa March poyamba, 1919, gulu la anthu olimbikitsa ku Korea analengeza poyera ufulu wa dzikoli - osati mosiyana ndi American Declaration of Independence. Miyezi ikutsatira chidziwitso, mmodzi mwa khumi khumi a ku Koreya adagwira nawo ntchito zotsatila zosavomerezeka motsutsana ndi chiwawa cha ku Japan chakukhwima.
Pa mwambo wokumbukira, Pulezidenti Moon adalengeza nkhani ya ukapolo wa ku Japan wa amayi a ku Korea "osapitirira," wotsutsana ndi adzi ake a Park Geun-hye a December 2015 mgwirizano ndi Tokyo kuti "potsiriza ndi mosasamala" kuthetsa vutoli. Chigwirizano chimenecho chinapangidwa popanda thandizo la ozunzidwa ndi ukapolo wogonana ku Japan ku South Korea komanso motsutsana ndi zikhumbo za anthu ambiri. Ufumu wa ku Japan unali kapolo wa amayi zikwi makumi ambiri komanso akazi ambiri a 400,000 mu ufumu wonsewo mu "malo otonthoza," kumene adagwiriridwa mobwerezabwereza tsiku ndi tsiku ndi asilikali. (Onani buku latsopano la Qiu Peipei Chinese Comfort Women: Umboni wochokera kwa akapolo a Imperial Japan ogonana, Oxford UP)
March March 18 Action Emergency Action ku Tokyo
Monga zochita zambiri zomwe zimalimbikitsa mtendere ku United States pa sabata March 15-22, padzakhala chigwirizano cha "mtendere" ku Tokyo Lamlungu, March 18 ku 2 PM patsogolo pa ambassy ya US. Amatchedwa "Ntchito Yozizwitsa Yolimbana ndi Mayiko Ogwirizana a US-South Korea," ndi dongosolo lofotokozera otsutsa:
- Nkhondo ya US-South Korea ikusewera pa Peninsula
- Masewera a nkhondo ku US-Japan, monga amphibious kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kuchokera ku gombe la Southern California pa February 7 ndi Cope North zochita zolimbitsa thupi zomwe zinayamba pa February 14 ku Guam
- Masewera aliwonse a nkhondo omwe akukonzekera kuukirira ku North Korea;
- Nyumba yomangira maziko ku Henoko, Okinawa;
- Abe akufutukula "Zida Zomwe Zidzitetezera" ku Japan ponena za "ngozi" yochokera ku North Korea; ndi
- Chilango cha Japan, US, ndi South Korea ndi "mphamvu yaikulu" ku North Korea.
Zomwezo zidzafunikanso:
- Nkhani zoyankhulana pakati pa US ndi North Korea;
- Kusindikiza kwa mgwirizano wamtendere kuthetsa nkhondo ya Korea;
- Mtsinje wa North-South ndi mgwirizano wodziimira ndi wamtendere; ndi
- Kukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa Tokyo ndi Pyongyang.
Gulu lokonzekera limadzitcha lokha "Bungwe la Executive Committee for Emergency Action pa March 3.18th motsutsana ndi Machitidwe a Gulu a US-South Korea." Kuti mudziwe zambiri, onani Pano (mu Japanese).
Kodi Chilungamo Chenicheni Chidzatumikiridwa?
Ngakhale kuti palibe amene adavulala chifukwa cha kuwombera kwa February 23 ku likulu la Chongryon, zomwe zinachitika panthawiyi ku US-North Korea mgwirizano - pamene mtendere pa Peninsula ukanakhala pafupi ndi "Olympic Peace" "Komanso mlungu umodzi usanachitike mwambo wokumbukira mgwirizano wa March 1st - ndiwopseza chiwawa ku Zainichi Koreans wamba, amene amakumana ndi tsankho ku Japan. Komanso ndiopseza chiwawa kwa Akatolika kulikonse. M'lingaliro limeneli, sikutanthauza kukokomeza kunena kuti ndi "chigawenga". Izi ziyenera kuti zinayambitsa mantha m'mitima ya anthu ambiri, ngakhale ambiri a ku Japan, omwe amakhala m'dziko lomwe kuwombera mfuti kuli kovuta kwambiri.
Momwe apolisi a ku Japan amachitira chochitika ichi adzakhala ndi zotsatira za tsogolo la chitetezo cha anthu ku Japan ndi maiko akunja kumpoto kwa Asia. Kodi iwo angapange chisonyezo chachinyengo pamene akuwongolera pa maso akuganiza zoopseza Zainichi Koreans kukhala omvera chete? Kapena adzapulumutsa chilungamo chenichenicho, kufunafuna zolinga za amunawa, kufotokozera ziwembu zawo zachiwawa, ndi kulankhulana ndi dziko lapansi kuti dziko la Japan limagwirizanitsa mtendere wamtendere komanso kuti ufulu wa anthu ochepawo udzalemekezedwa? Tisakhale pansi ndi kuyembekezera yankho patsogolo pa makanema athu ndi makompyuta koma m'malo mwake tipeze mayiko otsutsana ndi zigawenga kotero kuti zigawenga zam'tsogolo zidzakumbukire kawiri kazomwe akugwiritsa ntchito nkhanza zowononga kuti anthu azikhala mwamtendere.
Ambiri chifukwa cha Stephen Brivati chifukwa cha ndemanga, maganizo, ndi kukonza.
Joseph Essertier ndi pulofesa wothandizana nawo ku Nagoya Institute of Technology omwe kafukufuku wawo wagwiritsa ntchito mabuku a ku Japan ndi mbiri. Kwa zaka zambiri wakhala akugwira nawo mabungwe amtendere a ku Japan ndipo akulembera posachedwapa pazokwaniritsa za mabungwe awo ndi kufunika kokhala nawo mgwirizano padziko lonse pothetsa mikangano ya ku Asia Asia.
