Ndi David Swanson
Anatulutsidwa kuchokera m'buku lofalitsidwa kumene Nkhondo Sitili Yokha.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "nkhondo yabwino," ndipo yakhalapo kuyambira nkhondo yaku US ku Vietnam komwe idasiyanitsidwa panthawiyo. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse yakhala ikulamulira US ndipo chifukwa chake zosangalatsa ndi maphunziro aku Azungu, "zabwino" nthawi zambiri zimangotanthauza china osati "chilungamo." Wopambana pa mpikisano wokongola wa "Miss Italy" koyambirira kwa chaka chino adadzipweteketsa mtima pomalengeza kuti akadakonda kukhala pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse. Ngakhale anali kusekedwa, zikuwoneka kuti sanali yekha. Ambiri angafune kukhala nawo pachinthu china chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndiwopambana, ngwazi, komanso chosangalatsa. Ngati atapeza makina amakono, ndikulangiza kuti awerenge zomwe ena mwa omwe adamenyera nkhondo ya WWII ndi omwe adapulumuka asanabwerere kudzachita nawo zosangalatsa.[I] Koma cholinga cha bukhu lino, ndikuyang'ana pa zomwe akunena kuti WWII ndizokhazikika.
Ngakhale munthu azilemba mabuku zaka zingati, amafunsa mafunso, amafalitsa zipilala, komanso amalankhula pazochitika, zimakhala zosatheka kuti zichitike pakhomo la United States pomwe mudalimbikitsa kuthetseratu nkhondo popanda wina kukumenyani za-za-nkhondo-yabwino funso. Chikhulupiriro chakuti panali nkhondo yabwino zaka 75 zapitazo ndi gawo lalikulu lazomwe zimapangitsa anthu aku US kulekerera kutaya madola trilioni pachaka kukonzekera mwina pangakhale nkhondo yabwino chaka chamawa,[Ii] ngakhale poyang'anizana ndi nkhondo zambirimbiri mzaka 70 zapitazi zomwe zikugwirizana kuti sizinali zabwino. Popanda nthano zambiri zodziwika bwino zankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, mabodza apano okhudza Russia kapena Syria kapena Iraq kapena China angamveke openga kwa anthu ambiri momwe zimamvekera kwa ine. Ndipo zowonadi ndalama zomwe zimapangidwa ndi nthano ya Nkhondo Yabwino zimabweretsa nkhondo zoyipa zambiri, m'malo mowaletsa. Ndalemba pamutuwu pamitu yayitali komanso m'mabuku ambiri, makamaka Nkhondo Ndi Bodza.[III] Koma ndikupatsirani pano mfundo zazikuluzikulu zomwe zikuyenera kuyika kukayika pang'ono m'malingaliro a omwe aku US aku WWII ngati Nkhondo Yachilungamo.
A Mark Allman ndi a Tobias Winright, olemba "Just War" omwe akambidwa m'mitu yapitayi, sakupezeka ndi mndandanda wawo wa Just Wars, koma amatchulapo pakupereka zinthu zambiri zopanda chilungamo mu US mu WWII, kuphatikiza zoyeserera za US ndi UK kufafaniza anthu okhala m'mizinda yaku Germany[Iv] ndi kuumirira pa zopereka zopanda malire.[V] Komabe, akulangizanso kuti akhulupirire kuti nkhondoyi inayendetsedwa bwino, yopanda chilungamo, ndikuyendetsedwa kudzera mwa Marshall Plan, ndi zina zotero.[vi] Sindikutsimikiza kuti Germany ali ndi gulu lankhondo lankhondo laku US, zida, ndi malo olumikizirana, komanso wogwirizira pankhondo zopanda chilungamo zaku US kwazaka zambiri akuphatikizidwa pakuwerengetsa.
Izi ndi zomwe ndikuganiza ngati zifukwa 12 zakuti Nkhondo Yabwino sinali yabwino / yolungama.
- Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse siidatha kuchitika popanda nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, popanda njira yopusa yakuyambanso nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi komanso njira yothetsera nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse yomwe inachititsa anthu ambiri anzeru kunena kuti nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse idzachitika pena, kapena popanda ndalama za Wall Street kwa zaka makumi angapo (monga ovomerezeka kwa amakominisi), kapena popanda masewera a zida ndi zosankha zambiri zoipa zomwe sizikuyenera kubwerezedwa mtsogolomu.
- Boma la US silinamenyedwe modzidzimutsa. Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt adalonjeza mwakachetechete Churchill kuti United States idzagwira ntchito molimbika kuti ipangitse Japan kuti ichite ziwopsezo. FDR idadziwa kuti kuukirako kukubwera, ndipo poyambirira adalemba chilengezo chankhondo ku Germany ndi Japan madzulo a Pearl Harbor. Pearl Harbor isanachitike, FDR idamanga mabwalo ku US ndi nyanja zingapo, kugulitsa zida ku Brits pazoyambira, idayamba ntchitoyo, idalemba mndandanda wa munthu aliyense waku Japan waku America mdzikolo, adapatsa ndege, ophunzitsa, komanso oyendetsa ndege kupita ku China , adapereka zilango zankhanza ku Japan, ndipo adalangiza asitikali aku US kuti nkhondo ndi Japan iyamba. Anauza aphungu ake apamwamba kuti akuyembekeza kuti adzaukiridwa pa Disembala 1, komwe kunali masiku asanu ndi limodzi. Pano pali zolemba mu Secretary of War a Henry Stimson pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Novembala 25, 1941, ku White House: "Purezidenti adati aku Japan amadziwika kuti amenya nkhondo popanda chenjezo ndipo adati mwina titha kuzunzidwa, titero Lolemba lotsatira, mwachitsanzo. ”
- Nkhondoyo siinali yopereka chithandizo ndipo siinagulitsidwe nkomwe mpaka itatha. Panalibe poster ndikukupemphani kuti muthandize Amalume Sam kupulumutsa Ayuda. Sitima ya Ayuda othawa kwawo ku Germany inachotsedwa ku Miami ndi Coast Guard. A US ndi amitundu ena adakana kulandira othawa kwawo achiyuda, ndipo ambiri a US adathandizira udindo umenewu. Mabungwe amtendere omwe adafunsa Pulezidenti Winston Churchill ndi mlembi wake wachilendo wokhudzana ndi kutumiza Ayuda kuchokera ku Germany kuti awapulumutse anauzidwa kuti, pamene Hitler angavomereze bwino kuti apange ndondomekoyi, zikanakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafuna zombo zambiri. A US sanachite nawo nkhondo kapena asilikali kuti apulumutse ozunzidwa m'misasa yachibalo ya Nazi. Anne Frank anakana visa la US. Ngakhale kuti izi sizikugwirizana ndi nkhani yaikulu ya mbiri yakale ya WWII monga Nkhondo Yachilungamo, ndizofunikira kwambiri ku malemba a US kuti ndiphatikize pano ndime yochokera ku Nicholson Baker:
"Anthony Eden, mlembi wachilendo wa ku Britain, amene anagwira ntchito ndi Churchill poyankha mafunso okhudza othawa kwawo, adalankhula mopanda mantha ndi mmodzi mwa nthumwi zofunikira, akunena kuti kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa Ayuda ku Hitler kunali 'kosatheka.' Ali paulendo wopita ku United States, Edene anawuza a Cordell Hull, mlembi wa boma kuti, "Chovuta kwambiri ndi kufunsa Hitler kwa Ayuda chinali chakuti Hitler akhoza kutitengera ku zombo zoterezi, komanso njira zonyamulira padziko lapansi kuti ziwathandize. ' Churchill anavomera. Iye anayankha poyankha kalata ina yochonderera kuti: 'Ngakhale kuti tinayenera kulandira chilolezo chochotsa Ayuda onse,' kayendedwe kokha kokha kamakhala ndi vuto lomwe lingakhale lovuta kuthetsa. ' Osatengeka komanso kutengeka kokwanira? Zaka ziwiri m'mbuyo mwake, a British adachoka pafupi ndi amuna a 340,000 kuchokera kumapiri a Dunkirk masiku asanu ndi atatu okha. Ndege ya ku US ya United States inali ndi ndege zambirimbiri zatsopano. Panthawiyi, a Allies amatha kuwuluka ndi kutumiza othawa kwawo ambirimbiri kuchokera ku Germany. "[vii]
Mwina zimapita ku funso la "Cholinga Chabwino" kuti mbali "yabwino" yankhondoyo sinapereke chiwonetsero chazomwe zikhala chitsanzo chapakati pakuipa kwa mbali "yoyipa" yankhondo.
- Nkhondoyo sinali yotetezera. FDR ananamizira kuti anali ndi mapu a Nazi omwe anajambula South America, kuti anali ndi ndondomeko ya chipani cha Nazi kuti athetse chipembedzo, sitima za ku United States (zothandizira mapulaneti ankhondo a Britain) zowonongeka mwadzidzidzi, kuti Germany inali yoopsya ku United States.[viii] Mlandu ukhoza kupangidwira kuti a US adayenera kuloŵa nkhondo ku Ulaya kuti ateteze amitundu ena, omwe adalowa kudzatetezera amitundu ena, komabe mlandu ukhoza kupangidwira kuti US adachulukitsa zolinga za anthu, amachulukitsa nkhondo, zinavulaza kwambiri kuposa zomwe zakhala zikuchitika, ngati a US sanachitepo kanthu, amayesa kukambirana, kapena kukhala ndi chiwawa. Kufuna kunena kuti ufumu wa Anazi ukhoza kuwonjezeka tsiku lina ndikuphatikizapo ntchito ya United States ili kutali kwambiri ndipo siidakwaniritsidwe ndi zitsanzo za nkhondo zina.
- Ife tsopano tikudziwa zambiri mochulukirapo ndipo ndi deta yambiri yomwe kusagwirizana ndi kusagwirizana ndi ntchito ndi kusalungama kumawoneka bwino kwambiri-ndipo kuti kupambana kungakhale kosatha kuposa kukana zachiwawa. Ndi chidziwitso ichi, tikhoza kuyang'ana mmbuyo pamapambana opambana a zochita zotsutsana ndi chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha chipani cha Nazareti chimene sichinawonetsedwe bwino kapena kumangidwira kupitirira kupambana kwawo koyamba.[ix]
- Nkhondo Yabwino sinali yabwino kwa asitikali. Posowa maphunziro apamwamba amakono komanso malingaliro okonzekeretsa asirikali kuti aphedwe mwachilendo, pafupifupi 80% ya US ndi asitikali ena munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse sanaponye zida zawo kwa "mdani."[x] Mfundo yakuti asilikali akale a WWII anachiritsidwa bwino nkhondo itatha kuposa asilikali ena asanakhalepo kapena kuyambira, anali chifukwa cha kukakamizidwa komwe kunakhazikitsidwa ndi Bungwe la Bonus nkhondo itatha. Ankhondo akale anapatsidwa koleji yaulere, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi penshoni sizinali chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyenera kapena mwanjira inayake chifukwa cha nkhondo. Popanda nkhondo, aliyense akanapatsidwa koleji yaulere kwa zaka zambiri. Ngati timapereka koleji yaulere kwa aliyense lero, padzafunika zambiri kuposa Hollywoodized World War II stories kuti anthu ambiri alowe usilikali.
- Kawirikawiri chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa m'misasa ya Germany anaphedwa kunja kwa iwo pankhondo. Ambiri mwa anthu amenewo anali anthu wamba. Kukula kwa kupha, kuvulaza, ndi kuwononga kunapanga WWII kukhala chinthu choyipa kwambiri chomwe munthu adzichitira yekha pa nthawi yochepa. Tili kuganiza kuti ogwirizanawo anali "otsutsana" ndi kupha kochepa m'misasa. Koma izi sizingagwiritse ntchito chithandizo chamankhwala chomwe chinali choipitsitsa kuposa matendawa.
- Kuonjezera nkhondoyi kuphatikizapo chiwonongeko chotheratu cha anthu ndi mizinda, zomwe zimakwaniritsidwa m'mizinda yonse yosasunthika ya mizinda inatenga WWII kunja kwa ntchito zowonongeka kwa ambiri omwe adatetezera kuyambitsa kwake -ndiyene. Kufuna kudzipatulira mopanda malire ndikufuna kufafaniza imfa ndi kuzunzika kunapweteka kwambiri ndipo kunasiya cholowa choipa.
- Kupha anthu ambiri kumatetezedwa ku mbali "yabwino" pankhondo, koma osati mbali "yoyipa". Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziwirizi sikowoneka kodabwitsa kwambiri. United States inali ndi mbiri yakale ngati dziko lachiwawa. Miyambo yaku US yopondereza anthu aku Africa aku America, kupha anthu ambiri ku America, ndipo tsopano aku Japan aku America nawonso kwatulutsa mapulogalamu omwe adalimbikitsa a Nazi aku Germany - awa adaphatikizanso misasa ya Amwenye Achimereka, ndi mapulogalamu a eugenics ndi kuyesa kwa anthu komwe kunalipo kale, nthawi, ndi nkhondo itatha. Imodzi mwa mapulogalamuwa idaphatikizapo kupereka syphilis kwa anthu ku Guatemala nthawi yomweyo mayesero aku Nuremberg anali kuchitika.[xi] Nkhondo ya ku US inagula mazana ambiri a chipani cha Nazi kumapeto kwa nkhondo; iwo akuyenerera momwemo.[xii] A US ankafuna ufumu wadziko lonse, nkhondo isanayambe, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. A Nazi a ku Germany masiku ano, oletsedwa kuti azungulira mbendera ya Nazi, nthawi zina amawomba mbendera ya Confederate States of America m'malo mwake.
- Mbali "yabwino" ya "nkhondo yabwino," chipani chomwe chidapha ndi kufera mbali yopambana, chinali chikominisi Soviet Union. Izi sizipangitsa kuti nkhondoyo ikhale yopambana chikominisi, koma zimawononga nthano za Washington ndi Hollywood zakupambana kwa "demokalase."[xiii]
- Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse sinathe. Anthu wamba ku United States sanalandire misonkho mpaka Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndipo sizinayime. Zinayenera kukhala zosakhalitsa.[xiv] Zigwirizano za nthawi ya WWII-zomangidwa padziko lonse lapansi sizinatseke. Asilikali a US sanachoke ku Germany kapena ku Japan.[xv] Pali zoposa 100,000 US ndi British mabomba omwe ali pansi ku Germany, akuphabe.[xvi]
- Kubwereranso zaka 75 ku dziko ladziko lopanda nyukiliya, dziko lachikhalidwe losiyana, nyumba, ndi zizolowezi zosiyana siyana kuti zitsimikizire zomwe zakhala zopweteka kwambiri ku United States m'zaka zonse zomwe zakhala zikudabwitsa kwambiri zodzipusitsa zomwe siziri " T anayesera kulungamitsidwa kwachinthu china chochepa. Ganizirani kuti ndili ndi chiwerengero cha 1 kupyolera mu 11 cholakwika, ndipo mukufunikira kufotokozera momwe chochitika kuchokera kumayambiriro oyambirira a 1940 amavomereza kutaya madola trillion a 2017 ku ndalama zomwe zikanatha kudyetsedwa, zovala, mankhwala, ndi pogona mamiliyoni a anthu, komanso kuteteza dziko lapansi.
zolemba
[I] Studs Terkel, Nkhondo Yabwino: Mbiri Yovomerezeka ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse (New Press: 1997).
[Ii] Chris Hellman, TomDispatch, "$ 1.2 Trilioni Yachitetezo Cha Dziko," Marichi 1, 2011, http://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/175361
[III] David Swanson, Nkhondo Ndi Bodza, Kachiwiri Kachiwiri (Charlottesville: Mabuku Atsamba Padziko Lonse, 2016).
[Iv] Mark J. Allman ndi Tobias L. Winright, Pambuyo pa Utsi wa Clears: The Justice War Tradition ndi Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. 46.
[V] Mark J. Allman ndi Tobias L. Winright, Pambuyo pa Utsi wa Clears: The Justice War Tradition ndi Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. 14.
[vi] Mark J. Allman ndi Tobias L. Winright, Pambuyo pa Utsi wa Clears: The Justice War Tradition ndi Post War Justice (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 2010) p. 97.
[vii] Nkhondo Yopanda: Zaka mazana atatu za American Antiwar ndi Peace Writing, lolembedwa ndi Lawrence Rosendwald.
[viii] David Swanson, Nkhondo Ndi Bodza, Kachiwiri Kachiwiri (Charlottesville: Mabuku Atsamba Padziko Lonse, 2016).
[ix] Bukhu ndi Mafilimu: Mphamvu Yopambana, http://aforcemorepowerful.org
[x] Dave Grossman, Kupha: Kufunika kwa Maganizo a Kuphunzira Kupha Nkhondo ndi Sosaiti (Back Bay Books: 1996).
[xi] Donald G. McNeil Jr., The New York Times, "US Akupepesa Zayeso za Syphilis ku Guatemala," October 1, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/02/health/research/02infect.html
[xii] Annie Jacobsen, Ntchito ya Paperclip: Secret Secret intelligence Program yomwe inachititsa Asayansi Asayansi ku America (Little, Brown ndi Company, 2014).
[xiii] Oliver Stone ndi Peter Kuznick, Untold History ya United States (Books Books, 2013).
[xiv] Steven A. Bank, Kirk J. Stark, ndi Joseph J. Thorndike, Nkhondo ndi Misonkho (Urban Institute Press, 2008).
[xv] RootsAction.org, "Chokani Kuchokera ku Nkhondo Yopanda Nkhondo. Tsekani Ramstein Air Base, "http://act.rootsaction.org/p/dia/action3/common/public/?action_KEY=12254
[xvi] David Swanson, "United States Yangophulitsidwa Bomba ku Germany," http://davidswanson.org/node/5134
Yankho Limodzi
Moni David Swanson
Mukhoza kapena simukumbukira, ndinatumiziranso mauthenga pa December 17 ponena za anthu ambirimbiri omwe akufuna kulanda boma la United States (kuphatikizapo Smedley Butler) ndi mabodza a msonkhano wa FDR ndi omwe akugwira ntchito ku United States pambuyo pake kuti awatsimikizire za chitetezo cha malo awo.
Ndine wolemba mbiri wa WWII (chikhalidwe cha amateur, koma katswiri mwa maphunziro) ndipo mukufuna kuonjezera zambiri zomwe mukunena za WWII osati nkhondo yabwino. Izi sizikutanthauza chilichonse chimene munganene, masentimita awiri okha. Pepani pasanapite nthawi yaitali, ndinaganiza kuti mungakonde zowonjezera zifukwa zanu WWII sanali nkhondo yolungama.
Ndidzawonjezera mfundo zanga.
#1 Ndawerenga kuti mafakitale ena ku Germany sanapunthwe konse chifukwa makampani a ku Germany anali otanganidwa kwambiri ndi anthu a ku Germany omwe anali nzika za ku America anaphunzira kupita kumalo a mafakitalewa chifukwa ankaona kuti ndi otetezeka. Izi, komabe zikanati zitheke kuti mabomba apite molondola kuposa momwe ndikukhulupirira.
Makampani a US ankagwira chuma cha a German omwe anali nawo malonda, m'mabanki akudikira kuti nkhondo iwonongeke kuti katunduwa aperekedwe kwa eni ake a Germany.
#2 (Mfundo yazing'ono) Chilolezo choletsera mafuta kuchokera ku Japan lero chidzatengedwa ngati nkhondo.
Kuukira kunali kuyembekezera kuti ogwira ndege ndege ku US (mphoto yaikulu ya Japanese) sanali mu doko m'mawa a chiwonongeko. Iwo anali kunja kuti ayang'ane ndege zowukira ku Japan.
#3 Ndithudi, kumasulidwa kwa ndende zozunzirako anthu sikunapangidwe ndi ulamuliro wa usilikali wa US, koma kaŵirikaŵiri chinali chinthu chotsogoleredwa motsogoleredwa ndi asilikali ena odziŵa zambiri. Mkuwa wa asilikali analibe zolinga kapena chikhumbo chomasula makampu.
#4Inde, Japan ndi Germany anali kumenyana ndi bajeti yolimba kwambiri. US ndi USSR sanali. Maiko awiriwa akufunikira ndalama zofulumizitsa zachuma komanso zida za nkhondo. Kugonjetsedwa kwa US kunali kosamveka monga ntchito ya USSR.
#7 Mabomba amphamvu anali nthano. Kupanga ndege kwa Germany kunalipamwamba kwambiri mu 1944, pamene mabomba ambiri adagwetsedwa ndi ogwirizana. Churchill inali yoonekeratu kuti chofunikira chinali "kuchotsa" anthu ogwira ntchito ku Germany kuti awawononge. Ntchito inali chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri pa nkhondo imeneyi. Iyo inali nkhondo ya makina, injini zoyaka mkati. Ganizirani zigawo zingati mu bomba la injini zinayi ndi maola angati omwe anthu amafunika kuti amange imodzi. Nkhondo ya mlengalenga inali pa antchito achijeremani (osati a German alite). Kusanthula kwa mabomba kumbuyo nkhondo itapeza kuti 20% yokha ya mabomba omwe anatsitsidwa ndi US ku Ulaya inkafika pamtunda wa zovuta zawo. (Ngati ndikutha kukumbukira bwino). Ajeremani anagwedeza kugwira ntchito yaukapolo m'chaka chatha cha nkhondo chifukwa ntchito yamanja idagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chodabwitsa, iyi inali tikiti yochokera ku Eastern Europe kwa othaŵa kwawo ambiri ku US (ndakumana ndi ana awo).
#8 Monga mwana wamwamuna wamwamuna wa pulayimale, ndinapanga mapepala anga ofunikira kwambiri pafunika kugwiritsa ntchito bomba la atomiki. Anthu a ku Japan anali kuneneratu kuti 20% ya anthu omwe amwalira amwalira chifukwa cha chisanu 1945-6 chifukwa cha typhus zomwe zingatheke chifukwa cha kusowa kwa zakudya chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa US. Mph. Stimson adanenedwa kuti atatha kupha mabomba "Izi zidzachititsa anthu a ku Russia kuzindikira" ndipo adawathandiza kuti azigwiritsa ntchito $ 1 biliyoni pamsonkhano wa Manhattan umene sungakonzedwe ndi congress. Pachifukwa ichi adadandaula kuti iye ndi anthu onse omwe akukhudzidwa nawo akanatha kupita kundende sanagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi bomba. Icho chinali choyamba "chakuda chakuda" - polojekiti yomwe inachitika ndi $$ koma palibe mgwirizano. Pali zambiri. (Zonsezi zingapezeke ku Richard Rhodes "Kupanga Atomu ya Bomba".
#10 Nkhondo iyenera kugawidwa mu Nkhondo ku Ulaya ndi Nkhondo ku Pacific. Ngati simunayambe, nkhondo ya ku Ulaya inalembedwa ndi kuponderezedwa ndi Soviets. Ma Soviets anabweretsa chiwonongeko chochuluka kuposa onse a otaika. Ndipo panalibe $$ kuti iwo amangenso. Inde, ndondomeko ya Marshall inali ndi zotsatirapo za kukhala vesi yotulutsira ndalama zochuluka zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makampani a US, omwe sakanakhoza kuimitsidwa panthawi imodzi. Osatchulidwa kuti bungwe lokhalo ku Western Europe ndi chivomerezo chirichonse kumapeto kwa nkhondo anali maphwando a chikominisi omwe anali atagwira ntchito molimbika. Ndondomeko ya Marshall inathandizanso kulimbana nawo, pamodzi ndi mabungwe ogwira ntchito omwe amathandizidwa ndi OSS / CIA ndipo amatsogoleredwa ndi AFL-CIO.
Chisankho choukira ku 1944 chidawerengedwa kuti chidzagwiritse ntchito asilikali ena a 1 miliyoni a Soviet mosiyana ndi kulowa mu 1943. Kuukira kwa 1943 kukanakhala kukumana ndi Soviets pa Vistula mmalo mwa Oder.
Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, a FDR adagonjetsa chilichonse chomwe Churchill adanena ndi "kuukira kosalala ku Ulaya" ndevu. Europe ili kumbuyo kwake, ndipo njira yofulumira kwambiri kupita ku Germany inali njira yodutsa njira yomwe Germany idagwiritsira ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri kuti iwononge France-m'mapiri a Belgium ndi Northern Germany (Von Schlieffen). Kuukira kwa Italy kunali njira yowonongeka asilikali ankhondo kumayiko a kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya asanafike (ngakhale kuti sindikudziwa kuti zidachitika bwanji - alps ali m'njira ya Germany ndi kum'mawa kwa Ulaya). Churchill ndi FDR adadziwa kuti ogwirizanawo adzapambana, ndipo kuti mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu zambiri za US ndi munthu wa USSR sungathenso kulimbana ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi nkhondo ngakhale ziri zotani. Ndiyerekezera nkhondo ku Ulaya (ndi Pacific) ku zomwe zikuchitika pamene amuna anayi ogwira ntchito amagona pansi pa masewera a poker ndi mamiliyoni. Mamilioniya amapambana kumapeto kwa usiku uliwonse. Inu simungathe kukhumudwitsa mamilioni, iye akhoza kuwona kuyesayesa kulikonse, ndipo mgwirizano wamagulu angagonjetsedwe kulikonse komwe mdani anayesa. Churchill anali wotsutsana ndi chipolopolo chofunika kwambiri kwa iye kuposa kugonjetsa chipani cha Nazi (nthawi yomweyo kuopsezedwa kwa blockade kapena kuukiridwa kwa Britain kunasinthidwa). Churchill inali ndi mapulani ena awiri openga kwambiri (Ndikupempha kuti ndiwerenge zotsatirazi mu bukhu la Chicago Public Library lomwe linali litasintha. Ilo linali ndi mutu wakuti "Titha kupambana mu 1943", koma pakali pano palibe google kapena laibulale ya Chicago Makanema akuwonekera kutsimikizira dzina lenileni la bukhulo.)
Njira imodzi inali yoti abwerere ku nkhondo ku Turkey. Izi zikanapindulitsidwa mwa kuyendetsa zombo zonse kuti zitha ku Ulaya kudzera mwa Bosporus ndi Dardanelles. Kenaka, malo ozizira ogwirizana ku Ukraine ndi kumenyana nawo kumadzulo pamodzi ndi asilikali a Red. Izi zikuoneka kuti zidawathandiza kuti azitha kuyanjana kummawa kwa Ulaya. Musamaganizire zomwe Turkey angakonde kapena kuchita, kapena kuti zigawo ziwirizi zinali zochepa pakati pa mabomba a Nazi.
Ndondomeko yachiwiri yodalirika inali kuyendayenda ku Yugoslavia, ndikukankhira mphamvu yowononga kudzera ku Lubyana kupita ku Austria. Nkhondo yonseyi idzadutsa pamapiri a Nazi. A FDR anadandaula za ndondomeko yotumiza mphamvu yowonongeka kupyolera mu chinachake chimene sakanatha kulitchula.
Osati kokha WWII kupitiliza kwa WWI, koma nkhondo yozizira inayamba ndi mphamvu yothandizana nayo ku 1918 ndipo mwachionekere siinayime. Osati ngakhale mpaka lero.
#11 Daniel Berrigan anandiuza kuti Pentagon poyamba idayenera kutembenuzidwa kuchipatala kumapeto kwa nkhondo.
Zanu ndizoyamikira chifukwa chowerenga zonsezi.