Padziko Lonse Padziko Lonse Kudzakhala Mtendere

Ndondomeko Ya Mtendere Yakale Kwambiri ya Atumwi asanu Akale a America

ndi Prof. James T. Ranney (kuti mumve zambiri, imelo: jamestranney@post.harvard.edu).

                  Tiyenera kuthetsa nkhondo.  Momwe mungapewere nkhondo yankhondo ndivuto lofunika kwambiri lomwe likukumana ndi anthu. Monga momwe HG Wells ananenera (1935): “Ngati sitithetsa nkhondo, nkhondo ithetsa.” Kapenanso, monga Purezidenti Ronald Reagan ndi Secretary General wa Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev anena m'mawu awo ophatikizana ku 1985 Geneva Summit kuti: "nkhondo ya zida za nyukiliya singapambane, ndipo siyiyenera kumenyedwapo."

Koma mwachiwonekere sitinaganizire tanthauzo lonse la mawuwa. Ngati malingaliro ali pamwambapa is Chowonadi, zikutsatira kuti tikufunika kuti tikule njira zina zankhondo. Ndipo pomwepo pali lingaliro losavuta pempho lathu: njira zothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi - makamaka kuweruza kumayiko ena, koyambiridwa ndi kuyimira pakati kwamayiko ena ndikuthandizidwa ndi kuweruza kwapadziko lonse lapansi.

Mbiri ya lingaliro.  Awa si malingaliro atsopano, komanso si malingaliro opitilira muyeso. Chiyambi chake chidachokera ku (1) wafilosofi wodziwika ku Britain Jeremy Bentham, yemwe mu 1789 yake Konzani Mtendere Wathunthu ndi Wosatha, anapempha “Khoti Loona za Ufulu Woweruza kuti ligamule kusamvana pakati pa mayiko angapo.” Ena mwa omenyera ufulu wawo ndi awa: (2) Purezidenti Theodore Roosevelt, yemwe mukulankhula kwake konyalanyazidwa mu 1910 Nobel Peace Prize adalankhula zakulamula kwamayiko akunja, khothi lapadziko lonse lapansi, ndi "mtundu wina wapolisi wapadziko lonse lapansi" kuti akwaniritse zomwe khothi lalamula; (3) Purezidenti William Howard Taft, yemwe adalimbikitsa "khothi lamilandu" komanso apolisi apadziko lonse lapansi kuti akakamize kuchitira nkhanza komanso kuweruza; ndi (4) Purezidenti Dwight David Eisenhower, yemwe adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Khothi Lachilungamo Lapadziko Lonse" lokhala ndi mphamvu zokakamiza komanso mtundu wina wa "apolisi apadziko lonse lapansi odziwika ndi olimba mokwanira kupatsidwa ulemu." Pomaliza, pankhaniyi, pansi paulamuliro wa Eisenhower ndi Kennedy, "Joint Statement of Agreed Principles for Disarmament Negotiations" idakambirana kwa miyezi ingapo ndi woimira US a John J. McCloy komanso woimira Soviet Union Valerian Zorin. Panganoli la McCloy-Zorin, lomwe lidaperekedwa ndi UN General Assembly pa Disembala 20, 1961 koma silinatchulidwe pamapeto pake, limaganizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa "njira zodalirika zothetsera mikangano mwamtendere" komanso apolisi apadziko lonse lapansi omwe akadakhala ndi okhawo padziko lonse lapansi- gulu lankhondo logwiritsa ntchito.

Padziko Lonse Padziko Lonse Padziko Lonse (WPTL) mwachidule.  Lingaliro lofunikira, lomwe ndi lochepa kwambiri kuposa Pangano la McCloy-Zorin, lili ndi magawo atatu: 1) kuthetseratu zida zanyukiliya (ndikuchepetsa komwe kumachitika pamagulu wamba); 2) njira zothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse; ndi 3) njira zingapo zakukakamiza, kuyambira pamaganizidwe apadziko lonse lapansi mpaka gulu lonse lamtendere.

1.       Kuthetsa: koyenera komanso kotheka:  Yakwana nthawi ya Msonkhano Wothetsa Zida za Nyukiliya. Kuyambira pa 4 Januware 2007 Wall Street Journal yolembedwa ndi omwe kale anali "akatswiri anyukiliya" a Henry Kissinger (Secretary of State wakale), Senator Sam Nunn, William Perry (Secretary of Defense wakale), ndi George Shultz (Secretary of State wakale), Malingaliro apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi agwirizana kuti zida za nyukiliya ndizowopsa kwa onse omwe ali nazo komanso padziko lonse lapansi.[1]  Monga momwe Ronald Reagan ankanenera George Shultz: "Ndi chiyani chofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi lomwe lingawombedwe mphindi 30?"[2]  Choncho, zonse zomwe tikusowa tsopano ndizokonzekera komaliza kutembenuza thandizo la anthu kale kuti athetse[3] kuchitapo kanthu. Ngakhale United States ili vuto, United States ndi Russia ndi China zikavomera kuthetsa, ena onse (ngakhale Israeli ndi France) azitsatira.
2.      Ndondomeko Yothetsera Mavuto Adziko:  WPTL ikhazikitsa njira zinayi zothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse-kukambirana mokakamiza, kukakamiza ena, kuweruza mokakamiza, ndi kuweruza mokakamiza - pamikangano iliyonse pakati pa mayiko. Kutengera zomwe zakhala zikuchitika m'makhothi am'nyumba, pafupifupi 90% ya "milandu" yonse imathetsedwa pokambirana ndi kuyimira pakati, pomwe 90% ina idatha pambuyo poti aweluza, kusiya ochepa kuti athe kuweruzidwa. Chotsutsa chachikulu chomwe chadzutsidwa mzaka zapitazi (makamaka ndi neo-cons) kuulamuliro wokakamiza ku Khothi Lachilungamo Ladziko Lonse ndikuti anthu aku Soviet Union sangavomereze konse izi. Chowonadi ndichakuti ma Soviet pansi pa Mikhail Gorbachev anachita avomereze, kuyambira mu 1987.
3.      Njira zogwiritsira ntchito:  Akatswiri ambiri azamalamulo apadziko lonse lapansi awonetsa kuti pamilandu yoposa 95% yamilandu, kungopereka malingaliro kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kwakhala kotheka kuti zitsimikizire kutsatira zigamulo zamakhothi apadziko lonse lapansi. Vuto lovomerezeka ndi lomwe gulu lamtendere lapadziko lonse lapansi lingachite pakukakamiza, vuto lokakamiza aliyense kukhala mphamvu ya veto ku UN Security Council. Koma njira zingapo zothetsera vutoli zitha kuthetsedwa (mwachitsanzo, njira yovotera / mavoti ochulukirapo), momwe Chilamulo cha Pangano la Nyanja chidapangira makhothi oweluza omwe satsata P-5 veto.

Kutsiliza.  WPTL ndi njira yapakatikati ya msewu yomwe si "yochepa" (njira yathu yatsopano yopezera chitetezo chosagwirizana) kapena "mochuluka" (boma lonse lapansi kapena dziko lonse lapansi kapena pacifism). Ndi lingaliro limene lakhala losasamala kwambiri kwa zaka makumi asanu zapitazo[4]  zomwe ziyenera kuwerengedwanso ndi akuluakulu a boma, maphunziro, ndi anthu onse.