Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, January 24, 2023
Buku la Tariq Ali, Winston Churchill: Nthawi Zake, Zolakwa Zake, ndiwotsutsa bwino kwambiri zabodza zabodza za Winston Churchill zomwe ndizofala. Koma kuti musangalale ndi bukhuli, muyenera kuyang'ananso mbiri yakale ya anthu azaka za zana la 20 ndi mitu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasangalatsa Tariq Ali, kuphatikiza chikhulupiliro china mu chikominisi ndi kutenthetsa (komanso kunyalanyaza zochita zopanda chiwawa kuchokera kwa wolemba yalimbikitsa misonkhano yamtendere), chifukwa zambiri za bukhuli sizikunena za Winston Churchill. (Mwina pazigawo zomwe zimatchula Churchill mutha kupeza mtundu wamagetsi ndikufufuza dzina lake.)
Churchill anali wonyada, wosalapa, wochirikiza kwa moyo wonse kusankhana mitundu, utsamunda, kupha fuko, usilikali, zida za mankhwala, zida za nyukiliya, ndi nkhanza wamba, ndipo anali wonyada mopanda manyazi pa zonsezi. Iye anali wotsutsa wankhanza pafupifupi kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse kapena kukulitsa demokalase, kuyambira kukulitsa mavoti kwa amayi kupita patsogolo. Ankadedwa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri ankamunyoza ndi kutsutsa, ndipo nthawi zina ankamenyedwa mwankhanza, ku England m'masiku ake, osadandaula za dziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa cha nkhanza zake za anthu ogwira ntchito, kuphatikizapo kumenya ogwira ntchito m'migodi omwe adawatumizira usilikali. momwemonso kutenthetsa kwake.
Churchill, monga analembera Ali, anakulira kukonda Ufumu wa Britain umene imfa yake idzagwira ntchito yaikulu. Iye ankaganiza kuti zigwa za ku Afghan ziyenera “kuchotsedwa ku nyongolotsi zowononga” (kutanthauza anthu). Ankafuna zida za mankhwala zogwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi "mitundu yaing'ono." Antchito ake omwe anali pansi pake anakhazikitsa ndende zozunzirako anthu zoopsa kwambiri ku Kenya. Anadana ndi Ayuda, ndipo m’zaka za m’ma 1920 zinkamveka ngati zosamusiyanitsa ndi Hitler, koma pambuyo pake anakhulupirira kuti Ayuda anali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa Apalestina moti omalizirawo sayenera kukhala ndi ufulu woposa agalu osokera. Adachita nawo gawo pakupanga njala ku Bengal, popanda nkhawa pang'ono pa moyo wa munthu. Koma ankakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zankhondo m'njira zochepa kwambiri motsutsana ndi a Britain, makamaka achi Irish, ochita ziwonetsero motsutsana ndi omwe anali atsamunda kwambiri.
Churchill mosamala anayendetsa boma la Britain ku Nkhondo Yadziko I, kumenyana ndi mipata yosiyanasiyana yopewera kapena kuithetsa. Nkhaniyi (pamasamba 91-94, ndi 139 ya Ali) sadziwika pang'ono, ngakhale ambiri amavomereza kuti WWI ikanatha kupewedwa mosavuta poganiza kuti kupitiriza kwake mu WWII sikukanakhala (ngakhale Churchill akunena kuti akanatha) . Churchill ndiye adayambitsa ngozi yakupha ku Gallipoli, komanso kuyesayesa kowopsa kuti awononge pobadwa zomwe adzaziwona mwachangu mpaka pano ngati mdani wake wamkulu, Soviet Union, yomwe adafunanso kugwiritsa ntchito, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito poyizoni. gasi. Churchill adathandizira kujambula ku Middle East, kupanga mayiko ndi masoka m'malo ngati Iraq.
Churchill anali wochirikiza kuwuka kwa chifasisti, wokonda kwambiri Mussolini, wokondweretsedwa ndi Hitler, wochirikiza wamkulu wa Franco ngakhale pambuyo pa nkhondo, ndi wochirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito achifashisti m’madera osiyanasiyana a dziko pambuyo pa nkhondoyo. Iye mofananamo anali wochirikiza kukwera kwa usilikali ku Japan monga linga lotetezera Soviet Union. Koma atasankha za WWII, anali wolimbikira kupewa mtendere monga momwe adakhalira ndi WWII. (Mosafunikira kunena, Azungu ambiri lerolino amakhulupirira kuti iye anali wolondola mu chochitika chotsiriziracho, kuti woimba wa noti imodzi potsirizira pake anapeza symphony ya mbiri imene iye ankafunikira. kukambirana kwakutali.)
Churchill anaukira ndi kuwononga kukana kwa Nazism ku Greece ndipo adafuna kupanga Greece kukhala koloni ya Britain, ndikupanga nkhondo yapachiweniweni yomwe idapha anthu pafupifupi 600,000. Churchill adakondwera chifukwa cha kugwetsa zida za nyukiliya ku Japan, adatsutsa kutha kwa Ufumu wa Britain panjira iliyonse, adathandizira kuwonongedwa kwa North Korea, ndipo ndiye adatsogolera chipwirikiti cha US ku Iran mu 1953 chomwe chikuyambitsa izi. tsiku.
Zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi zolembedwa bwino ndi Ali ndipo zambiri za izo ndi ena ndipo zambiri za izo zimadziwika bwino, komabe Churchill amaperekedwa kwa ife mu infotainment makina athu makompyuta ndi ma TV monga quintessential mtetezi wa demokalase ndi ubwino.
Palinso mfundo zina zochepa zomwe ndinadabwa kuti sindinazipeze m'buku la Ali.
Churchill anali wothandizira wamkulu wa eugenics ndi kulera. Ndikanakonda kuwerenga mutu umenewo.
Ndiye pali nkhani yobweretsa United States mu WWI. The Lusitania adawukiridwa ndi Germany popanda chenjezo, nthawi ya WWI, timauzidwa m'mabuku aku US, ngakhale Germany idasindikiza machenjezo m'manyuzipepala ndi m'manyuzipepala ku New York kuzungulira United States. Machenjezo amenewa anali kusindikizidwa pafupi ndi malonda oyenda pa Lusitania ndipo anasaina ndi ambassy wa Germany. Manyuzipepala analemba nkhani zokhudza machenjezo. Kampani ya Cunard inafunsidwa za machenjezo. Woyamba woyang'anira wa Lusitania anali atasiya kale - akuti chifukwa cha nkhawa yoyenda panyanja yomwe Germany idalengeza poyera kuti ndi gawo lankhondo. Pakadali pano Winston Churchill analemba kwa Purezidenti wa Bungwe la Zamalonda ku Britain, "Ndikofunikira kwambiri kukopa zombo zapamadzi kuti zifike kugombe lathu ndi chiyembekezo makamaka chophatikiza United States ndi Germany." Zinali pansi pa ulamuliro wake kuti chitetezo cha asilikali a Britain sichinaperekedwe kwa iwo Lusitania, ngakhale kuti Cunard adanena kuti akudalira chitetezo chimenecho. Kuti ndi Lusitania anali atanyamula zida ndi asilikali kuti athandize British kumenyana ndi Germany zinanenedweratu ndi Germany ndi ena owonera, ndipo zinali zoona. Kumira Lusitania chinali choyipa chakupha anthu ambiri, koma sichinali kuukira modzidzimutsa ndi zoyipa motsutsana ndi zabwino zenizeni, ndipo zidatheka chifukwa cha kulephera kwa gulu lankhondo la Churchill kukhala komwe limayenera kukhala.
Ndiye pali nkhani yobweretsa United States mu WWII. Ngakhale mukukhulupirira kuti kuchitapo kanthu kolungama kwambiri komwe wina aliyense wachitapo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zidakhudza kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zikalata zabodza ndi mabodza, monga mapu achinyengo a chipani cha Nazi chojambula South America kapena mapulani achinyengo a chipani cha Nazi. kuchotsa chipembedzo padziko lapansi. Mapuwa anali opanga zabodza zaku Britain zomwe zidaperekedwa ku FDR. Pa August 12, 1941, Roosevelt anakumana mobisa ndi Churchill ku Newfoundland ndipo anapanga Atlantic Charter, yomwe inafotokoza zolinga za nkhondo yomwe United States inali isanalowemo mwalamulo. Churchill anapempha Roosevelt kuti alowe nawo nkhondo mwamsanga, koma iye adakana. Pambuyo pa msonkhano wachinsinsi umenewu, pa August 18th, Churchill anakumana ndi nduna yake kubwerera ku 10 Downing Street ku London. Churchill adauza nduna yake, malinga ndi mphindi kuti: "Purezidenti [wa US] adanena kuti amenya nkhondo koma osalengeza, ndikuti ayamba kusokoneza. Ngati Ajeremani sanakonde, akhoza kumenyana ndi asilikali a ku America. Chilichonse chinayenera kuchitidwa kukakamiza ‘chochitika’ chimene chingadzetse nkhondo.” (Wotchulidwa ndi Congresswoman Jeanette Rankin mu Congressional Record, December 7, 1942.) Ofalitsa zabodza a ku Britain anali atanenanso kuyambira mu 1938 kuti agwiritse ntchito dziko la Japan kuti alowetse United States kunkhondo. Pamsonkhano wa Atlantic pa August 12, 1941, Roosevelt anatsimikizira Churchill kuti United States idzabweretsa mavuto azachuma ku Japan. Pasanathe sabata, bungwe la Economic Defense Board lidayamba zilango zachuma. Pa September 3, 1941, Dipatimenti Yoona za Ufumu ku United States inatumiza chigamulo cha dziko la Japan kuti livomereze mfundo yakuti “kusasokonezedwa ndi mmene zinthu zilili m’nyanja ya Pacific,” kutanthauza kuti asiye kusandutsa madera a ku Ulaya kukhala madera olamulidwa ndi Japan. Pofika mu September 1941 atolankhani a ku Japan anakwiya kuti dziko la United States linali litayamba kutumiza mafuta ku Japan kuti akafike ku Russia. Japan, manyuzipepala ake adati, akufa pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha "nkhondo yazachuma." Mu Seputembala, 1941, Roosevelt adalengeza za "kuwombera pakuwona" zombo zilizonse za ku Germany kapena ku Italy m'madzi aku US.
Churchill adatsekereza Germany Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse isanachitike ndi cholinga chofuna kufa ndi njala - zomwe zidadzudzulidwa ndi Purezidenti wa US Herbert Hoover, ndi zomwe zidalepheretsa Germany kuthamangitsa omwe akudziwa kuti ndi Ayuda angati ndi ena omwe adazunzidwa m'misasa yomwe idaphedwa pambuyo pake - othawa kwawo. Churchill anakana kusamuka mwaunyinji ndipo atafika ochepa anawatsekera.
Churchill adathandiziranso kuwongolera kuphulitsa kwa anthu wamba. Pa March 16, 1940, mabomba a ku Germany anapha munthu wamba wa ku Britain. Pa April 12, 1940, Germany anaimba mlandu Britain kaamba ka kuphulitsa mabomba njanji ya njanji ku Schleswig-Holstein, kutali ndi dera lirilonse lankhondo; Britain anakanidwa izo. Pa April 22, 1940, ku Britain bombed Oslo, Norway. Pa April 25, 1940, dziko la Britain linaphulitsa mabomba mumzinda wa Heide ku Germany. Germany kuwopseza kuphulitsa mabomba anthu wamba a ku Britain ngati kuphulitsa mabomba kwa Britain kumadera a anthu wamba kupitilirabe. Pa May 10, 1940, dziko la Germany linalanda Belgium, France, Luxembourg, ndi Netherlands. Pa May 14, 1940, Germany anaphulitsa mabomba anthu wamba Achidatchi ku Rotterdam. Pa May 15, 1940, ndiponso m’masiku otsatira, Britain anaphulitsa mabomba anthu wamba a ku Germany ku Gelsenkirchen, Hamburg, Bremen, Cologne, Essen, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, ndi Hanover. Churchill adati, "Tiyenera kuyembekezera kuti dziko lino libwezeredwa." Komanso pa Meyi 15, Churchill adalamula kuti asonkhanitsidwe ndikutsekera kumbuyo kwa waya wamingamitsidwa kwa "alendo ndi anthu omwe akuwakayikira," ambiri mwa iwo anali othawa kwawo achiyuda posachedwa. Pa May 30, 1940, nduna ya ku Britain inakangana ngati ipitirize nkhondo kapena kukhazikitsa mtendere, ndipo inaganiza zopitiriza nkhondoyo. Kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa anthu wamba kunakula kuchokera kumeneko, ndipo kunakula kwambiri dziko la United States litalowa m’nkhondo. United States ndi Britain anawononga mizinda ya Germany. United States inawotcha mizinda ya ku Japan; Anthu okhala m'dzikoli "anapsa ndi kuwiritsa ndi kuphikidwa mpaka kufa" malinga ndi mawu a General Curtis LeMay wa US.
Ndiye pali nkhani ya zomwe Churchill adapereka kumapeto kwa WWII. Nthawi yomweyo kudzipereka kwa Germany, Winston Churchill zosangalatsa Anagwiritsa ntchito asilikali a chipani cha Nazi pamodzi ndi asilikali ogwirizana nawo kuti akaukire Soviet Union, dziko limene linali litangochita ntchito yaikulu yogonjetsa chipani cha Nazi. Ili silinali lingaliro lakunja. A US ndi a British adafuna kuti adzipereke ku Germany pang'ono, adasunga asilikali a Germany ali ndi zida ndi okonzeka, ndipo adakambirana ndi akuluakulu a ku Germany pa maphunziro omwe adaphunzira chifukwa cha kulephera kwawo ku Russia. Kuukira anthu aku Russia posakhalitsa kunali lingaliro lolimbikitsidwa ndi General George Patton, komanso wolowa m'malo mwa Hitler Admiral Karl Donitz, osatchulanso Allen Dulles ndi OSS. Dulles adapanga mtendere wosiyana ndi Germany ku Italy kuti athetse anthu aku Russia, ndipo adayamba kuwononga demokalase ku Europe nthawi yomweyo ndikupatsa mphamvu omwe kale anali a Nazi ku Germany, komanso kuwalowetsa kunkhondo yaku US kuti ayang'ane nkhondo yolimbana ndi Russia. Asilikali a US ndi Soviet atakumana koyamba ku Germany, anali asanauzidwe kuti ali pankhondo. Koma mu malingaliro a Winston Churchill iwo anali. Polephera kuyambitsa nkhondo yotentha, iye ndi Truman ndi ena adayambitsa yozizira.
Palibe chifukwa chofunsa kuti chilombochi cha munthu chidakhala bwanji woyera wa Rules Based Order. Chilichonse chingathe kukhulupiriridwa kupyolera mu kubwerezabwereza kosatha ndi kunyalanyaza. Funso loyenera kufunsa ndi chifukwa chake. Ndipo ndikuganiza kuti yankho lake ndi lolunjika. Nthano yoyambira ya nthano zonse zaku US zapadera ndi WWII, ubwino wake wolungama wolungama. Koma ili ndi vuto kwa otsatira Republican Political Party omwe safuna kupembedza FDR kapena Truman. Chifukwa chake Churchill. Mutha kukonda Trump kapena Biden NDI CHURCHILL. Adapangidwa kukhala wopeka yemwe ali panthawi ya Nkhondo ya Falklands ndi Thatcher ndi Reagan. Nthano yake idawonjezedwa panthawi yomwe nkhondo ya Iraq idayamba mu 2003. Tsopano ndi mtendere wosaneneka ku Washington DC akupita mtsogolo popanda chiopsezo chosokoneza mbiri yakale.
