Ndi Terry Crawford-Browne, World BEYOND War
Imfa ya Winnie Madikezela-Mandela, kuyimbidwa mlandu kwa Purezidenti wakale Jacob Zuma ndi kampani ya zida zankhondo yaku France Thomson CSF/Thint/Thales ndi ziphuphu, ndi 25.th Tsiku lokumbukira kuphedwa kwa Chris Hani lagwirizana kuti likhazikitsenso nkhani yankhani ya zida zankhondo ku South Africa.
Mogwirizana ndi zochitika izi, kutulutsidwa kochedwa kwa buku la Evelyn Groenink Wosavunda imayang'ana koyamba ngati gulu lachinsinsi la ku France ndilomwe lidapha munthu mu 1989 woimira ANC ku Paris, a Dulcie September. Kodi Seputembala anali atapunthwa ndi mgwirizano wazaka za ku France ndi South Africa kupanga zida za nyutroni zomwe zingaphe anthu koma kusiya chuma chosawonongeka?
Kapena kodi zina mwa anthu omwe anali ku ANC omwe anali ku ukapolo anali kukambirana kale za mgwirizano wa zida zamtsogolo ndi a Thomson CSF? "Mlangizi wakale wa Zuma" Shabir Shaik adapezeka wolakwa mu 2005 pothandizira kulipira kwa Zuma, ndipo adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende zaka 15. Thomson CSF anali ndi mbiri yayitali ya katangale komanso kupha anthu, monga momwe zinawonekera pamlandu waku Taiwan womwe udasokoneza mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo waku South Africa.
Zuma komabe sanaimbidwe mlandu. Milandu 16 tsopano (ndi milandu 783) yotsutsana ndi Zuma ya kuba ndalama, katangale, katangale ndi chinyengo, ikungoyambiranso mu 2018 pamlandu wotsutsana ndi Shaik womwe sunatsatidwe chifukwa chandale mu ANC.
Loya wakale wa a Thomson CSF (omwe tsopano amadziwika kuti Thales), adakhala mluzi, adachitira umboni ku People's Tribunal on Economic Crime mu February kuti adatsagana ndi Zuma kawiri ku Elysee Palace ku Paris. A Zuma adalandiridwa kumeneko ndi Purezidenti Jacques Chirac ndi Nicholas Sarkozy, omwe onse anali ndi nkhawa kuti kufufuza kwa kampani yaku France ku South Africa kuthetsedwa.
Loya, Ajay Sooklal, adauzanso Khotilo kuti Zuma atasankha Seriti Commission of Inquiry mu 2011, adayitana Sooklal kuti amuuze kuti asauze Commission kuti a French amamulipira mpaka 2009. Zuma adasankha monyinyirika Commission chifukwa ( monga adadziwitsa akuluakulu a ANC) anali pafupi kuluza mlandu womwe ndidamubweretsera ku Khothi Loona za Malamulo mu 2010.
Maloya a Zuma sanathe kutsutsa umboni wochuluka wotsutsana ndi BAE/ Saab kuphatikizapo German Frigate ndi Submarine consortia. Komiti ya Seriti yatsimikizira kuti palibe. Lipoti lake lomwe linatulutsidwa mu 2016 linapeza kuti panalibe umboni wa katangale wokhudzana ndi malonda a zida, ndipo nthawi yomweyo anakanidwa ngati kuyesa kwina kwa ANC kubisala. Monga Norman Moabi adawululira mu 2013, Woweruza Willie Seriti anali kutsatira "ndondomeko yachiwiri yoletsa a Terry Crawford-Brownes adziko lino."
Zuma tsopano ndi wachiwiri kwa pulezidenti wa dziko la South Africa kuchotsedwa paudindo wake kamba ka katangale wokhudzana ndi mgwirizano wa zida. Purezidenti Thabo Mbeki adawululidwa mu 2008 kuti adalandira chiphuphu m'malo mwa Germany Submarine Consortium, pomwe adapereka R2 miliyoni kwa Zuma ndi R28 miliyoni ku ANC.
Mbeki adalowererapo kuyambira 1995 m'malo mwa boma la Germany ndi ThyssenKrupp omwe, malinga ndi kazembe wakale wa Germany ku South Africa yemwe adandithira nyemba, "adatsimikiza mtima" kuti apambane mapangano a zombo zankhondo.
Kuphedwa kwa Hani mu Epulo 1993 kunatsala pang'ono kusokoneza dongosolo la demokalase. Zolinga zakupha kwake sizinafufuzidwepo mokwanira, kuphatikizapo bungwe la Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Mlanduwo unadzudzulidwa mwachangu komanso moyenera pa azungu awiri. Iwo anaweruzidwa kuti aphedwe, koma zilangozo zinasinthidwa kukhala m’ndende kwa moyo wonse pamene dziko la South Africa linathetsa chilango cha imfa.
Kufufuza kwa Groenink pa imfa ya Hani kukuwoneka kuti kumatsimikizira kulimbikira kwa mkazi wake wamasiye Limpho kuti wakupha Janusz Walus sanali yekha. Apolisi aku Britain adalemba ntchito pamalowo ngati "osesa," ndipo ofufuza adalangizidwanso kuti anyalanyaze kulumikizana kwa Walus ndi wogulitsa zida zankhondo waku Rhodesia John Bredenkamp.
Anthu a ku Britain ali ndi zaka zambiri akugwira ntchito za mbendera zabodza, kuphatikizapo kutulutsa ziphuphu kuti ziwononge mayiko. London ikadali likulu lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, monga momwe zatsimikizidwiranso ndi Panama komanso mapepala a Paradiso.
Andale a ku Ulaya ndi makampani a zida zankhondo anakhamukira ku South Africa pambuyo pa 1994 kudzapereka msonkho ndi dzanja limodzi pakusintha kwathu kwamtendere kuchoka ku tsankho kupita ku demokalase yogwirizana ndi malamulo oyendetsera dziko, kwinaku tikugulitsa zida mwamphamvu ndi mzake. Pophwanya lamulo loletsa zida za UN polimbana ndi tsankho ku South Africa, akhala akukonzekera kwa nthawi yayitali kuti agulitse zida ku boma la ANC zomwe dzikolo silinafune komanso silingakwanitse.
Akuti malonda a zida zankhondo amapangitsa pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya ziphuphu zapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chifukwa cha "chitetezo cha dziko" maboma a ku Ulaya alibe zotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu pofuna kupeza mgwirizano wa zida m'mayiko omwe amatchedwa "dziko lachitatu". Zowonadi, masamba 160 a ma affidavits ochokera ku British Serious Fraud Office ndi Scorpions amafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane momwe komanso chifukwa chake BAE idalipira ziphuphu za £115 miliyoni kuti iteteze ma kontrakitala ake, kwa omwe ziphuphuzo zidaperekedwa komanso maakaunti aku banki ku South Africa ndi kutsidya kwa nyanja.
Maumboni achiphuphu a BAE amawulula Bredenkamp ngati m'modzi mwa opindula kwambiri. Adadziwikanso kuti ndi membala wa MI6. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi malingaliro okhudza kutengapo gawo kwa ANC chifukwa Hani anali atatsala pang'ono kuwulula zakatangale [zomwe tsopano ndi malemu] a Joe Modise komanso kugwirizana kwake ndi a British. Kuti Modise pambuyo pake mu 1998 adalowererapo m'malo mwa BAE ndi zomwe adazitcha "njira yake yopanda mtengo komanso njira yowonera" zidalembedwa bwino.
Ndinasankhidwa mu 1996 ndi Archbishop Njongonkulu Ndungane kuti ndiimirire mpingo wa Anglican ku Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Defense Review komwe, mogwirizana ndi Defence White Paper, ife oimira mabungwe a anthu tinkanena kuti kuthetsa umphawi ndilofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo cha South Africa. Monga momwe ngakhale zigawenga zinavomerezera, panalibe chiwopsezo chankhondo chakunja chomwe chingavomereze kuwononga ndalama zambiri pa zida zankhondo.
Mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo udanenedweratu chifukwa chopanda nzeru kuti R30 biliyoni yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pogula zida ingapangitse ndalama zokwana R110 biliyoni ndikukhazikitsa ntchito zoposa 65 000. Aphungu a Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Auditor General atafuna kuti aone mapanganowo, anatsekeredwa ndi zifukwa zabodza zoti mapanganowo anali “zachinsinsi pazamalonda.”
Zowonongeka zinali ndipo ndi zodziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati chinyengo cha makampani a zida zankhondo, ndi mgwirizano wa ndale zachinyengo, kuzembera okhometsa msonkho m'maiko ogulitsa ndi omwe amalandira. Mosayembekezereka, iwo sanavale matupi aumunthu.
Winnie Madikezela-Mandela anali membala wa komiti ya chitetezo cha palamenti. Pa nthawi zomwe ndinakumana naye, sindinamupeze kuti anali wokongola komanso wokongola. Choyenera, iye analinso momveka bwino mu nkhawa yake kuti ndalama zotere sizimayimira chilichonse kupatula kusakhulupirika kwa nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho pobwerera kwawo ku ANC. Kutsatira imfa yake, Archbishop Desmond Tutu anati popereka ulemu kwa iye:
"Anakana kugwada chifukwa cha kumangidwa kwa mwamuna wake, kuzunzidwa kosalekeza kwa banja lake ndi achitetezo, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, kuletsedwa komanso kuthamangitsidwa. Kukana kwake molimba mtima kunali kolimbikitsa kwambiri kwa ine, komanso kwa mibadwo ya anthu omenyera ufulu.”
Ndinauzidwa mu 1998 kuti BAE ikupereka ziphuphu kwa aphungu a ANC kutsogolo kwa zisankho za 1999, ndipo anali kuchita izi kudzera m'mabungwe awiri a ogwira ntchito ku Sweden. Ndinapempha boma la Britain kuti lifufuze, ndipo Scotland Yard analangizidwa kutero. M’kupita kwanthaŵi ndinaphunzira kuti [panthaŵiyo] sikunali kulakwa m’malamulo a Chingelezi kupereka ziphuphu kwa alendo, ndipo chotero panalibe upandu kuti Scotland Yard ifufuze. Ndipo ku Germany ziphuphu zoterozo zinali kuchotsedwa msonkho monga “ndalama zothandiza zabizinesi.”
Monga Andrew Feinstein adalemba m'buku lake Pambuyo pa Party, Trevor Manuel sanangomukakamiza kuti asiye kufufuza kwa SCOPA pankhani ya zida zankhondo, koma adati:
"Tonse timamudziwa JM [monga Joe Modise ankadziwika]. N’kutheka kuti pamkanganowo munali zoipa. Koma ngati alipo, palibe amene angauvumbule. Iwo sali opusa chotero. Ingosiyani izo zabodza. Yang'anani pa zinthu zamakono, zomwe zinali zomveka.' Ndinayankha kuti panalinso mavuto pazaumisiri, ndipo ndinachenjeza kuti ngati sitingafike pansi pa mgwirizanowu tsopano, zidzabwereranso kudzativutitsa - malingaliro omwe ndinawafotokozera mobwerezabwereza mkati mwa ANC.
Membala wina wamkulu wa NEC ya ANC anandiitanira kunyumba kwake Lamlungu lina. Nditakhala panja pakuwala kwa dzuwa, anandifotokozera kuti sindidzapambana konse.
'Kulekeranji?' Ndinafunsa.
Chifukwa tinalandira ndalama kuchokera kumakampani ena omwe adapambana. Mukuganiza kuti tidapereka ndalama zotani pazisankho za 1999?"
Katswiri wakale wotsutsa tsankho (tsopano Lord) Peter Hain ananditsutsa mwamphamvu ponse pawiri ndi polemba kuti pali umboni wakatangale wa BAE. Posachedwa ku 2010 pomwe Swedish TV 4 idawulula kuti wogwirizira ogwira ntchito omwe adathandizira kusamutsa ziphuphuzo adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa Social Democratic Party. Iye tsopano ndi nduna yaikulu ya Sweden, Stefan Lövren.
Kwatsala pang’ono chisankho cha 1999, antchito a intelligence a ANC omwe ankagwira ntchito ndi Mandela anandiyankhula. Mtsogoleri wawo anandiuza kuti:
“Tiuza komwe kuli katangale weniweni wokhudzana ndi malonda a zida. Joe Modise ndi utsogoleri wa Umkhonto-we Sizwe akuwona mgwirizano wa zida ndi makontrakiti ena aboma ngati mwayi wolowa m'malo mwa Oppenheimers ngati otsogola atsopano azachuma. Mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo ndi nsonga chabe zomwe zikukhudzanso malonda amafuta, njira yosinthira ndalama zama taxi, misewu yolipira, ziphaso zamadalaivala, Cell C, chitukuko cha doko la Coega, kuzembetsa miyala ya diamondi ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuzembetsa zida ndi kuba ndalama. Chomwe chimakhala chodziwika bwino ndikubweza chipani cha ANC pobwezera chitetezo chandale. ”
Chifukwa chake, ndidamufotokozera Archbishop Ndungane za zokambiranazo. Iye adapempha komiti yoti ifufuze zomwe zanenedwazo, ndipo adavomereza malingaliro oti kuyimitsidwa kwa malonda a zida zankhondo. Pamene Mbeki, amene tsopano anaikidwa kukhala Purezidenti, anakana ganizo la Ndungane, ndinawadziwitsa akuluakulu a intelligence a ANC kwa Patricia de Lille, yemwe anali phungu wa Nyumba Yamalamulo ya Pan Africanist Congress.
Mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo akuti udali kubweza kwa Modise wa ku Mbeki pochotsa Hani pamkangano wolowa m'malo mwa Nelson Mandela ngati Purezidenti wa dzikolo. Mbeki anaipitsidwa ndi kutengeka ndi mphamvu, zomwe zinamupangitsa kuti ayambe kumenyana ndi Winnie Mandela yemwe anakana kugonjera zomwe ankafuna. Nayenso anamutcha “wopanda mwambo”!
Pansi pa utsogoleri wa Mbeki, Nyumba yamalamulo idasanduka chidindo cha raba. Atatengera malingaliro m'maiko aulamuliro omwe maofesi aboma amapereka "nthawi yawo yodyera," andende a ANC adawononga mwadongosolo macheke ndi ndalama zomwe zidapangidwa mosamala kwambiri mu Constitution.
Zotsatira zake patapita miyezi ingapo zinali kutulutsidwa kwa "Memorandum to Patricia de Lille MP" kuchokera kwa 'aphungu okhudzidwa a ANC" (otchedwa De Lille Dossier). Kalankhulidwe kosokoneza dala ndi kalembedwe zinabisa chiyambi chake. Phokoso lomwe lidatsatira lidawululiradi, komanso lowopsa. Woyang'anira Mbeki pa zokambirana za zida zankhondo, Jayendra Naidoo adanditsutsa ngati ndalemba. Pamene ndinali kulingalira mmene ndingamuyankhire, iye anapitiriza kuti: “Ayi, mwachionekere linalembedwa ndi munthu wozoloŵerana ndi AK-47 kuposa cholembera!”
ANC idayambitsa ntchito yosaka mfiti kuti ipeze "Aphungu Okhudzidwa a ANC." De Lille adalandira ziwopsezo zakupha, pomwe Archbishop Ndungane ndi ine tidakakamizidwa kuti tiwulule zomwe akudziwa. Tinakana. Ine ndi De Lille mu November 1999 tinalengeza kuti tatumiza umboni wa katangale kwa Woweruza Willem Heath kuti awunikenso. De Lille adavala shati yodziwika bwino pakutsegulira kotsatira kwa Nyumba Yamalamulo kulengeza kuti "mgwirizano wa zida zachoka m'manja mwanga."
Lingaliro lathu linavomerezedwa ndi mabungwe a anthu omwe adachita nawo ndemanga ya chitetezo, kuphatikizapo SA Council of Churches ndi SA Catholic Bishops Conference. Tidalengezanso kuti tidzangowulula mayina ku bungwe lokhazikitsidwa bwino lomwe likufuna kufufuza.
Kafukufuku wokhudza kukwanitsa kugula zida zankhondo mu Ogasiti 1999 adachenjeza nduna za nduna za boma kuti mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo ndi malingaliro osasamala omwe angapangitse boma kukulitsa "mavuto azachuma, azachuma ndi zachuma." Kafukufukuyu adawona kusintha kwa ndalama zakunja ndi ziwopsezo zina, kuphatikiza kusapereka ziyeneretso, ndipo adalimbikitsa kuti mapangano a ndege zankhondo za BAE/Saab Gripen aletsedwe, kapena kuchedwetsedwa.
Dziko la South Africa panthawiyo linali kutengabe ndege zokwana 50 za Cheetah ku Israel, zomwe pambuyo pake zidagulitsidwa pamitengo yamoto ku Ecuador ndi mayiko ena aku Latin America. Zowonekeratu kuti panalibe zifukwa zomveka zopezera BAE/Saab ndi kugula kwina. Anangogulidwa chifukwa cha ziphuphu.
Kuphatikizika kwa makontrakitala a BAE Hawk ndi BAE/Saab Gripen kunatenga theka la mgwirizano wa zida. Mapangano a ngongole omwe atsala azaka 20 ku Barclays Bank omwe adasainidwa ndi Manuel ndikutsimikiziridwa ndi boma la Britain anganene kuti ndi "chitsanzo chambiri cha kukongoza ngongole padziko lonse lapansi." Boma la Britain lili ndi "gawo lagolide" lolamulira mu BAE.
Potsimikizira mapangano angongole omwe ndili nawo komanso omwe adalandira kuchokera ku London kuti ndi oona, woweruza wa Manuel mu 2003 adavomereza kuti zigamulo zawo zobweza ngongole "ndizowopsa kwambiri ku South Africa." Poyerekeza, mgwirizano wawung'ono wa Thomson CSF womwe Zuma ndi Thales tsopano adzayang'anizana ndi milandu ya katangale inali gawo lachibale.
Sindinakumanenso ndi Mandela mpaka 2011 pamene ndinamuitana kuti akachitire umboni ku Khoti la Russell pa Palestine ku Cape Town pazochitika zake zakukhala ku South Africa ya tsankho. Ndinadzudzulidwa kwambiri panthaŵiyo m’zoulutsira nkhani, koma palibe aliyense ku South Africa amene anali wokhoza bwinopo kufotokoza upandu wa tsankho. Tsoka ilo adayenera kusiya chifukwa cha thanzi, kotero ndidalowa m'malo mwa Dr Allan Boesak.
Anali "inziles" omwe adanyamula nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho m'zaka za m'ma 1980 - Winnie Mandela, Tutu, Boesak makamaka - pamene a ANC omwe anali mu ukapolo ku Lusaka ndi kwina kulikonse anali akugona ndipo akulota momwe angabere dziko la South Africa atayamba kulamulira.
Chimodzi mwa zolakwika zoipitsitsa zomwe zidachitika pambuyo pa 1990 chinali chakuti United Democratic Front (yomwe inali yapansi komanso yademokalase) idavomera kutha pamene ANC yomwe inali mu ukapolo (yomwe inali pamwamba-pansi ndi ya autocracy) idaletsedwa.
Poopsezedwa ndi Judge Seriti kuti azinyozedwa, ndinaulula monyinyirika ku Seriti Commission mu 2014 kuti Winnie Mandela anali mtsogoleri wa "aphungu a ANC okhudzidwa." Mwachidziwikire wolankhulira a ANC adandidzudzula ngati "wabodza wamatenda." M’malo mwake, Mandela masana omwewo anatsimikizira kutsimikizirika kwa kuululidwa kwanga m’kukambitsirana kwa telefoni kwa De Lille.
"De Lille Dossier" idapangitsa kuti Nyumba yamalamulo ivote mogwirizana mu Novembala 2000 kuti ifufuze mozama za mgwirizano wa zida, womwe Purezidenti wa Mbeki adasuntha mwachangu kuti awononge ndikuwononga. Lipoti la Joint Investigating Team (JIT) la "whitewash" - pomwe likutsimikizira kuti mgwirizano uliwonse wa zida zankhondo udali wolakwika chifukwa chophwanya malamulo - modabwisa adachotsanso nduna za boma pacholakwa chilichonse.
Patatsala milungu isanu ndi umodzi kuti lipotilo liperekedwe m’Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndinauzidwa ndi akatswiri anzeru a ANC aja kuti Modise anali kumupha mwadala koma pang’onopang’ono kuti “anthu akufa asanene nthano.” Ndinadabwa kwambiri kuti Modise anafa ngati kuti anali pa nthawi yake.
Maliro a Modise, mwina, adagwirizana ndi mkazi wa Purezidenti wakale FW de Klerk, Marike, yemwenso adaphedwa. Poganizira luso lake polankhula za ndale, Mandela adasankha kunyoza Modise - yemwe adamuimba mlandu chifukwa cha imfa ya Hani - ndipo m'malo mwake madzulo omwewo adapita kumaliro a Marike de Klerk.
Monga wovulala pankhondo, Mandela mosakayikira adawonongeka kwambiri ndi zomwe adakumana nazo potsutsa tsankho molimba mtima, kuphatikiza mazunzo omwe adamuchitikira. Ziwawa ndi nkhanza za nkhondo zimakhudza onse omwe amazunza komanso ozunzidwa, ndipo zingatenge mibadwo yambiri kuti zichiritse. Kuwonongeka komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa zida ku demokalase yomwe idapindula movutikira ku South Africa kwakhala kwakukulu.
Prime Minister wakale waku Britain a Tony Blair adayimitsa kafukufuku waku Britain Serious Fraud Office wokhudza BAE kupereka ziphuphu kwa akalonga aku Saudi Arabia pazifukwa zabodza za "chitetezo cha dziko," koma BAE idapatsidwa chindapusa cha US $ 479 miliyoni ndi akuluakulu aku US. BAE pakali pano ikugwirizana ndi a Saudis pochita ziwawa zankhondo ku Yemen.
Ngati mkhalidwe watsopano wa ndale wofuna kuthetsa katangale udzaonekera pansi pa Purezidenti Cyril Ramaphosa, ndiye kuti kuthetsedwa kwa makontrakitala achinyengo a BAE (ndi kubweza ndalamazo komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu) kungasonyeze kuti alidi wowopsa. M’menemo, ganizo lotereli lidzavomerezanso ndi kulemekeza thandizo lalikulu limene Winnie Madikezela-Mandela anapanga povumbulutsa mkangano wa malonda a zida zankhondo.
Sikuti palibe lamulo lachinyengo, koma mgwirizano wa zida watsimikizira mfundo yovomerezeka yakuti "chinyengo chimavumbula chirichonse!"
