Wolemba David Swanson, Disembala 15, 2020
Kodi mudayamba mwadzifunsapo ngati chikhalidwe chakumadzulo chimangoyang'ana kuwononga m'malo mopewera khansa, ndikulankhula za chilankhulo chonse cholimbana ndi mdani, chifukwa ndi momwe chikhalidwechi chimachitira zinthu, kapena ngati njira yothanirana ndi khansa idapangidwadi ndi anthu kumenya nkhondo yeniyeni?
Nkhaniyi sinalinso chinsinsi, komabe sindinadziwe zambiri za iyo mpaka nditawerenga Chinsinsi Chachikulu ndi Jennet Conant.
Bari ndi mzinda wokongola waku doko waku South Italy wokhala ndi tchalitchi chachikulu komwe Santa Claus (Saint Nicholas) adayikidwa. Koma Santa atamwalira sikuli vumbulutso loyipitsitsa m'mbiri ya Bari. Bari amatikakamiza kuti tizikumbukira kuti pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, boma la US lidayesetsa kwambiri pofufuza ndi kupanga zida zamankhwala. M'malo mwake, ngakhale US isanalowe mu WWII, inali kupatsa Britain zida zambiri zamankhwala.
Zida izi sizimayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka Ajeremani atagwiritsa ntchito zawo; ndipo sanagwiritsidwe ntchito. Koma anali pachiwopsezo chothamangitsa kuthamanga kwa zida zamankhwala, kuyambitsa nkhondo yankhondo, komanso zoyambitsa mavuto owopsa mwangozi. Izi zomaliza zidachitika, zowopsa kwambiri ku Bari, ndipo mavuto ambiri ndi imfa zitha kukhala patsogolo pathu.
Asitikali aku US ndi aku Britain atasamukira ku Italy, adabwera ndi zida zawo zamankhwala. Pa Disembala 2, 1943, doko la Bari linali lodzaza ndi zombo, ndipo zombozo zinali zodzaza ndi zida zankhondo, kuyambira zida zachipatala mpaka mpweya wa mpiru. Mosadziwika ndi anthu ambiri ku Bari, anthu wamba komanso ankhondo, sitima imodzi, John Harvey, anali atanyamula mabomba okwana 2,000 100-lb mpiru a gasi komanso milandu 700 ya mabomba a phosphorous oyera okwana 100-lb. Zombo zina zinkanyamula mafuta. (Conant pamalo amodzi akugwira lipoti la "200,000 100-lb. H [mpiru] mabomba" koma kwina kulikonse amalemba "2,000" monganso magwero ena ambiri.)
Ndege zaku Germany zidaphulitsa doko. Zombo zinaphulika. Gawo lina la John Harvey mwachiwonekere anaphulika, anaponyera ena mwa mabomba ake amankhwala kumwamba, kugwetsera mpweya wa mpiru m'madzi ndi zombo zoyandikana nazo, ndipo sitimayo inamira. Chombo chonse chikadaphulika kapena mphepo ikuwomba kunyanja, ngoziyo ikadakhala yoyipa kwambiri kuposa momwe idaliri. Zinali zoyipa.
Iwo omwe amadziwa za mpweya wa mpiru sananene chilichonse, zikuwoneka kuti amayamikira chinsinsi kapena kumvera kuposa miyoyo ya omwe apulumutsidwa m'madzi. Anthu omwe amayenera kutsukidwa mwachangu, chifukwa anali atanyowetsedwa ndi madzi, mafuta, ndi mpweya wa mpiru, adatenthedwa ndi mabulangete ndikuwasiya kuti ayende. Ena ananyamuka m'zombo ndipo sanasambe masiku ambiri. Ambiri omwe adapulumuka sakanadziwitsidwa za mpweya wa mpiru kwa zaka zambiri. Ambiri sanapulumuke. Ambiri anazunzidwa kwambiri. Mu maora oyambilira kapena masiku kapena masabata kapena miyezi anthu akanatha kuthandizidwa ndikudziwa zavutolo, koma adangotsala ndi zowawa zawo ndi imfa yawo.
Ngakhale sizinatsutsike kuti ozunzidwa omwe adadzaza muzipatala zilizonse zapafupi adadwala zida zamankhwala, akuluakulu aku Britain adayesanso kuimba mlandu ndege zaku Germany kuti zidayambitsa mankhwala, potero akuwonjezera chiopsezo choyambitsa nkhondo yamankhwala. Dokotala waku US Stewart Alexander adasanthula, adapeza chowonadi, ndipo adaika foni pa foni FDR ndi Churchill. Churchill adayankha ndikulamula kuti aliyense aname, zolemba zonse zamankhwala zisinthidwe, osalankhula. Zoyambitsa mabodza onse zinali, monga zimakhalira, kupewa kuwoneka oyipa. Sikunali kubisa chinsinsi kuboma la Germany. Ajeremani anali atatumiza woponya ndipo adapeza gawo la bomba la US. Iwo samangodziwa zomwe zachitika, koma adathamangitsa zida zawo zamankhwala poyankha, ndipo adalengeza zomwe zachitika pawailesi, akunyoza ma Allies chifukwa chomwalira ndi zida zawo zamankhwala.
Zomwe taphunzira sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa kosunga zida zamankhwala m'malo omwe aphulitsidwa bomba. Churchill ndi Roosevelt adachitanso izi ku England.
Zomwe taphunzira sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa kwachinsinsi komanso kunama. Eisenhower adadziwa zabodza muzolemba zake za 1948 kuti sipanachitike ovulala ku Bari. Churchill adanama mwachidziwitso mu chikumbutso chake cha 1951 kuti sipadapezeke ngozi yazida zamankhwala konse.
Zomwe taphunzira sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa kodzaza zombo ndi zida ndikuziika padoko la Bari. Pa Epulo 9, 1945, sitima ina yaku America, Charles Henderson, inaphulika pomwe mabomba ndi zipolopolo zake zimatsitsidwa, ndikupha ogwira ntchito 56 ndi ogwira ntchito padoko 317.
Zomwe taphunzira sizinaphatikizepo kuopsa koipitsa dziko lapansi ndi zida. Kwa zaka zingapo, kutsatira WWII, panali milandu yambiri yonena za poizoni wa mpweya wa mpiru, maukonde atapha nsomba zomwe zidawombedwa John Harvey. Kenaka, mu 1947, ntchito yoyeretsa ya zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri inayamba, mwa mawu a Conant, "mafuta okwana zikwi ziwiri. . . . Anasamutsidwa mosamala kupita ku barge, yomwe idakokeredwa kunyanja ndikumizidwa. . . . Nthawi zina kabotolo kamasochera kamatuluka m'matope ndi kuvulala. ”
O, chabwino, bola ngati adapeza ambiri a iwo ndipo zidachitidwa "mosamala." Vuto laling'ono ndiloti dziko lapansi silopanda malire, kuti moyo umadalira nyanja momwe zida zamankhwala izi zidakokeridwira ndikumizidwa, komanso momwe kuchuluka kwake kunaliri, padziko lonse lapansi. Vuto limatsalira kuti zida zamankhwala zimatha nthawi yayitali kuposa ma casings omwe ali nazo. Zomwe pulofesa wina waku Italiya adatcha "bomba la nthawi pansi pa doko la Bari" tsopano ndi bomba lomwe lili kumapeto kwa doko lapadziko lapansi.
Chochitika chaching'ono ku Bari mu 1943, m'njira zingapo zofanana ndi zoyipa kuposa cha mu 1941 ku Pearl Harbor, koma chosathandiza kwenikweni pakufalitsa mabodza (palibe amene amakondwerera Bari Day masiku asanu tsiku la Pearl Harbor lisanachitike), atha kuwonongedwa m'tsogolo.
Zomwe taphunzira kuti timachita zimaphatikizapo chinthu china chofunikira, ndiyo njira yatsopano yothetsera khansa. Dokotala wankhondo waku US yemwe adafufuza Bari, Stewart Alexander, adazindikira mwachangu kuti kuwonekera kwakukulu komwe anthu aku Bari adakumana nako kumaletsa kugawanika kwama cell oyera, ndikudabwa kuti izi zitha kuchitanji kwa omwe akhudzidwa ndi khansa, matenda okhudzana ndi kukula kwama cell.
Alexander sanafune Bari kuti apeze izi, pazifukwa zingapo. Choyamba, anali panjira yofanananso komweko akugwira zida zamankhwala ku Edgewood Arsenal ku 1942 koma adalamulidwa kuti asanyalanyaze zatsopano zamankhwala kuti athe kuyang'ana pazomwe zingachitike zida zankhondo. Chachiwiri, zinthu zofananazo zidapangidwa panthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, kuphatikiza Edward ndi Helen Krumbhaar ku University of Pennsylvania - osati ma 75 mamailosi kuchokera ku Edgewood. Chachitatu, asayansi ena, kuphatikiza Milton Charles Winternitz, Louis S. Goodman, ndi Alfred Gilman Sr., ku Yale, anali akupanga malingaliro ofananawo mu WWII koma osagawana zomwe anali kuchita chifukwa chobisalira zankhondo.
Bari mwina sanafunikire kuchiza khansa, koma zidadzetsa khansa. Asitikali aku US ndi Britain, komanso nzika zaku Italiya, nthawi zina sanaphunzirepo kapena kuphunzira zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake kuti matendawo anali otani, ndipo matendawa anali khansa.
Kutacha m'mawa bomba la nyukiliya litaponyedwa ku Hiroshima, msonkhano wa atolankhani unachitikira pamwamba pa nyumba ya General Motors ku Manhattan kulengeza za nkhondo yokhudza khansa. Kuyambira pachiyambi, chilankhulo chake chinali cha nkhondo. Bomba la nyukiliya lidapangidwa ngati chitsanzo cha zozizwitsa zomwe sayansi ndi ndalama zambiri zimatha kuphatikiza. Chithandizo cha khansa chidayenera kukhala chodabwitsa chotsatira chotsatira chimodzimodzi. Kupha anthu aku Japan ndikupha ma cell a khansa ndizopambana. Zachidziwikire, bomba ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, monga ku Bari, zidadzetsa khansa yambiri, monganso zida zankhondo zakhala zikuwonjezeka kwazaka zambiri kwanthawi yayitali, ndikuzunzidwa m'malo ngati madera a Iraq akuvutika kwambiri ndi khansa kuposa Hiroshima.
Nkhani yakumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi anayi zakumenya nkhondo ya khansa yofotokozedwa ndi Conant ndi imodzi mwamphamvu komanso yolimbikira yolimbikira kuti ifike kumapeto pomwe akuneneratu zakupambana kumene, makamaka munkhondo ya Vietnam, nkhondo ku Afghanistan, ndi zina zambiri. Mu 1948, a New York Times anafotokoza kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi matenda a khansa yawonjezeka ngati “C-Day Landing”. Mu 1953, muchitsanzo chimodzi cha ambiri, a Washington Post adalengeza kuti "Khansa Yayandikira." Madokotala otsogola adauza atolankhani kuti silifunso ngati, koma khansa ichiritsidwa liti.
Nkhondo yolimbana ndi khansa idachitikabe. Kufa kwa mitundu ingapo ya khansa kwatsika kwambiri. Koma milandu ya khansa yawonjezeka kwambiri. Lingaliro losiya kuwononga zachilengedwe, kusiya kupanga zida, kusiya kukoka ziphe "mpaka kunyanja," silinakopekepo ndi "nkhondo," silinapangitse mayendedwe ovala pinki, silinapindulepo ndi oligarchs.
Sizinayenera kukhala chotere. Zambiri zandalama zoyambilira zolimbana ndi khansa zidachokera kwa anthu omwe amayesa kulemba zolemba pamanyazi pazida zawo. Koma zinali zamanyazi okha kuti mabungwe aku US adamangira zida za Nazi. Iwo analibe china koma kunyada kuti panthaŵi imodzimodzi anapangira zida za boma la US. Chifukwa chake, kuchoka ku nkhondo sikunalowe kuwerengera kwawo.
Omwe adathandizira ndalama pakufufuza za khansa anali a Alfred Sloan, omwe kampani yawo, General Motors, adapangira a Nazi zida zawo panthawi yankhondo, kuphatikiza kukakamizidwa. Ndizotchuka kunena kuti Opel ya GM idapanga zida za ndege zomwe zidaphulitsa London. Ndege zomwezo zinaphulitsa zombo zomwe zinali padoko la Bari. Njira yogwirira ntchito pakufufuza, kukonza, ndikupanga yomwe idamanga ndegezo, ndi zinthu zonse za GM, tsopano iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza khansa, potero kutsimikizira GM ndi njira yake padziko lapansi. Tsoka ilo, kutukuka kwa mafakitale, kupatula zinthu, kuipitsa, kuwononga, ndikuwononga zomwe zonse zidachoka padziko lonse lapansi mu WWII ndipo sizinathe, zakhala zofunikanso pakufalikira kwa khansa.
Wopereka ndalama wofunikira kwambiri komanso wolimbikitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi khansa, yemwe amafanizira khansa ndi a Nazi (ndipo mosemphanitsa) anali Cornelius Packard "Dusty" Rhoads. Adalemba malipoti ochokera ku Bari ndi ku Yale kuti apange bizinesi yonse pofunafuna njira yatsopano ya khansa: chemotherapy. Awa anali a Rhoads omwewo omwe adalemba kalata mu 1932 yolimbikitsa kuwonongedwa kwa anthu aku Puerto Rico ndikuwanena kuti ndi "otsika kwambiri kuposa aku Italiya." Anati adapha anthu 8 a ku Puerto Rico, kuti adafalitsa khansa mowonjezerapo, ndipo adapeza kuti madokotala amasangalala kuzunza komanso kuzunza anthu aku Puerto Rico omwe adawayesera. Izi zimayenera kukhala zosakopa kwenikweni pazolemba ziwiri zomwe zimadziwika pambuyo pake, koma zidabweretsa chisokonezo chomwe chimatsitsimutsa mbadwo uliwonse kapena apo. Mu 1949 Time Magazine ikani Rhoads pachikuto chake ngati "Cancer Wankhondo." Mu 1950, anthu aku Puerto Rico akuti adalimbikitsa kalata ya Rhoads, pafupifupi adakwanitsa kupha Purezidenti Harry Truman ku Washington, DC
Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti Conant, m'buku lake, akutsutsa kuti Japan sanafune mtendere mpaka pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa Hiroshima, kunena kuti kuphulika kwa bomba kunali kokhudzana ndi kukhazikitsa mtendere. Ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti sakufunsa ntchito yonse yankhondo. Komabe, Chinsinsi Chachikulu imapereka chidziwitso chambiri chomwe chingatithandizire kumvetsetsa momwe tidafikira komwe tili - kuphatikiza ife omwe tikukhala ku United States komwe tapeza $ 740 biliyoni ku Pentagon ndi $ 0 pochiza mliri watsopano wakupha.
