Kodi Vuto Ndi Sayansi Ndilo Chiyani?

Ndi David Swanson, April 15, 2020

Chavuta ndi chiyani ndi sayansi? Ndi izi, kodi ndikutanthauza, bwanji sitikuchokera ku ndale zachinyengo komanso zachipembedzo ndi kutsatira njira za sayansi? Kapena ndikutanthauza, bwanji talola sayansi kuti isokoneze ndale ndi chikhalidwe chathu? Ndikutanthauza, zonse, zonse.

Sitifunikira mphunzitsi wosaphunzira yemwe amauza anthu momwe angalamulire ndi mliri wa virus chifukwa ndi purezidenti. Nthawi yomweyo, sitifunikira makampani opanga ndalama, ndalama, komanso mapulogalamu osazindikira ogwiritsa ntchito sayansi yodzikuza yamayendedwe apakompyuta kulosera za nthendayi m'njira yosemphana ndi zomwe zachitika kale m'dziko lenileni mliri, osatinso zakale.

Sitikufuna andale omwe adagulidwa ndi kulipidwa ndi makampani amafuta atiuza kuti nyengo yadziko ikuyenda bwino. Koma, zowona, makampani amafuta adagula ndikulipira asayansi (ndi madipatimenti aku yunivesite) asanagule ndi kulipirira andale. Asayansi akuuza anthu kuti mphamvu za nyukiliya yankho, kuti nkhondo ndiyabwino kwa iwo, kuti kusamukira ku pulaneti ina ndikothekera, ndikuti yankho la zasayansi posintha nyengo litha posachedwa, osanenanso kuti kuwononga dziko lapansi mwachimwemwe. makina osiyanasiyana opangidwa ndi asayansi sayenera kukayikiridwa.

Bwanamkubwa wa New York alibe ziyeneretso zilizonse kusankha momwe anthu angakhalire kuti apulumutse miyoyo pakagwa mliri. Koma akatswiri masamu ku RAND alibe bizinesi yowuza azandale kuti akhazikitse mfundo zawo zakunja pazinthu zanyukiliya, zobisalira, komanso zachinyengo.

Ndiye, kodi yankho ndi sayansi kapena ayi? Kodi simungangoyiyika mu titter, kuti mumupatse milungu?

Yankho ndilakuti zisankho za pagulu zimayenera kupangidwa pamakhalidwe abwino, kudziyimira pawokha pachinyengo, chidziwitso chochuluka komanso maphunziro, komanso kuwongolera kwambiri demokalase, ndikuti chida chimodzi pakupeza chidziwitso chikuyenera kukhala sayansi - kutanthauza kuti sichili chilichonse chokhala ndi manambala kapena asayansi mawu kapena gwero lazasayansi, koma kafukufuku wotsimikizika wokha m'malo omwe asankhidwa pamakhalidwe abwino, kudziyimira pawokha pazachinyengo, chidziwitso komanso maphunziro apamwamba, komanso ulamuliro wapamwamba wa demokalase.

Buku latsopano la Clifford Conner, Mavuto A Sayansi Yaku America: Kuchokera ku Truman kupita ku Trump, zimatitengera paulendo kuti kodi vuto ndi sayansi ndi chiyani? Akuimba milandu iwiri yayikulu: kuphatikiza magulu azankhondo. Adawalankhula motere, ndikupanga kuti mwina anthu ochepa omwe sanakonzekere kukayikira zankhondo azikhala atafika pakati pa bukuli - buku lomwe lili ndi zitsanzo zabwino komanso chidziwitso pamitu yatsopano komanso yodziwika bwino.

Conner amatitengera mu nkhani zambiri za ziphuphu za sayansi. Coca-Cola ndi othandizira ena a shuga anathandizira sayansi yomwe idapangitsa boma la US kuthamangitsa anthu kuti asatenge mafuta, koma osakhala kutali ndi shuga, ndikulunjika chakumanja - zomwe zidapangitsa kuti US awononge anthu. Sayansiyo sinali yabodza chabe, koma inali yongopeka kwambiri kuti ikhale maziko owongolera pankhani yomwe ikukambidwa.

Asayansi amapanga mitundu yatsopano ya tirigu, mpunga, ndi chimanga. Ndipo sikuti iwo sanagwire ntchito. Koma amafunikira feteleza ndi mankhwala ambiri, omwe anthu osauka sakanakwanitsa. Izi zidadzetsa poizoni padziko lapansi uku zikuchita chidwi ndi ulimi waukulu. Alimi ambiri adavutika pamene chakudya chambiri chidapangidwa, chomwe chidawononga mitengo. Ndipo anthu anapitilizabe kumva njala chifukwa vuto lalikulu lidakhala umphawi, osati mtundu wa tirigu amene amalimidwa.

Asayansi amatulutsa mbewu za GMO kuti zisafunikire feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikuthandizira kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ma herbicides ogwiritsa ntchito namsongole, potero amapanga zovuta zatsopano pomwe akuthetsa zovuta za kudzipangira kwawo, ndipo sanatchule mavuto oyambira omwe amafunikira yankho. Asayansi amalipidwa nthawi imodzi kuti ati mbewu za GMO ndizotetezeka kuti anthu azitha kudya ndipo zimabereka chakudya chambiri, popanda kupereka umboni uliwonse pazomwe ukunena. Pakadali pano maboma ogwirira ntchito amaletsa anthu kuti asadziwe ngati chakudya m'masitolo chili ndi GMO kapena ayi - kusuntha komwe kungangokayikitsa mafuta.

Chifukwa sayansi ndi gawo laukadaulo lomwe limafikira anthu omwe amadziwa kuti asayansi ananamizira ndalama zambiri pa ndudu, zakudya, kuipitsa, nyengo, kusankhana, chisinthiko, ndi zina zotero, komanso chifukwa amatifikira kudzera m'mabungwe aboma ambiri , komanso chifukwa nthawi zonse pamakhala misika yayikulu yopezera zopanda maziko, zamatsenga, zodabwitsa komanso zodalirika, komabe, kukayikira kwa sayansi kuli ponseponse. Kukayikira kumeneko nthawi zambiri kumakhala kulakwa ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kolondola, koma nthawi zonse kumadzudzula anthu otaidwa ngati sayansi.

Fodya ndi nkhani yomwe timaganiza tonsefe timadziwa kale. Koma ndi angati amadziwa magwero abodza akulu a fodya mu projekiti ya Manhattan Project? Ndipo ndi angati akudziwa kuti 480,000 amwalira chaka chilichonse ku United States chifukwa cha kusuta, kapena kuti padziko lonse lapansi chiwerengerochi ndi miliyoni 8 ndikukula, kapena kuti fakitaleyo imalipira ofufuza ake asayansi maulendo 20 zomwe American Cancer Society ndi American Lung Mgwirizano wophatikiza ndalama zawo? Izi ndi zina mwa zifukwa zambiri zowerengera Mavuto A Science America.

Malingaliro anga, inde, ndikuti mukapanga sayansi American imatha. Zimafunika kukhala munthu kuti akhale ndi mwayi. Kupatulapo kwa America sikungogwiritsa ntchito kulosera zamabodza pamakompyuta pakompyuta 96 ya anthu. Ndi gawo limodzi la kukana kuthekera kwa kuchita bwino pakubedwa kwathanzi lonse kapena ufulu wa kuntchito kapena tchuthi chodwala kapena kugawa chuma moyenera. Malingana ngati china chake sichinagwirepo ku United States, Sayansi yaku America imatha kukana kuvomerezeka kwake, ngakhale dziko lonse litapeza kuti lachita bwino.

Conner amapezanso opanga phindu la mankhwala opangira mankhwala kuti aziwonjezera vuto la opioid, osatchula chifukwa cholephera kuchita dziko lapansi zabwino zomwe zikanachitika ngati kafukufuku akanayendetsedwa kwina. Chisankho chimodzi mwasayansi ndi choti akafufuze. Melanoma ndi cystic fibrosis ndi khansa yamchiberekedwe zimapeza ndalama, pomwe magazi am'mimba samatulutsa. Zoyambazo zimakhudza kwambiri azungu, omaliza akuda. Mofananamo, ma virus oyipa omwe amangogwira maiko ena sakhala patsogolo - mpaka akuwopseza anthu omwe ali ndi vuto.

Kupatula ndalama zochulukirapo zakuganiza zofunikira kwambiri pa zamankhwala akuluakulu, Conner amatchula njira zingapo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga sayansi yomwe akufuna. Izi zikuphatikiza mayesero obzala (mayesedwe a phony omwe amangopereka mankhwala kwa madotolo), ma ghostwriting a zamankhwala, zolemba zamakalata, komanso kubwezeretsa matenda. Kutsatsa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndikwapadera ku United States ndi ku New Zealand, ndipo ndi gawo la kulengedwa kwa matenda kuti agwirizane ndi mankhwalawa, osiyana ndi chitukuko cha mankhwala kuti agwirizane ndi matenda.

Nkhani zonse zoterezi ndi theka chabe la nkhaniyi. Hafu ina ndikupanga nkhondo. Conner amatengera kusankhika kwa sayansi kuchokera ku maatomu a Mtendere kumanamizira mpaka lero. Pafupifupi theka la ndalama zomwe boma la US lagwiritsa ntchito pakufufuza zaka zasayansi zaka 50 zapitazi zakhala zikuchitika nkhondo, kuphatikizapo kufufuza za zida za nyukiliya, zida zamankhwala, zida zankhondo, zida wamba "zida, zida zowonetsera, kuzunza, komanso zida zongoganiza sizinapezeke zogwira ntchito sayansi (monga "kudzitchinjiriza" kapena "kutsuka kwa ubongo").

Ngakhale New York City imavutika kudzera m'magulu a coronavirus, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti m'dzina la sayansi mu 1966, boma la US lidatulutsa mabakiteriya munjira zapansi panthaka ya New York. Mabakiteriya omwe amatulutsidwa ndizomwe zimayambitsa poizoni wa chakudya ndipo amatha kupha.

Kodi timafunikira chiyani m'malo momwe zinthu ziliri?

Conner akuwonetsa kuti 100% ndalama zothandizira pagulu ndi kuwongolera kwa kafukufuku onse asayansi, ndi mabungwe monga EPA, FDA, ndi CDC yopanda ziphuphu pamakampani. Amawonekeranso kuti akufuna kugawana nawo kafukufuku wotseguka padziko lonse lapansi, womwe ungakhale chiyembekezo chathu chotsutsana ndi coronavirus ndi zina zambiri.

Amayikiranso pa misala ya a Godz Norquist ndi izi:

“Sindikufuna kuthetseratu zomangamanga zankhondo. Ndikungofuna ndichepetse mpaka kukula kuti ndikhoke ndikukasira mu bafa ndikuponyamo madzi osamba. ”

Sindikudziwa ngati ndalama 100 zaboma ndizotheka. Sindikugwirizana ndi kuhana kwa Conner pofotokoza za zida zamankhondo ndi Syria popanda kupereka umboni uliwonse. Sindikukhulupirira kuti akunena zoona kuti kusiya ndi kubweza kutentha kwadziko lonse lapansi kungakhale njira yosavuta ngati tingapereke sayansi m'manja mwa asitikali. Ndipo ndili ndi vuto funso za kutenga kwake ndalama.

Koma ndimalimbikitsa bukuli ndikuganizira zomwe ndimatenga kuti ndi uthenga wake waukulu: sayansi ikadakhala kuti idachita zodabwitsa ngati imagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera (ndipo ngati ndalama zochepa zankhondo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zothandiza) ndipo mwina zitha kuchitika.