Zomwe Global Peace Index Imachita Ndi Zomwe Sizimayeza

Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, July 19, 2022

Kwa zaka zambiri ndakhala ndikuyamikira Global Peace Index (GPI), ndi anafunsa anthu omwe akupanga, koma quibbled ndi ndendende chiyani izi amachita. Ndangowerenga kumene Mtendere mu Nyengo ya Chisokonezo ndi Steve Killelea, woyambitsa Institute for Economics and Peace, yomwe idapanga GPI. Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kuti timvetsetse zomwe GPI imachita ndi kusachita, kuti tigwiritse ntchito, osagwiritsa ntchito, m'njira zoyenera. Pali zambiri zomwe zingachite, ngati sitikuyembekezera kuti zichite zomwe siziyenera kuchita. Pomvetsetsa izi, buku la Killelea ndilothandiza.

Pamene European Union inagonjetsa Nobel Peace Prize chifukwa chokhala malo amtendere okhalamo, mosasamala kanthu kuti iye ndi wamkulu wogulitsa zida zankhondo, kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo kwina kulikonse, ndi chifukwa chachikulu cha kulephera kwadongosolo komwe kumabweretsa kusowa kwa mtendere kwina kulikonse, Mayiko aku Europe nawonso adakhala pamwamba pa GPI. Mu Chaputala 1 cha buku lake, Killelea akuyerekeza mtendere wa Norway ndi Democratic Republic of the Congo, kutengera kuchuluka kwa kuphana m'maiko amenewo, osatchulapo za kutumiza zida kapena kuthandizira nkhondo zakunja.

Killelea akunena mobwerezabwereza kuti mayiko ayenera kukhala ndi asilikali ndipo ayenera kumenya nkhondo, makamaka nkhondo zomwe sizingapewedwe (zilizonse zomwe ziri): "Ndikukhulupirira kuti nkhondo zina ziyenera kumenyedwa. Nkhondo ya ku Gulf, Nkhondo ya ku Korea ndi ntchito yosunga mtendere ya Timor-Leste ndi zitsanzo zabwino, koma ngati nkhondo zingapewedwe ndiye kuti ziyenera kukhala.” (Musandifunse kuti zingakhulupirire bwanji kuti anthu Nkhondo sakanapeŵeka. Zindikirani kuti ndalama zapadziko lonse zachitetezo chamtendere za UN ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga GPI [onani m'munsimu], mwina [izi sizikufotokozedwa momveka bwino] zabwino, osati zoyipa. Zindikiraninso kuti zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapanga GPI zimapatsa dziko chiwongola dzanja chabwino momwe zimachepetsera kukonzekera nkhondo, ngakhale Killelea akuganiza kuti tiyenera kukhala ndi nkhondo zina - zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa chimodzi chomwe zinthuzi zimalemedwa mopepuka ndikuphatikizidwa ndi zina zambiri. zinthu zomwe Killelea alibe malingaliro osiyanasiyana.)

The GPI amayesa zinthu 23. Kupulumutsa zomwe zikugwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhondo, makamaka nkhondo yakunja, pomaliza, mndandanda ukuyenda motere:

1. Mlingo waupandu womwe umadziwika kuti ndi anthu. (Chifukwa chiyani?)
2. Chiwerengero cha anthu othawa kwawo komanso anthu othawa kwawo m'mayiko awo monga chiwerengero cha anthu. (Relevance?)
3. Kusakhazikika kwa ndale.
4. Political Terror Scale. (Izi zikuwoneka kuti chiyeso kuphana kovomerezeka ndi boma, kuzunza, kuzimiririka komanso kutsekeredwa m'ndende zandale, osawerengera chilichonse mwazinthu zomwe zidachitika kunja kapena ndi ma drones kapena malo obisika akunyanja.)
5. Zotsatira za uchigawenga.
6. Chiwerengero cha kupha anthu pa 100,000.
7. Mlingo wa ziwawa zachiwawa.
8. Ziwonetsero zachiwawa.
9. Chiwerengero cha anthu omangidwa pa anthu 100,000.
10. Chiwerengero cha apolisi amkati ndi apolisi pa anthu 100,000.
11. Kusavuta kupeza zida zazing'ono ndi zida zopepuka.
12. Zopereka zachuma ku ntchito za UN zosunga mtendere.
13. Chiwerengero ndi nthawi ya mikangano yamkati.
14. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amwalira chifukwa cha mikangano yamkati.
15. Kukula kwa mikangano yamkati mwadongosolo.
16. Ubale ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo.
17. Ndalama zankhondo monga peresenti ya GDP. (Kulephera kuyeza izi mwatsatanetsatane kumakulitsa kwambiri chiŵerengero cha “mtendere” cha mayiko olemera. Kulephera kuuyeza pa munthu aliyense kumachepetsa kufunika kwa anthu.)
18. Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito zankhondo pa anthu 100,000. (Kulephera kuyeza izi mwatsatanetsatane kumakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa "mtendere" m'maiko okhala ndi anthu ambiri.)
19. Mphamvu za zida za nyukiliya ndi zolemetsa.
20. Kuchuluka kwa zida zankhondo zazikulu wamba monga wolandila (zotumiza) pa anthu 100,000. (Kulephera kuyeza izi mwatsatanetsatane kumakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa "mtendere" m'maiko okhala ndi anthu ambiri.)
21. Kuchuluka kwa kusamutsidwa kwa zida zazikulu wamba monga ogulitsa (zotumiza kunja) pa anthu 100,000. (Kulephera kuyeza izi mwatsatanetsatane kumakulitsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa "mtendere" m'maiko okhala ndi anthu ambiri.)
22. Chiwerengero, nthawi ndi udindo mu mikangano yakunja.
23. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anamwalira chifukwa cha mikangano yakunja. (Zikuwoneka kuti zikutanthawuza kuchuluka kwa kufa kwa anthu ochokera kwawo, kotero kuti kampeni yayikulu yophulitsa bomba ingaphatikizepo kufa ziro.)

The GPI akuti amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu izi kuwerengera zinthu ziwiri:

“1. Muyeso wa momwe dziko lilili mwamtendere; 2. Mulingo wa momwe dziko lilili mwamtendere kunja kwake (mkhalidwe wake wamtendere kupitirira malire ake). Zotsatira zonse ndi ndondomeko zinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera kwa 60 peresenti kumlingo wamtendere wamkati ndi 40 peresenti ku mtendere wakunja. Kulemera kwakukulu komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtendere wamkati kunavomerezedwa ndi gulu la alangizi, potsatira mkangano wamphamvu. Chigamulocho chinali chozikidwa pa lingaliro lakuti mlingo wokulirapo wa mtendere wamkati ukhoza kutsogolera, kapena kugwirizana ndi, kuchepetsa mikangano yakunja. Zolemerazo zidawunikiridwa ndi gulu la alangizi asanaphatikizepo kope lililonse la GPI. ”

Ndikoyenera kuzindikira apa malingaliro osamvetseka oyika chala chala pa sikelo ya factor A ndendende pazifukwa zomwe factor A imagwirizana ndi factor B. Zowona, ndizowona komanso kofunika kuti mtendere m'dziko lanu ulimbikitse bata kunja, komanso zoona. ndipo n'kofunika kwambiri kuti mtendere wakunja ukhoza kulimbikitsa mtendere panyumba. Mfundo zimenezi si kufotokoza owonjezera kulemera kwa zinthu zapakhomo. Kufotokozera bwino kukanakhala kuti m’mayiko ambiri zimene amachita ndi kuwonongera ndalama zambiri ndi zapakhomo. Koma kwa dziko ngati United States, malongosoledwe amenewo akugwa. Kufotokozera kocheperako mwina kunali kuti kulemera kwazinthu izi kumapindulitsa zida zankhondo zolemera zomwe zimalimbana ndi mayiko omwe amamenya nkhondo zawo kutali ndi kwawo. Kapenanso, kufotokozeraku kungakhale mu chikhumbo cha Killelea cha kuchuluka koyenera ndi mtundu wankhondo wopanga m'malo mochotsa.

GPI imapereka zolemera izi kuzinthu zina:

MTENDERE WAMKATI (60%):
Malingaliro a upandu 3
Oyang'anira chitetezo ndi apolisi 3
Chiwerengero cha kupha anthu 4
Mtengo womangidwa 3
Kupeza zida zazing'ono 3
Kuchuluka kwa mikangano yamkati 5
Ziwonetsero zachiwawa 3
Chiwawa chankhanza 4
Kusakhazikika kwa ndale 4
Zowopsa zandale 4
Zida zochokera kunja 2
Ugawenga impact 2
Imfa chifukwa cha mikangano yamkati 5
Mikangano yamkati idamenyedwa 2.56

MTENDE WAKUNJA (40%):
Ndalama zankhondo (% GDP) 2
Chiwerengero cha ogwira ntchito zankhondo 2
Ndalama za UN zosungitsa mtendere 2
Mphamvu za zida za nyukiliya ndi zolemetsa 3
Zida zotumiza kunja 3
Othawa kwawo ndi IDPs 4
Mgwirizano wamayiko oyandikana nawo 5
Mikangano yakunja idamenyedwa 2.28
Imfa yochokera ku mikangano yakunja 5

Zoonadi, dziko ngati United States limalimbikitsidwa ndi zambiri za izi. Nkhondo zake sizimachitikira anansi ake. Imfa pankhondozi sikuti zimafa ku US. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuthandiza othawa kwawo, koma amapereka ndalama kwa asitikali a UN. Ndi zina zotero.

Njira zina zofunika sizikuphatikizidwa konse:

• Maziko kusungidwa m'mayiko akunja.
• Asilikali amasungidwa kumayiko akunja.
• Maziko akunja amavomerezedwa mdziko.
• Kuphedwa kwa mayiko akunja.
• Zigawenga zakunja.
• Zida zapamlengalenga, mlengalenga, ndi nyanja.
• Maphunziro a usilikali ndi kukonza zida zankhondo zoperekedwa ku mayiko akunja.
• Umembala mumgwirizano wankhondo.
• Umembala m'mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, makhothi, ndi mapangano okhudzana ndi kuchotsa zida, mtendere, ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe.
• Kuyika ndalama m'mapulani achitetezo opanda zida.
• Investment mu maphunziro amtendere.
• Kuyika ndalama pamaphunziro ankhondo, zikondwerero, ndi kulemekeza zankhondo.
• Kuika mavuto azachuma m'mayiko ena.

Kotero, pali vuto ndi chiwerengero chonse cha GPI, ngati tikuyembekezera kuti aziyang'ana pa nkhondo ndi kulenga nkhondo. United States ndi 129, osati 163. Palestine ndi Israel ali mbali ndi mbali pa 133 ndi 134. Costa Rica sapanga pamwamba 30. Mayiko asanu mwa 10 "amtendere" padziko lapansi ndi mamembala a NATO. Kuti muyang'ane pa nkhondo, pitani Mapu a Militarism.

Koma ngati tiyika pambali GPI pachaka lipoti, ndikupita ku GPI yokongola mapu, ndizosavuta kuyang'ana masanjidwe apadziko lonse pazinthu zina kapena zinthu zina. Ndi pamene mtengo wagona. Munthu akhoza kutsutsana ndi kusankha kwa data kapena momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pa masanjidwe kapena ngati angatiuze zokwanira mwanjira ina iliyonse, koma pa GPI yonse, yogawidwa m'zigawo zosiyana, ndi malo abwino kuyamba. Sanjani dziko ndi chilichonse mwazinthu zomwe GPI imaganiziridwa, kapena kuphatikiza zina. Apa tikuwona kuti ndi mayiko ati omwe ali ndi vuto pazifukwa zina koma zabwino kwa ena, komanso omwe ali apakati pagulu lonse. Apanso titha kusaka kulumikizana pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo titha kuganiziranso kulumikizana - chikhalidwe, ngakhale sichiwerengero, - pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

The GPI ndi zothandizanso kusonkhanitsa mtengo wachuma wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ziwawa zomwe zimaganiziridwa, ndikuwonjezera kuti: "Mu 2021, zovuta zachiwawa pazachuma zidafika $16.5 thililiyoni, nthawi zonse 2021 US dollars in purchasing power parity (PPP) . Izi zikufanana ndi 10.9 peresenti ya GDP yapadziko lonse, kapena $2,117 pa munthu aliyense. Uku kunali chiwonjezeko cha 12.4 peresenti, kapena $1.82 thililiyoni, kuchokera chaka chatha.

Choyenera kuyang'anira ndi malingaliro omwe GPI imapanga pansi pamutu wa zomwe imatcha mtendere wabwino. Malingaliro ake akuphatikizapo kukonza zinthu m’mbali zimenezi: “boma likuyenda bwino, malo abwino abizinesi, kuvomereza ufulu wa ena, kukhala ndi ubale wabwino ndi anansi, kufalitsa uthenga mwaufulu, kuchuluka kwa ndalama za anthu, katangale wochepa, ndi kugaŵikana mwachilungamo. za chuma.” Mwachiwonekere, 100% mwa izi ndi zinthu zabwino, koma 0% (osati 40%) mwachindunji za nkhondo zakutali zakunja.