Ndi David Swanson, World BEYOND War, September 16, 2020
"Ndikupanga matsenga powerenga malingaliro ako," ndimatero ku kalasi la ophunzira kapena holo kapena kanema yodzaza ndi anthu. Ndimalemba zina. "Tchulani nkhondo yomwe idalungamitsidwa," ndinatero. Wina akuti "Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse." Ndimawawonetsa zomwe ndidalemba: "WWII." Matsenga![I]
Ngati ndimalimbikira kuyankha kwina, nthawi zambiri amakhala akumenyera nkhondo m'mbuyomu kuposa WWII.[Ii] Ndikafunsa chifukwa chomwe WWII ili yankho, yankho nthawi zonse limakhala "Hitler" kapena "Holocaust" kapena mawu oti.
Kusinthana kotereku, komwe ndimanamizira kuti ndili ndi mphamvu zamatsenga, ndi gawo la nkhani kapena msonkhano womwe ndimayamba ndikapempha kuwonetsa manja poyankha mafunso angapo:
"Ndani akuganiza kuti palibe chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo?"
ndi
"Ndani akuganiza kuti mbali zina za nkhondo nthawi zina zimakhala zoyenera, kuti kuchita nawo nkhondo nthawi zina ndichinthu choyenera kuchita?"
Nthawi zambiri, funso lachiwirili limalandira manja ambiri.
Kenako timakambirana kwa ola limodzi kapena kupitilira apo.
Kenako ndikufunsanso mafunso omwewo kumapeto. Pamenepo, funso loyamba ("Ndani akuganiza kuti nkhondo siyabwino konse?") Limakhala ndi manja ambiri.[III]
Sindikudziwa ngati kusintha kwaudindo kwa otenga nawo mbali kumatha tsiku lotsatira kapena chaka kapena nthawi yamoyo wonse.
Ndiyenera kuchita matsenga anga a WWII koyambirira kwamaphunziro, chifukwa ngati sinditero, ndikalankhula motalikitsa zakubweza zankhondo ndikuyika ndalama mwamtendere, ndiye kuti anthu ambiri andisokoneza kale ndimafunso onga "Nanga bwanji Hitler ? ” kapena "Nanga bwanji za WWII?" Sichitha konse. Ndimalankhula zakusavomerezeka kwa nkhondo, kapena kufunikira kothetsa nkhondo ndi bajeti zadziko lapansi, ndipo wina wabweretsa WWII ngati wotsutsana nawo.
Kodi WWII ikukhudzana bwanji ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo? M'malingaliro a ambiri zikuwonetsa zakale komanso zosoweka zakusowa ndalama zankhondo kulipira nkhondo zomwe zili zoyenera komanso zofunikira monga WWII.
Ndikambirana funso ili m'buku latsopano, koma ndiroleni ndiwonetse mwachidule apa. Opitilira theka la bajeti yaku US yochita kusankha - ndalama zomwe Congress imasankha zochita chaka chilichonse, zomwe sizimapatula ndalama zazikulu zopumira pantchito ndi chithandizo chamankhwala - zimapita kunkhondo ndikukonzekera nkhondo.[Iv] Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti anthu ambiri sadziwa izi.[V]
Boma la US limagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochulukirapo kuposa mayiko ena aliwonse pazankhondo, monganso magulu ankhondo ambiri ophatikizika[vi] - ndipo ambiri amakakamizidwa ndi boma la US kuti agule zida zina zaku US[vii]. Ngakhale anthu ambiri sadziwa izi, ambiri amaganiza kuti ndalama zina ziyenera kusunthidwa kuchoka kunkhondo kupita kuzinthu monga chithandizo chamankhwala, maphunziro, ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe.
Mu Julayi 2020, kafukufuku wowunika pagulu adapeza ambiri mwa ovota aku US pofuna kusamutsa 10% ya bajeti ya Pentagon kuzosowa zofunikira zaumunthu.[viii] Kenako nyumba zonse za US Congress zidavotera pempholi ndi akulu akulu.[ix]
Kulephera kwa nthumwi sikuyenera kutidabwitsa. Boma la US silimachita chilichonse motsutsana ndi zofuna zazikulu, zolemera chifukwa ambiri amakonda china chake pazotsatira zakusankhidwa.[x] Ndizofala kwambiri kwa omwe amasankhidwa kuti azidzitama chifukwa chonyalanyaza zisankho kuti atsatire mfundo zawo.
Kulimbikitsa Congress kuti isinthe zomwe zimayendera, kapena kulimbikitsa mabungwe atolankhani kuti auze anthu za iwo, kungafune zambiri kuposa kungoyankha woyankha. Kusamutsa 10% kuchokera ku Pentagon kudzafuna kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amafunitsitsa komanso kuchita ziwonetsero zazikulu kwambiri kuposa izi. 10% iyenera kukhala yonyengerera, fupa loponyedwa pagulu loumirira 30% kapena 60% kapena kupitilira apo.
Koma pali chopinga chachikulu panjira yomanga mayendedwe otere. Mukayamba kulankhula za kutembenuka kwakukulu kukhala mabizinesi amtendere, kapena kuthetsedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya, kapena kuthetsedwa kwa asitikali, mumayambira mutu wankhani yodabwitsa yomwe siyikhudzana kwenikweni ndi dziko lomwe mukukhalamo: WWII.
Si vuto losagonjetseka. Nthawi zonse imakhalapo, koma malingaliro ambiri, mwa zomwe ndakumana nazo, amatha kusunthidwa mpaka kumapeto kwa ola limodzi. Ndikufuna kusuntha malingaliro ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kumvetsetsa kwatsopano kumamatira. Ndiko komwe buku langa amabwera mkati, komanso a maphunziro atsopano pa intaneti kutengera bukuli.
Buku latsopanoli likufotokoza chifukwa chake malingaliro olakwika okhudza Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse komanso kufunikira kwake masiku ano sayenera kupanga bajeti zaboma. Ndalama zosakwana 3% zankhondo zaku US zitha kutha ndi njala padziko lapansi[xi], pomwe kusankha malo oyika chuma kumapangitsanso miyoyo yambiri ndi imfa kuposa nkhondo zonse[xii], ndizofunikira kuti tipeze izi molondola.
Ziyenera kukhala zotheka kunena kuti kubweza ndalama zankhondo pazaka 20 zapitazo[xiii], popanda nkhondo kuyambira zaka 75 zapitazo kukhala cholinga chazokambirana. Pali zotsutsa komanso zovuta zomwe munthu anganene kuposa "Nanga bwanji za WWII?"
Kodi Hitler akubwera? Kodi kudabwereza kosadabwitsa kwa chinthu chofanana ndi WWII mwina kapena kutheka? Yankho la funso lililonse mwa mafunso awa ndi ayi. Kuti mumvetsetse chifukwa chake, zitha kuthandiza kukulitsa kumvetsetsa za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kuwunika momwe dziko lasinthira kuyambira WWII.
Chidwi changa pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse sichimayendetsedwa ndi chidwi ndi nkhondo kapena zida zankhondo kapena mbiriyakale. Zimayendetsedwa ndi chikhumbo changa chofuna kukambirana zankhondo popanda kumva za Hitler mobwerezabwereza. Hitler akadakhala kuti sanakhale munthu woyipa kwambiri ndikadadwalabe ndikatopa ndikumva za iye.
Bukhu langa latsopano ndi mfundo yamakhalidwe abwino, osati ntchito yofufuza zakale. Sindinachite chilichonse pempho lililonse la Freedom of Information Act, ndapeza zolemba zilizonse, kapena ndaswa manambala aliwonse. Ndimakambirana zambiri za mbiriyakale. Zina mwa izo sizidziwika kwenikweni. Zina mwazomwezi zimatsutsana ndi kusamvana komwe kumadziwika - kotero kuti ndakhala ndikulandila maimelo osasangalatsa kuchokera kwa anthu omwe sanawerenge bukuli.
Koma palibe zomwe zimatsutsana kwambiri kapena zotsutsana pakati pa olemba mbiri. Ndayesetsa kuti ndisaphatikizepo chilichonse popanda zolembedwa zazikulu, ndipo pomwe ndikudziwa kuti pali mikangano pazonse, ndakhala ndikusamala kuti ndizizindikire. Sindikuganiza kuti mlandu wotsutsana ndi WWII monga cholimbikitsira ndalama zowonjezerapo pankhondo umafuna china chilichonse kupatula zowona zomwe tonsefe tingavomereze. Ndikungoganiza kuti izi zimapangitsa kuti zidziwike modabwitsa komanso zosokoneza.
[I] Nayi PowerPoint yomwe ndagwiritsa ntchito pamwambowu: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/endwar.pptx
[Ii] Ku United States, mwa zomwe ndakumana nazo, omwe akutsogolera omwe akuchita nawo masewerawa ndi WWII, ndipo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu, US Civil War ndi American Revolution. A Howard Zinn adakambirana izi mukulankhula kwake "Nkhondo zitatu zoyera," https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6i39UdpR1F8 Zomwe ndakumana nazo zikufanana ndi kafukufuku yemwe adachitika mu 2019 ndi YouGov, omwe adapeza kuti 66% aku America adafunsidwa kuti WWII ndiyolondola kapena yolungamitsidwa (zilizonse zomwe zikutanthauza), poyerekeza ndi 62% ya American Revolution, 54% ya US Civil War, 52% ya WWI, 37% ya Nkhondo yaku Korea, 36% ya First Gulf War, 35% ya nkhondo yopitilira ku Afghanistan, ndi 22% ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam. Onani: Linley Sanders, YouGov, "America ndi othandizana nawo adapambana D-Day. Kodi atha kuchita izi? ” Juni 3, 2019 https://today.yougov.com/topics/politics/articles-reports/2019/06/03/american-wars-dday
[III] Ndachitanso zokambirana ndi pulofesa waku West Point pankhani ngati nkhondo ingakhale yolondola, ndikuwunika kwa omvera akusintha motsutsana ndi lingaliro loti nkhondo ingakhale yolondola kuyambira mkangano usanachitike. Mwawona https://youtu.be/o88ZnGSRRw0 Pazochitika zomwe bungwe limachita World BEYOND War, timagwiritsa ntchito mafomuwa kuti tifufuze anthu pakusintha kwawo malingaliro: https://worldbeyondwar.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/PeacePledge_101118_EventVersion1.pdf
[Iv] Ntchito Zoyambirira Padziko Lonse, "Bajeti Yankhondo, 2020," https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2020/militarized-budget-2020 Kuti mumve zambiri za bajeti yanzeru ndi zomwe sizili mmenemo, onani https://www.nationalpriorities.org/budget-basics/federal-budget-101/spending
[V] Kafukufuku wapafupipafupi afunsa zomwe anthu amaganiza kuti bajeti yankhondo inali, ndipo yankho wamba lakhala lovuta. Kafukufuku wa February 2017 adapeza kuti ambiri amakhulupirira kuti ndalama zankhondo sizinali zochepa kuposa momwe zidaliri. Onani Charles Koch Institute, "Kafukufuku Watsopano: Anthu aku America Crystal Chotsani: Mkhalidwe Wakunja Sukugwira Ntchito," February 7, 2017, https://www.charleskochinstitute.org/news/americans-clear-foreign-policy-status-quo-not-working Ndikothekanso kuyerekezera kafukufuku yemwe anthu amawonetsedwa bajeti ya feduro ndikufunsidwa momwe angasinthire (ambiri amafuna ndalama zambiri kuchokera kunkhondo) ndi zisankho zomwe zimangofunsa ngati bajeti yankhondo iyenera kuchepetsedwa kapena kukwezedwa (chithandizo cha mabala ndiotsika kwambiri). Mwachitsanzo, onani Ruy Texeira, Center for American Progress, Novembala 7, 2007, https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/democracy/reports/2007/11/07/3634/what-the-public-really-wants-on-budget-priorities Mwachitsanzo, onani nkhani ya a Frank Newport, a Gallup Polling, "Anthu aku America Akukhalabe Ogawanika Pazogwiritsa Ntchito Chitetezo," February 15, 2011, https://news.gallup.com/poll/146114/americans-remain-divided-defense-spending.aspx
[vi] Ndalama zomwe mayiko amagwiritsa ntchito pomenya nkhondo zikuwonetsedwa pamapu adziko lapansi ku https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Izi zimachokera ku Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), https://sipri.org Ndalama zankhondo yaku US zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pofika mu 2018 zinali $ 718,689, zomwe sizimagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zaku US, zomwe zimafalikira m'madipatimenti ndi mabungwe ambiri. Kuti mumve ndalama zokwanira $ 1.25 trilioni pazaka zonse, onani William Hartung ndi Mandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, "Tomgram: Hartung ndi Smithberger, Ulendo Waku Dollar-by-Dollar ku National Security State," Meyi 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561
[vii] Mayiko omwe amalowetsa zida zaku US akuwonetsedwa pamapu adziko lapansi ku https://worldbeyondwar.org/militarism-mapped Izi zimachokera ku Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/values.php
[viii] Zambiri Za Kupita Patsogolo, "Anthu aku America Agwirizana: Dulani Bajeti ya Pentagon," Julayi 20, 2020, https://www.dataforprogress.org/blog/2020/7/20/cut-the-pentagons-budget Pofika 56% mpaka 27% ovota aku US adakonda kusunthira 10% ya bajeti yankhondo pazosowa za anthu. Akauzidwa kuti ndalamazo zipita ku Centers for Disease Control, othandizira anthu anali 57% mpaka 25%.
[ix] Mnyumba, voti ya Pocan of Wisconsin Amendment Number 9, Roll Call 148 pa Julayi 21, 2020, inali 93 eya, 324 Nays, 13 Osati Kuvota, http://clerk.house.gov/cgi-bin/vote.asp?year=2020&rollnumber=148 Ku Senate, voti ya Sanders Amendment 1788 pa Julayi 22, 2020, inali 23 Inde, ma 77 Nays, https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=116&session=2&vote=00135
[x] Martin Gillens ndi Benjamin I. Tsamba, "Kuyesa Malingaliro A Ndale Zaku America: Osankhika, Magulu Achidwi, ndi Nzika Zapakati," Seputembara 2014, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/testing-theories-of-american-politics-elites-interest-groups-and-average-citizens/62327F513959D0A304D4893B382B992B Potchulidwa mu BBC, "Phunziro: US Ndi Oligarchy, Osati Demokalase," Epulo 17, 2014, https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-echochambers-27074746
[xi] Mu 2008, bungwe la United Nations linati $ 30 biliyoni pachaka akhoza kuthetsa njala padziko lapansi. Onani bungwe la Food and Agriculture la United Nations, "Dziko limangofunika madola 30 biliyoni pachaka kuti athetse mliri wa njala," Juni 3, 2008, http://www.fao.org/newsroom/en/news/ 2008/1000853 / index.html Izi zidanenedwa mu New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/04/news/04iht-04food.13446176.html and Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2008/jun/23/opinion/ed-food23 ndi malo ena ambiri. Bungwe la United Nations la Food and Agriculture landiuza kuti chiwerengerochi chidakalipobe. Pofika mu 2019, bajeti yoyambira pachaka ya Pentagon, kuphatikiza bajeti, komanso zida za nyukiliya ku department of Energy, kuphatikiza department of Homeland Security, ndi ndalama zina zankhondo zidaposa $ 1 trilioni, makamaka $ 1.25 trilioni. Onani William D. Hartung ndi Mandy Smithberger, TomDispatch, "Boondoggle, Inc.," Meyi 7, 2019, https://www.tomdispatch.com/blog/176561 Atatu mwa triliyoni ndi 30 biliyoni. Zambiri pa izi pa https://worldbeyondwar.org/explained
[xii] Malinga ndi UNICEF, ana 291 miliyoni osakwana zaka 15 adamwalira pazifukwa zotetezedwa pakati pa 1990 ndi 2018. Onani https://www.unicefusa.org/mission/starts-with-u/health-for-children
[xiii] Malinga ndi Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), ndalama zankhondo yaku US, m'madola aku 2018, inali $ 718,690 mu 2019 ndi $ 449,369 mu 1999. Onani https://sipri.org/databases/milex
