Zomwe Tayiwala: Mawu Ochokera "Pamene Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse Lapansi" Wolemba David Swanson
Mu 1927-1928, Republican wotentha kwambiri wochokera ku Minnesota wotchedwa Frank yemwe adatemberera yekha pacifistists adatha kukakamiza pafupifupi dziko lonse lapansi kuti liletse nkhondo. Iye adalimbikitsidwa kuti achite zimenezo, potsutsana ndi chifuniro chake, ndi chidziwitso cha mtendere padziko lonse ndi mgwirizano wa US ndi France unapanga kupyolera mwa malamulo osagwirizana ndi omenyera mtendere. Mphamvu zothandizira kupambana kwa mbiriyi ndi mgwirizano wodalirika, wogwirizana, komanso wosasunthika wa United States ndi chithandizo chake champhamvu ku Midwest; aphunzitsi ake amphamvu kwambiri, aphunzitsi, ndi a pulezidenti wa yunivesite; mau ake ku Washington, DC, omwe ali a Republican senators ochokera ku Idaho ndi Kansas; malingaliro ake amalandiridwa ndi kulimbikitsidwa ndi nyuzipepala, mipingo, ndi magulu a amayi m'dziko lonse lapansi; ndipo kutsimikizika kwake sikukufotokozedwa ndi zaka khumi za kugonjetsedwa ndi magawano.
Chiwongolerocho chinadalira mbali yaikulu pa mphamvu yandale yatsopano ya akazi ovota. Charles Lindbergh sanathe kuthamanga ndege pa nyanja, kapena Henry Cabot Lodge sanamwalire, kapena kuyesetsanso mtendere ndi kusokoneza zida sizinali zopweteka. Koma kuponderezedwa kwapachikhalidwe kunapangitsa kuti sitepe iyi, kapena chinachake chonga icho, ipewe mosavuta. Ndipo pamene izo zinapambana - ngakhale kuti nkhondoyo sinayambe yatsatiridwa mokwanira molingana ndi ndondomeko ya owona masomphenya ake - ambiri a dziko ankakhulupirira kuti nkhondo yapangidwa mosavomerezeka. Nkhondo anali, makamaka, kuletsa ndi kutetezedwa. Ndipo pamene nkhondo zinapitilizabe ndipo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inabuka padziko lapansi, mliriwu unatsatiridwa ndi mayesero a amuna omwe akuimbidwa mlandu watsopano wokhudza nkhondo, komanso chigwirizano cha dziko lonse la United Nations Charter. Zambiri zomwe zisanachitike zisanachitike, zisanayambe kugonjetsedwa ndi zofuna za 1920 zomwe zimatchedwa "Outlawry movement".
"Usiku watha ndinali ndi maloto odabwitsa kwambiri omwe ndinkalota kale," analemba Ed McCurdy mu 1950 pa zomwe zinakhala nyimbo yodziwika bwino. "Ine ndinalota dziko lonse litagwirizana kuti athetsa nkhondo. Ndinalota ndikuwona chipinda cholimba, ndipo chipindacho chinadzazidwa ndi amuna. Ndipo pepala limene iwo anali kulemba linati sakanamenyana konse. "Koma chochitika chimenecho chinali chochitikadi pa August 27, 1928, ku Paris, France. Pangano lomwe linasindikizidwa tsiku lomwelo, Pangano la Kellogg-Briand, linakonzedwanso ndi Senate ya ku United States mu voti ya 85 ku 1 ndipo imakhalabe m'mabuku (komanso pa webusaiti ya US Department Department) mpaka lero monga gawo la Mutu VI wa malamulo a US amachitcha "lamulo lalikulu la dziko."
Frank Kellogg, Mlembi wa boma wa ku United States amene anachita panganoli, anapatsidwa mphoto yamtendere ya Nobel ndipo adaona mbiri yake yodziwika bwino - kotero kuti United States inatchula sitima pambuyo pake, imodzi mwa "ngalawa zaufulu" zomwe zinanyamula nkhondo amapereka ku Ulaya panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Kellogg anali atafa panthawiyo. Kotero, ambiri amakhulupirira, anali kuyembekezera mtendere wamtendere. Koma Chigwirizano cha Kellogg-Briand ndi kukana kwake nkhondo monga chida cha ndondomeko ya dziko ndi chinthu chomwe tingafune kutsitsimutsa. Mgwirizano umenewu unasonkhanitsa kumbuyo kwa mayiko a dziko mofulumira ndi poyera, motsogoleredwa ndi zofuna za anthu. Tikhoza kulingalira za momwe lingaliro la anthu la mtundu umenewo lingakhazikitsidwenso mwatsopano, chidziwitso chotani chomwe chilibekomwe, ndipo njira zotani zowankhulirana, maphunziro, ndi zisankho zidzalola anthu kuti agwirizane ndi ndondomeko ya boma, monga momwe ntchitoyi ikuyendera kuthetseratu nkhondo - kumvetsetsedwa ndi oyambitsa kuti akhale ntchito ya mibadwo - ikupitiriza kukula.
Tingayambe mwa kukumbukira Chigwirizano cha Kellogg-Briand ndi komwe chinachokera. Mwina, pakati pa chikondwerero cha Tsiku la Ogonjetsa, Tsiku la Chikumbutso, Tsiku la Yellow Ribbon, Tsiku la Achinyamata, Tsiku la Ufulu, Tsiku la Pagulu, Tsiku la Chikumbutso cha Pearl Harbor, ndi Tsiku la Nkhondo ya Afghanistan-Afghanistan Nkhazikitsidwa ndi Congress ku 2011, osatchula mwambo wamatsenga umene umapanga mabomba ife tonse mwezi wa September 11th, tikhoza kufinya tsiku lomwe likulozera sitepe ya mtendere. Ndikupempha kuti tichite zimenezi nthawi iliyonse ya August 27th. Mwina cholinga cha Kellogg-Briand Day chikhoza kuchitika ku National Cathedral ku Washington, DC, (ngati chitseguka chitatha pambuyo pa chivomerezi chaposachedwa) kumene kulembedwa pansi pa Kellogg Window kumapereka Kellogg, yemwe anaikidwa mmenemo, ngongole "Anayesetsa kupeza mtendere ndi mtendere pakati pa amitundu a dziko lapansi." Masiku ena akhoza kukhazikitsidwa kuti azikhala mwamtendere, kuphatikizapo International Day of Peace pa September 21st, Martin Luther King Jr. Tsiku Lachisanu lililonse lachitatu mu Januwale, ndi Tsiku la Amayi Lamlungu lachiŵiri mu May.
Tidzakhala tikukondwerera sitepe ya mtendere, osati kupambana kwake. Timakondwera masitepe othandizira kukhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi ikupitirizabe. Polemba zochepa zomwe tapindula timathandizira kumangirira kwambiri zomwe zidzakwaniritsidwe. Ife, ndithudi, timalemekeza ndi kukondwerera kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo koletsera kupha ndi kuba, ngakhale kuti kupha ndi kuba zikudali ndi ife. Malamulo oyambirira omwe amachititsa nkhondo kukhala chigawenga, zomwe sizinachitikepo, ndizofunikira kwambiri ndipo zidzakumbukiridwanso ngati kayendetsedwe ka gulu lachigwirizano cha nkhondo likupambana. Ngati sichoncho, ndipo ngati kuwonjezeka kwa nyukiliya, kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama, komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komwe kumadza ndi nkhondo zathu kumapitiriza, kenaka posakhalitsa sipadzakhala wina akukumbukira kalikonse.
Njira ina yowatsitsimutsa mgwirizano kuti, pokhaladi lamulo, ndithudi, iyenera kuyamba kumvera. Malamulo, apolisi, ndi oweruza akufuna kupereka ufulu wa anthu pa makampani, amachita zimenezi makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe adalemba khoti lamilandu, koma osati mbali ina ya chigamulo cha Supreme Court kuyambira zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo. Pamene Dipatimenti Yachilungamo imafuna "kulembetsa" chizunzo kapena, chifukwa chake, nkhondo, imabwereranso ku kuwerenga kolakwika kwa imodzi ya Federalist Papers kapena chigamulo cha khoti kwa nthawi yayitali yoiwalika. Ngati wina aliyense ali ndi mphamvu lero apindula mtendere, padzakhala chikonzero chonse chokumbukira ndikugwiritsira ntchito Kellogg-Briand Pact. Ndilo lamulo. Ndipo ndilamulo laposachedwa kwambiri kuposa malamulo a US okha, omwe osankhidwa athu adanenabe, makamaka osatsutsika, kuthandizira. Pangano, kuphatikizapo malamulo ndi ndondomeko zowonongeka, kuwerenga mokwanira,
Makampani Opambana Amalengeza mosapita m'mbali mayina a anthu awo omwe amatsutsa nkhondo yothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse, ndikuikana, monga chida cha ndondomeko ya dziko mu chiyanjano chawo.
Mabungwe Opambana amavomereza kuti kuthetsa kapena kuthetsa mikangano yonse kapena mikangano ya mtundu uliwonse kapena chiyambi chomwe angakhale, chomwe chingachitike pakati pawo, sichidzafunidwa konse kupatula ndi njira zenizeni.
Pulezidenti wa dziko la France Aristide Briand, yemwe analimbikitsa Pact ndipo ntchito yake yamtendere idamupatsa kale Nobel Peace Prize, adanena pa chikondwererochi,
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, pamlingo waukulu ngati waukulu, mgwirizano waperekedwadi ku kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtendere, ndipo wapereka malamulo atsopano ndi opanda zifukwa zonse zandale. Pangano limeneli limatanthauza chiyambi komanso osati mapeto. . . . Efishfish ndi nkhondo yonyenga yomwe yakhala ikuonedwa kuyambira kale monga kulondola kuchokera kwa Mulungu, ndipo yakhala ikuyendera mchitidwe wapadziko lonse monga chidziwitso cha ulamuliro, potsirizira pake yanyansidwa ndi lamulo la chomwe chinali choopsa chake chachikulu, chivomerezo chake. Zolinga zam'mbuyo, zotsutsana ndi malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo, zimagwirizana moona mtima ndipo zimatulutsidwa nthawi zonse kuti chilango chikhale ndi chilango chosavomerezeka ndipo mwinamwake chidani cha olemba ake onse.
NKHONDO YOTSATIRA NKHONDO
Chigwirizano cha mtendere chomwe chinapangitsa Chigwirizano cha Kellogg-Briand chichitike, monga nkhondo yomwe idapikisana nayo, chinalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse - chifukwa cha nkhondoyo komanso zotsatira zake kwa anthu, koma United States inali itabweretsedwa kunkhondo ku 1917. M'nkhani yake ya 1952 ya nthawi imeneyi Mtendere M'nthawi Yake: Chiyambi cha Kellogg-Briand Chigwirizano, Robert Ferrell adanena kuti ndalama zowonjezera zachuma ndi zaumunthu zimakhala zodabwitsa:
Kwa zaka zambiri, mpaka nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse idachititsa kuti ziwerengero zazikuluzikuluzi zikhale zolemetsa, amatsenga amatsutsa malingaliro otchuka chiwerengero cha nyumba kapena makanema kapena makoleji kapena zipatala zomwe zikanakhoza kugulidwa pa mtengo wa Nkhondo Yadziko lonse. Kutaya kwaumunthu kunali kosakwanira. Nkhondoyo inapha anthu mamiliyoni khumi mwatsatanetsatane - moyo umodzi pa masekondi khumi pa nthawi ya nkhondo. Palibe chiwerengero chomwe chikanakhoza kuwonongera mtengo mu matupi osokonekera ndi opunduka ndi malingaliro osokonezeka.
Ndipo apa pali Thomas Hall Shastid mu buku lake la 1927, perekani anthu awo omwe ali ndi nkhondo, yomwe idakalipo chifukwa chofuna kubwezeretsa ziwonetsero za anthu asanayambitse nkhondo iliyonse:
[O] n November 11, 1918, pamapeto pake kunathetsa zosafunikira kwambiri, zowonjezera ndalama kwambiri, komanso nkhondo zowononga kwambiri zomwe dziko lonse lapansi linayambapo. Amuna ndi akazi okwana mamiliyoni makumi awiri, pa nkhondo imeneyo, anaphedwa, kapena kufa pambuyo pa mabala. Fuluwenza ya ku Spain, ndithudi inayambitsidwa ndi Nkhondo ndipo palibe china chirichonse, chophedwa, m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, anthu mamiliyoni zana ambiri.
Malingana ndi US Socialist Victor Berger, United States yonse idapindula chifukwa chochita nawo nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse inali chiwindi ndi kuletsa. Sizinali zachilendo kuona. Anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America omwe adathandizira nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi anadza, m'zaka zotsatira zitatha kumapeto kwa November 11, 1918, kukana lingaliro lakuti chirichonse chikanakhoza kupindula kupyolera mu nkhondo. Sherwood Eddy, yemwe adavomereza kuti kuthetsa nkhondo ku 1924, adalemba kuti anali wothandizira kwambiri komanso wachidwi wa US kulowa mu nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndipo adanyansidwa ndi chiwawa. Iye adawona nkhondoyo ngati chipembedzo chachipembedzo ndipo adalimbikitsidwa ndi mfundo yakuti United States inalowa nkhondo pa Lachisanu Lachisanu. Panthawi ya nkhondo, pamene nkhondoyi inagwedezeka, Eddy analemba kuti, "tinauza asilikari kuti ngati apambana tidzawapatsa dziko latsopano."
Eddy akuwoneka, mwachizoloŵezi, kuti akhulupirire zabodza zake ndi kuti atsimikiza kuchita zabwino pa lonjezolo. "Koma ndikukumbukira," adatero motero, "ngakhale panthawi ya nkhondo ndinayamba kuvutika ndi kukayikira kwakukulu ndi kusamvetsetsana kwa chikumbumtima." Zinamutengera zaka 10 kuti afike pa udindo wa Outlawry wathunthu, ndiko kuti, kufuna kuthetsa nkhondo zonse mwalamulo. Ndi 1924 Eddy ankakhulupirira kuti ntchito ya Outlawry inali yodalirika komanso yodalirika chifukwa choyenera kupereka nsembe, kapena katswiri wa sayansi wa ku America William William adatcha "khalidwe lofanana ndi nkhondo." Eddy tsopano anatsutsa kuti nkhondo inali "yopanda chikhristu." Ambiri adagwirizana ndi maganizo amenewo omwe zaka khumi m'mbuyomo kale adakhulupirira kuti Chikhristu chimafuna nkhondo. Chinthu chachikulu pa kusinthaku chinali chodziwika bwino ndi gehena ya nkhondo zamakono, zomwe zinalembedwa ndi wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Britain Wilfred Owen mu mizere yotchukayi:
Ngati muli ndi maloto odetsa nkhawa inunso mutha kuyenda
Kumbuyo kwa ngolo yomwe ife tinamuponyera iye,
Ndipo penyani maso oyera akukankhira mu nkhope yake,
Nkhope yake yokhotakhota, ngati wodetsedwa ndi satana wa tchimo;
Ngati mungamve, pa jolt iliyonse, magazi
Bwerani kumbali ya mapapu owonongeka ndi chisanu,
Zonyansa ngati khansara, zowawa ngati zowonda
Za zoipa, zilonda zosachiritsika ku malirime osalakwa,
Bwenzi langa, simungaziuze ndi zoposa zoterezi
Kwa ana okonda ulemerero wina wonyansa,
Wakale wabodza; Dulce et Decorum ali
Pro patria mori.
Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson ndi Komiti Yake Yachidziwitso inachititsa kuti anthu a ku America apite kunkhondo ndi nthano zowonongeka ndi zowonongeka za ku Germany komwe kunachitika nkhanza ku Belgium, zojambulazo zomwe zikuwonetsera Yesu Khristu pakuwona phokoso la mfuti, ndi malonjezo a kudzipangira kudzipangira kupanga dziko liri lotetezeka ku demokarase. Kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe anafawo kunabisika kwa anthu monga momwe zingathere panthawi ya nkhondo, koma pofika nthawi yomwe anthu ambiri anali ataphunzira kanthu kena kenizeni pa nkhondo. Ndipo ambiri adadza kudzisokoneza malingaliro apamwamba omwe adasankha mtundu wodziimira kupita kudziko lina.
Eddy sanakondwere ndi mabodza a nkhondo ya padziko lapansi ndipo adawona nkhondo ngati mphekesera: "Ife sitingathe kupambana nkhondo yamakono ngati titanena zoona, choonadi chonse, komanso chowonadi. Tiyenera kupondereza nthawi zonse zinthu ziwiri: zonse zomwe zimapereka mowolowa manja za mdani ndi zovuta zonse zokhudza ife eni ndi 'Allies athu aulemu.' "
Komabe, kufalitsa komwe kunalimbikitsa nkhondoyo sikunatuluke mwamsanga m'maganizo a anthu. Nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo ndikupanga dzikoli kukhala lotetezeka chifukwa cha demokalase silingakhoze kuthera popanda kufunafuna mtendere ndi chilungamo, kapena chinthu china chofunika kwambiri kuposa chifuwa ndi kuletsa. Ngakhale iwo akukana lingaliro lakuti nkhondoyo ingathandize mwanjira iliyonse kupangitsa chiyanjano cha mtendere chikugwirizana ndi onse omwe akufuna kupeŵa nkhondo zonse zamtsogolo - gulu lomwe mwina linaphatikizapo ambiri a US.
Zina mwa zoyambitsa chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yadziko lonse zinkachitika pa mgwirizano wopangidwa mwachinsinsi ndi mgwirizano. Pulezidenti Wilson adathandizira mgwirizano wa mgwirizano wa anthu onse, ngati sizinagwirizanitsidwe ndi mgwirizanowu. Iye anapanga ichi kukhala choyamba pa mfundo zake zotchuka za 14 mu January 8, 1918, kulankhula kwa Congress:
Otsegula mapangano amtendere ayenera kufika, pambuyo pake sipadzakhalanso zochitika zapadera pamtundu uliwonse, koma zokambirana zidzakwaniritsidwa mosapita m'mbali komanso poyera.
Wilson anabwera kudzawona malingaliro otchuka monga chinthu chogwiritsira ntchito, m'malo mopewa. Koma adaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito malingaliro abwino, pogwiritsa ntchito malonda ake ogulitsa kuti US apite kunkhondo ku 1917. Komabe, zikuwoneka zoona ndiye, ndipo zikuwoneka zowona tsopano, kuti zoopsa zazikulu zili mu chinsinsi cha boma kusiyana ndi maulamuliro omwe amachitidwa ndi maganizo a anthu.
