Gwero la zithunzi: Zarateman - CC0
Wolemba Daniel Falcone ndi Stephen Zunes, Kuwongolera, September 1, 2022
Stephen Zunes ndi katswiri wodziwa za ubale wapadziko lonse lapansi, wotsutsa, komanso pulofesa wa ndale ku yunivesite ya San Francisco. Zunes, mlembi wa mabuku ndi zolemba zambiri, kuphatikiza zake zaposachedwa, Western Sahara: Nkhondo, Utundu, ndi Kuthetsa Mikangano (Syracuse University Press, yosinthidwa ndi kukulitsidwa kope lachiwiri, 2021) ndi katswiri wowerengedwa kwambiri komanso wotsutsa mfundo zakunja zaku America.
Pakufunsana kwakukulu uku, Zunes akuphwanya mbiri (1973-2022) ya kusakhazikika kwa ndale m'derali. Zunes amatsatanso Purezidenti George W. Bush (2000-2008) mpaka a Joseph Biden (2020-Present) pomwe akuwunikira mbiri yakale yaku US, geography, ndi anthu am'malire odziwika bwinowa. Akunena momwe atolankhani "alibe" pankhaniyi.
Zunes amalankhula za momwe mfundo zakunja ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe zikuyenera kuchitika kuyambira chisankho cha Biden pomwe akuwulula ubale waku Western Sahara-Morocco-US malinga ndi mgwirizano wapawiri. Amaphwanya MINURSO (United Nations Mission for Referendum in Western Sahara) ndipo imapereka kwa owerenga mbiri, zolinga zomwe akufuna, ndi momwe zinthu zilili pa ndale, kapena kukambirana, pamlingo wa mabungwe.
Zunes ndi Falcone ali ndi chidwi ndi kufanana kwa mbiri yakale. Amasanthulanso momwe mapulani odzilamulira alili komanso chifukwa chiyani analephera ku Western Sahara ndi zomwe zimapanga malire pakati pa zomwe akatswiri amapeza ndi zomwe anthu amapereka, zokhudzana ndi kufufuza za chiyembekezo cha mtendere m'deralo. Zotsatira za kukana kosalekeza kwa Morocco pa mtendere ndi kupita patsogolo, komanso kulephera kwa atolankhani kufotokoza za iwo mwachindunji, zimachokera ku ndondomeko ya United States.
Daniel Falcone: Mu 2018 adazindikira maphunziro a Damien Kingsbury, osinthidwa Western Sahara: Malamulo a Padziko Lonse, Chilungamo, ndi Zachilengedwe. Kodi mungandipatseko mbiri yachidule ya Western Sahara yomwe ili muakauntiyi?
Stephen Zunes: Western Sahara ndi gawo lokhala ndi anthu ochepa pafupifupi kukula kwa Colorado, lomwe lili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Africa, kum'mwera kwa Morocco. Malinga ndi mbiri, chilankhulo, ubale, ndi chikhalidwe, iwo ndi mtundu wosiyana. Pachikhalidwe kukhalidwa ndi mafuko achiarabu oyendayenda, omwe amadziwika kuti Saharawis komanso otchuka chifukwa cha mbiri yawo yayitali yokana ulamuliro wakunja, gawoli lidalandidwa ndi Spain kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800 mpaka pakati pa 1970s. Pamene dziko la Spain likugwirabe gawoli patatha zaka khumi pambuyo poti mayiko ambiri a mu Africa apeza ufulu wawo kuchoka ku utsamunda wa ku Ulaya. Polisario Front adayambitsa nkhondo yodziyimira pawokha yolimbana ndi Spain mu 1973.
Zimenezi—limodzi ndi chitsenderezo cha United Nations—m’kupita kwanthaŵi zinakakamiza Madrid kulonjeza anthu a m’dziko limene panthaŵiyo linkadziwikabe kuti Sahara ya ku Spain pa referendum ya tsogolo la gawolo pofika kumapeto kwa 1975. Khoti Lachilungamo la Padziko Lonse (ICJ) linamva. Morocco ndi Mauritania adalamulira mu Okutobala 1975 kuti - ngakhale adalumbira kuti achita chilungamo kwa mfumu ya Morocco m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi ndi atsogoleri ena amitundu omwe anali kumalire ndi chigawocho, komanso ubale wapakati pakati pa mitundu ina. Mitundu ya Sahrawi ndi Mauritanian—ufulu wodzilamulira unali wofunika kwambiri. Ntchito yochezera yapadera yochokera ku United Nations idachita kafukufuku wa momwe zinthu ziliri m'derali chaka chomwecho ndipo inanena kuti ambiri a Sahrawis adathandizira ufulu wodzilamulira motsogozedwa ndi Polisario, osati kuphatikiza ndi Morocco kapena Mauritania.
Ndi Morocco ikuwopseza nkhondo ndi Spain, itasokonezedwa ndi imfa yomwe yatsala pang'ono kuphedwa kwa wolamulira wankhanza kwa nthawi yayitali a Francisco Franco, adayamba kukakamizidwa ndi United States, yomwe inkafuna kuthandizira mnzake waku Morocco. Mfumu Hassan II, ndipo sanafune kuwona Polisario wakumanzere akuyamba kulamulira. Chotsatira chake, dziko la Spain linasiya lonjezo lake lodzilamulira ndipo m'malo mwake linavomereza mu November 1975 kuti lilole ulamuliro wa Morocco kumpoto kwa magawo awiri mwa atatu a Western Sahara ndi ulamuliro wa Mauritania kumwera kwachitatu.
Pamene magulu ankhondo a Morocco anasamukira ku Western Sahara, pafupifupi theka la anthu anathaŵira ku dziko loyandikana nalo la Algeria, kumene iwo ndi mbadwa zawo akali m’misasa ya anthu othaŵa kwawo kufikira lerolino. Morocco ndi Mauritania anakana mndandanda umodzi Zosankha za United Nations Security Council kuyitanitsa kuti asitikali akunja achotsedwe komanso kuzindikira ufulu wa Sahrawis wodzilamulira. Koma United States ndi France, ngakhale kuti anavota mokomera zigamulozi, analetsa bungwe la United Nations kuti lizitsatira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, gulu la Polisario—lomwe linathamangitsidwa kumadera okhala ndi anthu ambiri kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa dzikolo—linalengeza ufulu wodzilamulira monga gulu lolamulira. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR).
Tithokoze mwa zina kwa anthu aku Algeria omwe amapereka zida zambiri zankhondo komanso thandizo lazachuma, zigawenga za Polisario zidalimbana bwino ndi magulu onse ankhondo omwe adalanda ndikugonjetsa Mauritania ndi. 1979, kuwapangitsa kuvomereza kutembenuza gawo lawo lachitatu la Western Sahara kupita ku Polisario. Komabe, anthu a ku Morocco analandanso mbali ya kum’mwera yotsala ya dzikolo.
Polisario adayang'ana nkhondo yawo yolimbana ndi Morocco ndipo pofika 1982 anali atamasula pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu pa zana la dziko lawo. Komabe, pazaka zinayi zotsatira, nkhondoyo idasinthiratu ku Moroko chifukwa cha United States ndi France kukulitsa kwambiri thandizo lawo pankhondo yaku Morocco, pomwe asitikali aku US akupereka maphunziro ofunikira kwa asitikali aku Moroccan polimbana ndi zigawenga. njira. Kuphatikiza apo, aku America ndi French adathandizira Morocco kumanga a 1200 km "khoma" makamaka zokhala ndi ma berms amchenga awiri okhala ndi mipanda yolimba kwambiri, yomwe pamapeto pake idatseka magawo atatu mwa anayi a Western Sahara - kuphatikiza pafupifupi matauni onse akulu ndi zachilengedwe - kuchokera ku Polisario.
Panthawiyi, boma la Morocco, pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri zothandizira nyumba ndi zinthu zina, linalimbikitsa mwachipambano anthu zikwizikwi okhala ku Morocco—omwe ena a iwo anali ochokera kum’mwera kwa Morocco ndi fuko la Sahrawi—kuti asamukire ku Western Sahara. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990, anthu okhala ku Morocco amenewa anali ochuluka kuposa amwenye a ku Sahrawi otsala ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu oposera awiri kapena mmodzi.
Ngakhale kuti sankatha kulowa m'madera olamulidwa ndi Morocco, a Polisario anapitirizabe kumenyana ndi asilikali a ku Morocco omwe ankakhala pakhoma mpaka 1991, pamene bungwe la United Nations linalamula kuti asiye kumenyana kuti aziyang'aniridwa ndi gulu la United Nations loteteza mtendere. MINURSO (United Nations Mission for Referendum in Western Sahara). Mgwirizanowu unaphatikizansopo zonena kuti anthu othawa kwawo ku Sahrawi abwerere ku Western Sahara motsatiridwa ndi referendum yoyang'aniridwa ndi United Nations yokhudzana ndi tsogolo la gawolo, zomwe zingalole anthu aku Sahrawi omwe amachokera ku Western Sahara kuti avotere ufulu wawo kapena kuphatikizana ndi Morocco. Kubweza kapena referendum sikunachitike, komabe, chifukwa choumiriza aku Morocco kuti asungire mayina a ovota ndi nzika zaku Moroccan ndi nzika zina zaku Moroccan zomwe zimati zimalumikizana ndi Western Sahara.
Secretary General Kofi Annan olembedwa kale Mlembi wa boma wa US James Baker monga nthumwi yake yapadera kuti athandize kuthetsa mkanganowo. Morocco, komabe, idapitilizabe kunyalanyaza zomwe bungwe la United Nations likufuna mobwerezabwereza kuti ligwirizane ndi ndondomeko ya referendum, ndipo kuopseza kwa France ndi America pa veto kunalepheretsa Bungwe la Chitetezo kuti likwaniritse udindo wake.
Daniel Falcone: Munalemba mkati Foreign Policy Journal mu Disembala wa 2020 za kuchepa kwa malowa pomwe amakambidwa m'ma media akumadzulo ponena kuti:
"Sikawirikawiri kuti Western Sahara imakhala mitu yankhani zapadziko lonse lapansi, koma m'katikati mwa Novembala idatero: Nov. 14 idawonetsa zomvetsa chisoni - ngati sizodabwitsa - kutha kwa zaka 29 zoletsa kumenyana ku Western Sahara pakati pa boma lolanda la Morocco ndi pro. -omenyera ufulu. Kuphulika kwa ziwawa sikukukhudza kokha chifukwa chinawuluka pazaka pafupifupi makumi atatu zakukhazikika, komanso chifukwa mayankho omwe maboma aku Western akukumana nawo pa mkangano womwe ukuyambikanso ukhoza kukhala wokwezeka - ndipo potero amalepheretsa ndikupereka mwayi kwamuyaya - kuposa 75 zaka za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi. Ndikofunikira kuti anthu padziko lonse lapansi azindikire kuti, ku Western Sahara ndi Morocco, njira yopita patsogolo ndi kutsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, osati kupitirira.
Kodi mungafotokoze bwanji zomwe atolankhani akutulutsa atolankhani aku United States?
Stephen Zunes: Kulibeko. Ndipo, pakakhala kufalitsa, gulu la Polisario Front ndi gulu lomwe lili m'dera lomwe anthu akukhalamo nthawi zambiri limatchedwa "odzipatula" kapena "odzipatula," mawu omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza mayendedwe okonda dziko lawo m'malire odziwika padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe Western Sahara siili. Mofananamo, Western Sahara nthawi zambiri imatchedwa a gawo "lokangana"., ngati kuti ndi nkhani ya malire yomwe mbali zonse ziwiri zili ndi zovomerezeka. Izi zikubwera ngakhale kuti bungwe la United Nations likuvomereza kuti Western Sahara ndi gawo lodzilamulira lokha (kulipanga kukhala dziko lomaliza la Africa) ndipo bungwe la UN General Assembly likunena kuti ndilo gawo lolandidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, SADR yadziwika ngati dziko lodziyimira pawokha ndi maboma opitilira makumi asanu ndi atatu ndipo Western Sahara idakhala membala wathunthu wa African Union (omwe kale anali Organisation for African Unity) kuyambira 1984.
Panthawi ya Cold War, a Polisario adatchulidwa molakwika kuti "Marxist" ndipo, posachedwapa, pakhala nkhani zobwereza zosamveka komanso zotsutsana zomwe anthu a ku Morocco amanena kuti Polisario ikugwirizana ndi Al-Qaeda, Iran, ISIS, Hezbollah, ndi ena ochita zinthu monyanyira. Izi zikudza ngakhale kuti ma Sahrawi, ngakhale kuti Asilamu odzipereka, amatanthauzira momasuka za chikhulupiriro, amayi ali ndi maudindo apamwamba a utsogoleri, ndipo sanachitepo zauchigawenga. Ofalitsa ambiri akhala akuvutika kuvomereza lingaliro lakuti gulu lachitukuko lomwe limatsutsidwa ndi United States-makamaka nkhondo ya Asilamu ndi Aarabu-ikhoza kukhala yademokalase, yadziko, ndipo makamaka yopanda chiwawa.
Daniel Falcone: Obama akuwoneka kuti akunyalanyaza ntchito yoletsedwa ya Morocco. Kodi Trump adakulitsa bwanji vuto la anthu mderali?
Stephen Zunes: Kwa mbiri ya Obama, adasiya kutsatira mfundo zaku Morocco za Reagan, Clinton, ndi Bush kuti asalowerere ndale, adalimbana ndi zoyesayesa zapawiri ku Congress kuti avomereze kulanda dziko la Moroccan, ndikukankhira Morocco. kukonza mkhalidwe waufulu wa anthu. Kulowererapo kwake mwina kunapulumutsa moyo wa Aminatou Haidar, mayi wa Sahrawi yemwe watsogolera nkhondo yodzilamulira yopanda chiwawa m'dera lomwe anthu akukhalamo pomangidwa mobwerezabwereza, kutsekeredwa m'ndende, ndi kuzunzidwa. Komabe, sanachite pang'ono kukakamiza boma la Morocco kuti lithetse ntchitoyo ndikulola kudzilamulira.
Ndondomeko za Trump poyamba sizinadziwike. Dipatimenti Yake Yaboma idapereka mawu omwe amawoneka kuti amavomereza ulamuliro wa Moroccan, koma National Security Advisor John Bolton-ngakhale kuti anali ndi maganizo ozama pa nkhani zambiri-anatumikira kwa kanthawi pa gulu la United Nations lomwe linayang'ana ku Western Sahara ndipo anali ndi chidani chachikulu kwa anthu a ku Morocco ndi ndondomeko zawo, kotero kwa nthawi ndithu iye akhoza kusonkhezera Trump kuti achitepo kanthu.
Komabe, m'masabata ake omaliza ali paudindo mu Disembala 2020, a Trump adadabwitsa anthu apadziko lonse lapansi pozindikira mwalamulo kulandidwa kwa Morocco ku Western Sahara - dziko loyamba kuchita izi. Izi mwachiwonekere zinali kubwezera ku Morocco kuzindikira Israeli. Popeza Western Sahara ndi membala wathunthu wa African Union, a Trump adavomereza kugonjetsedwa kwa dziko limodzi lodziwika la Africa ndi lina. Kunali kuletsa kugonjetsa madera oterowo komwe kunalembedwa mu Charter ya UN yomwe United States idaumiriza kuti iyenera kutsatiridwa poyambitsa Gulf War mu 1991, kutembenuza dziko la Iraq kugonjetsa Kuwait. Tsopano, United States ikunena kuti dziko la Aarabu lomwe likulowa ndikulanda dziko loyandikana nalo lakumwera kuli bwino.
Trump adatchula "ndondomeko yodziyimira payokha" ya Morocco m'derali ngati "yovuta, yodalirika, komanso yowona" komanso "maziko OKHA a yankho lachilungamo komanso losatha" ngakhale kuti likucheperachepera pa tanthauzo lazamalamulo lapadziko lonse la "kudziyimira pawokha" ingopitirizani ntchitoyo. Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International ndi magulu ena omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe alemba zomwe gulu lankhondo la Morocco likuletsa kufalikira kwa anthu olimbikitsa ufulu wodziyimira pawokha, zomwe zimadzutsa mafunso ofunikira ponena za "kudzilamulira" pansi pa ufumuwo kudzawonekera. Nyumba ya Freedom House yomwe ili ku Western Sahara ili ndi ufulu wandale wocheperako kuposa dziko lililonse padziko lapansi kupatula Syria. Dongosolo lodziyimira pawokha potanthauzira limachotsa mwayi wodziyimira pawokha womwe, malinga ndi malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, anthu okhala m'dera losadzilamulira okha monga Western Sahara ayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wosankha.
Daniel Falcone: Kodi mungalankhule za momwe dongosolo la zipani ziwiri zaku US limalimbikitsira ufumu wa Moroccan ndi / kapena neoliberal ajenda?
Stephen Zunes: Onse a Democrats ndi Republican ku Congress athandizira Morocco, yomwe nthawi zambiri imawonetsedwa ngati dziko lachiarabu "lokhazikika" - monga kuthandizira zolinga za US zakunja ndi kulandira chitsanzo cha neoliberal cha chitukuko. Ndipo boma la Morocco ladalitsidwa ndi thandizo lakunja, mgwirizano wamalonda waulere, komanso udindo waukulu womwe si wa NATO. Onse George W. Bush ngati purezidenti ndi Hillary Clinton ngati Secretary of State mobwerezabwereza showered matamando pa autocratic Moroccan mfumu Mohammed VI, osati kunyalanyaza ntchito, koma makamaka anakana boma kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, katangale, ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu ndi kusowa kwa ntchito zambiri zofunika ndondomeko zake zachititsa anthu a ku Morocco.
Clinton Foundation idalandira mwayiwu Ofesi ya Cherifien des Phosphates (OCP), kampani ya migodi ya boma yomwe ikudyera masuku pamutu nkhokwe za phosphate ku Western Sahara, kuti ikhale yopereka ndalama ku msonkhano wa Clinton Global Initiative wa 2015 ku Marrakech. Zosankha zingapo komanso makalata a Wokondedwa Anzathu othandizidwa ndi ambiri a Congress avomereza pempho la Morocco lovomereza kulandidwa kwa Western Sahara posinthana ndi dongosolo losamveka komanso lochepa la "kudzilamulira".
Pali mamembala ochepa a Congress omwe adatsutsa thandizo la US pantchitoyi ndipo adapempha kuti adzilamulire okha ku Western Sahara. Chodabwitsa n'chakuti, samangophatikizapo omasuka otchuka monga Rep. Betty McCollum (D-MN) ndi Sen. Patrick Leahy (D-VT), koma omvera monga Rep. Joe Pitts (R-PA) ndi Sen. Jim Inhoffe (R- CHABWINO.)[1]
Daniel Falcone: Kodi mukuwona njira zilizonse zandale kapena njira zamabungwe zomwe zingatengedwe kuti zinthu zisinthe?
Stephen Zunes: Monga zidachitika panthawi ya Zaka za m'ma 1980 ku South Africa komanso madera a Palestine omwe anagwidwa ndi Israeli. Achinyamata omenyera ufulu wawo komanso ngakhale kumadera okhala ku Sahrawi kumwera kwa Morocco adakumana ndi asitikali aku Moroccan paziwonetsero zapamsewu ndi machitidwe ena osachita zachiwawa, ngakhale kuti anali pachiwopsezo chowombera, kumangidwa kwa anthu ambiri, komanso kuzunzidwa.
Ma Sahrawi ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana achita zionetsero, ziwonetsero, zikondwerero za chikhalidwe, ndi njira zina zokanira anthu zomwe zimayang'ana pa nkhani monga mfundo za maphunziro, ufulu wa anthu, kumasulidwa kwa akaidi a ndale, ndi ufulu wodzilamulira. Iwo adakwezanso mtengo wogwirira ntchito ku boma la Morocco ndikuwonjezera kuwonekera kwa chifukwa cha Sahrawi. Zowonadi, makamaka makamaka, kukana kwapachiweniweni kunathandizira kulimbikitsa gulu la Sahrawi pakati pa mayiko NGOs, magulu a mgwirizano, ndipo ngakhale anthu achifundo a ku Morocco.
Dziko la Morocco latha kulimbikira kuphwanya malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ku Western Sahara makamaka chifukwa France ndipo dziko la United States lapitirizabe kulimbikitsa asilikali a ku Morocco ndi kuletsa kutsatiridwa kwa zigamulo mu bungwe la UN Security Council lofuna kuti dziko la Morocco lilole kudzilamulira kapena kulola kuwunika kwa ufulu wa anthu m'dziko lolandidwa. Chifukwa chake, ndizomvetsa chisoni kuti pakhala chisamaliro chochepa chomwe chaperekedwa ku thandizo la US paulamuliro wa Moroccan, ngakhale omenyera ufulu wa anthu komanso mtendere. Ku Europe, kuli kampeni yaying'ono koma ikukula yonyanyala/kuchotsa/kugamula zilango (BDS) kuyang'ana ku Western Sahara, koma osati ntchito zambiri kumbali iyi ya Atlantic, ngakhale kuti United States yakhala ikugwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri.
Zambiri zomwezo - monga kudziyimira pawokha, ufulu wachibadwidwe, malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, kusaloleka kwa kulanda malo omwe adalandidwa, chilungamo kwa othawa kwawo, ndi zina zambiri - zomwe zili pachiwopsezo pazaulamuliro wa Israeli zimagwiranso ntchito ku Morocco, ndi ma Sahrawi ndi oyenera kuwathandizira monga momwe amachitira ma Palestine. Zowonadi, kuphatikiza Morocco mu mafoni a BDS omwe akungoyang'ana ku Israeli okha kungalimbikitse kulimbikitsa mgwirizano ndi Palestine, chifukwa zingatsutse lingaliro lakuti Israeli akusankhidwa mopanda chilungamo.
Chofunikira kwambiri monga kukana kopanda chiwawa kwa Sahrawis, ndikuthekera kopanda chiwawa ndi nzika za France, United States, ndi mayiko ena omwe amathandizira Morocco kukhalabe ake. ntchito. Kampeni zoterezi zinathandiza kwambiri kukakamiza Australia, Great Britain, ndi United States kuti asiye kuthandizira dziko la Indonesia kulanda dziko la East Timor, zomwe zinachititsa kuti dziko lomwe kale linali chigawo cha Portugal kumasulidwa. Chiyembekezo chokha chotsimikizika chothetsa kulanda kwa Western Sahara, kuthetsa mkangano, ndikupulumutsa mfundo zofunika kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse zolembedwa mu Charter ya United Nations yomwe imaletsa dziko lililonse kukulitsa gawo lake kudzera munkhondo, ikhoza kukhala kampeni yofananira. ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi.
Daniel Falcone: Kuyambira chisankho cha Biden (2020), kodi mungapereke zosintha pazandale zomwe zikudetsa nkhawa?
Stephen Zunes: Panali chiyembekezo kuti, atakhala paudindo, Purezidenti Biden asintha kuzindikirika kwa Kulanda kwa Morocco kosaloledwa, popeza ali ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe Trump adachita mopupuluma zakunja, koma wakana kutero. Mamapu aboma la US, mosiyana ndi mamapu ena apadziko lonse lapansi, akuwonetsa Western Sahara ngati gawo la Morocco popanda malire pakati pa mayiko awiriwa. The Dipatimenti ya State pachaka Lipoti la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi zolemba zina Western Sahara adalemba kuti ndi gawo la Morocco m'malo molowera mosiyana monga momwe zidalili kale.
Zotsatira zake, kukakamira kwa Biden pankhaniyi Ukraine kuti Russia ilibe ufulu wosintha malire a mayiko kapena kukulitsa gawo lake mokakamiza-ngakhale zoonadi-ndizopanda pake, chifukwa Washington ikupitiriza kuzindikira kuti dziko la Morocco ndi losavomerezeka. Boma likuwoneka kuti likuwona kuti ngakhale kuli kolakwika kuti mayiko omwe ali mdani ngati Russia aphwanye Charter ya UN ndi miyambo ina yapadziko lonse lapansi yoletsa maiko kuukira ndikulanda mayiko kapena zigawo zina zamayiko ena, alibe chotsutsa kuti ogwirizana a US ngati Morocco achite. chita chomwecho. Zowonadi, zikafika ku Ukraine, thandizo la US pakulanda dziko la Morocco ku Western Sahara ndiye chitsanzo choyambirira cha chinyengo cha US. Ngakhale pulofesa wa Stanford Michael McFaul, yemwe adatumikira monga kazembe wa Obama ku Russia ndipo wakhala m'modzi mwa ambiri olankhula mosabisa mawu Thandizo lamphamvu la US ku Ukraine, lavomereza momwe mfundo za US ku Western Sahara zawonongera kukhulupirika kwa US polimbikitsa thandizo la mayiko osiyanasiyana motsutsana ndi nkhanza za Russia.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti oyang'anira a Biden sanavomereze mwalamulo kuzindikira kwa Trump kuti dziko la Morocco lalanda. Oyang'anirawo adathandizira bungwe la United Nations posankha nthumwi yatsopano pambuyo pa zaka ziwiri zopanda pake ndikupita patsogolo ndi zokambirana pakati pa Ufumu wa Morocco ndi Polisario Front. Kuphatikiza apo, sanatsegule kazembeyo Dakhla m'gawo lolandidwa, kusonyeza kuti sakuwona kuphatikizikako ngati anachita accompli. Mwachidule, zikuwoneka kuti amayesa kukhala nazo njira ziwiri.
Mwanjira zina, izi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa onse awiri Purezidenti Biden ndi Secretary of State Blinken, ngakhale kuti sakupita ku zovuta za kayendetsedwe ka Trump, sizinathandize makamaka malamulo apadziko lonse. Onse awiri adathandizira kuwukira kwa Iraq. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi mawu ochirikiza demokalase, iwo anapitirizabe kuthandizira ogwirizana nawo a autocracy. Ngakhale kukakamizidwa kwawo kwanthawi yayitali kuti athetse nkhondo ya Israeli ku Gaza komanso mpumulo pakuchoka kwa Netanyahu, aletsa mwamphamvu kukakamiza boma la Israeli kuti lipange mgwirizano wofunikira pamtendere. Zowonadi, palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa kuti oyang'anira asintha kuvomereza kwa Trump kuti Israeli atengere Golan Heights ku Syria, mwina.
Zikuwoneka kuti ambiri mwa akuluakulu a State Department omwe amadziwa bwino derali amatsutsa kwambiri lingaliro la Trump. Kagulu kakang'ono koma kogwirizana ndi mbali ziwiri za opanga malamulo omwe akhudzidwa ndi nkhaniyi alimbana nawo. The United States ili pafupifupi yokha m'magulu apadziko lonse lapansi pozindikira kuti dziko la Morocco lalanda dziko la Morocco mosaloledwa ndipo pakhoza kukhala kukakamizidwa kwachete ndi ena ogwirizana ndi US. Kumbali ina, komabe, pali ochirikiza Morocco ku Pentagon ndi Congress, komanso magulu ochirikiza Israeli omwe akuwopa kuti US kusiya kuzindikira kwawo kutengedwa kwa Morocco kungapangitse Morocco kusiya kuzindikira Israeli, zomwe zikuwoneka. kukhala maziko a mgwirizano wa December watha.
Daniel Falcone: Kodi mungapite patsogolo pazomwe mukufuna zothetsera ndale ku mkanganowu ndikuwunika momwe zinthu zikuyendera komanso kugawana malingaliro anu amomwe mungapititsire kudziyimira pawokha pankhaniyi? Kodi pali kufanana kulikonse padziko lonse lapansi (zachikhalidwe, zachuma, ndale) ku mbiri iyi borderland?
Stephen Zunes: Monga gawo losadzilamulira, monga momwe bungwe la United Nations likuvomerezera, anthu a ku Western Sahara ali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kusankha kodziimira. Owonera ambiri amakhulupirira kuti izi ndi zomwe ambiri mwa anthu amtunduwu - okhala mderali (kuphatikiza okhala ku Morocco), kuphatikiza othawa kwawo - angasankhe. Izi mwina ndichifukwa chake dziko la Morocco lakana kwazaka zambiri kuti pakhale referendum monga momwe UN idalamula. Ngakhale pali mayiko angapo omwe amadziwika kuti ndi mbali ya mayiko ena omwe ambiri aife timakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu kudzilamulira (monga Kurdistan, Tibet, ndi West Papua) ndi mbali za mayiko ena omwe ali m'mayiko akunja (kuphatikiza Ukraine ndi Cyprus), Western Sahara yokha ndi West Bank yomwe ili ndi Israeli ndi anazungulira Gaza Strip akupanga mayiko onse omwe ali pansi pa ntchito zakunja akumanidwa ufulu wodzilamulira.
Mwinamwake fanizo lapafupi kwambiri lingakhale loyamba Ntchito yaku Indonesia ku East Timor, zomwe—monga Western Sahara—zinali nkhani ya kutha kwa koloni mochedwa kusokonezedwa ndi kuwukiridwa kwa mnansi wokulirapo. Monga Western Sahara, nkhondo yankhondo inalibe chiyembekezo, nkhondo yopanda chiwawa idaponderezedwa mopanda chifundo, ndipo njira yaukazembe idatsekedwa ndi maulamuliro akulu ngati United States kuthandizira wokhalamo ndikuletsa United Nations kuti ikwaniritse zigamulo zake. Zinali kokha ndawala ndi mabungwe adziko lonse amene mogwira manyazi Indonesia ndi Western ochirikiza kuwakakamiza kulola referendum pa kudzilamulira kuti zinachititsa kuti ufulu East Timor. Ichi chikhoza kukhala chiyembekezo chabwino kwambiri ku Western Sahara komanso.
Daniel Falcone: Zomwe tinganene pakadali pano MINURSO (Bungwe la United Nations la Referendum ku Western Sahara)? Kodi mungagawane nawo mbiri, zolinga zomwe mukufuna, ndi momwe zakhalira ndale kapena zokambirana pamabungwe?
Stephen Zunes: MINURSO yalephera kukwaniritsa ntchito yake yoyang'anira referendum chifukwa dziko la Morocco likukana kuti pakhale referendum ndipo United States ndi France akuletsa bungwe la UN Security Council kuti likwaniritse zomwe likufuna. Aletsanso MINURSO ngakhale kuyang’anitsitsa mmene zinthu zilili paufulu wachibadwidwe monga momwe ntchito zina zonse za UN zosungitsira mtendere zachitira m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi. Morocco idathamangitsanso anthu ambiri mwachisawawa MINURSO ogwira ntchito mu 2016, kachiwiri ndi France ndi United States kuletsa UN kuchitapo kanthu. Ngakhale ntchito yawo yoyang'anira kutha kwa nkhondo sikulinso koyenera chifukwa, poyankha kuphwanya kwamtundu wa Moroccan, Polisario idayambiranso nkhondo yankhondo mu Novembala 2020. Osachepera kukonzanso kwapachaka kwa udindo wa MINURSO kumatumiza uthenga kuti, ngakhale kuti US idazindikira. Kuphatikizika kosaloledwa kwa Morocco, anthu apadziko lonse lapansi akugwirabe ntchito pafunso la Western Sahara.
zolemba
Falcone, Daniel. "Tingayembekezere chiyani kwa Trump pa Ntchito ya Morocco ku Western Sahara?" Wopanda. Julayi 7, 2018.
Feffer, John ndi Zunes Stephen. Mbiri Yakukangana Pawekha: Western Sahara. Mfundo Zakunja Mu Focus FPIF. United States, 2007. Web Archive. https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwaN0011279/.
Kingsbury, Damien. Western Sahara: Malamulo a Padziko Lonse, Chilungamo ndi Zachilengedwe. Adasinthidwa ndi Kingsbury, Damien, Routledge, London, England, 2016.
UN Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation about Western Sahara, 19 April 2002, S/2002/467, likupezeka pa: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3cc91bd8a.html [yafikira pa Ogasiti 20, 2021]
United States Department of State, 2016 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - Western Sahara, 3 March 2017, ikupezeka pa: https://www.refworld.org/docid/58ec89a2c.html [yofikira pa Julayi 1, 2021]
Zunes, Stephen. "Chitsanzo cha East Timor Chimapereka Njira Yotulukira Ku Western Sahara ndi Morocco:
Tsogolo la Western Sahara Liri M’manja mwa UN Security Council.” Malonda Achilendo (2020).
Zunes, Stephen "Mgwirizano wa Trump pakukula kwa Morocco ku Western Sahara uli pachiwopsezo cha mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi," Washington Post, Disembala 15, 2020 https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/12/15/trump-morocco-israel-western-sahara-annexation/
