Tiyenera Kukambirana za Momwe Mungathetsere Nkhondo Yabwino

Ndi John Horgan, The Stute, April 30, 2022

Posachedwa ndidafunsa makalasi anga azaka zaumunthu: Kodi nkhondo idzatha? Ndinafotokoza kuti ndinkaganizira za kutha kwa nkhondo ngakhalenso kuopseza za nkhondo pakati pa mayiko. Ndinawalimbikitsa ophunzira anga powapatsa "Nkhondo Ndi Chiyambi Chake” yolembedwa ndi katswiri wa chikhalidwe cha anthu Margaret Mead ndi “Mbiri Yachiwawa” ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo Steven Pinker.

Ophunzira ena amakayikira, monga Pinker, kuti nkhondo imachokera ku zikhumbo zozama zachisinthiko. Ena amavomerezana ndi Mead kuti nkhondo ndi “chitukuko” cha chikhalidwe osati “chofunika chamoyo.” Koma kaya amaona kuti nkhondo imachokera ku chilengedwe kapena kulera, pafupifupi ophunzira anga onse anayankha kuti: Ayi, nkhondo sidzatha.

Iwo amati nkhondo n’njosapeŵeka chifukwa mwachibadwa anthu ndi adyera ndiponso ankhondo. Kapena chifukwa usilikali, monga capitalism, wakhala gawo lokhazikika la chikhalidwe chathu. Kapena chifukwa, ngakhale ambiri aife timadana ndi nkhondo, oyambitsa nkhondo monga Hitler ndi Putin adzauka nthawi zonse, kukakamiza anthu okonda mtendere kuti amenyane podziteteza.

Zimene ophunzira anga anachita sizindidabwitsa. Ndinayamba kufunsa ngati nkhondo idzatha pafupifupi zaka 20 zapitazo, panthawi ya nkhondo ya US ku Iraq. Kuyambira pamenepo ndafunsa anthu masauzande ambiri amisinkhu yonse komanso andale ku US ndi kwina kulikonse. Pafupifupi anthu asanu ndi anayi mwa anthu khumi amanena kuti nkhondo ndi yosapeŵeka.

Izi ndizomveka. US yakhala pankhondo yosalekeza kuyambira 9/11. Ngakhale asitikali aku America adachoka ku Afghanistan chaka chatha pambuyo pa zaka 20 za ntchito yachiwawa, US ikadali ndi ufumu wankhondo padziko lonse lapansi kutengera mayiko ndi madera 80. Kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine kumalimbitsa malingaliro athu kuti nkhondo imodzi ikatha, ina imayamba.

Kupha anthu kunkhondo kumakhudza chikhalidwe chathu. Mu thambo, nkhani za sci-fi zomwe ndikuwerenga, munthu wina akufotokoza nkhondo ngati "misala" yomwe imabwera ndi kupita koma yosatha. “Ndikuchita mantha kuti malinga ngati tili anthu,” iye akutero, nkhondo “idzakhala nafe.”

Kukhulupirira kuti imfa ndi cholakwika m'njira ziwiri. Choyamba, ndi zolakwika empirically. Kafukufuku amatsimikizira zonena za Mead kuti nkhondo, osati kukhala ndi mizu yozama yachisinthiko, ndi chikhalidwe chaposachedwapa chopangidwa. ndipo monga Pinker wawonetsera, nkhondo yatsika kwambiri chiyambire Nkhondo Yadziko II, mosasamala kanthu za mikangano yaposachedwapa. Nkhondo pakati pa France ndi Germany, adani owawa kwazaka mazana ambiri, yakhala yosatheka ngati nkhondo pakati pa US ndi Canada.

Kukhulupirira kuti imfa ndi cholakwikanso mwamakhalidwe chifukwa zimathandiza kulimbikitsa nkhondo. Ngati tikuganiza kuti nkhondo sidzatha, n’zokayikitsa kuti tingayese kuithetsa. Titha kukhalabe ndi zida kuti tipewe kuukira ndi kupambana nkhondo zikayamba.

Taonani mmene atsogoleri ena akuchitira ndi nkhondo ya ku Ukraine. Purezidenti Joe Biden akufuna kulimbikitsa bajeti yankhondo yapachaka yaku US mpaka $ 813 biliyoni, yomwe ili pamwamba kwambiri. US idawononga kale ndalama zoposa katatu pazankhondo monga China komanso nthawi khumi ndi ziwiri kuposa Russia, malinga ndi Bungwe la International Research Research Institute la Stockholm, SIPRI. Prime Minister waku Estonia, Kaja Kallas, akulimbikitsa mayiko ena a NATO kuti awonjezere ndalama zawo pankhondo. “Nthaŵi zina njira yabwino yopezera mtendere ndiyo kukhala wololera kumenya nkhondo,” iye anatero The New York Times.

Wolemba mbiri wakale wankhondo wochedwa John Keegan anaika chikayikiro pa lingaliro la mtendere kupyolera mu mphamvu. Mu 1993 yake magnum opus Mbiri ya Nkhondo, Keegan akunena kuti nkhondo kwenikweni sizichokera ku "chibadwa chaumunthu" kapena zinthu zachuma koma "kuyambitsa nkhondo." Kukonzekera nkhondo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zambiri osati zochepa, malinga ndi kusanthula kwa Keegan.

Nkhondo imapatutsanso chuma, nzeru ndi mphamvu kutali ndi mavuto ena achangu. Mayiko onse pamodzi amawononga ndalama zokwana $2 thililiyoni pachaka pamagulu ankhondo, ndipo US imawerengera pafupifupi theka la ndalamazo. Ndalamazo zimaperekedwa ku imfa ndi chiwonongeko m'malo mwa maphunziro, chithandizo chamankhwala, kafukufuku wamagetsi oyeretsa ndi mapulogalamu odana ndi umphawi. Monga osapindula World Beyond War zikalata, nkhondo ndi zankhondo “zimawononga kwambiri chilengedwe, zimawononga ufulu wa anthu, ndiponso zimawononga chuma chathu.”

Ngakhale nkhondo yolungama kwambiri ndi yopanda chilungamo. Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, US ndi ogwirizana nawo - anyamata abwino! - adaponya mabomba ndi zida za nyukiliya pa anthu wamba. US ikudzudzula Russia, moyenerera, chifukwa chopha anthu wamba ku Ukraine. Koma kuyambira 9/11, ntchito zankhondo zaku US ku Afghanistan, Iraq, Pakistan, Syria ndi Yemen zapha anthu wamba opitilira 387,072, malinga ndi Ntchito ya Costs of War ku Brown University.

Kuukira kwa Russia ku Ukraine kwavumbula zoopsa zankhondo kuti onse aziwone. M’malo mokulitsa zida zathu kuti tithane ndi tsokali, tiyenera kulankhula za mmene tingalengere dziko limene mikangano yokhetsa mwazi yoteroyo sizichitika. Kuthetsa nkhondo sikudzakhala kophweka, koma ziyenera kukhala zofunikira, monga kuthetsa ukapolo ndi kugonjetsa akazi. Gawo loyamba lakuthetsa nkhondo ndikukhulupirira kuti n'zotheka.

John Horgan amatsogolera Center for Science Writings. Ndime iyi idasinthidwa kuchokera ku ScientificAmerican.com.