Tikusowa Tsiku Latsopano la Zida

By David Swanson, October 13, 2018.

Malingaliro pa Pulogalamu Yopangira Zachiwawa ku Santa Cruz, Calif., Pa October 12, 2018.

Nthawi yeniyeni ya 11th ya 11th tsiku la mwezi wa 11th, mu 1918, zaka za 100 zapitazo November uyu akubwera 11th, anthu a ku Ulaya mwadzidzidzi anasiya kuwombera mfuti wina ndi mnzake. Mpakana nthawi imeneyo, iwo anali kupha ndi kutenga zipolopolo, kugwa ndi kufuula, kudandaula ndi kufa, kuchokera ku zipolopolo ndi mpweya wa poizoni.

Wilfred Owen anati:

Ngati muli ndi maloto odetsa nkhawa inunso mutha kuyenda
Kumbuyo kwa ngolo yomwe ife tinamuponyera iye,
Ndipo penyani maso oyera akukankhira mu nkhope yake,
Nkhope yake yokhotakhota, ngati wodetsedwa ndi satana wa tchimo;
Ngati mungamve, pa jolt iliyonse, magazi
Bwerani kumbali ya mapapu owonongeka ndi chisanu,
Zonyansa ngati khansara, zowawa ngati zowonda
Za zoipa, zilonda zosachiritsika ku malirime osalakwa,
Bwenzi langa, simungaziuze ndi zoposa zoterezi
Kwa ana okonda ulemerero wina wonyansa,
Wakale wabodza; Dulce et Decorum ali
Pro patria mori.

Zokoma ndi zoyenera kufa kwa fuko. Kotero iwo akhala akunena kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Zingakhale zoyenera, osakhala okoma. Komanso sizingakhale zopindulitsa. Komanso musamayamikiridwe kapena kuyamikiridwa kapena mukuganiza kuti ndinu mtundu wina wa utumiki kapena ulemu, koma mukulira komanso kudandaula. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha iwo omwe amachita lero ku United States amafera mtundu wawo mwa kudzipha. Boma la Veterans Administration lakhala litanena kwa zaka zambiri kuti njira yabwino kwambiri yodzipha ndikumenyera kumlandu. Simudzawona zomwe zalengezedwa m'mabwalo ambiri a tsiku la Veterans Day. Chowonadi chowawa sichinali choyenera ngati mabodza abwino. Pali masewera ochepa pa Tsiku la Chikumbumtima Chotsutsa, koma mu gulu lanzeru likuyenda molondola.

Kenaka anasiya, pa 11: 00 m'mawa, zaka zana zapitazo. Iwo anaima, panthawi yake. Sizinali kuti iwo adatopa kapena kubwera ku malingaliro awo. Zina ndi pambuyo pa 11 koloko iwo amangotsatira malamulo. Chipangano cha Armytice chomwe chinathetsa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse chidakhazikitsa 11 koloko ngati kusiya nthawi.

Henry Nicholas John Gunther anabadwira ku Baltimore, Maryland, kwa makolo omwe anasamuka ku Germany. Mu September 1917 adalembedwera kuti athandize kupha Ajeremani. Atalemba nyumba kuchokera ku Ulaya kuti afotokoze momwe nkhondoyo inali yoopsa komanso kulimbikitsa ena kupewa kulembedwa, iye anachotsedwa (ndi kalata yake yofufuzidwa).

Pambuyo pake, adauza mabwenzi ake kuti adzadziwonetsa yekha. Monga tsiku lomalizira la 11: 00 imayandikira tsiku lomaliza mu November, Henry ananyamuka, motsutsana ndi malamulo, ndipo molimbika anaika chidindo chake ku mfuti ziwiri za German. Ajeremani anali kudziwa za Armistice ndipo amayesa kumuwombera iye. Iye ankayandikira ndi kuwombera. Atayandikira, phokoso la mfuti linamalizika pa 10: 59 am

Henry anali womaliza mwa amuna a 11,000 kuti aphedwe kapena kuvulala pakati pa kulembedwa kwa a Armittice maola asanu ndi limodzi m'mbuyomo ndipo akugwira ntchito. Henry Gunther anapatsidwa udindo wake, koma osati moyo wake.

Ovulazidwa mwakuthupi ndi m'maganizo, ndi osauka, adzapitirizabe kufa kwa kanthawi. Chifuwa chimene chimafalikira ndi nkhondo chikhoza kutenga ozunzidwa ambiri, ndipo njira yowonongeka yotsiriza yokambirana mtendere idzachitika motsogoleredwa - pothandiza mtsogoleri wina, Mass Insanity Part II, Kubwerera kwa Sociopaths - kutenga miyoyo yambiri kuposa nkhondo ndi chimfine pamodzi . Nkhondo yayikulu (yomwe ndimatenga kuti ikhale yayikulu kufupi ndi kupanga America Great Again Again) ndiyo nkhondo yomalizira imene njira zina zomwe anthu amalankhulana ndi kuganizira za nkhondo zidzakhala zoona. Akufa anaposa ovulalawo. Asilikali omwe anaphedwa anali oposa ambiri. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika makamaka m'nkhondo. Mbali ziwirizi sizinali, chifukwa cha mbali zambiri, zankhondo ndi makampani omwewo a zida. Nkhondo inali yovomerezeka. Ndipo anthu ambiri anzeru adakhulupirira kuti nkhondoyo ili modzipereka ndikusintha maganizo awo. Zonsezi zapita ndi mphepo, kaya tikufuna kuvomereza kapena ayi.

Koma ndikufuna kubwereranso miyezi ingapo mpaka September 28, 1918. Limeneli ndilo tsiku lachitsiru chopusa chimene ndakhala ndikuchimvapo. Ndipo, tiyeni tiyesetse kunena, ili ndilo dziko limene lakhalapo mopusa. Donald Trump ankafuna kutenga zida zankhondo ku Washington mu November. Icho sichinali lingaliro lenileni la lingaliro. Sizinali zonyansa ngati kutchulidwanso tsiku la tchuthi kwa anthu achikulire koma kumapezetsa mitu ya Veterans For Peace kuchokera kumapemphero, monga mizinda ina imachitira mwezi wa November. Cholinga cha Trump chinali choipa kwambiri, komanso chochititsa manyazi. Vulgar chifukwa zikanalengeza makina akuluakulu opha anthu opaleshoni omwe anthu a US akuyenera kuganiza kuti ndi achifundo. Vulgar chifukwa ikanapangitsa kuti pakhale ziphuphu zazikulu zapampando, zindikhululukireni, omwe ndikuthandizira, omwe amagwira ntchito mwachangu mchitidwe wosankhidwa wa US omwe tsopano ali pangozi chifukwa chokhala osasangalatsa ngati malonda a Facebook atagulidwa ndi makompyuta oterewa, ndikutanthauza anthu a ku Russia. Ndipo ndizochititsa manyazi chifukwa mwachizoloŵezi zida zankhondo zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito podziyesa kupambana, monga pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Gulf. Mnyamata adagonjetsa bwino aliyense, huh? Kutenga zida zankhondo chifukwa chakuti zakhala zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene aliyense angadzipangire kupambana kwautali kuposa momwe zimayenera kuima pa wonyamulira ndege ku San Diego mwina, monga wina angatumizire tweet, zomvetsa chisoni.

Nchifukwa chiyani shindig iyi inaletsedwa? Kuti zikanakhala zodula mamiliyoni a madola zikuwoneka ngati chifukwa chomveka kupatula kuti icho ndi cholakwika chokwanira mu mgwirizanowu mwangoyamba kuchitidwa molakwika kwathunthu ndi akauntiant gurus ku Pentagon. Chimodzi mwazifukwa, ngakhale chiri chinthu chomaliza chimene amatiuza, mwina anthu, atolankhani, ndi ankhondo sanawonetsere chidwi kwambiri ndi chinthucho, ndipo ambiri adatsutsa, kuphatikizapo ambiri a ife omwe analonjeza poyera kuti tulutseni aliyense amene tingathe kuti tipewe, titsutsane, ndipo m'malo mwake tikondwerere Tsiku la Zida. Tinapitirizabe kuchita nawo chikondwererocho, ndipo mochulukirapo, ngati chithunzicho chikanachotsedwa. Koma pamene adafafanizidwa, magulu angapo adataya changu chawo chonse kuti apite patsogolo. Kuti ndikuona manyazi komanso zolakwika. Koma zochitika zina zakubwerera zakonzedweratu zimakonzedweratu ku DC, ndipo zitsanzo zina zabwino zilipo pofuna kulimbikitsa Tsiku la Armistice kulikonse padziko lapansi. Zambiri pa izo posachedwa.

Tisaiwale mfundoyi, komabe kuti malingaliro a anthu adathandizira kuthetseratu chigawochi. Ngati Trump ikuyambitsa nkhondo yatsopano idzakhala mbali yake chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti anthu adzasangalala nawo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake ndi zovuta kwambiri kuti tiwone bwino pakali pano kuti tidzatsutsa - ndipo poipa, sitidzayang'ana. Zidzakhala zolakwika. Ngati titha kulankhulana ndi Donald Trump tidzakhala ndi mtendere nthawi zonse.

Ndikufuna kubwereranso kuchitetezo chomwe chinali ngakhale dumber. Kumbukirani kuti Woodrow Wilson adatchulidwanso pamutu wakuti "adatiteteza ku nkhondo," ngakhale kuti wakhala akuyesera kwa nthawi yaitali kuti atenge US ku nkhondo. Iye ankayembekezera kuti a British ndi a French azigwirizana ndi zomwe adalankhula pa dziko la pambuyo pa nkhondo ndi mtendere popanda wopambana, ndi mfundo zake za 14 zolembedwa ndi Walter Lippmann ndi ena kuphatikizapo League of Nations pofuna kuteteza mtendere, kuphatikizapo chiwawa malonda omasuka ndi mapeto a chikomyunizimu. Ngakhale kuti iwo anakana, Wilson anapitiliza kukakamiza US ku nkhondo pogwiritsa ntchito mabodza amtundu uliwonse okhudza zombo zomwe zinagwedezeka ku United States ndi ndondomeko yoopsa yofalitsa mabodza omwe amalola kuti aliyense adziwe zomwe ayenera kuganiza ndi kutseka anthu omwe sanaganize molondola.

Kumbukirani kuti Nkhondo Yaikulu inali nkhanza yoipa kwambiri yomwe anthu oyera adadzipangira okha, komanso kuti iwo sanayambe kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Pambuyo pa imfa yoopsa kwambiri, United States inatumiza asilikali ndi oyendetsa ziwombankhanga ku Ulaya komwe matendawa amafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, kupha mwina 2 kapena 3 nthawi ya chiwerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa mwachindunji pa nkhondo. Kusadziŵa za chimfine kunalimbikitsidwa ndi ndondomeko zomwe zimaletsa nyuzipepala kupereka malipoti ochepa kuposa osangalala panthawi ya nkhondo. Spain sankakhala ndi zoletsa zimenezo. Choncho mbiri ya mliriyo inauzidwa koyamba ku Spain, ndipo anthu anayamba kutcha matendawa ku Spain Flu.

Tsopano, boma la US linkafuna kuti likhale ndi zida zambiri ku Philadelphia kuposa momwe Trump angafunire anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi matenda a chimfine atangobwerera kumene. Akatswiri ambiri a zaumoyo adanena kuti izi zinali zapamwamba ngati mfuti komanso kupha anthu mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri omwe amachititsa nkhondo kumapeto kwa nkhondo. Koma Wilmer Krusen, yemwe ndi wathanzi wamkulu wa a Philly, anali ndi ulemu waukulu kwa anthu onse monga fanolo la Philadelphia Eagles lomwe liri ndi gulu lotsutsa. Krusen adalengeza kuti chimfine chinali nkhani yabodza. Anapempha anthu kuti asiye kutsokomola, kulavulira, ndi kunjenjemera. Zovuta. Asayansi Achikhristu kapena kupempherera anthu achiwerewere omwe anali kutali nawo anali otsogolera. Lekani kudumpha. Izo zikonzekera chirichonse.

Cholinga chimodzi cha pulojekitiyi chinali kugulitsa mgwirizano wolipirira nkhondo, ndipo mzinda uliwonse ukufuna kugulitsa kwambiri, kuphatikizapo Philadelphia. Mmalo mwake, ndi chiani Philadelphia yomwe inagwira zolembazo kuti inali kufalitsa nkhuku yambiri. Kubuka kwakukulu kunanenedweratu ndipo kunachitika.

Mwamuna wina yemwe mwina adabwera ndi chimfine chifukwa cha mliri umene unakula kwambiri ndi chiwonetserocho ndi Woodrow Wilson. Pamene Wilson anapita ku Versailles kuti akambirane pa paradaiso wamtendere amene adalonjeza dziko lapansi, adapeza, monga momwe adayembekezera, kuti a Britain ndi a French sanafunire gawo. Mmalo mwake iwo ankafuna kulanga Achijeremani mochulukira momwe zingathere. Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe Wilson anachimwira kulimbana ndi zomwe analumbirira kuti amamenyera nkhondo chinali pafupifupi nthawi yomwe adakhala akugona pabedi ku France. Ndipo chifukwa chimodzi chimene iye anali kudwala pabedi mwina chikanakhala chodabwitsa kwambiri m'mbiri - chiwonetsero chomwe chinathandiza kupha panthawi ya nkhondo ndipo mwinamwake mowonjezereka.

Owona nzeru adaneneratu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse pamene iwo adawona malingaliro oipa a mgwirizano wamtendere umene Wilson anawona pa mphasa yake yodwala. Mgwirizano wachiwiri umenewo, monga momwe ndanenera, umapha kwambiri kuposa woyamba ndi chifuwa chake. Ndipo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse idzakhala yophazikika kosalekeza kwa mamiliyoni a anthu wamba mwachizoloŵezi chokhalirapo chimene chathetsa mtendere wonse. Ndipo izo zikuphatikizapo mabodza osatha a WWII omwe amachititsa kuti n'zosatheka kukayikira WWII ndipo motero kuli kosavuta kwambiri kuganizira za WWI. Choncho, khalidwe labwino ndilo: Konzani mapulaneti anu mosamala.

Kunena zoona, pali makhalidwe ena a nkhaniyi. Mukawerenga nkhani ya Sigmund Freud ya Woodrow Wilson, akunena kuti pambuyo pa tsoka la Versailles, Wilson akanatha kutsutsana momveka bwino m'masiku amodzi monga umboni wakuti Wilson anataya maganizo ake. Ndipotu tsopano tapita patsogolo kuposa ziphunzitso za Freudian kuti tizindikire kuti pulezidenti wa ku United States ayenera kumatsutsana momveka bwino pakangopita mphindi zochepa.

Nkhani yowopsa kwambiri ndi yomwe Freud ndi ena onse samanyalanyaza, kuti - monga mwachizolowezi - panali anthu ena amene anapeza zinthu mofulumira kwambiri ndipo sanamvere: ochita mtendere. Sitiyenera kulekerera nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse chifukwa palibe amene adadziwa. Sikuli ngati nkhondo iyenera kumenyedwera kuti tiphunzire nthawi iliyonse kuti nkhondo ndi gehena. Sikuti ngati zida zatsopano zatsopano zimapangitsa nkhondo kukhala yoipa. Sikuti ngati nkhondo siinali chinthu choipitsitsa kwambiri. Sikuti ngati anthu sananene choncho, sanatsutse, sanakonzekere njira zina, sanapite kundende chifukwa cha zomwe amakhulupirira.

Mu 1915, Jane Addams anakumana ndi Purezidenti Wilson ndipo adamulangiza kuti apereke mgwirizano ku Ulaya. Wilson adatamanda mawu amtendere olembedwa ndi msonkhano wa amayi kuti azikhala mwamtendere ku La Haye. Analandira telefoni za 10,000 kwa amayi kumupempha kuti achite. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti adachitapo kanthu mu 1915 kapena kumayambiriro kwa 1916 mwina akanatha kuthandiza kuthetsa nkhondo yaikulu pamapeto pa zochitika zomwe zikanatha kukhala ndi mtendere wochulukirapo kuposa umene unapangidwa ku Versailles. Wilson anachita mogwirizana ndi uphungu wa Addams, ndi wa Mlembi wake wa boma William Jennings Bryan, koma osati kufikira mochedwa. Panthawi imene ankachita, Ajeremani sanadakhulupirire mkhalapakati yemwe anali akuthandiza nkhondo ya Britain. Wilson anatsalira kuti adzalengeze kuti adzalumikizanso pa nsanja yamtendere ndikufulumizitsa propaglize ndikuyendetsa dziko la United States ku nkhondo ya ku Ulaya. Ndipo chiwerengero cha opititsa patsogolo Wilson anabweretsa, mwachangu mwachidule, kumbali ya nkhondo yachikondi kumapangitsa Barack Obama kuoneka ngati amateur.

Osati kokha omwe anali olimbikitsa mtendere ndi chifukwa chake komanso momwe angayesere kuthetsa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, koma ena mwa iwo adaneneratu nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse pambuyo pa Versailles. Ena mwa iwo adayenda ndikutsutsa za nkhondo yomwe idapititsa nkhondo ndi Japan kwa zaka zambiri kutsogolo kwa Pearl Harbor, zomwe zinadabwitsa Lindsey Graham kuvota kwa Brett Kavanaugh. Ndipo ena a iwo anayesetsa kuti apeze Ayuda ndi anthu ena omwe adakali nawo ku Germany kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo boma lokhalo likufuna kuwathandiza kukhala a Adolf Hitler.

Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse sinali yopereka chithandizo ndipo sankagulitsidwa ngakhale mpaka itatha. Mayiko a United States anayambitsa misonkhano yapadziko lonse pomwe chisankhocho chinapangidwa kuti asalandire anthu othawa kwawo achiyuda, komanso chifukwa cha zifukwa zomveka za mafuko, ndipo ngakhale kuti Hitler adanena kuti adzawatumiza kulikonse pa sitima zoyenda bwino. Panalibe poster ndikukupemphani kuti muthandize Amalume Sam kupulumutsa Ayuda. Sitima ya Ayuda othawa kwawo ku Germany inachotsedwa ku Miami ndi Coast Guard. A US ndi amitundu ena adakana kulandira othawa kwawo achiyuda, ndipo ambiri a US adathandizira udindo umenewu. Mabungwe amtendere omwe adafunsa Pulezidenti Winston Churchill ndi mlembi wake wachilendo wokhudzana ndi kutumiza Ayuda kuchokera ku Germany kuti awapulumutse anauzidwa kuti, pamene Hitler angavomereze bwino kuti apange ndondomekoyi, zikanakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo zimafuna zombo zambiri. A US sanachite nawo nkhondo kapena asilikali kuti apulumutse ozunzidwa m'misasa yachibalo ya Nazi. Anne Frank anakana visa la US. Ngakhale mfundoyi ikukhudzana ndi nkhani yaikulu ya mbiri yakale ya WWII monga Nkhondo Yachilungamo, ndizofunikira kwambiri ku ziphunzitso za US kuti ndifotokoze apa ndime yochokera ku Nicholson Baker:

"Anthony Eden, mlembi wachilendo wa ku Britain, amene anagwira ntchito ndi Churchill poyankha mafunso okhudza othawa kwawo, adalankhula mopanda mantha ndi mmodzi mwa nthumwi zofunikira, akunena kuti kulimbikitsa kulimbikitsa Ayuda ku Hitler kunali 'kosatheka.' Ali paulendo wopita ku United States, Edene anawuza a Cordell Hull, mlembi wa boma kuti, "Chovuta kwambiri ndi kufunsa Hitler kwa Ayuda chinali chakuti Hitler akhoza kutitengera ku zombo zoterezi, komanso njira zonyamulira padziko lapansi kuti ziwathandize. ' Churchill anavomera. Iye anayankha poyankha kalata ina yochonderera kuti: 'Ngakhale kuti tinayenera kulandira chilolezo chochotsa Ayuda onse,' kayendedwe kokha kokha kamakhala ndi vuto lomwe lingakhale lovuta kuthetsa. ' Osatengeka komanso kutengeka kokwanira? Zaka ziwiri m'mbuyo mwake, a British adachoka pafupi ndi amuna a 340,000 kuchokera kumapiri a Dunkirk masiku asanu ndi atatu okha. Ndege ya ku US ya United States inali ndi ndege zambirimbiri zatsopano. Panthawiyi, a Allies amatha kuwuluka ndi kutumiza othawa kwawo ambirimbiri kuchokera ku Germany. "

Chifukwa chimodzi chomwe chimalimbikitsa mtendere sizinakhalepo koma sichimvekedwa ndi njira yofalitsira uthenga yomwe inayambitsidwa pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. Njira zowonongeka zomwe Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson ndi Komiti Yake Yowunikira Anthu Ambiri adalimbikitsa anthu a ku America ndi nthano zowonongeka komanso zongopeka za mazunzo a ku Germany ku Belgium, zojambula zowonetsera Yesu Khristu kuwona khaki pamfuti, ndikulonjeza za kudzipereka kudzipangitsa dziko kukhala lotetezeka ku demokarase. Kuchuluka kwake kwa anthu omwe anafa kunali kobisika kwa anthu onse momwe zingathere panthawi ya nkhondo, koma nthawi yomwe inalipo pa anthu ambiri adaphunzira chinachake cha nkhondo. Ndipo ambiri adadza kudzisokoneza malingaliro apamwamba omwe adatengera mtundu wodziimira kupita kudziko lina.

Komabe, kufalitsa komwe kunalimbikitsa nkhondoyo sikunatuluke mwamsanga m'maganizo a anthu. Nkhondo yothetsa nkhondo ndikupanga dzikoli kukhala lotetezeka chifukwa cha demokalase silingakhoze kuthera popanda kufunafuna mtendere ndi chilungamo, kapena chinthu china chofunika kwambiri kuposa chifuwa ndi kuletsa. Ngakhale iwo akukana lingaliro lakuti nkhondoyo ingathandize mwanjira iliyonse kupititsa patsogolo chiyanjano chogwirizana ndi onse amene akufuna kupeŵa nkhondo zonse zamtsogolo - gulu limene mwina linaphatikizapo anthu ochuluka a US. Monga Wilson adayankhulira mtendere monga chifukwa chomveka chopita kunkhondo, miyoyo yosawerengeka idamukhudza kwambiri. "Sikokomeza kunena kuti panthaŵi yomwe nkhondo yapadziko lonse inkachitika kale," analemba motero Robert Ferrell, "panopa panali mazana ndi zikwi" ku Ulaya ndi United States. Zaka khumi pambuyo pa nkhondo zinali zaka khumi kufunafuna mtendere: "Mtendere unadutsa mu maulaliki ambiri, maulendo, ndi mapepala a boma omwe adadziwongolera okha mu chidziwitso cha aliyense. Palibe konse mu mbiriyakale ya dziko inali mtendere wochuluka kwambiri wofunafuna, wochuluka unayankhula za, kuyang'anitsitsa, ndi kukonzekera, monga zaka khumi pambuyo pa 1918 Armistice. "

Izo zimakhalabe zoona lero. Gulu la mtendere la 1960s linali lalikulu. Icho cha 1920s chinali chonse-chophatikizapo.

Bungwe la Congress linapereka chisankho cha tsiku la Armistice kufuna "zochitika zolimbitsa mtendere mwa chifuno chabwino ndi kumvetsetsa ... kuyitanira anthu a ku United States kusunga tsiku ku sukulu ndi mipingo ndi miyambo yoyenera ya ubale ndi anthu ena onse." Pambuyo pake, Congress inanenanso kuti November 11th iyenera kukhala "tsiku loperekedwa chifukwa cha mtendere padziko lonse."

Imeneyi ndi mwambo umene tikufunika kuti tibwezeretse. Iyo inakhala ku United States mmwamba kupyolera mu 1950s ndipo ngakhale patali m'mayiko ena pansi pa dzina la Remembrance Day. Pambuyo pa dziko la United States, dziko la United States litangoyamba kuwononga dziko la Japan, linapha Korea, linayambitsa Cold War, linakhazikitsa CIA, ndipo inakhazikitsanso malo ogwira ntchito zogwira ntchito zankhondo ndi mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, kuti boma la US linatchedwanso Armistice Day monga Tsiku la Veterans pa June 1, 1954.

Tsiku la Veterans sichilinso, chifukwa cha anthu ambiri, tsiku loti adzasangalale kutha kwa nkhondo kapena ngakhale kuti akukhutira kuthetsa kwake. Tsiku la Veterans sali tsiku limene liyenera kulira kapena kukayikira chifukwa kudzipha ndikumenyana kwambiri ndi asilikali a US kapena chifukwa chake adani ambiri alibe nyumba.

M'zaka zotsatira nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, nkhondo inali chinthu cholira, chimodzimodzi ngati sichinali chofunikira. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inalephera, monga momwe wolemba wina anawerengera panthawiyo, ndalama zokwanira kuti apereke ndalama za $ 2,500 ndi ndalama za $ 1,000 zamtengo wapatali ndi maekala asanu a malo ku mabanja onse ku Russia, ambiri a mayiko a ku Ulaya, Canada, United States, ndi Australia, kuphatikizapo zokwanira kupereka mzinda uliwonse wa 20,000 laibulale ya $ 2 miliyoni, chipatala cha $ 3 miliyoni, koleji ya $ 20 miliyoni, ndipo mwatsala pang'ono kugula katundu aliyense ku Germany ndi Belgium. Ndipo izo zonse zinali zalamulo. Opusa kwambiri, koma mwamtheradi. Nkhanza zapadera zinaphwanya malamulo, koma nkhondo sizinali zolakwa. Izo sizinachitikepo, koma posachedwa zikanakhala.

Bungwe la Outlawy Movement of the 1920s-kayendetsedwe ka nkhondo yowononga nkhondo-inkafuna kuthetsa nkhondo ndi kukangana, poletsa kuletsa nkhondo ndikuyamba kukhazikitsa malamulo apadziko lonse ndi khoti lokhala ndi ulamuliro wothetsa mikangano. Gawo loyamba linatengedwa ku 1928 ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact, yomwe inaletsa nkhondo yonse. Masiku ano mayiko a 81 apanga panganoli, kuphatikizapo United States, ndipo ambiri a iwo amatsatira. Ndikufuna kuwona mafuko ena, amitundu osauka amene anasiya mgwirizanowo, adziphatikize (zomwe angathe kuchita mwa kunena cholinga chimenecho ku Dipatimenti Yachigawo cha US) ndikukakamiza anthu ambiri kuti azichita zachiwawa padziko lapansi .

Ndidalemba buku za kayendetsedwe ka mgwirizano umenewu, osati chifukwa choti tikufunika kupitiliza ntchito yake, komanso chifukwa choti tingaphunzire ku njira zake. Pano pali gulu lomwe linagwirizanitsa anthu kudera lonse la ndale, zomwe ndizo mowa, mosiyana ndi za League of Nations, ndi cholinga chowonetsera nkhondo. Unali mgwirizano waukulu kwambiri. Panali zokambirana ndi mtendere pakati pa magulu otsutsana a gulu la mtendere. Panali mlandu wokhudza chikhalidwe umene unkayembekezera anthu abwino kwambiri. Nkhondo sikunatsutse chabe pa zachuma kapena chifukwa chakuti ikhoza kupha anthu ochokera kudziko lakwawo. Ankawatsutsa monga kupha anthu ambiri, osakhala achiwawa kusiyana ndi kugonjetsa njira zothetsera mikangano ya anthu. Apa panali kayendetsedwe ka masomphenya a nthawi yaitali ophunzitsidwa ndikukonzekera. Panali mphepo yamkuntho yopondereza, koma palibe kuvomereza kwa ndale, palibe kugwirizana kwa kayendetsedwe ka phwando. M'malo mwake, onse anai - inde, maphwando akuluakulu anayi adakakamizidwa kuti ayendetse kumbuyo kuseri. Mmalo mwa Clint Eastwood akuyankhula ndi mpando kapena mawu a Donald Trump a 4th-grade, Republican National Convention ya 1924 inati Purezidenti Coolidge akulonjeza kuti nkhondoyi idzawonetsedwanso.

Ndipo pa August 27, 1928, ku Paris, France, chochitikacho chinachitika kuti chinakhala nyimbo ya mtundu wa 1950s ngati chipinda chodzaza ndi amuna, ndipo mapepala omwe amasaina adati sakanamenyana. Ndipo iwo anali amuna, akazi anali kunja akutsutsa. Ndipo icho chinali mgwirizano pakati pa mafuko olemera omwe akanapitirizabe kumenyana ndi kupondereza osauka. Koma chinali mgwirizano wamtendere womwe unathetsa nkhondo ndipo unathetsa kuvomerezedwa kwa madera opangidwa ndi nkhondo, kupatula ku Palestine, Sahara, Diego Garcia, ndi zina zina. Ilo linali mgwirizano lomwe linali lofunikiranso bungwe lalamulo ndi khoti lapadziko lonse limene ife tiribebe. Koma chinali mgwirizano kuti m'zaka za 90 mayiko olemerawo, posiyana wina ndi mnzake, amphwanya kamodzi kokha. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, pangano la Kellogg-Briand linagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsutsa chilungamo cha victor. Ndipo mafuko akuluakulu apamwamba sanapite konse kunkhondo wina ndi mzake kachiwiri, komabe. Ndipo kotero, chigwirizanochi chikuwoneka kuti chalephera.

Cholephera ndi lingaliro la United States ngati nzika yosunga malamulo. Nyuzipepala ya US National Security Advisory, yomwe imaika chitetezo ku chitetezo chenichenicho, sichimangogwira kuti United States ikhale pamwamba pa lamulo, koma imawopsyeza poyera mtundu uliwonse wochirikiza malamulo, ngakhale pamene ukuphwanya Msonkhano wa UN powopseza ena pansi chiwonetsero cha malamulo. Ndipo ngakhale anthu ambiri ku United States sakufuna nkhondo zambiri, ndipo sipadzakhalanso kupanduka ngati tipatsidwa mtendere, pali mgwirizanowu waukulu ku United States kuti United States ndi yapadera, yapadera kwambiri ziyenera kuti zikhale zoyenera ndi maudindo omwe amatsutsidwa bwino ku mtundu wina uliwonse.

Ndikhoza kuwonjezera pano kuti zoipa ndi zabwino mwa anthu akukana Saudi Arabia chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa wolemba nyuzipepala mmodzi wa US koma osati kuphedwa kwa zikwi za anthu omwe si Aamerika. Palinso chinthu chododometsa kwambiri mu lingaliro lovomerezeka kuti munthu ayenera kugulitsa mabomba kwa maboma omwe sagwiritsa ntchito molakwa ufulu waumunthu, kutanthawuza kupha aliyense popanda mabomba. Palinso chinthu china choipa komanso chopanda nzeru ku Trump kutsutsana kuti mumawagulitsa zida zowonjezera kupanga ntchito, chifukwa ndalama zowonongeka ndizochita ntchito ndipo mayiko omwe amatha kuwatsogolera omwe angapite patsogolo angapindulitse aliyense .

M'buku langa laposachedwapa, Kuchiritsa Kuwonetsera Kwambiri, Ndikuyang'ana momwe United States ikufananirana ndi mayiko ena, momwe anthu amaganizira za izo, zomwe zimavulaza malingaliro awa, ndi momwe angaganizire mosiyana. Poyambirira pa zigawo zinayi, ndikuyesera kupeza njira yomwe United States kwenikweni ndiyo yaikulu, nambala imodzi, fuko lokhalo losayembekezereka, ndipo ndikulephera.

Ndinayesa ufulu, koma ndondomeko iliyonse ndi bungwe lililonse kapena maphunziro, kunja, ku United States, ndalama zothandizidwa ndi ndalama za CIA, ndi zina zotero, sizinayenerere dziko la United States pamwamba, kaya ndi ufulu wogulitsa ndalama, ufulu wodzetsa moyo wokhutiritsa, ufulu wa ufulu wa anthu, ufulu wosintha udindo wawo wa zachuma, ufulu ndi lingaliro lililonse pansi pano. United States kumene "ndikudziŵa kuti ndine mfulu" m'mawu a nyimbo ya dziko likusiyana ndi mayiko ena kumene ndikudziwa kuti ndine mfulu.

Kotero ine ndinayang'ana molimba. Ndinayang'ana pa maphunziro pamlingo uliwonse, ndipo ndinapeza kuti United States inali yoyamba pa ngongole ya ophunzira. Ndinayang'ana chuma ndipo ndinapeza kuti United States inali yoyamba yokha yosawerengeka ya kufalitsa chuma pakati pa mayiko olemera. Ndipotu, United States ili m'munsi mwa mayiko olemera mu mndandanda wautali kwambiri wa miyoyo ya moyo. Mumakhala moyo watali, wathanzi, komanso wokondwa kwina kulikonse. United States ndiyo ndiyo yoyamba pakati pa mitundu yonse muzigawo zosiyanasiyana zomwe munthu sayenera kudzikuza nazo: kutsekera m'ndende, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chiwonongeko cha zachirengedwe, ndi njira zambiri zankhondo, kuphatikizapo magulu ena osasangalatsa, monga - osandimvera - milandu munthu aliyense. Ndipo izo zimakhala koyamba pa zinthu zingapo zomwe ndikuganiza iwo omwe amafuula "Ndife Nambala 1!" Kuti titsetse aliyense wogwira ntchito kuti asinthe zinthu zomwe sakuziganizira: kwambiri ma TV, maulendo ambiri otchedwa asphalt, kapena pafupi mu kunenepa kwambiri, kudyetsedwa kwambiri chakudya, opaleshoni yokongoletsa, zolaula, kumwa tchizi, ndi zina zotero.

M'dziko lolingalira bwino, mayiko omwe adapeza ndondomeko yabwino zothandizira zaumoyo, chiwawa cha mfuti, maphunziro, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, mtendere, chitukuko, ndi chimwemwe zidzalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ngati zitsanzo zoyenerera. M'dzikoli, kufalikira kwa chinenero cha Chingerezi, ulamuliro wa Hollywood, ndi zina mwazimene zimapangitsa United States kutsogolera chinthu chimodzi: polimbikitsa zonse zomwe zimayambitsa ndondomeko zoipa.

Chimene tikusowa si chamanyazi m'malo mwa kunyada, kapena kukonda dziko latsopano. Chimene tikusowa ndicho kusiya kudzizindikiritsa tokha ndi boma la boma komanso asilikali. Tiyenera kudziwa zambiri ndi midzi yathu yaying'ono, komanso ndi anthu ambiri komanso zachilengedwe zapulanetili. Timafunikira tsiku lopangidwa ndi Armistice Day ndi anthu omwe amawona dziko ndi wina ndi mzake mwa mawu amenewo.

Pa webusaiti ya WorldBEYONDWar.org/ArmisticeDay mudzapeza mndandanda wa zochitika padziko lonse lapansi ndi mwayi wonjezera chochitika chomwe sichidatchulidwe. Mudzapezanso zothandizira zomwe zimaphatikizapo oyankhula, mavidiyo, ntchito, zolemba, mauthenga, mapepala ndi mapepala kuti athandize ndi chochitika chanu. Chinthu chimodzi cholimbikitsidwa ndi Veterans For Peace ndi kulira kwa mabelu nthawi yomweyo ya 11 koloko pa tsiku la 11th la mwezi wa 11th. Magulu angatilankhule nawo World BEYOND War kuti athandizire kukonza zochitika zilizonse. Koma ndikuganiza kuti angafunenso kuyankhulana ndi gulu la mtendere la Santa Cruz chifukwa mwakhala mukutsogolera kubwezeretsa tsiku lachisangalalo cha mtendere polemba izo ndi tsiku lomwe mwezi wisanayambe ndi miyezi iwiri isanakwane, etc. zatha. Chodabwitsa ndichitsulo chachisawawa cha Santa Cruz - chitsanzo cha chikhalidwe cha mtendere.

Ndikufunanso kudzala ntchito ina yamtsogolo mtsogolo mitu yanu yomwe ndangophunzirapo sabata ino. Zikuwoneka kuti April wotsatira 4th sizaka 51 zokha kuyambira kuphedwa kwa Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. ndi zaka 52 kuyambira pachinenero chake chodziwika bwino cholimbana ndi nkhondo, komanso ndi tsiku la kubadwa kwa 70th kwa bungwe la NATO lopindulitsa kwambiri. Choncho, padzakhala msonkhano waukulu wa NATO ku Washington, DC, pa April 4, 2019, ndipo ife World BEYOND War khulupirirani kuti padzakhala msonkhano wa mtendere kumeneko. Tikuyamba kumanga mgwirizano, kukonzekera zochitika zoyankhula ndi zochitika zazikulu zowonetsa masewero panthawi imeneyo komanso sabata lapitalo.

Tsopano, ndikudziwa kuti Trump inati NATO iyenera kuthetsedwa, asanamuthandizire kupitilira ndikukulitsa NATO ndi mamembala a NATO kuti aziika ndalama zambiri ku NATO ndi zida. Kotero, chotero, NATO ndi yotsutsa-Trump. Ndipo chifukwa chake NATO ndi yabwino komanso yabwino. Ndipo kotero ine ndiribe ntchito yoti Ayi ku NATO / Inde ku Mtendere. Kumbali inayi, NATO yasuntha zida ndi chidani ndi masewera omwe amatchedwa masewera a nkhondo mpaka kumalire a Russia. NATO yakhala ikukantha nkhondo zankhondo kutali ndi North Atlantic. NATO yonjezerapo Colombia, kusiya zonse zodzipangitsa kutumikira kumpoto kwa Atlantic. NATO imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumasula Congress ya US ku udindo ndi ufulu woyang'anira zowawa za nkhondo za ku America. NATO imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chivundikiro cha mabungwe a NATO kuti agwirizane ndi nkhondo za ku America ponyenga kuti mwina ali ovomerezeka kapena ovomerezeka. NATO imagwiritsidwa ntchito monga chophimba kugawira zida za nyukiliya mosagwirizana ndi mosagwirizana ndi mayiko omwe si a nyukiliya. NATO imagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga mgwirizanowu umene unayambitsa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, kupereka mayiko udindo woyenda ku nkhondo ngati mayiko ena akumenyana, kotero kuti akonzekere nkhondo. NATO iyenera kuikidwa m'manda ku Arlington Cemetery ndipo tonsefe tipewe mavuto athu. Izi zikutsutsana ndi NATO ku Chicago zaka zisanu msonkhano usanachitike ukulimbikitsa. Ndikukonzekera kuti ndikhale mumisewu kachiwiri nthawi ino kuti ndikanena Ayi ku NATO, Inde ku mtendere, Inde kuti zinthu zidzakhale bwino, Inde ku malo otetezeka, Inde ku ufulu wa anthu, Inde ku maphunziro, Inde ku chikhalidwe cha kusagwirizana ndi chifundo ndi kukoma mtima , Inde kukumbukira April 4th monga tsiku logwirizana ndi ntchito ya mtendere wa Martin Luther King Jr. Ndikuyembekeza kuti mutenga nawo mvula m'nyengo yamasika.

Zikomo chifukwa cha zonse zimene mukuchita kuti mukhale mwamtendere! Tiyeni tichite zambiri!