NKHONDO SIDZAKHALA, NDIPO SIPONSO KUZIKHALA

Lyndon Johnson adalumbira kuti: "Sindidzakhala purezidenti woyamba kutaya nkhondo.

"Ndikuwona kuti United States siitaya. Ndikuzilemba mosapita m'mbali. Ndidzakhala wotsimikiza. South Vietnam ingatayike. Koma United States siingakhoze kutaya. Chimene chimatanthauza, makamaka, ndasankha. Chilichonse chimachitika ku South Vietnam, tikupita ku cream ya kumpoto kwa Vietnam. . . . Kwa kamodzi timayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamtundu wa dziko lino. . . motsutsana ndi dziko laling'ono lamphongo: kuti apambane nkhondo. Sitingagwiritse ntchito mawu oti 'kupambana.' Koma ena akhoza, "anatero Richard Nixon.

Inde, Johnson ndi Nixon "adataya" nkhondoyo, koma sanali oyang'anira oyambirira kutaya nkhondo. Nkhondo ya ku Korea inali isanathe ndi chigonjetso. "Akufa," anatero asilikaliwo. United States inasowa nkhondo zosiyanasiyana ndi Amwenye Achimereka ndi Nkhondo ya 1812, ndipo ku Vietnam dziko la United States linatsimikizira kuti silingathe kutulutsa Fidel Castro ku Cuba mobwerezabwereza. Sikuti nkhondo zonse ndizopambana, ndipo Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam idafanane ndi nkhondo zowonjezereka ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Mkhalidwe wofananawo ukhoza kuzindikiridwa muzinyumba zazing'ono zopanda ntchito monga zovuta zowonongeka ku Iran mu 1979, kapena pofuna kuyesetsa kupha zigawenga ku ma ambassade a US ndi United States chisanafike 2001, kapena kusamalira mabungwe m'malo omwe sangawalekerere , monga Philippines kapena Saudi Arabia.

Ndikutanthauza kuti ndikuwonetseratu zina zowonjezereka kuposa momwe nkhondo zosagonjetsedwazo zinali zosadabwitsa. Pa nkhondo zambiri zomwe zisanachitike, ndipo mwinamwake kupyolera mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndi nkhondo ya ku Korea, lingaliro la kupambana linaphatikizapo kugonjetsa adani a adani pa nkhondo ndi kulanda gawo lawo kapena kuwauza momwe adzakhalire m'tsogolo. Mu nkhondo zakale zambiri komanso nkhondo zambiri zamakono, nkhondo zinayesedwa makilomita zikwizikwi kuchoka kunyumba zikutsutsana ndi anthu m'malo molimbana ndi ankhondo, lingaliro la kupambana lakhala lovuta kufotokoza. Pamene tikupeza kuti tikukhala m'dziko la munthu wina, kodi izi zikutanthauza kuti tapambana kale, monga Bush adanena za Iraq pa May 1, 2003? Kapena kodi tingathenso kutaya? Kapena kodi chigonjetso chibwera pomwe ndipo ngati kukana chiwawa kumachepetsedwa kufika pa msinkhu winawake? Kapena kodi boma lokhazikika lomwe likutsatira zilakolako za Washington liyenera kukhazikitsidwa musanapambane?

Kugonjetsa kotereku, kulamulira boma la dziko lina lomwe likutsutsa nkhanza, kuli kovuta kubwera. Nkhondo za ntchito kapena zotsutsana ndizochitika kawiri kaŵirikaŵiri popanda kutchula mfundo iyi yofunikira komanso yooneka ngati yofunika: nthawi zambiri imatayika. William Polk adaphunzira za zigawenga ndi nkhondo zachangu komwe anayang'ana ku America Revolution, kutsutsa kwa Spain kumayiko omwe akukhala ku France, ku Philippines, ku Russia, kulimbana ndi nkhondo, kukaniza kwa a ku Britain ndi a Russia, ndi nkhondo zachigawenga ku Yugoslavia, Greece, Kenya, ndi Algeria, pakati pa ena. Polk anayang'ana zomwe zimachitika pamene ife tiri redcoats ndipo anthu ena ndi azungu. Mu 1963 adapereka ndemanga ku National War College yomwe inasiya apolisi kumeneko. Iye anawauza kuti nkhondo zachangu zimapangidwa ndi ndale, maulamuliro, ndi nkhondo:

"Ndinawauza omvera kuti tinataya kale nkhani yandale - Ho Chi Minh adakhala mtundu wa Vietnamese nationalism. Izi, ndinaganiza, zinali pafupi ndi 80 peresenti ya nkhondo yonse. Komanso, Viet Minh kapena Viet Cong, monga tidawaitanira, adasokoneza akuluakulu a boma la South Vietnam, kupha akuluakulu ake akuluakulu, kuti adaleka kugwira ntchito zofunikira. Izi, ndikuganiza, zinaphatikizapo zowonjezerapo za 15 peresenti ya nkhondoyo. Kotero, pokhapokha peresenti ya 5 pangozi, tinkakhala ndi mapeto a chiwindi. Ndipo chifukwa cha ziphuphu zowopsya za boma la South Vietnamese, popeza ndinali ndi mwayi wodzionera ndekha, ngakhale chiwindicho chinali pangozi yakuphwanya. Ndinauza abusawo kuti nkhondoyo yatha kale. "

Mu December 1963, Purezidenti Johnson anapanga gulu logwira ntchito lotchedwa Sullivan Task Force. Zomwe anapezazo zinali zosiyana ndi mau a Polk ndi mau ake komanso zolinga zawo kuposa zofunikira. Gululi linkaona kuti nkhondoyo ikuyendetsa nkhondo ndi "Kuponya kwa Bomba" kumpoto monga "kudzipereka kupita patsogolo." Ndipotu, "chigamulo chenicheni cha Komiti ya Sullivan chinali chakuti kuyendetsa mabomba kudzachititsa nkhondo yosatha , kupitirirabe kukula, ndi mbali zonse ziwiri zinayamba kugwirizanitsa. "

Izi siziyenera kukhala nkhani. Dipatimenti ya boma la United States idadziwa kuti Nkhondo ku Vietnam siidzalandidwa kale ndi 1946, monga momwe Polk ananenera:

"John Carter Vincent, amene ntchito yake idasokonezedwa chifukwa cha kuyanjidwa kwake pa Vietnam ndi China, ndiye anali mkulu wa ofesi ya Far East Affairs mu Dipatimenti ya Boma. Pa December 23, 1946, adalemba momveka bwino mlembi wa boma kuti 'ndi mphamvu zopanda malire, ndi maganizo omwe anthu amatsutsana nawo, ndi boma la France layesera kukwaniritsa ku Indochina chomwe chili cholimba ndi chogwirizana ku Britain wapeza kuti si nzeru kuyesera ku Burma. Chifukwa cha zinthu zomwe zilipo panopa, nkhondo yachigawenga ingapitirire kwamuyaya. '"

Kafukufuku wa Polk wa nkhondo zachangu padziko lonse lapansi adapeza kuti zipolowe zotsutsana ndi ntchito zakunja sizitha mpaka zitatha. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zomwe zinachitikira Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ndi RAND Corporation, zomwe zatchulidwa mu chaputala chachitatu. Kuwongolera komwe kumachitika m'mayiko omwe ali ndi maboma ofooka amapambana. Maboma omwe amalandira malamulo ochokera ku likulu lachifumu akunja amakhala ofooka. Nkhondo George W. Bush inayamba ku Afghanistan ndipo Iraq ndi pafupifupi ndithu nkhondo zomwe zidzatayika. Funso lofunikira ndiloti tidzatha kuchita chiyani, komanso ngati Afghanistan adzapitiriza kukhala ndi mbiri yake monga "manda a maufumu."

Chimodzi sichiyenera kuganizira za nkhondo izi pokhapokha ponena za kupambana kapena kutaya, komabe. Ngati United States ikasankha akuluakulu ndi kuwaumiriza kuti azitsatira zofuna za anthu ndi kuchoka kumayiko ena akumidzi, tonsefe tidzakhala bwino. Nchifukwa chiani dzikoli liyenera kutchedwa "kutayika"? Tinawona m'mutu wachiwiri kuti ngakhale nthumwi ya pulezidenti ku Afghanistan sangathe kufotokozera kuti kupambana kudzawoneka bwanji. Kodi pali, pali lingaliro lililonse pakuchita ngati kuti "kupambana" ndi mwayi? Ngati nkhondo idzatha kukhala ntchito zovomerezeka ndi zaulemerero za atsogoleri achilendo ndikukhala zomwe ziri pansi pa lamulo, zomwe ndizozolakwa, ndiye kuti mawu osiyana onse amafunika. Simungapambane kapena kutaya mlandu; mukhoza kupitiriza kapena kusiya kuchita.

Gawo: ZOTHANDIZA ZAMBIRI KUTI MWAWE

Kufooka kwa zifukwa zotsutsana, kapena kuti ntchito zakunja, ndikuti iwo sapereka anthu m'mayiko okhudzidwa ndi chirichonse chomwe akusowa kapena chokhumba; M'malo mwake, iwo amakhumudwitsa ndi kuvulaza anthu. Izi zimachititsa kuti anthu omwe akuukira boma, kapena kuti kukana, athandizidwe kuti apambane nawo. Panthawi imodzimodzi yomwe asilikali a ku United States amachititsa manja kuti asamvetsetse vutoli ndikukakamiza ena kuti adzalandire "mitima ndi malingaliro," zimapereka ndalama zambiri zotsutsana ndi cholinga cholephera kupambana anthu, koma kuwamenya iwo molimba kwambiri kotero kuti iwo ataya mtima wonse wokana. Njirayi ili ndi mbiri yakale komanso yotsimikizika ya kulephereka ndipo sizingakhale zolimbikitsa zenizeni zowononga nkhondo kusiyana ndi zinthu monga chuma ndi chisokonezo. Koma amachititsa imfa yaikulu ndi kusamuka, zomwe zingathe kuthandiza ntchito ngakhale zitapanga adani osati abwenzi.

Mbiri yaposachedwapa ya nthano yoswa malamulo a mdani ikufanana ndi mbiri ya mabomba a mlengalenga. Popeza kuti ndege zisanakhazikitsidwe komanso ngati anthu akhalapo kale, anthu amakhulupirira, ndipo angapitirize kukhulupirira, kuti nkhondo zingathe kuchepetsedwa ndi mabomba ochokera mumlengalenga mobwerezabwereza kuti amve "amalume". Ntchito sizotsutsana ndi kubwezeretsa ndi kubwezeretsanso ngati njira yothetsera nkhondo yatsopano.

Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt anauza Mlembi wa Treasury Henry Morgenthau ku 1941 kuti: "Njira yododometsa Hitler ndiyo njira yomwe ndakhala ndikufotokozera Chingerezi, koma iwo samandimvera." Roosevelt ankafuna kuti aphe mabomba ang'onoang'ono. "Payenera kukhala mtundu wina wa fakitale mumzinda uliwonse. Imeneyi ndi njira yokhayo yothetsera chikhalidwe cha German. "

Panali ziganizo ziwiri zazikulu zenizeni m'maganizo awo, ndipo akhala akudziwika bwino pakukonzekera nkhondo. (Sindikutanthauza kuganiza kuti mabomba athu akhoza kugunda fakitale, kuti amatha kuphonya mwina ayenera kuti Roosevelt anali ndi mfundo yake.)

Chinthu chimodzi cholakwika chenichenicho ndikuti kuphulika kwa nyumba za anthu kumawombera maganizo awo omwe ali ofanana ndi zomwe zinachitikira msilikali mu nkhondo. Akuluakulu omwe akukonzekera mabomba mumzinda wa Nkhondo Yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse ankayembekezera kuti ziweto za "gibbering lunatics" zidzathamangitsidwe. Koma amitundu omwe akupulumuka mabomba omwe sanawonongeko kufunikira kupha anthu anzawo, kapena "mphepo ya chidani" yomwe ikufotokozedwa mu chaputala chimodzi - kuopsya kwakukulu kwa anthu ena akuyesera kukupha. Ndipotu, mizinda ya mabomba siimapweteketsa anthu onse mpaka kufika panthawi yopuma. M'malo mwake zimakhala zovuta mitima ya iwo omwe apulumuka ndikukhazikitsa kutsimikiza mtima kwawo kupitiriza kuthandizira nkhondo.

Magulu a anthu akufa amatha kusokoneza chiwerengero cha anthu, koma amawaika pamtundu wosiyana ndi wowopsa kuposa kudzipha kwa mabomba.

Lingaliro lachinyengo lachiwiri ndiloti pamene anthu amatsutsana ndi nkhondo, boma lawo likhoza kupereka mayi. Maboma akupita kunkhondo pankhondo yoyamba, ndipo pokhapokha ngati anthu akuopseza kuti adzawachotsa ku mphamvu, akhoza kusankha bwino kupitirizabe nkhondo ngakhale kutsutsidwa ndi anthu, china chimene United States chomwecho chachita ku Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, ndi Iraq Afghanistan, pakati pa nkhondo zina. Nkhondo ya Vietnam inatha miyezi isanu ndi itatu pulezidenti atakakamizika kuchoka ku ofesi. Ndipo maboma ambiri sadzafuna okha kuti ateteze anthu awo, monga momwe Achimereka ankayembekezera kuti Japan azichita ndipo Ajeremani amafuna kuti a British azichita. Tinapha mabomba a ku Koreya ndi Vietnamese kwambiri, komabe sanasiye. Palibe amene anadabwa ndi kudabwa.

Otsitsimutsa omwe analemba mawu akuti "mantha ndi mantha" ku 1996, Harlan Ullman ndi James P. Wade, amakhulupirira kuti njira yomweyi yomwe inalephera kwa zaka zambiri idzagwira ntchito, koma kuti tifunikire zambiri. Bomba la 2003 la Baghdad linaperewera pa zomwe Ullman ankaganiza kuti zinali zofunika kuti aziwopa anthu. Ndi kovuta, komabe, kuona m'mene ziphunzitso zotere zimagwirizanitsa pakati pa anthu omwe sanagwidwepo kale, ndikupha anthu ambiri, omwe ali ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe zachitika kale.

Zoona zake n'zakuti nkhondo, yomwe yayamba, imakhala yovuta kulamulira kapena kulosera, makamaka kupambana. Amuna ochepa omwe ali ndi olemba bokosi akhoza kutenga nyumba zanu zazikuru, ziribe kanthu nkhono zingati zomwe muli nazo. Ndipo gulu laling'ono la opanduka osaphunzitsidwa ndi mabomba opangidwa ndi makompyuta omwe amachotsedwa ndi mafoni a m'manja omwe angathe kuwonongeka akhoza kugonjetsa gulu lankhondo la triliyoni la dollar lomwe layesera kukonza sitolo m'dziko lolakwika. Chinthu chofunikira ndi pamene chilakolako chimakhala mwa anthu, ndipo chimakula movutikira kuti atsogolere kwambiri munthu wogwira ntchito akuyesa kuyendetsa.

Gawo: KUYENERA KUKHALA KUDZIWA PAMENE MUNGACHITE

Koma palibe chifukwa chovomerezera kugonjetsedwa. Ndi kosavuta kunena kuti akufuna kuchoka nthawi zonse, kuti apititse patsogolo nkhondo, ndiyeno kuti akuchoka chifukwa cha "kupambana" kosayembekezereka kofulumira. Nkhaniyi, yofotokozedwa kuti imveke zovuta kwambiri, ikhoza kuoneka ngati yopambana kusiyana ndi kuthawa kwa helikopita kuchokera padenga pa ambassy.

Chifukwa chakuti nkhondo zam'mbuyomu zidali zopindulitsa komanso zowonongeka, ndipo chifukwa chakuti nkhanza za nkhondo zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'nkhani imeneyi, okonza nkhondo akuganiza kuti ndiwo okhawo osankha. Mwachiwonekere amapeza chimodzi mwa zosankhazo zosasungunuka. Amakhulupiriranso kuti nkhondo zapadziko lonse zidapindula chifukwa cha kupha kwa asilikali a ku America. Choncho, kupambana ndikofunikira, kotheka, ndipo kungatheke kupyolera mwa khama lalikulu. Umenewo ndi uthenga woti uwonetsedwe, kaya zoonazo zikugwirizana, ndipo aliyense amene akunena zosiyana ndi kuvulaza nkhondo.

Maganizo amenewa mwachibadwa amachititsa kuti anthu asamangoganizira za kupambana, akunamizira kuti kupambana kumangokhala pampando, kufotokozera mwachigonjetso ngati momwe akufunira, ndi kukana kufotokoza kupambana kuti athe kuzinena ziribe kanthu. Nkhondo zabwino zankhondo zingapangitse chirichonse kukhala chowoneka ngati kupita patsogolo kupita ku chigonjetso ndikukakamiza kumbali inayo kuti akupita kugonjetsedwa. Koma mbali zonse ziwiri zikutanthauza kuti zikupita patsogolo, wina ayenera kukhala wolakwika, ndipo ubwino wokakamiza anthu mwinamwake umapita kumbali yomwe imayankhula chinenero chawo.

Harold Lasswell anafotokozera kufunika kofalitsa katatu ku 1927:

"Chinyengo chogonjetsa chiyenera kukhalitsidwa chifukwa cha kugwirizana pakati pa amphamvu ndi abwino. Zizolowezi zamaganizo zoganiza zimapitirirabe mu moyo wamakono, ndipo nkhondo zimayesedwa kuti zitsimikizire zoona ndi zabwino. Ngati tipambana, Mulungu ali kumbali yathu. Ngati tataya, Mulungu akhoza kukhala mbali ina. . . . [D] efeat akufuna kufotokozera kwakukulu, pamene chipambano chimalankhula chokha. "

Choncho, kuyamba nkhondo chifukwa cha mabodza osamvetsetseka omwe sungagwirizane ndi ntchito ya mwezi, ngati mutatha mwezi umodzi mukhoza kulengeza kuti "mukupambana."

Kuwonjezera pa kutayika, chinthu chinanso chimene chimafuna kufotokozera kwakukulu ndikumangokhala kosatha. Nkhondo zathu zatsopano zikupitirirabe kuposa nkhondo za padziko lonse. United States inali mu Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse kwa chaka ndi theka, mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse kwa zaka zitatu ndi theka, ndi pa Nkhondo ya Korea kwa zaka zitatu. Amenewo anali nkhondo yaitali komanso yoopsa. Koma Nkhondo ya Vietnam inatenga zaka zisanu ndi zitatu ndi theka - kapena yaitali, malingana ndi momwe mumayesera. Nkhondo za Afghanistan ndi Iraq zinali zitatha zaka zisanu ndi zinayi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi theka panthawiyi.

Nkhondo ya Iraq inali ya nthawi yayitali yowonjezereka ndi yamagazi a nkhondo ziwirizo, ndipo anthu a ku United States omwe anali olimbikitsa mtendere amalimbikirabe kuti achoke. Kawirikawiri tinauzidwa ndi otsutsa nkhondo kuti ntchito yobweretsa asilikali zikwizikwi kuchokera ku Iraq, ndi zipangizo zawo, zidzafuna zaka. Izi zakhala zabodza mu 2010, pamene asilikali ena a 100,000 adachotsedwa mwamsanga. Nchifukwa chiani izo sizikanatheka zaka zambiri zisanachitike? Nchifukwa chiani nkhondo inagwedezeka mopitirira pitirira ndi kupitirira, ndipo ikukula?

Kodi nchiyani chimene chidzabwera mu United States nkhondo ziwiri pamene ndikulemba izi (zitatu ngati tikuwerengera Pakistan), potsata ndondomeko ya anthu opanga nkhondo, zikukhalabe zikuwoneka. Amene amapindula ndi nkhondo ndi "zomangidwanso" akhala akupindula zaka zingapo. Koma kodi zidzakhazikitsidwa ndi mabungwe ambirimbiri ku Iraq ndi ku Afghanistan kosatha? Kapena kodi masauzande ambiri a asilikali omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi dipatimenti ya boma la United States kuti azisunga mabungwe akuluakulu a boma ndi ma consulates ayenera kukhala okwanira? Kodi United States idzalamulira maboma kapena chuma cha amitundu? Kodi kugonjetsedwa kudzakhala kwathunthu kapena tsankho? Zomwezo ziyenera kutsimikiziridwa, koma chotsimikizika ndi chakuti mabuku a mbiri yakale a US sadzakhala ndi mafotokozedwe a kugonjetsedwa. Iwo adzanena kuti nkhondo izi zinali zopambana. Ndipo kutchulidwa konse kwa kupambana kumaphatikizapo kutchula chinthu chomwe chimatchedwa "kuwonjezeka."

Gawo: KODI MUNGAKHALA MALAMULO?

"Tikugonjetsa ku Iraq!" - Senema John McCain (R., Ariz.)

Monga nkhondo yopanda chiyembekezo imapitirira chaka ndi chaka, kupambana sikungatheke ndipo sikungaganizidwe, nthawi zonse pali yankho la kusowa kwachitukuko, ndipo yankho lanu nthawi zonse ndi "kutumiza asilikali ambiri." Pamene chiwawa chikugwa, magulu ambiri amafunika kumanga pa kupambana. Pamene chiwawa chikukwera, magulu ambiri amafunika kuti agwetse pansi.

Chosemphana ndi chiwerengero cha asilikali omwe atumizidwa kale chikukhudzana kwambiri ndi kusowa kwa magulu ankhondo omwe amachitirana nkhanza ndi ulendo wachiwiri ndi wachitatu kusiyana ndi kutsutsidwa kwa ndale. Koma pakufunika njira yatsopano, kapena maonekedwe ake, Pentagon ikhoza kupeza asilikali ena owonjezera a 30,000 kutumiza, kuyitcha "kuyendayenda," ndi kulengeza kuti nkhondoyo ibadwenso ngati nyama yosiyana kwambiri. Kusintha kwa njira kumakhutira, ku Washington, DC, ngati yankho la zofuna kuchotsa kwathunthu: Sitingathe kuchoka tsopano; ife tikuyesera chinachake chosiyana! Tidzachita zochepa zomwe takhala tikuchita zaka zingapo zapitazi! Ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala mtendere ndi demokarasi: tidzatha nkhondo powonjezereka!

Lingaliro silinali latsopano ndi Iraq. Kuphulika kwa mabomba a Hanoi ndi Haiphong otchulidwa mu chaputala 6 ndi chitsanzo china cha kuthetsa nkhondo ndi kuwonetsa mopanda pake. Monga momwe a Vietnamese amavomerezera mawu omwewo asanabwere mabomba kuti avomereze pambuyo pake, boma la Iraq liyenera kulandira mgwirizano uliwonse wopititsa ku United States zaka zowonongeka asanayambe, kapenanso pomwepo. Pulezidenti wa Iraq atagwirizana ndi zomwe zimatchedwa Status of Forces Agreement mu 2008, adachita izi pokhapokha ngati ziwonetsero za boma ziyenera kuchitika ngati zikanakana panganolo ndikusankha kuchotsa mwamsanga kusiyana ndi kuchedwa kwa zaka zitatu. Referendum imeneyo siinayambe yachitidwapo.

Pulezidenti Bush akugwirizana kuti achoke ku Iraq - ngakhale kuti zaka zitatu zachedwa kuchepa ndi kusatsimikizika kuti ngati United States ikugwirizanadi ndi mgwirizanowu - sinaitanidwe kugonjetsedwa kokha chifukwa panali kuwonjezeka kwaposachedwa komwe kunatchedwa kuti kupambana. Mu 2007, United States idatumizira asilikali ena a 30,000 ku Iraq omwe anali akuluakulu komanso mkulu watsopano, General David Petraeus. Kotero kukula kwake kunali kokwanira, koma nanga bwanji kupambana kwake komweko?

Khoti ndi Pulezidenti, magulu ophunzila ndi mabanki a maganizo onse adayika "zizindikiro" zomwe ziyenera kuyeza kuti zikhale bwino ku Iraq kuyambira 2005. Purezidenti ankayembekezeredwa ndi Congress kuti akwaniritse zizindikiro zake ndi January 2007. Iye sanawakumane nawo nthawi yomweyi, pamapeto a "kuphulika," kapena nthawi yomwe iye anachoka ku ofesi ya January 2009. Panalibe lamulo la mafuta kuti lipindule nawo mabungwe akuluakulu a mafuta, lamulo lopanda baatification, kusanthanso malamulo, komanso chisankho cha boma. Ndipotu, sipanakhale kusintha kwa magetsi, madzi, kapena njira zina zowonongeka ku Iraq. "Kuwonjezeka" kunali kupititsa patsogolo "zizindikiro" ndikupanga "malo" kuti athetse mgwirizano ndi ndale. Zomwe zili zodziwika ngati malamulo a US kulamulira ulamuliro wa Iraq, ngakhale okondwa kuti adzivomereze sizinapite patsogolo pa ndale.

Muyeso wopambana wa "surge" udatsitsidwa mwachangu kuti ungophatikizira chinthu chimodzi chokha: kuchepetsa chiwawa. Izi zinali zothandiza, choyamba chifukwa zidachotsa m'makumbukiro achimereka china chilichonse chomwe amayenera kuchita, ndipo chachiwiri chifukwa opaleshoniyi adakumana mosangalala ndi chiwawa chanthawi yayitali. Kubwezeretsa kunali kocheperako, ndipo zomwe zimakhudzidwa pomwepo mwina zikuwonjezera chiwawa. A Brian Katulis ndi a Lawrence Korb anena kuti, "Kuwonjezeka" kwa asitikali aku US kupita ku Iraq kudangokhala kuwonjezeka pang'ono pa 15% - ndipo ndizocheperako ngati munthu angaganizire kuchuluka kwa asitikali akunja ena, omwe adatsika kuchokera pa 15,000 mu 2006 mpaka 5,000 pofika chaka cha 2008. ” Chifukwa chake, tidawonjezera phindu la asitikali 20,000, osati 30,000.

Msilikali wowonjezereka anali ku Iraq ndi May 2007, ndipo June ndi July anali miyezi yoopsa kwambiri m'chilimwe pa nkhondo yonse mpaka pomwepo. Pamene chiwawacho chinatsika, panali zifukwa zochepetsera zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi "kuwonjezeka." Kuchepa kwache kunapitirira pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zokhudzana ndi ziwawa zoopsa kumayambiriro kwa 2007. Chifukwa cha kugwa kwa 2007 ku Baghdad kunali kuzunzidwa kwa 20 tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo anthu a 600 anaphedwa mwamantha mwezi uliwonse, osawerengera asilikali kapena apolisi. Iraqi adakayikira kuti mikanganoyi idayambitsidwa ndi US, ndipo adapitirizabe kufuna kuti ithetse mwamsanga.

Kuukira kwa ankhondo a ku Britain ku Basra kunagwa kwakukulu pamene a British adasiya kufufuza malo omwe analipo ndikupita ku bwalo la ndege. Panalibe anthu ambiri omwe ankachita nawo chidwi. M'malo mwake, chifukwa chiwawa chochuluka chidayendetsedwa ndi ntchitoyi, kubwezeretsa ntchitoyi kunabweretsa chiwawa.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa zigawenga m'dera la al-Anbar kunachokera ku 400 pa sabata mwezi wa July 2006 ku 100 pa sabata mu July 2007, koma "kudumpha" ku al-Anbar kunali asilikali atsopano a 2,000. Ndipotu, chinthu chinanso chikufotokozera kuleka kwa chiwawa ku al-Anbar. Mu Januwale 2008, Michael Schwartz adadzifunsa yekha kuti "kudumpha kwachititsa kuti zigawo zazikulu za chigawo cha Anbar ndi Baghdad zitheke." Apa pali zomwe analemba:

“Kukhala chete ndi kukhazikika sichinthu chofanana, ndipo ndichidziwikire kuti izi ndizosachita kufunsa. M'malo mwake, kuchepa kwa ziwawa zomwe tikukumana nazo kwenikweni ndi chifukwa chaku US kusiya kuwukira koopsa kudera lachigawenga, komwe kwakhala - kuyambira koyambirira kwa nkhondo - komwe kumayambitsa ziwawa komanso kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba ku Iraq. Zowukira izi, zomwe zimakhala ndi kuwukira kunyumba pofunafuna anthu omwe akuwakayikira kuti ndi zigawenga, zimayambitsa kumangidwa mwankhanza komanso kuzunzidwa ndi asitikali aku America omwe ali ndi nkhawa yokana, mfuti kumenya nkhondo mabanja akamakana kulowerera mnyumba zawo, komanso mabomba ammbali mwa msewu kuti ateteze ndikusokoneza kuwukirako. . Nthawi zonse Iraqis ikamenyana ndi ziwopsezozi, pamakhala chiopsezo chomenyera mfuti zomwe zimapanganso zida zankhondo zaku US komanso kuwombera mlengalenga komwe, komwe kumawononga nyumba komanso mabwalo onse.

"Kugwedeza" kwachepetsa chiwawa ichi, koma osati chifukwa chakuti a Iraqwa adakana kukana kapena kupha anthu. Chiwawa chachepa m'matawuni ambiri a Anbar ndi ku Baghdad chifukwa a US adagwirizana kuti asiye kuzunzidwa kumeneku; ndiko kuti, US sichidzafunanso kugwira kapena kupha opanduka a Sunni omwe akhala akumenyera kwa zaka zinayi. Kuwonjezera apo, apolisiwo amavomereza kuti apolisi m'madera awo (omwe akhala akuchita nthawi zonse, motsutsana ndi US), komanso kupondereza mabomba okwera galimoto.

"Zotsatira zake n'zakuti asilikali a ku United States tsopano akukhala kunja kwa midzi yapachiwawa, kapena akudutsa popanda kuwononga nyumba iliyonse kapena kuyesa nyumba iliyonse.

"Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kupambana kwatsopano kumeneku sikupititsa patsogolo midziyi, koma m'malo mwake adavomereza kuti olamulira a zigawenga akulamulira mderalo, komanso amawapatsa malipiro komanso zipangizo zothandizira kuti azitha kulamulira anthu."

United States potsiriza inali kuchita bwino kwambiri kuposa kungochepetsera kuwonongeka kwake pa nyumba za anthu. Anali kufotokoza cholinga chake kuti, mwamsanga kapena mtsogolo, mutulukemo. Khoti lamtendere ku United States linapereka chithandizo cholimba ku Congress kuti achoke pakati pa 2005 ndi 2008. Chisankho cha 2006 chinatumiza uthenga woonekera kwa Iraq kuti Amitundu akufuna. Iraqi mwina amamvetsera mwatcheru uthenga umenewo kuposa momwe amodzi a US Congress adakhalira. Ngakhalenso gulu lophunzirira nkhondo la Iraq ku 2006 linathandizira kuchotsa pang'onopang'ono. Brian Katulis ndi Lawrence Korb amanena kuti,

". . . uthenga wakuti asilikali a America [ku nkhondo] ku Iraq sanali magulu olimbikitsa monga Sunni Awakenings m'dera la Anbar kuti azigwirizana ndi US kukamenyana ndi Al Qaeda ku 2006, kayendetsedwe komwe kanayambika kanthawi kochepa kuti asilikali a US asamangidwe 2007. Uthenga umene anthu a ku America anali kuchoka nawo unalimbikitsa anthu a ku Iraq kuti alembe zida za chitetezo cha dzikoli. "

Kumayambiriro kwa November 2005, atsogoleri a magulu akuluakulu a Sunni adayesetsa kukambirana mtendere ndi United States, zomwe zinalibe chidwi.

Dontho lalikulu la chiwawa linabwera ndi kudzipereka kwa Bush Bush kochedwa kuchotsa mapeto a 2008, ndipo chiwawa chinawonongeka pambuyo pa kuchoka kwa asilikali a US ku mizinda m'chilimwe cha 2011. Palibe chimene chimayambitsa nkhondo ngati kupitiriza nkhondo. Kuti izi zikhoza kusokonezedwa ngati kuchuluka kwa nkhondo kunena kanthu za kayendedwe ka mauthenga onse a United States, komwe tikutembenuzidwira mutu 10.

Chifukwa china chachikulu cha kuchepetsa chiwawa, chomwe sichinafanane ndi "kuwonjezeka," chinali chisankho cha Moqtada al-Sadr, mtsogoleri wa asilikali akuluakulu otsutsana nawo, kuti awonetsere kusagwirizana komweku. Monga momwe Gareth Porter ananenera,

"Pofika kumapeto kwa 2007, mosiyana ndi nkhani ya boma la Iraq, boma la Mali-Maliki ndi Bush Bush onse adalengeza kuti Iran ndikumenyana ndi Sadr kuti agwirizane ndi kuthawa kwapachilumba kwa Petraeus. . . . Kotero kunali kutetezedwa kwa Iran - osati njira ya Petraeus yothetsera mphamvu - yomwe inathetsa mantha a Shia. "

Mphamvu ina yowononga chiwawa cha Iraqi inali kupereka ndalama ndi zida kwa Sunni "Mabungwe Ogalamuka" - njira yeniyeni yokhala ndi zida za 80,000 Sunnis, ambiri mwa iwo omwe anali atangoyamba kulimbana ndi asilikali a US. Malinga ndi mtolankhani Nir Rosen, mtsogoleri wa gulu lina la milandu omwe anali pa malipiro a United States "amavomereza kuti ena mwa amuna ake anali a Al Qaeda. Iwo adalowa nawo magulu ankhondo omwe amathandizidwa ku America, iye sa [id], kotero kuti akakhale ndi khadi lachinsinsi ngati chitetezo ngati agwidwa. "

Mayiko a United States analipira Sunnis kuti amenyane ndi zigawenga za Shiite polola apolisi a dziko la Shiite kuganizira za madera a Sunni. Njirayi igawanitsa-ndi-kugonjetsa sinali njira yodalirika yokhazikika. Ndipo mu 2010, panthawi yalembayi, kukhazikika kunalibebe, boma silinakhazikitsidwe, zizindikiro zinali zisanakumanepo ndipo zakhala zikuiwalika, chitetezo chinali choopsa, ndipo chiwawa ndi zotsutsana ndi a US zinalipobe. Pakali pano madzi ndi magetsi analibe, ndipo mamiliyoni ambiri othaŵa kwawo sanathe kubwerera kwawo.

Panthawi ya "kuphulika" ku 2007, asilikali a US adagonjetsa ndi kumanga amuna zikwi zikwi za anyamata. Ngati simungathe kugonjetsa 'em, ndipo simungapereke chiphuphu' em, mukhoza kuika 'em kumbuyo kwa mipiringidzo. Izi ndithudi zathandiza kuthetsa chiwawa.

Koma chifukwa chachikulu chochepetsera chiwawa chingakhale choipa kwambiri komanso chosachepera. Pakati pa January 2007 ndi July 2007 mzinda wa Baghdad unasintha kuchokera ku 65 peresenti ya Shiite kupita ku 75 peresenti ya Shiite. Kufufuzidwa kwa UN ku 2007 kwa anthu othawa kwawo ku Iraq ku Syria anapeza kuti 78 peresenti yachokera ku Baghdad, ndipo pafupifupi oposa mamiliyoni ambiri othawa kwawo anasamukira ku Syria ku 2007 okha. Monga Juan Cole analemba mu December 2007,

". . . Deta iyi ikusonyeza kuti anthu oposa 700,000 a ku Baghdad athaŵa mumzinda uno wa 6 miliyoni panthawi ya ku United States, 'kapena kuposa oposa 10 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha likulu. Zina mwa zotsatira zake za 'kugwedeza' ndizopangitsa Baghdad kukhala mumzinda wambiri wa Shiite ndi kuthamangitsa anthu ambirimbiri ku Iraq. "

Mapeto a Cole amathandizidwa ndi kafukufuku wampweya wochokera ku Baghdad. Madera a Sunni adachita mdima pomwe nzika zawo zidaphedwa kapena kutulutsidwa, zomwe zidachitika "chisanachitike" (Disembala 2006 - Januware 2007). Pofika Marichi 2007,

". . . Anthu ambiri a Sunni athawira ku Antibar, Syria, ndi Jordan, ndipo otsalawo anadutsa m'dera la Sunni kumadzulo kwa Baghdad ndi madera ena a Adhamiyya kum'mawa kwa Baghdad. A Shia adapambana, akutsitsa pansi, ndipo nkhondoyo idatha. "

Kumayambiriro kwa 2008, Nir Rosen analemba za zikhalidwe ku Iraq pamapeto a 2007:

"Ndikumanazizira, tsiku lakuda mu December, ndipo ndikuyenda pansi ku Sixtieth Street ku dora m'chigawo cha Baghdad, chimodzi mwa ziwawa kwambiri ndi zoopsya za madera omwe alibe malo. Chifukwa chotsutsana ndi zaka zisanu pakati pa magulu a asilikali a ku America, magulu a asilikali achi Shiite, magulu otsutsana ndi Sunni ndi Al Qaeda, dora lalikulu tsopano ndilo mzinda wamoyo. Izi ndi zomwe 'kupambana' zikuwoneka ngati ku Iraq komweko kamodzi kokha: Mafunde ndi mafunde amatsinje amadzaza misewu. Mapiri a zinyalala amapezeka m'madzi ozizira. Mawindo ambiri mumnyumba ya mchenga amasweka, ndipo mphepo ikuwomba kupyolera mwa iwo, akuimba mluzu mokondwera.

"Nyumba ndi nyumba ndi malo osungidwa, mabowo omwe amamanga makoma awo, zitseko zawo zotseguka komanso zosatsekedwa, mipando yambiri. Kodi ndi zinthu zing'onozing'ono zotani zimene zimapezeka ndi dothi lokongola lomwe limadutsa malo onse ku Iraq? Kufika pamwamba pa nyumbayi ndi makoma a chitetezo khumi ndi awiri-apamwamba omwe omangidwa ndi Achimereka akulekanitsa magulu omenyana ndikuwapititsa anthu kumadera awo. Atawomboledwa ndi kuwonongedwa ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, yokonzedwa ndi Purezidenti Bush yemwe "akugwedezeka" kwambiri, Dora amamva bwino ngati njira yopanda phokoso, yomwe imakhala yopanda phokoso ya miyala ya konkire kusiyana ndi malo okhalamo, okhalamo. Kuwonjezera pa mapazi athu, pamakhala chete. "

Izi sizikutanthauza malo omwe anthu anali kukhala mwamtendere. Kumalo ano anthu anali atafa kapena kuthawa kwawo. Asilikali a US "akugwedeza" amatsekedwa m'madera atsopano. Asilikali a Sunni "adadzutsa" ndipo adagwirizana ndi anthu okhalamo, chifukwa a Chi Shiite anali atatsala pang'ono kuwawononga.

Pofika pa March 2009 ankhondo omenyana anali atabwerera kumenyana ndi Amwenye, koma panthawiyo chiphunzitsochi chinakhazikitsidwa. Panthawiyo, pulezidenti wa Barack Obama, adanena kuti ndiwotsimikiziranso kuti chiwerengerocho "chinapambana kuposa malingaliro athu onse." Nthano ya chiwongoleroyi inagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo yomwe idakonzedwa - yotsimikizira kuwonjezeka kwa ena nkhondo. Atapanga kugonjetsedwa ku Iraq monga chigonjetso, inali nthaŵi yosamutsira zipolowezo ku Nkhondo ku Afghanistan. Obama adagonjetsa msilikali, Petraeus, wogwira ntchito ku Afghanistan ndipo adamupatsa asilikali ambiri.

Koma palibe chomwe chinachititsa kuti chiwawa chichepetse ku Iraq chikhalire ku Afghanistan, ndipo kuwonjezereka kokha kungangowonjezera zinthu. Ndithudi izi zinali zochitika pambuyo pa kuwonjezeka kwa 2009 ku Afghanistan ndipo mwina kukhala mu 2010. Ndibwino kuganiza mosiyana. Ndizosangalatsa kuganiza kuti kudzipatulira ndi chipiriro zidzapangitsa kuti chilungamo chikhale chopambana. Koma nkhondo sichifukwa chokha, kupambana sikuyenera kuthamangitsidwa ngakhale kuti zikhoza kupezeka, ndipo mwa mtundu wa nkhondo zomwe tsopano tikugwiritsira ntchito lingaliro loti "kupambana" silingamvetsetse nkomwe.