NKHONDO SIPHALELE

Ndi mfundo yosavuta, koma yofunika, ndi imodzi yomwe imasiyidwa. Kaya mukuganiza kuti nkhondo yeniyeni ndi yabwino komanso yabwino (ndipo ndikuyembekeza kuti simungaganize kuti mutatha kuwerenga mitu yapitayi ya 11) zoona zenizeni kuti nkhondo ilibe malamulo. Zoona zowonongeka ndi dziko pamene ziwonetsedwa ndizovomerezeka, koma izo zimangochitika kamodzi dziko lina litagonjetsedwa, ndipo siliyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati lokhalitsa kuti liwonetsere nkhondo yowonjezereka yomwe siigwiritsidwe ntchito poteteza kwenikweni.

Mosakayikira, kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe kungapangidwe posankha ulamuliro wa lamulo kwa olamulira. Ngati iwo ali ndi mphamvu akhoza kuchita chirichonse chimene iwo amachikonda, ambiri a ife sitingakonde zomwe iwo amachita. Malamulo ena ndi osalungama kuti pamene aperekedwa kwa anthu wamba, ayenera kuphwanya. Koma kulola omwe akuyang'anira boma kuti achite nkhanza zazikulu ndi kupha popanda kutsutsana ndi lamulo ndikuletsa ziwawa zazing'ono, komanso chifukwa chakuti palibe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu. Zomveka kuti ochirikiza nkhondo amatha kunyalanyaza kapena "kutanthauzira" lamulo kusiyana ndi kusintha malamulo mwalamulo, koma sizitetezedwa.

Kwa mbiri yambiri ya US, zinali zomveka kuti nzika zikhulupirire, ndipo kawirikawiri amakhulupirira, kuti malamulo a US aletsa nkhondo yamphamvu. Monga taonera mu chaputala chachiwiri, Congress inalengeza nkhondo ya 1846-1848 ku Mexico kukhala "yopanda malamulo komanso yotsatiridwa ndi purezidenti wa United States." Congress inalengeza za nkhondo, koma kenako idakhulupirira kuti pulezidenti adawanama . (Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson adzatumiza asilikali kumenyana ndi Mexico popanda chidziwitso.) Zikuwoneka kuti sikunama kunene Congress inkaona ngati yosagwirizana ndi malamulo m'mizinda ya 1840s, koma makamaka kuyambitsa nkhondo yosafunikira kapena yowopsa.

Monga Attorney General Ambuye Peter Goldsmith anachenjeza Pulezidenti wa ku Britain Tony Blair mu March 2003, "Chigwirizano ndi chigawenga pansi pa lamulo lachikhalidwe cha mayiko omwe amadziwika kuti ndi malamulo apanyumba," choncho, "chiwawa ndi dziko lonse lapansi kuimbidwa mlandu ku UK khoti. "Lamulo la US linasinthika kuchokera ku malamulo a Common English, ndipo Khoti Lalikulu la United States likuzindikira zoyambirira ndi miyambo yochokera pa izo. Lamulo la US ku 1840s linali pafupi kwambiri ndi miyambo yake ya malamulo a Chichewa kusiyana ndi malamulo a US lero, ndipo lamulo lalamulo silinakhazikitsidwe ponseponse, choncho zinali zachilendo kuti Congress ikwaniritse nkhondo yosafunikira yomwe inali yosagwirizana ndi malamulo popanda kufunikira kukhala zowonjezereka.

Ndipotu, asanatipatse Congress mphamvu yowonjezera nkhondo, Malamulo apatsa Congress mphamvu kuti "afotokoze ndi kulanga Chilango ndi Mafilimu opangidwa pa Nyanja Yaikulu, ndi Malamulo Otsutsana ndi Malamulo a Maiko." zikuwoneka kuti zikusonyeza kuti United States idali yokha kuti ikutsatiridwa ndi "Law of Nations." Mu 1840s, palibe membala wa Congress akanayesera kunena kuti United States siyo yokha yomangidwa ndi "Law of Nations." Panthaŵi imeneyo m'mbiri, izi zikutanthauza lamulo la chikhalidwe cha mayiko, kumene kuyambika kwa nkhondo yowonongeka kwakhala kwa nthawi yaitali kukhala tchimo lalikulu.

Mwamwayi, tsopano popeza tili ndi mgwirizano wadziko lonse womwe umaletsa nkhondo yowononga, sitiyeneranso kulingalira zomwe malamulo a US amanena zokhudza nkhondo. Ndime yachisanu ndi chimodzi ya malamulo oyambirira imanena izi:

"Malamulo awa, ndi Malamulo a United States omwe adzapangidwe mu Kutsata kwake; ndipo Makhalidwe onse opangidwa, kapena omwe adzapangidwe, pansi pa ulamuliro wa United States, adzakhala lamulo lalikulu la Land; ndipo Oweruza m'boma lirilonse adzamangidwa, motero mbali iliyonse mulamulo kapena malamulo a boma lirilonse potsutsana. "[zilembo zowonjezera]

Kotero, ngati United States ikanati ichite mgwirizano umene unaletsa nkhondo, nkhondo idzakhala yosaloledwa pansi pa lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo. Dziko la United States lachita izi, mobwerezabwereza, m'zigwirizano zomwe zatsala lero ndi mbali ya malamulo athu apamwamba: Pangano la Kellogg-Briand ndi Charter la United Nations.

Gawo: TINASINTHA NTCHITO YONSE MU 1928

Mu 1928, Senate ya ku United States, bungwe lomwelo lomwe liri patsiku labwino likhoza kupeza atatu peresenti ya mamembala awo kuti azisankha kutsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa nkhondo kapena kupitiriza, avotere 85 ku 1 kuti amange United States ku mgwirizano umene ulipobe kumangidwa ndi momwe ife "timatsutsira nkhondo pofuna kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse, ndikuyikana, ngati chida cha malamulo a dziko mu ubale wathu ndi" mayiko ena. Ichi ndicho Chigwirizano cha Kellogg-Briand. Zimatsutsa ndikusiya nkhondo zonse. Mlembi wa boma wa ku United States, Frank Kellogg, anakana pempho lina la ku France loletsa kuletsa nkhondo zankhanza. Iye adalembera kalata wa ku France kuti ngati panganoli,

". . . anali limodzi ndi matanthawuzo a mawu akuti 'aggressor' ndi mawu ndi ziyeneretso zomwe zimapereka pamene mayiko angakhale okonzeka kupita ku nkhondo, zotsatira zake zikanakhala zofooketseka kwambiri ndi kufunika kwake ngati chitetezo cha mtendere chomwe chinawonongedwa. "

Panganoli linasaina ndiletsedwa pa nkhondo zonse, kuphatikizapo maiko ambiri. Kellogg anapatsidwa Nobel Peace Prize ku 1929, mphoto yomwe kale idakayikiridwa ndi zomwe kale zidapatsa Theodore Roosevelt ndi Woodrow Wilson.

Komabe, pamene Senate ya ku United States inavomereza panganoli inaphatikizapo zigawo ziwiri. Choyamba, United States sichidzakakamizidwa kuti ikhazikitse mgwirizanowu pochitapo kanthu pa iwo omwe anaphwanya icho. Ndibwino. Pakadali pano, zili bwino. Ngati nkhondo yaletsedwa, sizikuwoneka kuti ndi fuko lomwe lingayesedwe kupita kunkhondo kukakamiza kuletsa. Koma njira zakale za kuganiza zimafa molimba, ndipo redundancy ndi yopweteka kwambiri kusiyana ndi kukhetsa mwazi.

Kuwombola kwachiwiri, komabe, chinali kuti mgwirizanowu sayenera kuphwanya ufulu wa America wa chitetezo. Kotero, apo, nkhondo inasunga phazi pakhomo. Ufulu wodzitetezera pamene unayesedwa unasungidwa, ndipo pangakhale chilengedwe chomwe chingakhalepo ndipo chikanakonzedwe mopanda nzeru.

Mtundu uliwonse ukamenyedwa, udzitetezera wokha, mwachiwawa kapena mwinamwake. Kuvulaza poika lamulo limeneli m'lamulo ndilo, monga Kellogg anawoneratu, kufooka kwa lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ndiletsedwa. Tingathe kukangana kuti US atenge nawo nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse pansi pano, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito ku Japan ku Pearl Harbor, ziribe kanthu momwe anakhudzidwira ndi kulakalaka kuti chiwonongekocho chinali. Nkhondo ndi Germany zikanakhala zovomerezeka ndi ku Japan kuzunzidwa, kupyolera mu kutambasula kosadalirika kwa chingwechi. Ngakhale zili choncho, nkhondo zaukali - ndi zomwe tawona m'mitu yapitayi yambiri nkhondo za ku America kuti zikhale - zakhala zoletsedwa ku United States kuyambira 1928.

Kuonjezerapo, mu 1945, United States inakhala phwando ku Msonkhano wa Mayiko, womwe ukugwiranso ntchito lerolino ngati gawo la "lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo." United States inali yomwe inachititsa kuti chigwirizano cha UN Charter chikhazikitsidwe. Zikuphatikizapo mizere iyi:

"Mamembala onse adzathetsa mikangano yawo yapadziko lonse ndi njira zamtendere mwakuti mtendere wamtendere ndi chitetezo, ndi chilungamo, sizikuika pangozi.

"Mamembala onse adzalandira mgwirizano wawo padziko lonse kuopseza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zotsutsa ufulu wa ndale kapena ufulu wa ndale wa dziko lililonse, kapena mwa njira ina iliyonse yotsutsana ndi Zolinga za Mgwirizano wa Mayiko."

Izi zingawoneke kuti ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact yatsopano yokhala ndi zoyesayesa zoyamba pokhazikitsa bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo. Ndipo kotero izo ziri. Koma Charter ya UN imakhala ndi zosiyana ziwiri kuti ziletsedwe pa nkhondo. Yoyamba ndi kudziletsa. Pano pali gawo la Article 51:

"Palibe chomwe chili m'Chatchichi chomwe chidzawononge ufulu wa munthu aliyense kapena chitetezo chokha ngati chitagonjetsedwa ndi membala wa bungwe la United Nations, mpaka bungwe la Security Council litatenga njira zofunikira kuti mtendere ndi chitetezo padziko lonse zikhalepo."

Choncho, Charter ya UN imakhala ndi chikhalidwe chofanana ndi chaching'ono chomwe Seneti ya ku United States inkagwirizana ndi Kellogg-Briand Pact. Ikuwonjezeranso china. Khadilo likuwonekeratu kuti bungwe la UN Security Council lingasankhe kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu. Izi zimachepetsanso kumvetsetsa kuti nkhondo ndiloletsedwa, pakupanga nkhondo zina. Nkhondo zina ndizo, motero, zowonongeka ndi zifukwa zomveka. Akatswiri a zomangamanga a 2003 ku Iraq adavomereza kuti bungwe la United Nations linaloledwa, ngakhale kuti bungwe la United Nations linatsutsa.

Bungwe la UN Security Council linaloleza Nkhondo ku Korea, koma chifukwa chakuti USSR inali ikuphwanya bungwe la Security Council panthawiyo ndipo China inali ikuyimiridwa ndi boma la Kuomintang ku Taiwan. Ulamuliro wa Kumadzulo ukulepheretsa ambassador wa boma latsopano la China kuti ayambe kutengera mpando wa China kukhala membala wa Security Council. Ngati nthumwi za Soviet ndi Chitchaina zikanakhalapo, palibe njira imene bungwe la United Nations likanathandizira nkhondoyo yomwe inawonongera ambiri a ku Korea.

Zikuwoneka kuti ndi zomveka, kupatulapo nkhondo zodziletsa. Simungathe kuuza anthu omwe ali oletsedwa kuti abwererenso akamenyedwa. Nanga bwanji ngati ataponyedwa zaka zambiri kapena zaka makumi angapo m'mbuyomo ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mphamvu yachilendo kapena yachikunja motsutsana ndi chifuniro chawo, ngakhale kuti alibe chiwawa? Ambiri amaganiza kuti nkhondo ya ufulu wa dziko lonse ndiyokulitsa ufulu wa chitetezo. Anthu a ku Iraq kapena Afghanistan samataya ufulu wawo kumenyana pakapita zaka zokwanira, amatero? Koma fuko lamtendere silingalepheretse mwalamulo zaka mazana ambiri kapena zikwi zakale monga mafuko. Mitundu yambiri imene asilikali a US tsopano akuyikira sangathe kuphulika mwalamulo ku Washington. Kusiyana kwa Amayi ndi Jim Crow sizinali zogonjetsa nkhondo. Kusakhala ndi chizolowezi sikungowonongeka kwambiri pakuthandiza kusalungama kochuluka; Ndichonso chokha chokha chovomerezeka mwalamulo. Anthu sangathe kudziteteza okha ndi nkhondo nthawi iliyonse yomwe akufuna.

Chimene anthu angakhoze kuchita ndi kumenyana mmbuyo pamene akugwidwa kapena atakhalapo. Popeza kuti mungathe, bwanji simungathe kuchita chimodzimodzi - monga mwa Charter ya UN - poteteza ena, mayiko ang'onoang'ono omwe sangathe kudziteteza okha? Ndipotu, United States inadzimasula yokha ku England nthawi yayitali kale, ndipo njira yokha yomwe ingagwiritsire ntchito mfundo imeneyi ngati chifukwa cholimbana ndi nkhondo ndiyo ngati "imasula" mayiko ena mwa kuwagonjetsa olamulira awo ndi kuwagonjetsa. Lingaliro loti limateteze ena limawoneka luntha kwambiri, koma - monga momwe Kellogg analosera - zosokoneza zimapangitsa chisokonezo ndi chisokonezo zimalola zowonjezera zazikulu ndi zazikulu ku ulamuliro kufikira pamene palifikira pamene lingaliro lomwe lingakhalepo kuti ulamuliro ulipo nthawi zonse likuwoneka kuti ndi lovuta.

Ndipo komabe izo zilipo. Lamulo ndiloti nkhondo ndi umbanda. Pali mbali ziwiri zochepa zomwe zili mu UN Charter, ndipo n'zosavuta kusonyeza kuti nkhondo iliyonse sichikutsutsana ndi izi.

Pa August 31, 2010, Purezidenti Barack Obama atakonzedwa kuti apereke yankho lokhudza nkhondo ku Iraq, blogger Juan Cole anapanga mawu omwe ankaganiza kuti pulezidenti angafune, koma ndithudi sanapereke:

"Amwenye Achimerika, ndi Iraqi omwe akuyang'ana mawu awa, ndabwera kuno madzulo ano kuti ndisanenere kupambana kapena kulira kugonjetsedwa pa nkhondo, koma kupepesa kuchokera pansi pamtima chifukwa cha zinthu zoletsedwa ndi zopanda pake ndondomeko zotsatiridwa ndi boma la United States of America, motsutsana ndi malamulo apanyumba a US, mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, ndi maganizo onse a American ndi Iraq.

"Mgwirizano wa United Nations unakhazikitsidwa ku 1945 pamapeto pa nkhondo zoopsa za kugonjetsa ndi kuyankha kwa iwo, momwe anthu oposa 60 adafa. Cholinga chake chinali kuletsa kuzunzidwa kosayenera, ndipo lamulo lake linanena kuti m'tsogolo nkhondo zikanangoyambika pazifukwa ziwiri. Chimodzi chidziwikiratu chitetezo, pamene dziko lakhala likuvutitsidwa. Lina liri ndi chilolezo cha bungwe la United Nations Security Council.

"Chifukwa chakuti kuukira ku France, Britain, ndi Israeli ku Egypt ku 1956 kunaphwanya malamulo awa a bungwe la United Nations kuti Purezidenti Dwight D. Eisenhower adatsutsa nkhondoyo ndi kuwakakamiza kuti abwerere. Pamene Israeli ankawoneka ngati kuti angayesere kupachika ku zofunkha zomwe anazipeza molakwika, Peninsula ya Sinai, Purezidenti Eisenhower anapita pa televizioni pa February 21, 1957, ndipo adalankhula ndi mtunduwo. Mau awa akhala akulepheretsedwa ndipo akuiwalika ku United States lero, koma ayenera kudutsa zaka mazana ambiri:

"'Ngati bungwe la United Nations lingavomereze kuti mikangano yapadziko lonse ikhoza kuthetsedwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndiye kuti tidzasakaza maziko enieni a bungwe, ndi chiyembekezo chathu chabwino chokhazikitsa dongosolo lenileni la dziko lapansi. Izi zikanakhala tsoka kwa ife tonse. . . . [Ponena za malamulo a Israeli kuti zinthu zina zidzakwaniritsidwe asanatuluke Sinai, pulezidenti adanena kuti] "zikanakhala zabodza ku miyezo ya ofesi yapamwamba yomwe mwandisankha ine ngati ndingakopatse mphamvu ya United States ku lingaliro lakuti mtundu umene umalowetsa wina uyenera kuvomerezedwa kuti uwonetsere momwe mungathere. . . . '

"'Ngati [bungwe la United Nations Security Council] silichita kalikonse, ngati ilo likuvomereza kusagwirizana ndi zifukwa zake mobwerezabwereza zomwe zikuyitanitsa kuchoka kwa mphamvu zowonongeka, ndiye kuti idzalephera kulephera. Kulephereka kumeneku kungakhale kovuta kwa ulamuliro ndi mphamvu za United Nations padziko lapansi ndi ziyembekezo zomwe anthu adayika mu United Nations monga njira zopezera mtendere ndi chilungamo. "

Eisenhower anali kunena za zomwe zidayamba pomwe Egypt idasanja Suez Canal; Aisrayeli analowa mu Aigupto. Britain ndi France adanamizira kuti alowererapo ngati zipani zakunja zomwe zikukhudzidwa kuti mkangano wa Aigupto ndi Israeli utha kusokoneza njira yaulere kudzera mumtsinjewu. Zowonadi zake, Israeli, France, ndi Britain adakonzekera kuukirako Aigupto limodzi, onse akuvomereza kuti Israeli adzaukira koyamba, mayiko awiriwa atagwirizana pambuyo pake kumanamizira kuti akufuna kuyimitsa nkhondoyi. Izi zikuwonetsa kufunikira kwa bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi lopanda tsankho (zomwe bungwe la United Nations silinakhalepo koma tsiku lina lingakhale) komanso kufunika koletseratu nkhondo. Pazovuta za Suez, malamulo adakakamizidwa chifukwa mwana wamkulu kwambiri pamalopo anali wokonda kuyikakamiza. Ponena za kugwetsa maboma ku Iran ndi Guatemala, kusiya nkhondo zazikulu ndikuchita zinsinsi monga momwe Obama angachitire, Purezidenti Eisenhower anali ndi malingaliro osiyana pakufunika kwamalamulo. Zikafika ku Iraq ku 2003, a Obama sankafuna kuvomereza kuti mlandu wankhanza uyenera kulangidwa.

Bungwe la National Security Strategy lomwe linafalitsidwa ndi White House mu May 2010 linati:

"Nthawi zina, zida zankhondo zingakhale zofunikira kuteteza dziko lathu ndi ogwirizana kapena kusunga mtendere wochuluka ndi chitetezo, kuphatikizapo kuteteza anthu wamba omwe akukumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu aumphawi. . . . United States iyenera kukhala ndi ufulu wochita unilaterally ngati kuli kotheka kuti chiteteze dziko lathu ndi zofuna zathu, komabe tidzakhalanso tikufuna kutsatira ndondomeko zomwe zimayendera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. "

Yesetsani kuuza apolisi anu apamtunda kuti mwamsanga mungapite chiwawa chowawa, koma kuti mupitirize kufuna kutsatira malamulo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu.

Gawo: TIMASINTHA NKHONDO ZINTHU M'1945

Zolemba zina ziwiri zofunika, zochokera ku 1945 ndi zina kuchokera ku 1946, zimagonjetsedwa ndi nkhondo zaukali ngati zolakwa. Choyamba chinali Charter ya International Military Tribunal ku Nuremberg, malo omwe anayesa atsogoleri a nkhondo ya Nazi chifukwa cha zolakwa zawo. Zina mwa zochitika zomwe zalembedwa m'ndandandazo zinali "milandu yokhudzana ndi mtendere," "milandu ya nkhondo," ndi "milandu yotsutsana ndi umunthu." Milandu yotsutsana ndi "mtendere" imatanthauzidwa kuti "kukonzekera, kukonzekera, kuyambitsa kapena kumenya nkhondo yaukali, kapena nkhondo yotsutsana ndi mgwirizano wa mayiko, mgwirizano kapena chitsimikizo, kapena kutenga nawo mbali pa ndondomeko yodziwika kapena kukonzekera kukwaniritsa zomwe zilipozi. "Chaka chotsatira, Chigamulo cha International Military Tribunal ku Far East (kuyesa nkhondo ya ku Japan olakwa) amagwiritsa ntchito tanthawuzo lomwelo. Maselo awiriwa akuyenera kutsutsidwa kwakukulu, koma kutamandidwa kwakukulu.

Komanso, iwo analimbikitsa chilungamo cha ogonjetsa. Iwo adachoka pamndandanda wa milandu ya milandu yoweruza milandu, monga kuphulika kwa mabomba a anthu, omwe ogwirizana nawo adagwira nawo ntchito. Ndipo adalephera kutsutsa ophatikizana ndi milandu ina imene Ajeremani ndi Japan anaimbidwa mlandu ndikupachikidwa. Mkulu wa US wa US Curtis LeMay, yemwe adalamula kupha moto kwa Tokyo, anati "Ndikuganiza ngati ndataya nkhondo, ndikadakhala ngati chigawenga cha nkhondo. Mwamwayi, tinali kumbali yopambana. "

A khothi akuti adayamba kuzenga milandu pamwambapa, koma adapatsa chitetezo cha Emperor of Japan. United States idapereka chitetezo kwa asayansi opitilira 1,000 a Nazi, kuphatikiza ena omwe anali ndi milandu yoopsa kwambiri, ndipo adawabweretsa ku United States kuti akapitilize kafukufuku wawo. General Douglas MacArthur adapatsa akatswiri achifikiliya achi Japan komanso a lieutenant General Shiro Ishii ndi onse omwe ali mgulu lofufuza za bacteriological chitetezo chazosinthana ndi chidziwitso cha nkhondo ya majeremusi yochokera koyeserera kwa anthu. A Britain adaphunzira pamilandu yaku Germany yomwe adatsutsa momwe angadzakhalire misasa yozunzirako anthu ku Kenya. A French adatenga masauzande a SS ndi asitikali ena aku Germany kulowa nawo Gulu Lankhondo Lachilendo, kotero kuti pafupifupi theka la asitikali ankhondo akumenya nkhondo yankhanza yaku France ku Indochina sanali ena onse koma zotsalira zolimba kwambiri za Gulu Lankhondo la Germany kuchokera pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, ndi njira zozunza a Gestapo aku Germany ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kwa akaidi aku France munkhondo yodziyimira payokha ku Algeria. United States, yomwe imagwiranso ntchito ndi omwe kale anali a Nazi, inafalitsa njira zomwezo ku Latin America. Atapha a Nazi kuti atsegule madamu osefukira m'minda ya Dutch, United States idaphulitsanso mabomba ku Korea ndi Vietnam ndi cholinga chomwecho.

Wolemba nkhondo wankhondo ndi mlembi wina wa Atlantic Monthly Edgar L. Jones anabwerera kuchokera ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, ndipo anadabwa kwambiri atazindikira kuti anthu akubwerera kwawo ankaganiza kuti nkhondoyo ndi yamtengo wapatali. Jones analemba, "Ndikukayika ngati ambiri a ife tinkaganiza kuti anthu apanyumba angayambe kukonzekera nkhondo yotsatira tisanafike kunyumba ndi kukambirana mosaganizira za izi." Jones anakana mtundu wachinyengo umene unayambitsa mayesero a milandu:

"Si msilikali aliyense wa ku America, kapena ngakhale mmodzi mwa magulu athu a nkhondo, mwadala mwadala anachita zoopsa zosavomerezeka, ndipo zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa kwa a German ndi Japan. Zolinga za nkhondo zimayenera kuti ambiri azizitcha kuti ndi milandu, ndipo zambiri za ena zikhoza kutchedwa kusokonezeka maganizo komwe nkhondo inabweretsa. Koma ife tinalengeza zochita zonse zankhanza za otsutsa athu ndipo tinaganiziranso kuvomereza kulikonse komwe kuli ndi zofooka zathu pa nthawi ya kusimidwa.

"Ndapempha amuna akumenyana, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa chake ... kapena kwenikweni, chifukwa chiyani ife - timayambitsa moto otentha ngati asilikali omwe adani awo amawotcha moto, kufa pang'onopang'ono komanso mopweteka, m'malo momwalira ndi moto wonse mafuta. Kodi ndi chifukwa chakuti amadana ndi mdani kwambiri? Yankho lake linali nthawi zonse, 'Ayi, sitidana nawo aumphawi osauka makamaka; Timadana ndi chisokonezo chonse cha Mulungu ndipo timayenera kuchitapo kanthu pa wina. ' Mwina chifukwa chomwecho, tinapangitsa matupi a adani kuti afe, kudula makutu awo ndi kuvula mano awo a golide kuti awakumbukire, ndi kuwaika m'matumbo awo ndi makoswe awo, koma kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa makhalidwe onse kumalo osadziwika madera a nkhondo psychology. "

Komabe, pali zambiri zoyamika mu mayesero a zigawenga za nkhondo za Nazi ndi ku Japan. Zonyenga sizinagwirizanitse, ndithudi ndi bwino kuti milandu ina yapachilango ikhale yolangidwa kuposa iliyonse. Anthu ambiri anaganiza kuti mayeserowa akhale ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chidzakwaniritsidwe mofanana ndi milandu yonse yotsutsana ndi mtendere ndi ziwawa za nkhondo. Pulezidenti wamkulu ku Nuremberg, Khoti Lalikulu Kwambiri ku United States, Justice Robert H. Jackson, ananena kuti:

"Kuzindikira kwa anthu kumafuna kuti lamuloli lisathetse ndi kulangidwa kwa milandu yaying'ono yochitidwa ndi anthu aang'ono. Iyeneranso kufikira amuna omwe ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu ndikuigwiritsa ntchito mwadala ndikuchita zoyipa kuti ayambitse zoyipa zomwe sizikusowa nyumba padziko lapansi osafikiridwa. Chikhazikitso cha Khothi ili chikuwonetsa chikhulupiriro kuti lamuloli silongolamulira machitidwe a anyamata, koma kuti ngakhale olamulira ali, monga Lord Chief Justice Coke ananenera kwa King James, 'pansi pa lamulo.' Ndipo ndiloleni ndifotokozere momveka bwino kuti ngakhale lamuloli ligwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba motsutsana ndi achiwawa aku Germany, lamuloli limaphatikizaponso, ngati lingagwire ntchito yofunikira liyenera kutsutsa kuponderezedwa ndi mayiko ena, kuphatikiza omwe akukhala pano kuti aweruze. ”

Khotiloli linagamula kuti nkhondo yowononga "sinali mlandu wadziko lonse; ndi mlandu wapadziko lonse, wosiyana ndi zigawenga zina zomwe zimakhalapo mwazimenezo. "Khotilo linapereka chigamulo chachikulu cha nkhanza komanso zoipa zambiri zomwe zinatsatirapo.

Cholinga cha chilungamo cha mdziko lonse chifukwa cha milandu ya nkhondo sichinafikepo, ndithudi. Komiti Yachilungamo ya Nyumba ya ku United States inali ndi mlandu wotsutsana ndi Pulezidenti Richard Nixon polamula kuti mabomba a mabomba a ku Cambodia ndi mabomba akugwedezeka. Komatu m'malo momangotengera zomwe zalembedwa pamapeto pake, komitiyi inaganiza zoganizira kwambiri za Watergate, kugwiritsira ntchito waya, ndi kunyansidwa kwa Congress.

Mu 1980s Nicaragua anapempha Khoti Lachilungamo la International (ICJ). Khothiloli linagamula kuti United States inakhazikitsa gulu la asilikali opanduka, Contras, ndipo linasambira maiko a Nicaragua. Icho chinapeza kuti zochitikazo zikupanga zachiwawa padziko lonse. United States inaletsa kuti chigamulo cha United Nations chikhazikitsidwe ndipo motero sanathe kulipiritsa Nicaragua. Dziko la United States linachoka ku ulamuliro wa ICJ, kuyembekezera kuti ntchito za US sizidzakhalanso pansi pa chigamulo cha thupi lopanda tsankho lomwe lingathe kulamulira moyenera pamtunda wawo kapena chigawenga.

Posachedwapa, United Nations inakhazikitsa makhoti ku Yugoslavia ndi Rwanda, komanso milandu yapadera ku Sierra Leone, Lebanon, Cambodia, ndi East Timor. Kuchokera ku 2002, International Criminal Court (ICC) imatsutsa milandu ya nkhondo ndi atsogoleri a mayiko ang'onoang'ono. Koma chigawenga chaukali chakhala chilango chachikulu kwa zaka zambiri popanda kulangidwa. Pamene Iraq inagonjetsa Kuwait, United States inathamangitsa Iraq ndipo inawalanga kwambiri, koma pamene United States inagonjetsa Iraq, panalibenso mphamvu yothetsera ndi kulanga chilangocho.

Ku 2010, ngakhale kuti dziko la United States likutsutsa, ICC inakhazikitsanso mphamvu zowononga milandu yamtsogolo. Milandu yamtundu wanji yomwe idzachita izi, ndipo makamaka ngati idzatha pambuyo pa mayiko amphamvu omwe sanaphatikize ku ICC, mayiko omwe ali ndi mphamvu zotsutsa boma ku United Nations, adzalowanso. Milandu yambiri ya nkhondo, kuphatikizapo uchigawenga wochuluka, wazaka zaposachedwapa wapangidwa ndi United States ku Iraq, Afghanistan, ndi kwina kulikonse, koma milandu imeneyi siinayambe kuimbidwa mlandu ndi ICC.

Mu 2009, khoti la ku Italy linatsutsa a 23 Achimereka osadziwika, ambiri a iwo ogwira ntchito ku CIA, chifukwa cha ntchito yawo pogwira munthu ku Italy ndi kumutumiza ku Egypt kuti akazunzidwe. Pansi pa mfundo ya chilengedwe chonse cha milandu yoopsya kwambiri, yomwe ikuvomerezedwa m'mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi, khoti la ku Spain linatsutsa wolamulira wotsutsa wa Chile, Augusto Pinochet ndi 9-11 woimba Osama bin Laden. Khoti lomwelo la ku Spain linayesetsa kutsutsa anthu a George W. Bush chifukwa cha ziwawa za nkhondo, koma dziko la Spain linakakamizidwa ndi Obama kuti apereke chigamulochi. Mu 2010, woweruzayo, Baltasar Garzón, adachotsedwa pa udindo wake chifukwa chogwiritsira ntchito molakwa mphamvu zake pofufuza za anthu oposa 100,000 ophedwa kapena osapezeka m'manja mwa omutsatira a Gen. Francisco Franco pa 1936-39 Spanish Civil War zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wa Franco.

Mu 2003, loya wina ku Belgium anadandaula motsutsana ndi Gen. Tommy R. Franks, mkulu wa US Central Command, pofotokoza milandu ya nkhondo ku Iraq. Dziko la United States linaopseza mwamsanga kuti lidzasunthira likulu la NATO kuchokera ku Belgium ngati dziko limenelo silikanaletsa lamulo lake kulola mayesero a milandu yachilendo. Malipiro operekedwa kwa akuluakulu a US ku mayiko ena a ku Ulaya tsopano alephera kuweruzidwa. Zolinga za boma zomwe zinabweretsedwa ku United States chifukwa cha kuzunzidwa ndi milandu ina yandale zatsutsana ndi zonena za a Justice Department (motsogoleredwa ndi a Presidents Bush ndi Obama) kuti mayesero alionse angakhale owopsyeza chitetezo cha dziko. Mu September 2010, Mtsogoleri Wachisanu ndi Chiwiri Woweruza Milandu, akugwirizana ndi zomwe adanenazo, anatulutsa mlandu womwe unagonjetsedwa ndi Yeppesen Dataplan Inc., womwe umathandizidwa ndi Boeing, chifukwa chowamasulira "akaidi ku mayiko kumene anazunzidwa.

Mu 2005 ndi 2006 pamene a Republican ankakhala ambiri mu Congress, Democratic Congress omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi John Conyers (Mich.), Barbara Lee (Calif.), Ndi Dennis Kucinich (Ohio) adakakamiza kufufuza za mabodza omwe adayambitsa chisokonezo motsutsana ndi Iraq. Koma kuyambira nthawi yomwe a Democrats anatenga ambiri mu January 2007 mpaka mphindi yomweyi, sipanatchulidwepo nkhaniyi, kupatulapo komiti ya Senate kumasulidwa kwa lipoti lache lochedwa.

Ku Britain, mosiyana, pakhala pali "mafunso" opanda chiyambi kuyambira pamene "zida zowonongeka kwakukulu" zidapezeke, zikupitirirabe mpaka pano, ndipo zikuoneka kuti zikuchitika m'tsogolomu. Kufufuzira uku kwakhala kochepetsedwa ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatha kukhala zoyera zoyera. Iwo sanachite nawo mlandu woweruza milandu. Koma makamaka iwo achitikadi. Ndipo iwo amene adalankhula pang'ono akhala akutamandidwa ndikulimbikitsidwa kulankhula pang'ono. Chilengedwechi chafalitsa mabuku onse, ndondomeko ya zikalata zosautsika komanso zosavomerezeka, komanso kusokoneza umboni wa pamlomo. Adaonanso Britain ikukoka asilikali ake ku Iraq. Mosiyana ndi 2010 ku Washington, zinali zachilendo kuti akuluakulu a boma azitamanda 2007 "kulumpha" ndipo analumbirira kuti dziko la Iraq lidzakhala "nkhondo yabwino" nthawi zonse. Mofananamo, Britain ndi mayiko ena ambiri akhala akusanthula ntchito zawo ku United States kulandidwa, kuikidwa m'ndende, ndi kuzunzidwa, koma dziko la United States silinakhale ndi Pulezidenti Obama atauza a Attorney General kuti asamatsutse anthu omwe ali ndi udindo waukulu. kutsanzira a possum.

Gawo: CHIYANI NGATI ZIKHUDZIKO ZA DZIKO LAPANSI LIMASULIRA MALAMULO?

Pulofesa wa sayansi ya ndale Michael Haas anasindikiza buku ku 2009 mutu womwe umasonyeza zomwe zili mkati mwake: George W. Bush, Nkhondo Yachiwawa? Ulamuliro wa Bush Bush uli ndi zida za nkhondo za 269. (Buku la 2010 lolembedwa ndi wolemba lomwelo likuphatikizanso Obama pamayesero ake.) Nambala imodzi pa mndandandanda wa Haas wa 2009 ndizophwanya malamulo a Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Haas ikuphatikizaponso milandu ina zisanu zokhudzana ndi malamulo osagwirizana ndi nkhondo:

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #2. Kuthandiza Opanduka Mu Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe. (Kuthandiza Northern Alliance ku Afghanistan).

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #3. Kuwopseza Nkhondo Yachiwawa.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #4. Kukonzekera ndi Kukonzekera Nkhondo Yachiwawa.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #5. Kukonzekera Kuchita Nkhondo.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #6. Zofalitsa za Nkhondo.

Kuyambitsa nkhondo kumatha kuphatikizaponso kuphwanya malamulo apanyumba. Milandu yambiri yotere yokhudza Iraq yafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu The 35 Articles of Impeachment and the Case for Prosecuting George W. Bush, yomwe idasindikizidwa mchaka cha 2008 ndipo ili ndi mawu oyamba omwe ndidalemba komanso nkhani 35 zokomera milandu zomwe a Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D., Ohio ) yoperekedwa ku Congress. Bush ndi Congress sanatsatire lamulo la War Powers Act, lomwe limafunikira chilolezo chakanthawi ndi nkhondo kuchokera ku Congress. Bush sanatsatire ngakhale zovomerezeka zomwe Congress idatulutsa. M'malo mwake adapereka lipoti lodzala ndi mabodza okhudza zida ndi kulumikizana ku 9-11. Bush ndi omwe anali pansi pake adanama mobwerezabwereza ku Congress, zomwe ndizachinyengo pamalamulo awiri osiyana. Chifukwa chake, sikuti nkhondo ndi mlandu wokha, komanso mabodza ankhondo nawonso ndi mlandu.

Ine sindikutanthauza kuti ndizitenge pa Bush. Monga Noam Chomsky ananenapo za 1990, "Ngati malamulo a Nuremberg akugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti pulezidenti aliyense wa ku America pambuyo pa nkhondo akanapachikidwa." Chomsky adanena kuti General Tomoyuki Yamashita adapachikidwa kukhala mkulu wa asilikali a ku Japan omwe anachita ziwawa ku Philippines kumapeto kwa nkhondo pamene sanakumane nawo. Potsatira mfundo imeneyi, Chomsky adati, iwe uyenera kupachika pulezidenti aliyense wa US.

Koma, Chomsky anatsutsa, iwe uyenera kuchita chimodzimodzi ngakhale ngati miyezo inali yochepa. Truman inagwetsa mabomba a atomiki kwa anthu wamba. Truman "adakonza phwando lalikulu lamilandu ku Greece lomwe linapha anthu pafupifupi zikwi zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, othawirapo zikwi makumi asanu ndi limodzi, anthu ena makumi asanu ndi limodzi kapena ochuluka omwe amazunzidwa, ndale zowonongeka, boma labwino. Makampani a ku America anabwera umo ndipo anaulanda. "Eisenhower anagonjetsa maboma a Iran ndi Guatemala ndipo anagonjetsa Lebanon. Kennedy anaukira Cuba ndi Vietnam. Johnson anapha anthu wamba ku Indochina ndipo anagonjetsa Republic of Dominican Republic. Nixon anaukira Cambodia ndi Laos. Ford ndi Carter anathandiza kuti dziko la Indonesia liukire ku East Timor. Ndalama zowonongeka za Reagan ku Central America ndipo zinkathandiza kuti dziko la Israeli liukire Lebanon. Izi zinali zitsanzo za Chomsky zomwe zinapereka pamwamba pa mutu wake. Pali zambiri, zomwe zambiri zatchulidwa m'buku lino.

Gawo: PRESIDENTS SABWANITSITSE NKHONDO

Chomsky amatsutsa atsogoleli a nkhondo za nkhanza chifukwa adayambitsa. Mwalamulo, komabe, kuyambika kwa nkhondo ndi udindo wa Congress. Kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya Nuremberg, kapena ya Kellogg-Briand Pact - yatsimikiziridwa mokwanira ndi Senate - ku Congress yokha idzafuna chingwe chochuluka kapena, ngati tipita ku chilango cha imfa, tchalitchi chachikulu.

Mpaka Purezidenti William McKinley atapanga mlembi woyamba wa pulezidenti ndikuyendetsa nyuzipepala, Congress inkawoneka ngati mphamvu ku Washington. Mu 1900 McKinley anapanga chinthu china: mphamvu ya pulezidenti kutumiza asilikali kumenyana ndi maboma akunja popanda kuvomerezedwa. McKinley anatumiza asilikali a 5,000 ochokera ku Philippines kupita ku China kukamenyana ndi a Boxer Rebellion. Ndipo adachokapo, kutanthauza kuti abwanamkubwa amtsogolo adzatha kuchita chimodzimodzi.

Kuyambira Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, azidindo adapeza mphamvu zazikulu zogwirira ntchito moseri komanso kunja kwa kuyang'anira kwa Congress. Truman anawonjezera ku bokosi la zida za Presidential CIA, National Security Advisor, Strategic Air Command, ndi nyukiliya. Kennedy anagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zatsopano zotchedwa Special Group Counter-Insurgence, Komiti ya 303, ndi Country Team kuti alimbikitse mphamvu ku White House, ndi Green Berets kuti alole perezidenti kuti atsogolere ntchito za usilikali. Pulezidenti adayamba kupempha Congress kuti adzalengeze zadzidzidzi kuti dzikoli lidzidzidzimutse ngati mapeto akuyendetsa zofuna za nkhondo. Purezidenti Clinton, monga tawonera mu chaputala chachiwiri, adagwiritsa ntchito NATO ngati galimoto yopita kunkhondo ngakhale kuti akutsutsana.

Chikhalidwe chomwe chinayambitsa nkhondo kuchokera ku Congress kupita ku White House chinafika pachimake pamene Purezidenti George W. Bush adafunsa azinyalamulo ku Dipatimenti Yake Yachilungamo kuti alembe zolemba zachinsinsi zomwe zingatengedwe monga mphamvu ya lamulo, memos yomwe imasintha malamulo enieni kutanthawuza mosiyana ndi zomwe iwo nthawizonse ankamvetsedwa kunena. Pa October 23, 2002, Wothandizira Wobwalo Wadziko Lonse Jay Bybee adasindikiza mndandanda wa masamba a 48 kwa alangizi a pulezidenti Alberto Gonzales wotchedwa Authority of Presidential Under International and International Law of Use Military Force Against Iraq. Lamulo lachinsinsi (kapena kuliyitanitsa zomwe mukufuna, lamulo lodziwika ngati lamulo) linaloleza pulezidenti aliyense kuti azichita yekha zomwe Nuremberg imatcha "mlandu wapadziko lonse."

Mndandanda wa Bybee umanena kuti purezidenti ali ndi mphamvu zowonetsera nkhondo. Nthawi. "Chilolezo chilichonse chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu" chaperekedwa ndi Congress chikuchitiridwa ngati chokwanira. Malingaliro a Bybee a US Constitution, Congress ikhoza "kupereka maumboni a nkhondo." Malinga ndi langa, Congress ili ndi mphamvu "yolengeza nkhondo," komanso mphamvu zonse zowonjezereka. Ndipotu, palibenso mphamvu zovomerezeka zilizonse mulemba langa.

Bybee akutsutsa Lamulo la Mphamvu za Nkhondo powatchula za veto la Nixon m'malo mwa kukwaniritsa lamulo lokha, lomwe linaperekedwa pa veto la Nixon. Bybee amatchula makalata olembedwa ndi Bush. Iye amatha kunena mawu a signing a Bush, mawu olembedwa kuti asinthe lamulo latsopano. Bybee amadalira pa memos yapitayi yomwe inapangidwa ndi ofesi yake, Office of Legal Counsel mu Dipatimenti Yachilungamo. Ndipo akudalira kwambiri potsutsa kuti Purezidenti Clinton anachita kale zinthu zomwezo. Ndiyeso yabwino, amalankhula Truman, Kennedy, Reagan, ndi Bush Bush, kuphatikizapo kazembe wa Israeli ponena za chilengezo cha UN chotsutsa kuukiridwa kwa Israeli. Zonsezi ndizomwe zimakhala zosangalatsa, koma si malamulo.

Bybee akunena kuti m'zaka za zida za nyukiliya "chidziwitso chodziletsa" chingayesetse kuyambitsa nkhondo kumenyana ndi mtundu uliwonse umene ukhoza kukhala ndi nukes, ngakhale palibe chifukwa choganiza kuti fuko lidzawagwiritsa ntchito kuti liukire lanu:

"Choncho, tikuona kuti ngakhale kuti zikanatheka kuti dziko la Iraq likhazikitse dziko la United States ndi WMD, kapena kuti lidzatengera zida zankhanza kwa magulu chifukwa cha ntchito zawo motsutsa United States, zinali zochepa, Zotsatira zake, kuphatikizapo mwayi wochepa komanso mwayi woti ngati sitigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, pangozi pangozi, pulezidenti adzatsimikiza kuti kuchita nkhondo kumateteza dziko la United States. "

Musaganize kulemera kwakukulu kwa kuvulaza "nkhondo" ikupanga, kapena kuwonetsera kwake kosaloleka. Memoyi yeniyeni imayenera nkhondo yaukali ndi zolakwa zonse ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamayiko akunja komanso kunyumba zomwe zinali zolondola ndi nkhondo.

Pa nthawi yomweyo omwe aphungu akhala akutha mphamvu yakuphwanya malamulo a nkhondo, adanena poyera za kuwathandiza. Harold Lasswell adanena mu 1927 kuti nkhondo iyenera kugulitsidwa kwa "anthu achifundo ndi apakati" ngati atayikidwa ngati chivomerezo cha malamulo apadziko lonse. A British adatsutsana pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi chifukwa cha kudzikonda kwawo pamene adatha kukangana ndi nkhondo ya ku Germany ku Belgium. A French adafulumira kukonza Komiti Yotetezera Mayiko Achilamulo.

"Anthu a ku Germany anadabwa kwambiri ndi kukondana kotereku kwa malamulo a mayiko padziko lonse, koma posakhalitsa anatha kufotokoza mwachidule mdandauliyo. . . . Ajeremani. . . anapeza kuti anali kumenyera ufulu wa nyanja ndi ufulu wa mayiko ang'onoang'ono kuti azigulitsa, monga momwe anawona kuti ndi zoyenerera, osagonjera njira zamwano za mabanki a Britain. "

Ogwirizanawo adanena kuti akulimbana ndi kumasulidwa kwa Belgium, Alsace, ndi Lorraine. Ajeremani adanena kuti akulimbana ndi kumasulidwa kwa Ireland, Egypt, ndi India.

Ngakhale kuti dziko la Iraq lidakalipo chifukwa cha ulamuliro wa UN mu 2003, B Bush adanena kuti akuukira kuti akwaniritse chigamulo cha UN. Ngakhale kuti akumenyana nkhondo kwambiri ndi asilikali a US, Bush anali kusamala kuti azidziyesa kugwira ntchito mkati mwa mgwirizano wapadziko lonse. Olamulirawo ali okonzeka kulimbikitsa lingaliro la malamulo apadziko lonse pamene akuphwanya, motero kuika pangozi pangozi okha, angasonyeze kufunika komwe amapambana pogonjetsa kuvomerezedwa kwadzidzidzi kwa nkhondo yatsopano yatsopano, ndi chidaliro chawo kuti nkhondo itayamba kale palibe aliyense adzabwerera kuti tiyang'ane mosamala momwe zinakhalira.

Gawo: ZOTHANDIZA ZOTHANDIZA ZONSE

Malamulo a Hague ndi Geneva ndi maiko ena onse omwe dziko la United States likuletsa nawo mgwirizano ndi milandu yomwe nthawi zonse imakhala mbali ya nkhondo iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu kuti ndi nkhondo yoyenera. Zambiri mwaziletsazi zaikidwa mu US Code of Law, kuphatikizapo milandu yomwe imapezeka mu Msonkhano wa Geneva, mu Mgwirizano Wotsutsa Chizunzo ndi Zochitika Zina Zachiwawa, Zowononga Kapena Zowonongeka, komanso pamisonkhano yotsutsana ndi zida zonse zamagulu ndi zamoyo. Ndipotu, maiko ambiriwa amafuna kuti mayiko adziwe kuti apereke malamulo apakhomo kuti apange mgwirizano wa malamulo a dziko. Zinatengera mpaka 1996 kuti United States ipereke Chigamulo cha Nkhanza za Nkhondo kuti ipereke Msonkhano wa 1948 Geneva mphamvu ya US Federal Law. Koma, ngakhale pamene ntchito zoletsedwa ndi mgwirizano sizinapangidwe milandu yokhazikika, mgwirizano wokhawo umakhala mbali ya "Supreme Law of Land" pansi pa malamulo a United States.

Michael Haas amadziwika ndikulemba milandu ya nkhondo ya 263 kuphatikizapo chiwawa, chomwe chachitika mu nkhondo yomwe ilipo panopa pa Iraq, ndipo imawagawa m'magulu a "khalidwe la nkhondo," "chithandizo cha akaidi," ndi "khalidwe la Nkhondo yapachiweniweni itatha. "Zitsanzo zosaneneka za milanduyi:

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #7. Kulephera Kusamalowerera Ndale.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #12. Kuphulika kwa mabomba a maiko osaloŵerera.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #16. Amatsutsa Mwadzidzidzi Amitundu.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #21. Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zida Zogonjetsa za Uriamu.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #31. Kuphedwa Kwadongosolo.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #55. Kuzunzidwa.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #120. Kukana Ufulu wa Malangizo.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #183. Kutsegulidwa kwa Ana M'mabwalo Ofanana Monga Achikulire.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #223. Kulephera Kuteteza Atolankhani.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #229. Chilango Chogwirizana.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa #240. Kutulutsidwa kwa Zigawo Zokha.

Mndandanda wa ziwawa zomwe zikugwirizana ndi nkhondo ndizitali, koma n'zovuta kulingalira nkhondo zopanda iwo. Dziko la United States likuwoneka likuyenda motsatira nkhondo zopanda ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi drones olamulidwa ndi kutali, ndi kupha kochepa komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi magulu apadera pansi pa lamulo la pulezidenti. Nkhondo zoterozo zikhoza kupeŵa milandu yambiri ya nkhondo, koma ndizoletsedwa kwathunthu. Lipoti la United Nations m'mwezi wa June 2010 linatsimikizira kuti ku United States kunayambanso kugwidwa ndi drone ku Pakistan. Kuwonetsa drone kunapitiriza.

Chigamulo chomwe chinaperekedwa ku 2010 ndi Center for Constitutional Rights (CCR) ndi American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) chinatsutsa chizolowezi chopha anthu a ku America. Chotsutsana ndi odandaulawo chinayang'ana pa ufulu wa ndondomeko yoyenera. White House inati ndi ufulu wakupha Achimereka kunja kwa United States, komabe izo zikanakhala zikuchitika popanda kuimbidwa mlandu wa Amerika ndi milandu iliyonse, kuwaweruza iwo, kapena kuwapatsa iwo mwayi uliwonse wodziwitsutsira okha pazinenezo. CCR ndi ACLU zinasungidwa ndi Nasser al-Aulaqi kuti abweretse mlandu wokhudza boma kuti agwirizane ndi kuphedwa kwa ana ake a ku America, Anwar al-Aulaqi. Koma Mlembi wa Treasury adalengeza kuti Anwar al-Aulaqi ndi "chigawenga chodziwika bwino padziko lonse," chomwe chinapangitsa kuti aphungu apereke chiyimira kuti apindule popanda kupeza chilolezo chokha, chimene boma panthawiyi wapatsidwa.

Komanso ku 2010, Congressman Dennis Kucinich (D., Ohio) adayambitsa lamulo loletsa kupha anthu aku US. Popeza, podziwa kwanga, Congress sinafike mpaka pomwepo inadutsa Bill imodzi yosakondedwa ndi Purezidenti Obama kuyambira pamene adalowa mu White House, sizikanatheka kuti uyu angaswe. Panalibe mavuto okwanira a anthu kuti akakamize kusintha koteroko.

Chifukwa chimodzi, ndikudandaula, chifukwa chosowa kukakamizidwa chinali chikhulupiliro chokhazikika ku America. Ngati purezidenti akuchita izo, kuti afotokoze Richard Nixon, "izo zikutanthauza kuti sizotsutsana ndi malamulo." Ngati fuko lathu likuchita, liyenera kukhala lovomerezeka. Popeza kuti adani athu akumenyana ndi anthu oipa, tiyenera kukhala akutsatira lamulo, kapena kuti tizitsatira malamulo ovomerezeka.

Titha kuona mosavuta kuti conundrum imapangidwa ngati anthu kumbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondo amaganiza kuti mbali yawo sangachite cholakwika. Tingachite bwino kuzindikira kuti dziko lathu, ngati mitundu ina, lingathe kuchita zinthu zolakwika, lingathe kuchita zinthu kwambiri, zolakwika - ngakhale zigawenga. Tingachite bwino kukonzekera kuti Congress ileke kuthetsa nkhondo. Tingachite bwino kuti tipewe anthu omwe amatha kumenyana ndi nkhondo pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo komanso zamakono.