NKHONDO SIDAKHALITSIDWA MUCHIPHUNZITSO

Kupanga zigawenga za nkhondo ndi ntchito yachiŵiri yakale kwambiri padziko lonse, ndipo mzere wake wakale kwambiri ndi "iwo anayambitsa iyo." Nkhondo zakhala zikulimbana kwa zaka zikwi zomwe zimateteza otsutsa ndi kuteteza njira ya moyo wa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mbiri yakale ya a Athene ya Thucydides 'ya mbiri ya Athene ya Pericles pamsonkhano wa maliro a nkhondo yapachaka yakufa idayamikiridwabe kwambiri ndi otsutsa nkhondo. Pericles akuuza olira omwe asonkhana kuti Atene ali ndi omenyana kwambiri chifukwa akulimbikitsidwa kuteteza moyo wawo wapamwamba ndi wa demokarasi, ndipo kuti kufa mwachitetezo ndizo zabwino zomwe aliyense angayembekezere. Pericles akunena za Atene omwe akumenyana ndi mayiko ena kuti apindule ndi ufumu, komabe akuwonetsa kuti kumenyana ndikuteteza chinthu china chamtengo wapatali kuposa momwe anthu a m'mayiko ena amatha kumvetsetsa - zomwezo Pulezidenti George W. Bush adzalankhula pambuyo pake adayambitsa magulu a nkhondo kuti amenyane ndi United States: ufulu.

"Iwo amadana ndi ufulu wathu, ufulu wathu wachipembedzo, ufulu wathu wolankhula, ufulu wathu wosankha ndi kusonkhana ndi kusagwirizana wina ndi mnzake," Bush anati pa September 20, 2001, akugwedeza mutu womwe adzabwerere mobwerezabwereza.

A Captain Paul K. Chappell m'buku lake lotchedwa The End of War alemba kuti anthu omwe ali ndi ufulu komanso kutukuka atha kukhala osavuta kukopa kuti athandizire nkhondo, chifukwa ali ndi zambiri zoti ataye. Sindikudziwa ngati izi ndi zoona kapena momwe mungayesere, koma makamaka iwo omwe ali ndi zocheperako pakati pathu omwe amatumizidwa kukamenya nkhondo zathu. Mulimonsemo, kuyankhula za kumenya nkhondo "podzitchinjiriza" nthawi zambiri kumangotanthauza kuteteza moyo wathu komanso moyo wathu, mfundo yomwe imathandizira kupusitsa funso loti ngati tikumenya nkhondo kapena ngati wankhanza.

Poyankha ndondomeko ya nkhondo yomwe tikufuna kuti tiyenela kutetezera miyoyo yathu mwa kuteteza mafuta, mawu omwe anthu amawalemba pamasitepe a anti-warrior mu 2002 ndi 2003 anali "Kodi mafuta athu adakhala bwanji pansi pa mchenga wawo?" Kwa anthu ena a ku America " "Malo osungira mafuta anali" chitetezo ". Ena adatsimikiza kuti nkhondoyo sinali yogwirizana ndi mafuta.

Nkhondo zowonongeka zimawoneka ngati kuteteza mtendere. Nkhondo zimayambika ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'dzina la mtendere, pamene palibe wina amene amalimbikitsa mtendere kuti amenyane ndi nkhondo. Nkhondo mu dzina la mtendere ikhoza kusangalatsa otsutsa pa nkhondo ndi mtendere, ndipo ikhoza kumveka nkhondo pamaso pa iwo amene akuganiza kuti kumafuna kulungamitsidwa. Harold Lasswell analemba zaka mazana angapo zapitazo kuti, "Kwa anthu ambiri omwe akuponderezedwa," adatero Harold Lasswell zaka zapitazo, "bizinesi yakupha mdani chifukwa cha chitetezo ndi mtendere. Ichi ndicho cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo, ndipo mu mtima umodzi wodziperekera ku zopindulitsa zake iwo amapeza kuti 'mtendere wokhala pankhondo.' "

Ngakhale kuti nkhondo zonse zimatetezedwa mwanjira ina ndi maphwando onse okhudzidwa, ndikumenyana ndi nkhondo yeniyeni yodzitetezera kuti nkhondo ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa mwalamulo. Pansi pa UN Charter, pokhapokha ngati bungwe la Security Council likugwirizana ndi chilolezo chapadera, okhawo amene amatsutsana ndi kuukira akulimbana mwamantha. Ku United States Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo inatchedwanso Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo ku 1948, moyenera chaka chimodzi chomwe George Orwell analembera makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu makumi asanu ndi anai kudza makumi asanu ndi anai kudzayi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, anthu a ku America adanena mwachidwi chilichonse chimene asilikali awo kapena asilikali ena amachichita monga "chitetezo." Amtendere omwe amalimbikitsa kuthetsa bajeti zitatu, zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndizochita zachiwerewere kapena zowonongeka, amafalitsa mapepala omwe akuyesa kuchepa kugwiritsira ntchito "chitetezo." Iwo ataya vutoli asanatsegule pakamwa pawo. Chinthu chotsiriza chomwe anthu adzagawana nawo ndi "chitetezo."

Koma ngati zomwe Pentagon amachita ndizodzitchinjiriza, aku America amafunika kuteteza mosiyana ndi omwe adawonedwa kale kapena akufunsidwa ndi anthu ena onse. Palibe wina aliyense amene wagawanitsa dziko lapansi, kuphatikiza malo owonekera kunja ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, m'magawo ndipo adapanga gulu lankhondo kuyang'anira aliyense. Palibe wina amene ali ndi mazana angapo, mwina opitilira chikwi, magulu ankhondo omwe amafalikira padziko lapansi m'maiko a anthu ena. Pafupifupi wina aliyense alibe maziko m'maiko a anthu ena. Mayiko ambiri alibe zida za nyukiliya, zachilengedwe, kapena mankhwala. Asitikali aku US amatero. Anthu aku America amawononga ndalama zambiri kunkhondo kuposa dziko lina lililonse, zomwe ndi pafupifupi 45 peresenti ya ndalama zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Mayiko 15 apamwamba ali ndi 83% ya ndalama zankhondo padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo United States imagwiritsa ntchito zochulukirapo kuposa nambala 2 mpaka 15 palimodzi. Timagwiritsa ntchito nthawi 72 zomwe Iran ndi North Korea zimagwiritsa ntchito limodzi.

"Dipatimenti Yoteteza," yomwe ili ndi mayina akale ndi atsopano, yatenga zankhondo kunja, zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, nthawi zina 250, osawerengera zochita zobisika kapena kukhazikitsa mabatani okhazikika. Kwa zaka 31 zokha, kapena 14 peresenti, ya mbiri yaku US sipanakhale asitikali aku US omwe achita chilichonse chofunikira kunja. Pofuna kuteteza, kunena zoona, United States yaukira, yaukira, yapolisi, yalanda, kapena yalanda mayiko ena 62. Buku labwino kwambiri la 1992 la John Quigley lotchedwa The Ruses for War lipenda zochitika 25 zankhondo zazikulu kwambiri ku United States pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, pomaliza kuti aliyense adalimbikitsidwa ndi mabodza.

Msilikali wa US adaphedwa pamene adapita kudziko lina, koma sipanakhalepo nkhondo ku United States, makamaka kuyambira 1815. Pamene a Japan anagonjetsa zombo za ku United States ku Pearl Harbor, Hawaii sanali boma la United States, koma m'malo mwa ufumu wa mfumu, adapanga chotero mwa kuwonongedwa kwa mfumukazi m'malo mwa eni ake a shuga. Pamene zigawenga zinagonjetsa World Trade Center ku 2001, iwo anali kuchita tchimo lalikulu kwambiri, koma sanali kuyambitsa nkhondo. Poyambitsa nkhondo ya 1812, anthu a ku Britain ndi a America anasinthanitsa nkhondo ku Canada ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amwenye Achimereka anasinthana ndi zigawenga ndi anthu a ku America, ngakhale kuti anali ndani amene ali funso lomwe sitinayambe kulimbana nalo.

Zomwe taziwona ku United States ndi maiko ena akumenyera nkhondo ndizozitetezera zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ziwawa zambiri kuti zithe kuvulazidwa pang'ono kapena zonyansa, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito chiwawa chachikulu pofuna kubwezera, zomwe zikutsutsa kuponderezedwa kwaukali ndi mdani, omwe amatsata zongomveka kuti pali chiwawa kuchokera kumbali inayo, ndipo amatsutsa mosamalitsa kuti akugwirizana nawo kapena katundu wa mfumu kapena mayiko ena amachitidwa ngati zidutswa zosawerengeka mu masewera a mdziko lonse zomwe zikhulupiliro zimaganiziridwa kugwa ngati maulamuliro. Pakhala pali nkhondo zoponderezedwa. Pamapeto pake, nkhondo zambirizi ndi nkhondo zoopsa - zomveka komanso zosavuta.

Gawo: KOMA ANAWONERA KU US FUNNY

Chiwonetsero cha zithunzithunzi zosintha, zolakwa za panyanja, ndi kusagwirizana kwa malonda ku nkhondo yowonongeka, yopanda phindu ndi yowonongeka ndiyo Nkhondo ya 1812 yomwe yayiwalika kale, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti, kupatula imfa ndi masautso, zikuwoneka kuti zikupita ku Washington , DC, yatenthedwa. Milandu yowona mtima ikhoza kuperekedwa kwa a British. Ndipo, mosiyana ndi nkhondo zambiri za US, izi zinapatsidwa mphamvu, ndipo makamaka zimalimbikitsidwa makamaka ndi Congress, mosiyana ndi pulezidenti. Koma anali United States, osati Britain, yomwe inalengeza nkhondo, ndipo cholinga chimodzi cha omenyera nkhondo ambiri sichinali chitetezo makamaka - kugonjetsa Canada! Mkulu wa Congress, Samuel Taggart (F., Mass.), Atatsutsa pakhomo lotseka pakhomo, adafalitsa kalata ku Alexandria Gazette pa June 24, 1812, pamene adati:

"Kugonjetsa kwa Canada kwayimiridwa kukhala kosavuta kukhala kungokhala phwando losangalala. Ife tanenedwa kuti palibe chochita koma kuti tiyende gulu la ankhondo kulowa m'dzikoli ndikuwonetsa muyeso wa United States, ndipo anthu a ku Canada adzabwera komweko ndikudziika okha pansi pa chitetezo chathu. Iwo akuyimiridwa ngati okonzeka kuti apandukire, akudandaula kuti amasulidwe ku Boma loopsa, ndipo akulakalaka kusangalala ndi maswiti a ufulu pansi pa dzanja la United States. "

Taggart anapitiriza kufotokozera chifukwa chake zotsatira zake zinali zosatheka kuyembekezera, ndipo ndithudi anali wolondola. Koma kukhala wolungama kulibe phindu pamene chiwopsezo cha nkhondo chimatha. Vice Purezidenti Dick Cheney, pa March 16, 2003, adachitanso chimodzimodzi za Iraq, ngakhale adanena zolakwa zake pa TV zaka zisanu ndi zinayi m'mbuyo mwake pamene adafotokoza chifukwa chake United States siidagonjetse Baghdad pa Gulf War. (Cheney, panthawiyo, mwina atasiya zinthu zina zosagwedezeka, monga mantha enieni panthawiyo zamatsenga kapena zida za chilengedwe, poyerekezera ndi kunyenga kwa mantha mu 2003.) Cheney adanena za chiwembu chake chachiwiri chakuukira dziko la Iraq:

"Tsopano, ndikuganiza kuti zinthu zakhala zikuipa kwambiri mkati mwa Iraq, chifukwa cha anthu a ku Iraqi, chikhulupiriro changa ndikuti tidzalandiridwa ngati omasula."

Chaka chathachi, a Ken Adelman, omwe kale anali oyang'anira zida zankhondo kwa Purezidenti Ronald Reagan adati "kumasula Iraq kungakhale keke." Chiyembekezo ichi, kaya ndichachinyengo kapena chowona mtima komanso chopusa kwenikweni, sichinachitike ku Iraq kapena zaka mazana awiri zapitazo ku Canada. Asovieti adapita ku Afghanistan mu 1979 ndi chiyembekezo chofananacho cholandilidwa ngati abwenzi, ndipo United States idabwereza cholakwika chomwecho kumeneko kuyambira mu 2001. Zachidziwikire, ziyembekezo zoterezi sizingachitike kwa gulu lankhondo lina ku United States mwina, ziribe kanthu kaya anthu otizungulira angakhale osiririka motani kapena angatipezetse omvetsa chisoni.

Bwanji ngati Canada ndi Iraq adalandiradi ntchito za US? Kodi zimenezo zikanapangitsa chilichonse kupambana ndi zoopsa za nkhondo? Norman Thomas, wolemba Nkhondo: Palibe Ulemerero, Wopindula, Palibe Chosowa, walingalira motere:

"[S] ikusonyeza kuti United States mu Nkhondo ya 1812 idapambana pakuyesayesa kwake kugonjetsa zonse kapena gawo la Canada. Mosakayikira tiyenera kukhala ndi mbiri zakale kuti tiphunzitse momwe nkhondoyi inachitira anthu a Ontario komanso momwe phunziroli linaphunzitsirako anthu a ku Britain pokhudzana ndi kufunika kwa malamulo ounikiridwa! Komabe, lero anthu a ku Canada amene akhalabe mu Ufumu wa Britain anganene kuti ali ndi ufulu weniweni kuposa oyandikana nawo kumwera kwa malire! "

Nkhondo zambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhondo zambiri za ku America zotsutsana ndi mbadwa za kumpoto kwa America, zinali nkhondo zowonjezereka. Monga momwe a Iraqki_kapena, anthu ena ochokera ku Middle East ndi mayina okometsera zolaula - anapha anthu a 3,000 ku United States, akupha anthu milioni a Iraqi, Amwenye a ku America anali atapha anthu ambiri , ndi zochita ziti nkhondo ingamveke ngati kubwezera. Koma nkhondo zoterozo ndi nkhondo zovuta, chifukwa zochitika zing'onozing'ono zofanana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo zimaloledwa kudutsa popanda nkhondo.

Kupyolera mu Cold War zaka zambiri, United States ndi Soviet Union zinalola zochitika zazing'ono, monga kuwombera pansi ndege zazondi, kuti zigwiridwe ndi zida osati nkhondo yaikulu. Soviet Union itapha ndege ya U-2 ku 1960, maubwenzi ndi United States anawonongeka kwambiri, koma panalibe nkhondo. Soviet Union inagulitsa woyendetsa ndegeyo kuti adziwombereze mmodzi wa azondi omwe anali osasangalatsa. Ndipo munthu wina wa ku United States, dzina lake U-2, yemwe anali atalembera ku Soviet Union miyezi isanu ndi umodzi m'mbuyo mwake, adanena kuti akuuza a Russia zonse zomwe amadziwa, adalandiridwa ndi boma la United States ndipo sadatsutsidwa. M'malo mwake, boma linamupatsa ndalama ndipo kenaka anam'patsa pasipoti yatsopano usiku wonse. Dzina lake linali Lee Harvey Oswald.

Zochitika zofananira zikadakhala ngati zifukwa zankhondo munthawi zina, monga momwe atsogoleri aboma amafunira nkhondo. M'malo mwake, pa Januware 31, 2003, Purezidenti George W. Bush adapempha Prime Minister waku Britain a Tony Blair kuti kujambula ndege za U-2 zokhala ndi mitundu ya United Nations, kuziwulutsira ku Iraq, ndikuwombera, zitha kupereka chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo . Pakadali pano, pomwe akuwopseza poyera nkhondo ku Iraq chifukwa cha "zida zowononga anthu ambiri", United States idanyalanyaza chinthu chosangalatsa: kupezeka kwenikweni kwa zida za nyukiliya ku North Korea. Nkhondo sizimapita komwe kuli zolakwa; zolakwazo zimapezeka kapena zopangidwa kuti zigwirizane ndi nkhondo zomwe mukufuna. Ngati United States ndi Soviet Union zitha kupewa nkhondo chifukwa sakufuna kuwononga dziko lapansi, ndiye kuti mayiko onse amatha kupewa nkhondo zonse posasankha kuwononga zidutswa za dziko lapansi.

Gawo: DAMSELS MU KUYAMBIRA

Kawirikawiri chimodzi mwa zifukwa zoyambirira zokhudzana ndi nkhondo ndikuteteza Ammerika kudziko lina omwe akuganiza kuti ali pangozi ndi zochitika zaposachedwapa. Zifukwa zimenezi zinagwiritsidwa ntchito, pamodzi ndi zifukwa zina zosiyana siyana, ndi United States pamene akuukira Dominican Republic ku 1965, Grenada ku 1983, ndi Panama ku 1989, mu zitsanzo zomwe zalembedwa ndi John Quigley ndi Norman Solomon mu buku lake War Made Easy. Pankhani ya Dominican Republic, nzika za US zomwe zinkafuna kuchoka (1,856 mwa iwo) zinachotsedwapo nkhondo isanayambe. Anthu oyandikana nawo mumzinda wa Santo Domingo kumene anthu a ku America ankakhala anali opanda chiwawa ndipo asilikali sankafunikira kuti apulumutse aliyense. Magulu onse akuluakulu a ku Dominican adagwirizana kuti athandize anthu ochokera kunja omwe akufuna kuti achoke.

Pankhani ya Grenada (nkhondo yomwe United States inaletsa kuti anthu a ku United States asawonongeke) panali akudzidzimutsa kuti akuphunzira zachipatala ku United States kuti apulumutse. Koma bungwe la boma la United States, James Budeit, patangotsala masiku awiri kuti atuluke, adadziwa kuti ophunzirawo sali pangozi. Ponena za 100 kwa ophunzira a 150 adaganiza kuti achoka, chifukwa chawo chinali mantha ku nkhondo ya US. Makolo a 500 a ophunzirawo adatumiza Pulezidenti Reagan telegalamu kuti amuuze kuti asamenyane, kumuuza kuti ana awo ali otetezeka komanso omasuka kuchoka ku Grenada ngati atasankha kuchita zimenezo.

Panama Panama, pali vuto lenileni, lomwe lapezeka paliponse m'mayiko ena omwe adagonjetsa dziko linalake. Ankhondo ena oledzera a ku Panama adamenyana ndi msilikali wa nkhondo ya ku America ndipo anaopseza mkazi wake. Ngakhale George HW Bush adanena kuti izi ndi zina zatsopano zinayambitsa nkhondo, ndondomeko za nkhondo zinali zitangoyamba miyezi isanachitike.

Gawo: MZIMU WOYAMBA

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu komwe kumatsimikiziridwa kuti ndikutetezera ndiko kulondola kubwezera. Zitha kukhala zovuta pa kulira kwa "iwo adatiukira poyamba" kuti adzachitanso chimodzimodzi ngati sitiwaukira. Koma kawirikawiri chilango cha mtima chimakhala kulira kwa kubwezera, pomwe kuthekera kwa mtsogolo kumakhala kovuta. Ndipotu, kuyambitsa nkhondo kumatsimikizira kuti kulimbana ndi nkhondo, kumenyana ndi asilikali ngati kulibe gawo, ndi kuyambitsa nkhondo yotsutsana ndi mtundu wa anthu chifukwa cha zigaŵenga zomwe zingachititse kuti zigawenga zikhale zofalitsa anthu. Kuyambitsa nkhondo yotereyi ndikumapanga chigamulo choopsa kwambiri, chofuna kubwezera ngakhale. Kubwezera ndi malingaliro achikumbutso, osati mlandu wotsutsana ndi nkhondo.

Opha anthu omwe ankawuluka ndege kupita ku nyumba pa September 11, 2001, adamwalira. Panalibenso njira yothetsera nkhondo yawo, ndipo iwo sankaimira mtundu uliwonse umene gawo lawo (monga momwe kawirikawiri limagwiritsidwira ntchito mwachinyengo kuyambira pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse) likhoza kuphulika mwaufulu panthawi ya nkhondo. Omwe angagwirizane nawo pa milandu ya September 11th omwe anali pakati pa amoyo ayenera kuti anafunsidwa kupyolera mu njira zonse zadziko, zakunja, ndi zapadziko lonse, ndipo anaimbidwa milandu m'makhoti omasuka ndi omveka - monga bin Laden ndi ena adatsutsidwa kuti alibe ku Spain. Iwo adayenera kukhala. Zolinga zomwe zigawenga zinalipo "kubwezera" chitetezo chotsutsana ndi zochita za US ziyeneranso kufufuzidwa. Ngati kuyima kwa asilikali a US ku Saudi Arabia ndi ku United States zothandizira usilikali ku Israeli kunali kuwononga midzi ya Middle East ndi kupha anthu osalakwa, malamulo omwewa ndi ofanana ayenera kuti adawunikiridwa kuti adziwe ngati phindu lirilonse likuposa. Ambiri a ku America adatulutsidwa ku Saudi Arabia zaka ziwiri pambuyo pake, koma panthawiyi ambiri adatumizidwa ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq.

Purezidenti atulutsa asilikaliwo ku 2005, George W. Bush, anali mwana wa pulezidenti yemwe, ku 1990, adawatumizira iwo chifukwa cha bodza lakuti dziko la Iraq linali pafupi kukantha Saudi Arabia. Vicezidenti Pulezidenti ku 2003, Dick Cheney, adali mlembi wa "chitetezo" ku 1990, atapatsidwa ntchito yokakamiza Saudis kuti alole kuti asilikali a US apite ngakhale kuti iwo sakhulupirira bodza.

Panalibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti kuyambitsa nkhondo ku Afghanistan kungachititse kuti mtsogoleri wa zigawenga, Osama bin Laden, adziwonekere, ndipo monga taonera, izi sizinali zofunika kwambiri kwa boma la US, lomwe linakana kupereka iye akuweruzidwa. M'malo mwake, nkhondoyo inali yoyamba. Ndipo nkhondoyi ikanakhala yopanda phindu poletsa chigawenga. David Wildman ndi Phyllis Bennis amati:

"Zomwe Zakale za US kuyankha poyankha nkhondo zokhudzana ndi zigawenga zonse zalephera kuchita zifukwa zomwezo. Mmodzi, iwo apha, anavulala, kapena amapereka ngakhale osowa kwambiri osauka kale omwe ali osauka. Awiri, iwo sanayese kuletsa ugawenga. Mu 1986 Ronald Reagan adalamula kuti mabomba a Tripoli ndi Benghazi adzalange mtsogoleri wa dziko la Libya Muammar Ghadafi chifukwa cha kuphulika ku Germany komwe kunapha ma GI awiri. Ghadafi anapulumuka, koma anthu khumi ndi awiri a ku Libyan, kuphatikizapo mwana wamkazi wa Ghadafi wa zaka zitatu, anaphedwa.

"Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake panafika tsoka la Lockerbie, limene Libya lidzayang'anire. Ku 1999, chifukwa cha zigawenga za amishonale a ku United States ku Kenya ndi Tanzania, mabomba a US anapha masasa a Osama bin Laden ku Afghanistan ndi fakitale ya bin Laden yomwe inagwirizana ndi mankhwala ku Sudan. Foni ya Sudan inasintha kuti isagwirizanitsidwe ndi bin Laden, koma ku United States kuwononga kokha kokha wopanga katemera wofunikira kwambiri kwa ana omwe akukula m'dera lalikulu la pakati pa Africa. Ndipo kuukira pamisasa m'mapiri a Afghanistine momveka sikulepheretsa kuukira kwa September 11, 2001. "

"Nkhondo Yapadziko Lonse Yoyipa" yomwe idayambika kumapeto kwa 2001 ndi Nkhondo yaku Afghanistan ndikupitilira ndi Nkhondo yaku Iraq idatsatiranso zomwezo. Pofika 2007, titha kulemba kuwonjezeka kowirikiza kasanu ndi kawiri kwa ziwopsezo zakupha padziko lonse lapansi, kutanthauza zigawenga zowonjezerapo ndi anthu enanso zikwizikwi akufa omwe akudziwikiratu ngati angayankhe milandu yankhondo yaposachedwa kwambiri yotetezedwa ndi United States, nkhondo zomwe sanatulutse chilichonse chamtengo wapatali choyeretsera mavuto amenewo. Dipatimenti ya State ya US idachitapo kanthu pakuchulukirachulukira koopsa kwa uchigawenga wapadziko lonse poletsa lipoti lawo la pachaka lachigawenga.

Patadutsa zaka ziwiri, Pulezidenti Barack Obama adachulukitsa nkhondo ku Afghanistan, pomvetsa kuti al Qaida sali ku Afghanistan; kuti gulu lodedwa kwambiri loti likhale ndi mphamvu iliyonse ku Afghanistan, a Taliban, sichigwirizana kwambiri ndi al Qaeda; komanso kuti al Qaeda idagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama poyambitsa zigawenga m'mayiko ena. Nkhondo inayenera kupitiliza patsogolo, komabe, chifukwa. . . chabwino, chifukwa. . . Um, ndithudi palibe amene anali wotsimikiza chifukwa chake. Pa July 14, 2010, nthumwi ya pulezidenti ku Afghanistan, Richard Holbrooke, adachitira umboni pamaso pa Komiti Yowona za Unduna Wachilendo ku United States. Holbrooke ankawoneka ngati wopanda chifukwa. Senemala Bob Corker (R., Tenn.) Anauza Los Angeles Times panthawi ya milandu,

"Anthu ambiri kumbali zonse za kanjira amaganiza kuti khama lawo ndilokhazikika. Anthu ambiri omwe mukuganiza kuti akalulu amphamvu kwambiri m'dzikoli akung'amba mitu yawo mukudandaula. "

Wokwatira akudandaula kuti atatha kumvetsera kwa maminiti 90 ku Holbrooke, "palibe lingaliro la padziko lapansi zomwe zolinga zathu ziri pazomwe anthu amkhondo amatsogolera. Pakalipano, izi zakhala zodabwitsa zowonongeka kwa nthawi. "Zotheka kuti dziko la United States linayesedwa ndikulimbana ndi nkhondo yapadera yopanda chitetezo sichidawonekere ngati ndondomeko yeniyeni, kotero mutuwo sunayambe wakambidwa ndi wina aliyense kusiyana ndi anthu omwe amawulutsa pawailesi omwe amatsutsa ndondomeko zopanda nzeru kuti "tili ndi nkhondo" mmenemo kotero sitikumenyana ndi 'em pano.' Holbrooke wapafupi kapena White House adadza kuonetsetsa kuti nkhondoyo ikupita kapena ikukula Zidali nthawi zonse kuti ngati asilikali a Taliban apambana alandire Al Qaeda, ndipo ngati al Qaeda anali ku Afghanistan omwe angawononge United States. Koma akatswiri ambiri, kuphatikizapo Holbrooke, nthawi zina adavomereza kuti panalibe umboni wodzinenera. Anthu a ku Taliban sankagwirizana ndi al Qaeda, ndipo al Qaeda amatha kupanga chilichonse chomwe akufuna kuti adzikonzekerere m'mayiko ena.

Miyezi iŵiri isanayambe, pa May 13, 2010, kusinthanitsa kumeneku kunachitika pa msonkhano wa Pentagon ndi General Stanley McChrystal amene anali kumenyana nkhondo ku Afghanistan:

"Bwererani: [I] n Marja pali malipoti - zowonjezereka - zoopseza komanso zovuta za anthu ammudzi omwe amagwira ntchito ndi magulu anu. Kodi ndizo luntha lanu? Ndipo ngati ziri choncho, kodi zikukudetsani inu?

GEN. MCCHRYSTAL: Eya. Izo mwamtheradi ndi zinthu zomwe ife tikuziwona. Koma n'zosathekadi. "

Werengani zimenezo kachiwiri.

Ngati muli m'dziko la munthu wina, komanso anthu omwe akukuthandizani kuti muchitike, ngati zili choncho, kuti mitu yawo idulidwe, zingakhale nthawi yoti muganizirenso zomwe mukuchita, kapena kuti mubwerere kulungamitsidwa kwa izo, ziribe kanthu momwe izo zingakhalire zosangalatsa.

Chigawo: STRATEGY PROVOCATIVE

Mtundu wina wa nkhondo "yotetezera" ndi imodzi yomwe imatsutsa kuponderezedwa kwa mdani wofunayo. Njira imeneyi idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyamba, ndipo mobwerezabwereza kuti ikule, nkhondo ya Vietnam, monga momwe yalembedwera mu Pentagon Papers.

Kuika pambali mpaka chaputala chachinai funso lakuti ngati United States iyenera kulowa mu Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse, kaya ku Ulaya kapena ku Pacific kapena zonsezi, ndiye kuti dziko lathu silikanakhoza kulowa pokhapokha ngati litagonjetsedwa. Mu 1928 Senate ya ku America inavotera 85 ku 1 kuti ivomereze Pangano la Kellogg-Briand, pangano lomwe limamanga - komabe limangomanga - dziko lathu ndi ena ambiri salinso nawo nkhondo.

Pulezidenti wa ku Britain, Winston Churchill, anali ndi chiyembekezo chodalira zaka kuti dziko la Japan lidzaukira dziko la United States. Izi zikanalola kuti United States (osati mwalamulo, koma mwa ndale) kuti idzalowe nkhondo yonse ku Ulaya, monga pulezidenti wake ankafuna kuchita, mosiyana ndi kupereka zida, monga momwe zinalili. Pa April 28, 1941, Churchill analemba chilembo chachinsinsi ku nduna yake ya nkhondo:

"Zingatengedwe ngati zodziwikiratu kuti kulowa ku Japan kunkhondo kungatsatidwe ndi kulowera kwathu kwa United States kumbali yathu."

Pa May 11, 1941, Robert Menzies, nduna yaikulu ya ku Australia, anakumana ndi Roosevelt ndipo adamupeza "ndi nsanje pang'ono" ya malo a Churchill pakatikati pa nkhondo. Pamene khoti la Roosevelt linafuna kuti United States apite kunkhondo, Menzies adapeza kuti Roosevelt,

". . . ophunzitsidwa pansi pa Woodrow Wilson mu nkhondo yomaliza, akudikira chochitika, chomwe chidzapangitse USA ku nkhondo ndi kupeza R. kuchokera ku malonjezo ake opusa akuti 'Ndidzakutetezani ku nkhondo.' "

Pa August 18, 1941, Churchill anakumana ndi nduna yake ku 10 Downing Street. Msonkhanowo unali wofanana ndi July 23, 2002, msonkhano pamalowo omwewo, maminiti omwe adadziwika kuti Downing Street Minutes. Misonkhano yonseyi inavumbulutsa zolinga za US zobisika kupita ku nkhondo. Pamsonkhano wa 1941, Churchill adauza nduna yake, motere: "Pulezidenti adanena kuti adzamenya nkhondo koma sadzalengeze." Kuphatikizanso apo, "Zonse ziyenera kuchitidwa kukakamiza zochitikazo."

Japan sankasokoneza anthu ena ndipo anali atangokhalira kupanga ufumu wa ku Asia. Ndipo United States ndi Japan sizinali kukhala muubwenzi wogwirizana. Koma kodi n'chiyani chingapangitse anthu a ku Japan kuti amenyane nawo?

Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt atapita ku Pearl Harbor pa July 28, 1934, zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zisanachitike ku Japan, asilikali a ku Japan anadandaula. General Kunishiga Tanaka analemba mu Japan Advertiser, akutsutsa kumangidwe kwa ndege za ku America ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa maziko ena ku Alaska ndi Aleutian Islands:

"Kunyada koteroko kumatipangitsa ife kukayikira kwambiri. Zimatipangitsa kuganiza kuti chisokonezo chachikulu chikulimbikitsidwa mwachidwi ku Pacific. Izi zimadandaula kwambiri. "

Kaya zidakhumudwitsidwa kapena ayi ndi funso lokhalokha ngati izi zinali zowoneka bwino komanso zodziwika bwino ku zowonjezereka zankhondo, ngakhale zitapangidwa m'dzina la "chitetezo." Wopanda malire (monga momwe ife lero tingamuitanire) wolemba nkhani George Seldes anali akudandaula nayenso. Mu October 1934 iye analemba m'magazini ya Harper's Magazine kuti: "Ndizovuta kuti mayiko asamenyetse nkhondo koma nkhondo." Seldes anafunsa mkulu wa asilikali ku Navy League kuti:

"Kodi mumavomereza mfuti yapamadzi imene mumakonzekera kumenyana ndi nyanja ina?"

Munthuyo anayankha kuti "Inde".

"Kodi mumaganiza za nkhondo ndi a British navy?"

"Mwamtheradi, ayi."

"Kodi mumaganizira nkhondo ndi Japan?"

"Inde".

Mu 1935 Madzi a ku America okongoletsedwa kwambiri pa nthawiyo, Brigadier General Smedley D. Butler, adafalitsidwa kuti apambane kwambiri buku lalifupi lotchedwa War Is a Racket. Iye adawona bwino zomwe zikubwera ndikuchenjeza mtunduwo kuti:

"Pa gawo lirilonse la Congress, funso loti ndalama zina zapanyanja zidzakwera. Mitima yoyimira-chair. . . musafuule kuti 'Timafunikira zida zambiri kuti tipite kudziko lino kapena mtundu umenewu.' O, ayi. Choyamba, iwo amadziwitsa kuti America ikuwopsya ndi mphamvu yaikulu yamadzi. Pafupifupi tsiku lirilonse, oyang'anira awa adzakuuzani, makampani akuluakulu a mdani amene akuganiza kuti adzakantha mwadzidzidzi ndi kuwononga anthu athu a 125,000,000. Monga choncho. Kenaka amayamba kufuula kuti apite ku nsanja yaikulu. Zachiyani? Kulimbana ndi mdani? O, ayi. O, ayi. Pofuna kuteteza okha. Kenako, akulengeza kayendedwe ka Pacific. Kuti muteteze. U, ha.

"Pacific ndi nyanja yaikulu kwambiri. Tili ndi gombe lalikulu ku Pacific. Kodi njirazo zidzakhala pamtunda, mailosi awiri kapena mazana atatu? O, ayi. Kuyendetsa kudzakhala zikwi ziwiri, inde, mwinamwake ngakhale mailosi makumi atatu ndi asanu, kuchokera ku gombe.

"Anthu a ku Japan, odzikweza, adzasangalala kwambiri kuposa momwe angayang'anire ndege za United States pafupi kwambiri ndi nyanja za Nippon. Ngakhale momwe zikanakhalira ngati anthu okhala ku California anali ataphunzira kuzindikira, kupyolera mu ntchentche yammawa, magulu achijapani akusewera pa masewera a nkhondo ku Los Angeles. "

Mu March 1935, Roosevelt anapatsa Wake Island ku Navy American Navy ndipo anapatsa Pan Am Airways chilolezo chokhazikitsa mayendedwe a Wake Island, Midway Island, ndi Guam. Akuluakulu ankhondo a ku Japan adalengeza kuti asokonezeka ndipo amaona kuti misewuyi ndiopseza. Momwemonso akuluakulu amtendere ku United States. Mwezi wotsatira, Roosevelt anakonza masewera a nkhondo ndi kuyendetsa pafupi ndi zilumba za Aleutian ndi Midway Island. Mwezi wotsatira, olimbikitsa mtendere anali akuyenda ku New York akulengeza ubwenzi ndi Japan. Norman Thomas analemba mu 1935:

"Munthu wochokera ku Mars yemwe anaona momwe amuna akuvutikira pa nkhondo yomalizira ndi momwe akukonzekera nkhondo yotsatira, yomwe akudziwa kuti idzakhala yoipitsitsa, adzafika pozindikira kuti iye akuyang'ana pa anthu omwe akuthawa kwawo."

Msilikali wa ku America anatha zaka zingapo akukonzekera zolinga za nkhondo ndi Japan, March 8, 1939, yomwe inafotokoza kuti "nkhondo yotsutsa yaitali" yomwe idzawononge asilikali ndi kusokoneza moyo wachuma wa Japan. Mu January 1941, miyezi khumi ndi iwiri isanayambe kuukiridwa, Japan Advertiser anafotokoza ukali wake pa Pearl Harbor m'nyuzipepala, ndipo mlembi wa ku Japan analemba ku diary yake kuti:

"Pali zokambirana zambiri kuzungulira tawuni kuti Japan, panthawi yopuma ndi United States, ikukonzekera kuthamanga ku Pearl Harbor. Inde ndikudziwitsa boma langa. "

Pa February 5, 1941, Admiral Wachichewa Richmond Kelly Turner adalembera kalata Henry Wachinson kuti awonetsere kuti akhoza kuwonongeka ku Pearl Harbor.

Poyamba 1932 United States idayankhula ndi China pakupereka ndege, oyendetsa ndege, ndi kuphunzitsa nkhondo yake ndi Japan. Mu November 1940, Roosevelt anapatsa China ndalama zokwana madola zana milioni kuti apite nkhondo ndi Japan, ndipo atatha kufunsa ndi Bretani, wa ku United States wa Treasury Henry Morgenthau anakonza zoti atumize mabomba a ku China ndi asilikali a ku America kuti akagwiritse ntchito popha mabomba ku Tokyo ndi mizinda ina ya ku Japan. Pa December 21, 1940, milungu iŵiri yonyansa chaka chimodzi isanayambe kuukira ku Japan pa Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti wa Zakalama wa China TV Soong ndi Colone Claire Chennault, omwe anali pantchito ya usilikali ku United States omwe anali atagwira ntchito ku China ndipo adawauza kuti agwiritse ntchito American oyendetsa ndege ku Tokyo kuyambira osachepera 1937, anakumana m'chipinda chodyera cha Henry Morgenthau kukonzekera kupha moto ku Japan. Morgenthau adanena kuti akhoza kutulutsa amuna ku ntchito ku US Army Air Corps ngati a Chinese angathe kulipira $ 1,000 pa mwezi. Soong anavomera.

Pa May 24, 1941, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inanena za US kuphunzitsa asilikali a ku China, komanso kupereka "ndege zambiri zamakono ndi mabomba okwera mabomba" ku China ndi United States. "Kuphulika kwa mabomba a ku Japan akuyembekezeredwa" werengani mutuwu. Pofika mchaka cha July, bungwe la Joint Army-Navy Board adavomereza ndondomeko yotchedwa JB 355 ku Japan. Bungwe lakumbuyo likanagula ndege za ku America kuti ziziyendetsedwa ndi odzipereka a ku America omwe aphunzitsidwa ndi Chennault ndipo amalipidwa ndi gulu lina lakumbuyo. Roosevelt adavomereza, ndi katswiri wake wa China Lauchlin Currie, mawu a Nicholson Baker, "adawakomera mtima Madame Chaing Kai-Shek ndi Claire Chennault kalata yomwe idapempha kuti apempherere azondi a ku Japan". kalatayo:

"Ndine wokondwa kwambiri kuti ndikutha kuyankha lero Purezidenti adalamula kuti mabomba okwana makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu asanu ndi limodzi apite ku China chaka chino ndi makumi awiri ndi anai kuti aperekedwe mwamsanga. Anayambanso pulogalamu ya maphunziro oyendetsa ndege ku China kuno. Zambiri mwa njira zowonongeka. Zabwino zonse."

Msilikali wathu adanena kuti "panthawi yopuma ndi United States" a Japan adzapha bomba la Pearl Harbor. Ndikudabwa ngati izi zikhoza!

Gulu la Volunteer Group (AVG) la 1st (AVG), lomwe limatchedwanso kuti Flying Tigers, linapitabe patsogolo podziwa ntchito ndi kuphunzitsidwa mwamsanga ndipo poyamba linamenyana nkhondo pa December 20, 1941, masiku khumi ndi awiri (nthawi yeniyeni) Japan atagonjetsa Pearl Harbor .

Mwezi wa May 31, 1941, pa Keep America Out of War Congress, William Henry Chamberlin anapereka chenjezo lofunika kwambiri: "Kugonjetsa kwachuma kwa Japan, kuimitsa kwa mafuta monga chitsanzo, kungapangitse Japan kukhala m'manja mwa Axis. Nkhondo ya zachuma idzakhala chiyambi cha nkhondo yapamadzi ndi ya nkhondo. "Choipa kwambiri pa mtendere amalimbikitsa ndi nthawi zambiri zomwe zimakhala zolondola.

Pa July 24, 1941, Pulezidenti Roosevelt adati,

"Tikadula mafuta, [a ku Japan] ayenera kuti tinapita ku Dutch East Indies chaka chapitacho, ndipo mukadakhala nawo nkhondo. Zinali zofunikira kwambiri pazomwe tikudzikonda podziletsa kuti tipewe nkhondo kuyambira ku South Pacific. Choncho ndondomeko yathu yachilendo inali kuyesa kuthetsa nkhondo yochoka kumeneko. "

Olemba nkhani anazindikira kuti Roosevelt anati "anali" osati "ndi." Tsiku lotsatira, Roosevelt anapereka chikalata chokwirira katundu wa Japan. United States ndi Britain anadula mafuta ndi zitsulo kupita ku Japan. Radhabinod Pal, woimira zamalamulo a ku India yemwe adatumikira pa milandu ya milandu yankhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, adatcha kuti ziwonetserozi ndi "zowonongeka ndi zoopsa kuti dziko la Japan likhalepo," ndipo pomalizira pake United States inayambitsa Japan.

Pa August 7th, miyezi inayi isanachitike, Japan Times Advertiser analemba kuti:

"Choyamba, kudali malo abwino kwambiri ku Singapore, olimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi asilikali a Britain ndi Empire. Kuchokera ku nyumbayi, gudumu lalikulu linamangidwa ndipo linagwirizanitsidwa ndi mabungwe a ku America kupanga mphete yayikulu kumadera akum'mwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Philippines kudutsa Malaya ndi Burma, pomwe chigwirizanocho chinasweka pokhapokha ku Thailand. Tsopano tikukonzekera kuti tifotokoze zochepetsetsa, zomwe zimapita ku Rangoon. "

Pofika mu September, nyuzipepala ya ku Japan inakwiya kwambiri kuti United States idayamba kutumiza mafuta kudutsa Japan kupita ku Russia. Japan, nyuzipepala yake inati, akufa imfa yochepa "ku nkhondo yachuma."

Kodi dziko la United States lingakhale likuyembekeza kupindula ndi kutumiza mafuta kudutsa fuko likufunikira kwambiri?

Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa October, US akuyendera Edgar Mower anali kugwira ntchito kwa Colonel William Donovan yemwe adafufuza Roosevelt. Woweruzayo analankhula ndi mwamuna wina ku Manila wotchedwa Ernest Johnson, yemwe ndi membala wa Komiti ya Maritime, yemwe adati akuyembekezera kuti "Japs adzatengera Manila ndisanatuluke." Pamene Woweruza anadabwa, Johnson anayankha kuti "Kodi simunadziwe Jap sitimayo yasamukira chakum'mawa, mwinamwake kukwera sitima zathu ku Pearl Harbor? "

Pa November 3, 1941, nthumwi yathu idayesanso kupeza chinachake kudzera mu chigaza chachikulu cha boma, kutumiza telegram yaitali kwa Dipatimenti ya boma kuti iwonetsetse kuti chilango chachuma chingakakamize Japan kuti achite "nation-kiri kiri." Iye analemba kuti: "Ankhondo kukangana ndi United States kungabwere mwadzidzidzi mwadzidzidzi. "

Ndichifukwa chiyani ndimakumbukira mutu wa mndandanda woperekedwa kwa Pulezidenti George W. Bush pamaso pa September 11, 2001, kuukira? "Bin Laden Anatsimikiza Kulimbana ndi US"

Zikuoneka kuti palibe aliyense ku Washington amene ankafuna kuti amve ku 1941. Pa November 15th, Mtsogoleri wa asilikali a George Marshall adawafotokozera nkhani zomwe sitimakumbukira kuti ndi "Marshall Plan." Ndipotu sitimakumbukira konse. Marshall adati, "Tikukonzekera nkhondo yotsutsana ndi dziko la Japan," akufunsa atolankhani kuti asunge chinsinsi, zomwe ndikudziŵa kuti iwo anachita mwadala.

Patapita masiku khumi, Mlembi wa Nkhondo Henry Stimson analemba m'buku lake kuti anakumana naye ku Oval Office ndi Marshall, Pulezidenti Roosevelt, Mlembi wa Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, ndi Mlembi wa boma Cordell Hull. Roosevelt adawauza kuti AJapan akhoza kuchitika posachedwa, mwinamwake Lolemba lotsatira. Izi zikanakhala December 1st, masiku asanu ndi limodzi zisanachitike. "Funso," Stimson analemba, "momwemo tiyenera kuwatsogolera kuti atha kuwombera mfuti yoyamba popanda kuvomereza ngozi yaikulu. Zinali zovuta kupempha. "

Kodi zinali choncho? Yankho limodzi lodziwika bwino linalilo kusunga zombo zonse ku Pearl Harbor ndikusunga oyendetsa sitima mumdima ndikudandaula nawo kuchokera ku ofesi ya Washington, DC.

Tsiku lotsatira chiwonongeko, Congress inavotera nkhondo. Congresswoman Jeannette Rankin (R., Mont.), Mkazi woyamba adasankhidwa ku Congress, ndipo amene adavomereza nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse, adayima yekha pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse (monga Congresswoman Barbara Lee [D., Calif] adaima yekha potsutsa Afghanistan Afghanistan 60 patapita zaka). Chaka chimodzi pambuyo pavotowo, pa December 8, 1942, Rankin adalemba mawu mu Congressional Record akufotokozera otsutsa ake. Iye anatchula ntchito ya wofalitsa wabodza wa ku Britain yemwe adatsutsana ku 1938 pogwiritsa ntchito Japan kuti abweretse United States kunkhondo. Ananena za Henry Luce m'magazini ya Life pa July 20, 1942, kwa "anthu a ku China omwe a US adapereka ultimatum yomwe inabweretsa Pearl Harbor." Anapereka umboni wakuti pa msonkhano wa Atlantic pa August 12, 1941, Roosevelt anali atatsimikizira Churchill kuti United States idzabweretsa mavuto a zachuma ku Japan. "Ndatchula," analemba Rankin,

"Dipatimenti ya State Bulletin ya December 20, 1941, yomwe inavomereza kuti pa September 3 kulankhulana kunatumizidwa ku Japan kufuna kuti avomereze mfundo yakuti 'kusagwirizana kwa chikhalidwe chomwe chili m'nyanja ya Pacific,' chomwe chinkafuna kutsimikiziranso kuti palibe za maulamuliro oyera ku Asia. "

Rankin anapeza kuti Economic Defence Board idapatsidwa chilango chapakati pa sabata pambuyo pa msonkhano wa Atlantic. Pa December 2, 1941, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inalengeza kuti, Japan "adachotsedwa pafupifupi 75 peresenti ya malonda ake ovomerezeka ndi Allied blockade." Rankin ananenanso mawu a Lieutenant Clarence E. Dickinson, USN , Loweruka Mmawa wa Oktoba 10, 1942, kuti pa November 28, 1941, masiku asanu ndi anayi asanakwane, Wachiwiri Wachiwiri William F. Halsey, Jr. (iye mwa mawu akuti "kupha Japs, kupha Japs!") anali anapatsidwa malangizo kwa iye ndi ena kuti "tiponyetse pansi chirichonse chomwe tawona mlengalenga ndi kuti tiwononge mabomba omwe tinawawona panyanja."

Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse inali "nkhondo yabwino" yomwe nthawi zambiri timauzidwa kuti ndiyi, ndikutsutsa chaputala chinayi. Imeneyi inali nkhondo yotetezeka chifukwa ndende yathu yopanda chilungamo yomwe inali pakati pa Pacific inasokonezedwa kuchokera kumwamba komwe kuli kofiira ndi nthano yomwe imayenera kuikidwa m'manda.

Chigawo: NCHIFUKWA CHIYANI MUNGAPEZE ZIMENE MUNGACHITE KUTI MUDZIWIRE?

Imodzi mwa njira zochepetsetsa zomwe amati ndizitetezera nkhondo ndi nkhondo yongoganizira zaukali ndi mbali inayo. Umu ndi mmene United States inagonjera nkhondo yomwe idagonjetsa mayiko akummwera chakumadzulo kuchokera ku Mexico. Abraham Lincoln asanakhale, monga pulezidenti, yemwe adakondweretsedwa nkhanza za nkhondo zomwe adagwiritsanso ntchito zifukwa zolakwika ndi olowa m'malo ake ambiri, iye anali congressman podziwa kuti lamulo la Constitution linapatsa mphamvu yolengeza nkhondo ku Congress. Mu 1847, Congressman Lincoln anatsimikizira Purezidenti James Polk kuti awononge dzikoli kuti amenye nkhondo pomudzudzula Mexico chifukwa cha nkhanza pamene mlanduwu uyenera kuti wapangika motsutsana ndi US Army ndi Polk mwiniwake. Lincoln adakhala pamodzi ndi pulezidenti wakale ndipo tsopano John Quincy Adams, yemwe tsopano anali mtsogoleri wa bungwe lino, akufuna kufufuza zochitika za Polk ndi chilango cha Polk chifukwa cha kunama kwawo kunkhondo.

Polk adayankha, monga Harry Truman ndi Lyndon Johnson adzachita pambuyo pake, polengeza kuti sadzafunanso gawo lachiwiri. Nyumba zonse ziwiri za Congress zidapereka chigamulo cholemekeza a Major General Zachary Taylor chifukwa cha magwiridwe ake "pankhondo yosafunikira komanso mosemphana ndi malamulo yoyambitsidwa ndi purezidenti wa United States." Zinali zodziwika bwino kuti Constitution siyidavomereze nkhondo zankhanza, koma nkhondo zodzitchinjiriza zokha. Ulysses S. Grant adaganizira za nkhondo yaku Mexico, pomwe adamenyanabe,

". . . Mmodzi mwa anthu osalungama omwe adagonjetsedwa ndi mtundu wofooka. Chimenechi chinali chitsanzo cha Republican chotsatira chitsanzo choipa cha amitundu a ku Ulaya, posalingalira chilungamo pofuna kukhala ndi gawo lina. "

Msonkhano wa Lincoln pansi pa Nyumbayi pa January 12, 1848, ndi mndandanda wamakani wa nkhondo m'mbiri ya America ndipo anaphatikizapo mawu awa:

"Mulole iye [Purezidenti James Polk] akumbukire kuti akukhala kumene Washington amakhala, ndipo kotero kukumbukira, muloleni iye ayankhe ngati Washington angayankhe. Monga mtundu suyenera kutero, ndipo Wamphamvuyonse sangafune, asatulukidwe, choncho asamuyese - palibe chidziwitso. Ndipo ngati, poyankha, akhoza kusonyeza kuti nthaka inali yathu komwe magazi oyambirira a nkhondo anakhetsedwa - kuti siidali m'dziko lokhalamo anthu, kapena ngati ngati anthuwa adzigonjera kwa boma Texas kapena United States, ndipo zomwezo ndizofanana ndi webusaiti ya Fort Brown - ndiye ine ndiri ndi iye chifukwa cha kulungamitsidwa kwake. . . . Koma ngati sangathe kuchita izi kapena sangathe kuchita izi - ngati ali ndi chinyengo kapena ayi, amakana kapena kusiya - ndiye ndidzakhala wotsimikiza kotheratu ndi zomwe ndimangophunzira kale - kuti akudziŵa kuti ali wolakwika, kuti iye amamva magazi a nkhondo iyi, monga magazi a Abele, akulira Kumwamba motsutsana naye. . . . Zimakhala bwanji ngati nthendayi yamphongo yomwe imalota maloto, ndiye kuti nkhondo yonse ndi mbali ya uthenga wake wam'mbuyo! "

Sindikuganiza kuti mamembala ambiri a Congress amalankhula za Purezidenti wopanga nkhondo ndi kuwona mtima lero. Sindikuyerekezeranso kuti nkhondo idatha kutha mpaka chinthucho chitachitika nthawi zonse ndikuchirikizidwa ndi kudula ndalamazo.

Ngakhale podzudzula nkhondo yabodza yomwe magazi awo anali kulira kumwamba, a Lincoln ndi anzawo a Whigs adavota mobwerezabwereza kuti alipire. Pa Juni 21, 2007, Senator Carl Levin (D., Mich.) Adatchula chitsanzo cha Lincoln ku Washington Post ngati chifukwa chomveka chotsutsana ndi malingaliro awo ngati "wotsutsana" ndi Nkhondo yaku Iraq yemwe apitiliza kulipirira ndalama kwamuyaya ngati njira Wothandizira "ankhondo." Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, magulu a ku Virginia, Mississippi, ndi North Carolina anatumiza miyoyo yawo pangozi kupha anthu a ku Mexico osalakwa pankhondo yomwe Lincoln adalipira m'malo mwawo adatsutsana ndi apolisi awo. Ndipo asitikali osachepera 9,000 aku US, omwe adalembetsa ndikudzipereka, achoka kunkhondo yaku Mexico.

Ena mwa iwo, kuphatikizapo olowa ku Ireland, anasintha kukhulupirika kwawo ndipo adayendera mbali ya Mexico, n'kupanga Battalion ya Saint Patrick. Malinga ndi Robert Fantina, m'buku lake lotchedwa Desertion ndi American Soldier, "Mwina kuposa nkhondo iliyonse yapitayi, mu nkhondo ya Mexican ndi America chifukwa chosakhulupirira chifukwa chake chinali chifukwa chachikulu choletsera." Nkhondo sizimatha - kupatula kupyolera mu chiwonongeko cha mbali imodzi - popanda kutsutsana kotere pakati pa omwe atumizidwa kukachita nkhondo. Pamene United States inkalipiritsa Mexico chifukwa cha malo ambiri omwe ankatenga, mwiniwake wa Whig analemba kuti, "Sitingatenge kanthu mwa kugonjetsa. . . . Tiyamike ambuye."

Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, David Rovics ankalemba nyimbo izi nyimbo:

Anali kumeneko pueblos ndi mapiri

Ndinaona zolakwa zomwe ndinapanga

Chimodzi mwa asilikali ogonjetsa

Ndi makhalidwe a bayonet tsamba

Kotero pakati pa osawuka, Akatolika akufa

Kufuula ana, kutentha kwa moto wonse

Ndekha ndi mazana awiri achi Irish

Anasankha kuti ayambe kuitana

Kuchokera ku Dublin City kupita ku San Diego

Ife tawona ufulu unakana

Kotero ife tinapanga Battalion Saint Patrick

Ndipo ife tinamenya ku mbali ya Mexico

Mu 1898 USS Maine inaphulika ku Havana Harbor, ndipo nyuzipepala zaku US mwachangu zidadzudzula anthu aku Spain, ndikufuula "Kumbukirani Maine! Kupita kumoto ku Spain! ” Mwini nyuzipepala William Randolph Hearst adayesetsa kuyatsa moto wankhondo yomwe amadziwa kuti iyambitsa kufalikira. Ndani adaphulitsa sitimayo? Palibe amene amadziwa. Zachidziwikire Spain idakana, Cuba idakana, ndipo United States idakana. Spain sinangotsutsa mwamwayi. Spain idachita kafukufuku ndikupeza kuti kuphulika kudali mkati mwa sitimayo. Pozindikira kuti United States ikana izi, Spain idapempha kuti mayiko awiriwa afufuzidwe ndikupereka chigamulo chomangidwa ndi gulu lopanda tsankho. United States sinachite chidwi. Zomwe zidapangitsa kuphulika, Washington idafuna nkhondo.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa amasonyeza kuti Maine anadumphadumpha chifukwa cha kuphulika, kaya mwadzidzidzi kapena mwachangu, zomwe zinachitika mkati mwake, osati ndi mgodi kunja kwake. Koma palibe akatswiri atsimikizira lingaliro limodzi pa wina kuti akwaniritsidwe ndi onse, ndipo ine sindikudziwa kuti ubwino uti udzachite. Anthu a ku Spain akanatha kupeza njira yobzala bomba mkati mwa sitimayo. Achimerika akanatha kupeza njira yopangira mgodi kunja kwake. Kudziwa kumene kuphulika kunachitika sikudzatiwuza ife yemwe, ngati wina, tachititsa izo. Koma ngakhale titadziwa bwinobwino amene anachititsa, momwe, ndichifukwa chake, palibe chidziwitso chilichonse chomwe chingasinthe nkhani yaikulu ya zomwe zinachitika mu 1898.

Mtunduwo udakwiya chifukwa cha kuukira kwa Spain komwe kunalibe umboni, kungoganiza chabe. Sitima ya ku America inawombera, Amerika anali ataphedwa, ndipo kunali kuthekera kuti dziko la Spain likhale ndi udindo. Kuphatikizana ndi zifukwa zina motsutsana ndi Spain, izi zinali chifukwa (kapena kukhululukirana) mokwanira kuti asakanize ndewu za nkhondo. Kunena zoona kuti dziko la Spain liyenera kuimbidwa mlandu sikunali chinthu china chokha ayi. Izi zikanakhalabe zowonongeka ngakhale kuti zitsimikizo zinawonekeratu kuti dziko la Spain lidawombera Maine, monga momwe a Pulezidenti George W. Bush akanadanenera kuti dziko la Iraq linali ndi zida ku 2003 ngakhale zida zina zitapezeka kale . Izi zinkanenedwa - kumira kwa Maine - kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa nkhondo "pofuna kuteteza" Cuba ndi Philippines zomwe zinkaphatikizapo kugonjetsa ndi kupha Cuba ndi Philippines, ndi Puerto Rico kuti muyambe kuyeza.

Kumbukirani mzere umenewo kuchokera ku Smedley Butler umene ndinatchula pamwambapa za momwe dziko la Japan likanakhalira okondwa kuona ndege za US zikusewera masewera a nkhondo pafupi ndi Japan? Awa anali mzere wotsatira mu ndime yomweyo:

"Zombo za sitima yathu, zikhoza kuwonedwa, ziyenera kukhala zochepa, mwalamulo, kulowa mkati mwa 200 mailosi m'mphepete mwa nyanja yathu. Zikanakhala kuti lamuloli ku 1898 Maine sakanati apite ku Harana. Iye sakanakhoza kuwombedwa. Sipadzakhala nkhondo ndi Spain pamodzi ndi mtumiki wake. "

Butler ali ndi mfundo, ngakhale ngati si masamu imodzi. Zimagwira ntchito ngati tiganiza za Miami ngati dziko la US pafupi ndi Cuba, koma Key West ndi pafupi - 106 mailosi okha kuchokera ku Havana - ndipo asilikali a US adanena kuti 1822, anamanga maziko, ndipo anayikira kumpoto ngakhale pa nthawiyi Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe. Key West inali mzinda waukulu kwambiri komanso wolemera kwambiri ku Florida pamene Maine anawomba. Ernest Hemingway analemba kulemba zida zankhondo kumeneko, koma asilikali sapitanso ku West West.

Mwinamwake kutalika kwa kunyengerera kosayeruzika mu kupanga chomwe chimatchedwa nkhondo yoteteza kumapezeka mu chitsanzo cha zochita za Nazi Germany pamene zinali zokonzeka kuwukira Poland. Amuna a SS a Heinrich Himmler anachita zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Mmodzi, gulu la iwo atavekedwa yunifolomu ya Chipolishi, linalowetsa mu radiyo ya Germany ku tawuni ya malire, inakakamiza antchitowo m'chipinda chapansi, ndipo analengeza malingaliro awo odana ndi German ku Polish pamlengalenga akuponya mfuti. Anabwera ndi munthu wina wa ku Germany yemwe kwenikweni anamvera chisoni anthu a ku Poland, anamupha, ndipo anamusiya kuti awoneke ngati adawombera pochita nawo ntchito. Adolf Hitler anauza asilikali a ku Germany kuti nkhondoyo iyenera kukomana ndi mphamvu, ndipo idzaukira Poland.

Pogwiritsa ntchito 2008, boma la Bush-Cheney linali likukankhira milandu yothetsa nkhondo ku Iran yomwe inalephera kwa zaka zambiri. Kulimbana ndi nkhanza za ku Iraq kwa kukaniza kwa Iraq, kuyanjana kwa Iran kwa zida za nyukiliya, mgwirizano wa Iran kwa magulu a zigawenga, ndi zina zotero zidathamangitsidwa ndi nthawi zonse, ndikunyalanyazidwa kapena kukanidwa ndi anthu a ku America, pa oposa 90 peresenti ya omwe adatsutsana ndi kuukira Iran . Vice Purezidenti Dick Cheney ndi antchito ake, zikuoneka kuti akukula kwambiri, atalota, koma sanachitepo kanthu, zomwe zikanamuchititsa Hitler kukhala wonyada. Lingaliro linali kupanga mabwato anayi kapena asanu omwe angawoneke ngati zikepe za PT Iran ndi kuyika Zisindikizo Zachilengedwe pa iwo ndi "mikono yambiri." Iwo akhoza kuyambitsa moto ndi chombo cha US ku Straight of Hormuz, ndipo voila, d kulimbana ndi Iran. Cholingacho chinanenedwa kuti chinagwetsedwa chifukwa chikanafuna kuti Achimereka aziwotcha ku America.

Chodetsa nkhaŵacho sichinayimitse a Joint Chiefs of Staff ku 1962 kutumiza Mlembi wa "Chitetezo" ndondomeko yotchedwa Operation Northwoods yomwe inkafuna kuti iwononge mizinda ya United States ndikudzudzula ku Cuba. Zomwe mapulaniwa sanagwiritsidwe ntchito sizichepetsa ubwino wawo monga zizindikiro ku malingaliro a anthu omwe ubongo wawo unawonekera. Awa anali anthu ofunafuna zifukwa za nkhondo.

Pamene Britain inayamba kupha mabomba m'dziko la Germany ku 1940, izi zinkayenera kuonedwa ngati kubwezera ngakhale kuti Germany inali isanapunthire nkhondo za boma la Britain. Winston Churchill adalankhula ndi mtumiki wake wachidziwitso kuti "akukonzekera kuti azitha kupha anthu a ku France ndi a Kumayiko a Kum'mawa, ku Germany." adalengeza nkhondo ku Germany poyankha nkhondo ya ku Germany ku Poland. Imeneyi ndi njira yamba yomwe mayiko omwe sanawonongeke akunena kuti akuchita nawo "nkhondo" zoteteza. Nkhondo imayambika pofuna kuteteza mgwirizanowo (chinachake chomwe mgwirizano ngati umene unapanga bungwe la mgwirizano wa North Atlantic Treaty [NATO] limalimbikitsa mayiko kuti achite).

Nkhondo zina zimayambika mu "chitetezo" chongotengera kuti mwina dziko lingagonjetse ife ngati sitikulimbana nawo poyamba. "Chitani kwa ena, asanakuchitireni" ndi, ndikukhulupirira, momwe Yesu anayikira. Masiku ano, zida zankhondo zimatuluka ngati "nkhondo" em kumbuyo uko kotero sitilimbana ndi 'em kuno.'

Vuto loyamba ndi njirayi ndikuti tili ndi lingaliro losavuta kwambiri la "iwo". Towopsya ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka zigawenga za Saudi, timayambitsa nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Poganizira kuti mdaniyo, yemwe ali yense, amadana nafe chifukwa cha ufulu wathu, timalephera kuzindikira kuti amadana nafe chifukwa cha mabomba athu ndi mabowo athu. Choncho njira yathu yothetsera vutoli imangowonjezera mavuto.

Kuyambira Nkhondo Yathu Yapachiweniweni, United States sinamenyepo nkhondo kunyumba. Timakonda kumenya nkhondo zathu kutali komanso osawona. Makamera apawailesi yakanema ku Vietnam anali kusokoneza kwakanthawi pamachitidwe awa, ndipo zithunzi zenizeni ngakhale za nkhondoyi sizinali zokhazokha. Pankhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso pankhondo zambiri kuyambira pamenepo, tidauzidwa kuti titha kumenyedwa kwathu ngati sitinapite kukamenyana ndi ena akunja. Pankhani ya nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, tidauzidwa kuti Germany idawukira anzathu abwino komanso osalakwa, atha kutiukira, komanso adawukira anthu osalakwa aku America omwe adakwera sitima yotchedwa Lusitania.

Mabomba okwera pansi a Germany anali akuchenjeza zombo zankhondo, kulola kuti okwera ndege asiye iwo asanalowe. Koma izi zikawululira ma-U-boti kuti zisawonongeke, anthu a ku Germany anayamba kumenyana popanda kuchenjeza. Ndimo momwe adasela Lusitania pa May 7, 1915, kupha anthu a 1,198, kuphatikizapo 128 America. Koma, kudzera m'mitsinje ina, a ku Germany anali atachenjeza anthuwa. Lusitania idakhazikitsidwa kuti zidziwitso za British Navy zomwe zidatchulidwa ngati cruise wothandizira. Pa ulendo wake womaliza, Lusitania inali yodzaza ndi zida zankhondo za ku America, kuphatikizapo mapepala a mfuti khumi ndi theka, zipolopolo za 51, ndi zipolopolo za mfuti, osatchula asilikali a 67 a Zida za 6th Winnipeg. Kuti ngalawayo inali kunyamula asilikali ndi zida zankhondo sizinali zinsinsi. Lusitania asanatuluke ku New York, Ambassy wa ku Germany adalandira chilolezo kwa Mlembi wa boma wa ku United States kuti adziŵe nyuzipepala ku New York chenjezo chakuti chifukwa chombocho chinali kunyamula nkhondo chikanatha kuukiridwa.

Pa kumira kwa Lusitania, nyuzipepala zomwezo, ndi nyuzipepala zina zonse za ku America, adalengeza kupha anthu ndipo sanatchulepo chilichonse chimene sitimayo inanyamula. Pulezidenti Wilson atadzudzula boma la Germany, akudziyesa Lusitania kuti alibe asilikali kapena zida, mlembi wake wa boma adadzipatulira kuti awonetsere Wilson. Maboma a Britain ndi a United States anaphwanya ngalawayi ndikuwonetsa bodza kotero kuti anthu ambiri lerolino akuganiza kuti pali kukayikira ngati Lusitania anali nazo zida. Kapena amaganiza kuti anthu omwe amanyamula zida zogwira ntchito m'ngalawamo m'kati mwa 2008 anali kuthetsa chinsinsi cha nthawi yaitali. Pano pali ndondomeko yochokera ku lipoti lomwe linafotokozedwa pa National Public Radio pa November 22, 2008:

"Pamene Lusitania inatsika, idasiya chinsinsi kumbuyo kwake: Nchiyani chomwe chinayambitsa kuphulika kwachiwiri? Pambuyo pa kafukufuku wa zaka zana, kukangana ndi kukonda, ndondomeko zikuyambira. . . . M'manja mwake muli zochitika za mbiri: zida zisanu ndi ziwiri zozungulira za zida za303, zomwe zinapangidwa ndi Remington ku America ndipo zinkakonzedwa ndi British Army. Nkhondo zomwe kwa zaka mazana ambiri akuluakulu a British ndi America adanena kuti kulibe. Komabe kuzungulira kwa Andrews ndi mapiri a zida zogwiritsira ntchito mfuti zomwe zimakhala ngati chuma cha pirate mu kuwala kwa robot. "

Musaganize kuti zomwe zili m'chombo zidalengezedwa pompano asananyamuke, mabodza abodza amapatsidwa malo awo omwe amayembekezera kuti athandizidwe mozunzikirapo omwe sitingathe kuzindikira kuti ali opusa. . . ngakhale zaka 90 pambuyo pake.

Gawo: NGATI KUDZIWERETSA, KODI TIYENERA KUKHALA NTCHITO?

Kuyesetsa kwachinyengo ku Germany ku United States kunalephera kwambiri poyang'aniridwa ndi maboma a Britain ndi America pa Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse. A Britain anadula chingwe cha telegraph pakati pa Germany ndi United States kotero kuti Amereka adzamenyana nawo nkhondo Britain. Nkhaniyi inali ya nkhanza zoopsa - nkhondo pakati pa chitukuko ndi magulu achilendo (omwe ali a Germany, ndithudi). Osati kokha owerenga angaphunzire za Ajeremani kupuntha manja ndi ana ndikuwotcha matupi awo a glycerin, ndi zozizwitsa zina zochititsa mantha, koma a British akuoneka kuti akugonjetsa nkhondo iliyonse mwamtundu wokondweretsa. Ngakhale kuti olemba mabungwe a ku Britain anali owerengedwa, sanafunikire kukhalapo, chifukwa ankaona kuti iwo ndi omwe amadzibisa kuti anthu azichita nawo nkhondo ku Britain. Times la London inafotokoza kuti:

"Cholinga chenicheni cha ndondomeko ya nkhondo [ya Times] chinali kuwonjezera kuyendayenda kwa osankhidwa. Chinali cholinga chomwe sichidzathandizidwa pang'onopang'ono kuchokera ku zochitika za anthu omwe anawatenga kamodzi atakhala asilikali. "

Pulezidenti Wilson wogulitsa nawo nkhondo, Komiti Yachidziwitso, adagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zowonongeka ndipo amatha kuletsa zifaniziro za anthu a ku America omwe adafa pamene abusa a Postmaster General adachita nawo mwa kuletsa magazini onse opambana. CPI inatsimikiziranso anthu kuti kumenyana ndi Ajeremani kudzakhala kuteteza demokarasi padziko lapansi komanso kuti ku Germany kugonjetsedwa kunkhondo, mosiyana ndi zokambirana zovuta komanso zovuta, kudzakhazikitsa demokalase ya dziko lapansi.

Wilson anafunikira asilikali okwana milioni, koma m'masabata asanu oyambirira atalengeza nkhondo, 73,000 yekha ndi amene anadzipereka. Congress inakakamizidwa, osati kwa nthawi yoyamba, kupanga cholemba. Daniel Webster adatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane kuti pulogalamuyi idatsutsana ndi malamulo a 1814 pamene pulezidenti James Madison adafuna kuti awonongeke, koma zidazi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mbali zonse ziwiri pa Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe, ngakhale kuti anthu olemerawo amapereka amuna osauka kuti afe m'malo awo. Sikuti anthu a ku America anayenera kukakamizidwa kumenya nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi (komanso nkhondo zina zotsatira), komabe kuwonjezera apo 1,532 ya otsutsa oimba ambiri anayenera kuponyedwa m'ndende. Kuopa kuwomberedwa chifukwa cha kupandukira kunayenera kufalikira m'dziko lonse lapansi (monga momwe analili Wachiwiri wa Nkhondo Elihu Root ataperekedwa mu New York Times) isanayambe mbendera ikuyimira komanso nyimbo za usilikali zisasokonezedwe. Otsutsa nkhondo anali, nthawi zina, atapachika, ndipo magulu ankhanzawo anatha.

Nkhani yakuchepetsa ufulu wolankhula - zomwe zikuwonekeranso mu Okutobala 2010 FBI ikulanda nyumba za omenyera ufulu ku Minneapolis, Chicago, ndi mizinda ina - yafotokozedwa bwino m'buku la Norman Thomas la 1935, War: No Glory, No Profit, Palibe Chosowa, ndipo m'buku la Chris Hedges la 2010, The Death of the Liberal Class. Oimira Purezidenti wa nthawi inayi a Eugene Debs adatsekedwa ndikulamulidwa kukhala zaka 10 chifukwa chonena kuti anthu ogwira ntchito alibe chidwi ndi nkhondoyi. Nyuzipepala ya Washington Post idamutcha "wowopsa pagulu," ndikuwombera m'ndende. Adzapikisana nawo paudindo wa purezidenti kasanu kuchokera kundende ndikulandila mavoti 913,664. Popereka chiweruzo, a Debs adati:

"Ulemu wanu, zaka zapitazo ndinazindikira chiyanjano changa ndi zamoyo zonse, ndipo ndinapanga maganizo anga kuti sindinali bwino kuposa dziko lapansi. Ine ndinati ndiye, ndipo ine ndikunena tsopano, kuti ngakhale pali gulu laling'ono, ine ndiri mmenemo; pamene pali chigawenga, ndine wa iwo; ndili ndi moyo m'ndende, sindiri mfulu. "

United States inagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse kuti ibwerere ku Britain ndi France, koma anthu a m'mayiko amenewo sanali kugwirizana ndi nkhondoyo. Osachepera a 132,000 a French amatsutsana ndi nkhondo, anakana kutenga nawo gawo, ndipo adatengedwa ukapolo.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse zomwe zili ndi pakati, palibe omwe a ku America adapereka mwadzidzidzi, Purezidenti Harry S Truman anali ndi nkhani zoipa. Ngati sitinapite nthawi yomweyo kukamenyana ndi chikomyunizimu ku Korea, posachedwapa adzaukira dziko la United States. Kuti izi zinadziwika ngati zopanda pake zapadera zomwe mwina zimaperekedwa ndi mfundo yakuti, kachiwiri, Amwenye amayenera kulembedwa ngati akufuna kupita ndi kumenyana. Nkhondo ya ku Koreya inkayesa kuti imatetezera njira ya moyo ku United States ndipo ikuyenera kutetezedwa kuti dziko la South Korea lidzaponderezedwa ndi North Korea. Kunena zoona, anali wodzikuza kwambiri a Allies kuti awononge dziko la Korea theka lakumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse.

Pa June 25, 1950, kumpoto ndi kum'mwera onse adanena kuti mbali ina inadutsa. Malipoti oyambirira ochokera ku US intelligence intelligence anali kuti kum'mwera kunali kudutsa kumpoto. Onse awiri adagwirizana kuti nkhondoyi idayandikira pafupi ndi gombe lakumadzulo ku Penjula ya Ongjin, kutanthauza kuti Pyongyang ndilolinga chomenyera chakum'mwera, koma kumpoto kumeneko kunalibe nzeru ngati kunatsogolera ku peninsula yaing'ono osati Seoul. Komanso pa June 25th, mbali zonse ziwirizi zinalengeza za kulandidwa kwa kum'mwera kwa mzinda wa Haeju, kumpoto kwa mzinda wa Haeju, ndipo asilikali a ku United States adatsimikizira zimenezi. Pa June 26th, kazembe wa ku United States anatumiza chingwe chomwe chimatsimikizira kusuntha kwakumwera: "Zida zankhondo za kumpoto zimachoka ponseponse."

Purezidenti wa ku South Korea, Syngman Rhee wakhala akuchita nkhondo kumpoto kwa chaka chimodzi ndipo adalengeza kumapeto kwa chaka chake cholinga choukira dziko la kumpoto, kusunthira asilikali ake ku 38th kufanana, mzere womwe unali kumpoto ndi kum'mwera. . Kumpoto gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a asilikali omwe alipo anali pafupi ndi malire.

Komabe, anthu a ku America anauzidwa kuti North Korea adagonjetsa South Korea, ndipo adachita chomwecho ku Soviet Union monga gawo la chiwembu choti adzalandire dziko la chikomyunizimu. Mosakayika, mbali iliyonse yomwe inagonjetsedwa, iyi inali nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Soviet Union siinali yogwirizana, ndipo United States sakanakhala. South Korea si United States, ndipo sikunali pafupi ndi United States. Komabe, tinalowa "nkhondo" yina.

Ife tinakakamiza bungwe la United Nations kuti kumpoto kwadutsa kummwera, chinachake chomwe Soviet Union chikanayembekezeredwa kuti chikhale choyambitsa nkhondo, koma Soviet Union inali ikuphwanya bungwe la United Nations ndipo silinafune chidwi. Tinapambana mavoti a mayiko ku United Nations mwa kunama kwa iwo kuti kum'mwera adatenga matanki olamulidwa ndi a Russia. Akuluakulu a ku United States adalengeza poyera kuti boma la Soviet linachita nawo kanthu koma linkayikirapo pambali.

Soviet Union, sichidafuna nkhondo ndipo pa July 6th mtsogoleri wawo wachikunja anauza bwana wa Britain ku Moscow kuti akufuna kukhazikitsa mtendere. Mlembi wa ku United States ku Moscow anaganiza kuti izi zinali zoona. Washington sankasamala. Kumpoto, boma lathu linati, laphwanya 38th kufanana, mzere wopatulika wa dziko lonse lapansi. Koma mtsogoleri wa dziko la United States, Douglas MacArthur, atapatsidwa mpata, adayendera, potsatira Purezidenti Truman, kudutsa mbali imeneyo, kumpoto, mpaka kumalire a China. MacArthur anali atagonjetsa nkhondo ndi China ndi kuopseza, ndipo anapempha chilolezo kuti aukire, omwe a Chiefs of Staff omwe anakana. Patapita nthawi, Truman anathamangitsa MacArthur. Kumenyana ndi chomera china ku North Korea chomwe chinapereka China, ndi kubomba mabomba m'mudzi, MacArthur anali pafupi kwambiri ndi zomwe adafuna.

Koma ku United States kuopseza China kunachititsa kuti anthu a ku China ndi a Russia apite kunkhondo, nkhondo yomwe inagula Korea miyoyo miyanda miwiri ya asilikali komanso asilikali a United States 37,000, pamene anasandutsa Seoul ndi Pyongyang kukhala milandu yambiri. Ambiri mwa akufa anali ataphedwa, ataphedwa osapulumuka komanso m'magazi ozizira mbali zonse. Ndipo malire anali kubwereranso komwe kunali, koma udani womwe unadutsa malire amenewo unakula kwambiri. Nkhondo itatha, osapindula kanthu kwa wina aliyense koma okonza zida, "anthu adatuluka mumapangidwe a mulu m'mapanga ndi tunnels kuti apeze chiwonetsero chakuwala kwa tsiku."

Gawo: NKHONDO YOPHALA YAMADZI

Ndipo ife tinali kutenthedwa. Pulezidenti Truman atayankhula pa msonkhano wa Congress ndi pa wailesi pa March 12, 1947, adagawaniza dziko lonse lapansi kukhala awiri otsutsana, dziko laulere, ndi dziko la Communists ndi totitans. Susan Brewer akulemba kuti:

"Mawu a Truman anakhazikitsa bwinobwino nkhani za mauthenga a Cold War. Choyamba, zinatanthauzira kuti vutoli ndi vuto lomwe lidalipo mwamsanga, lomwe linafunikiranso kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga ndi mkuluyo ndipo sanalole nthawi yodzifufuzira, kukangana kwapakhomo, kapena kukambirana. Chachiwiri, izo zinayambitsa mavuto a mayiko, kaya chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, ndondomeko zandale zadziko, kayendetsedwe kadziko, kapena Soviet kwenikweni, pa Soviet nkhanza. Chachitatu, zikusonyeza kuti anthu a ku America akuchita zinthu pofuna ufulu wa anthu, osati chifukwa cha zachuma. Chiphunzitso cha Truman chinakhazikitsa maziko omwe angakwaniritse kukhazikitsa kwa Marshall Plan, kulengedwa kwa Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), National Security Council (NSC), ndi Federal Employee Loyalty Programme, kumanganso West Germany, makamaka mayiko a ku Russia adzalanda Berlin, ndipo, mu 1949, mapangidwe a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). "

Kusintha kumeneku kunapangitsa ulamuliro wa pulezidenti kuti ukhale ndi mphamvu zankhondo ndipo zinachititsa kuti ntchito zokhudzana ndi nkhondo zisawonongeke, monga kugonjetsedwa kwa demokalase ya Iran ku 1953, panthaŵiyi akuluakulu a ku United States anapanga zonena kuti pulezidenti wa Iran wodzisankhira mwadzidzidzi anali wachikominisi, monga mdzukulu wa Teddy Roosevelt ndi Norman Schwarzkopf abambo adawombera ndi kuika magazini ya Time ya 1951 Man of the Year ndi wolamulira wankhanza.

Kenaka pambaliyi panali Guatemala. Edward Bernays adagwiritsidwa ntchito ku 1944 ndi United Fruit. Msilikali wa Komiti Yachidziwitso Yomwe Anagulitsa Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse, mchimwene wa Sigmund Freud, ndi bambo wa ntchito yabwino yothamanga ndi kulimbikitsa anthu mopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha "ubale," Bernays, adafalitsa buku ku 1928 lotchedwa Propaganda, zomwe kwenikweni zimafalitsidwa pofuna kufalitsa zifalitsidwe. Bernay anathandiza Sam Zemurray wa United Fruit (yemwe adagonjetsa pulezidenti wa Honduras ku 1911) poyambitsa pulogalamu ya PR kuyambira ku 1951 ku United States kutsutsana ndi boma lapamwamba la Guatemala. Nyuzipepala ya New York Times ndi zofalitsa zina zinatsatira kutsogolo kwa Bernays, zomwe zikuwonetsa ulemu wa United Fruit monga kuvutika pansi pa ulamuliro wa ulamuliro wouza boma wa Marxist - umene unali boma losankhidwa likugwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwatsopano kwa mtundu.

Senemaji Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. (R., Mass.) Adatsogolera ku Congress. Iye anali mdzukulu wamkulu wa Senator George Cabot (F., Mass.) Komanso mdzukulu wa Senator Henry Cabot Lodge (R., Mass.) Amene adalimbikitsa dziko la nkhondo ku Spain ndi America ndi World War I , anagonjetsa League of Nations, ndipo anamanga Navy. Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. adakakhala ngati nthumwi ku South Vietnam, komwe angathandizire mtunduwu ku nkhondo ya Vietnam. Ngakhale kuti Soviet Union sanagwirizane ndi Guatemala, abambo a CIA Allen Dulles anali otsimikiza kapena otsimikiza kuti Moscow ikutsogolera ulendo wopeka wa Guatemala kupita ku communism. Pogwirizana ndi Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower, CIA inagonjetsa boma la Guatemala m'malo mwa United Fruit. Chofunika kwambiri pa ntchitoyi chinali ntchito ya Howard Hunt, yemwe adzalowera mu Watergate kwa Purezidenti Richard Nixon. Palibe chimodzi cha izi chikanadabwitsa Smedley Butler.

Kenaka - ndikutsatira mliri wa misisi ku Cuba pamene ndondomeko za nkhondo zinapangitsa kuti dziko lapansi liwononge mfundo, ndi zina zosautsa zina - anabwera Vietnam, nkhondo yaukali yomwe tinalengezedwa, monga ife tinali ku Korea, kuti kumpoto anali atayambitsa izo. Tikhoza kupulumutsa South Vietnam kapena kuyang'ana Asia yense ndiyeno mtundu wathu womwe umakhala woopsya kwa mantha a chikomyunizimu, tinauzidwa. Atsogoleri a Eisenhower ndi John F. Kennedy adanena kuti mayiko a ku Asia (komanso ngakhale Africa ndi Latin America, molingana ndi a General Maxwell Taylor) akhoza kugwa ngati maulamuliro. Ichi chinali chinthu china chachabechabe chomwe chingagwiritsidwenso ntchito mu mawonekedwe osinthidwa mu "Global War on Terror" yowonongeka ndi a Purezidenti GW Bush ndi Obama. Akukangana mu March 2009 chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa nkhondo ku Afghanistan komwe Ambiri ambiri amatsutsa, Obama, molingana ndi wolemba mabuku wotchedwa Juan Cole:

". . . adalongosola mtundu womwewo umene Washington akugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti aperekedwe ku chikomyunizimu. M'mawu omwe adasinthidwa, al-Qaida, a Taliban angatenge chigawo cha Kunar, ndi Afghanistan yense, ndipo adzalandireni al-Qaida, ndipo akhoza kuopseza nyanja ya United States. Iye adatha kuwonjezera analogi ku Cambodia, kuti, 'Tsogolo la Afghanistan likugwirizana kwambiri ndi tsogolo la mnzako, Pakistan,' ndipo adawachenjeza kuti, 'Musadabwe: Al-Qaida ndi mabungwe ake ophwanya malamulo ndi khansa yomwe ingawononge kupha Pakistan. "

Komabe, chochitika chodabwitsa chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo nkhondo ya Vietnam chinali chiwonongeko chokhudzana ndi ngalawa za US ku Gulf of Tonkin pa August 4, 1964. Izi zinali zombo za ku United States zomwe zinali pamphepete mwa nyanja ya kumpoto kwa Vietnam zomwe zinkachita nkhondo pomenyana ndi North Vietnam. Pulezidenti Lyndon Johnson adadziŵa kuti anali kunama pamene adanena kuti kuukira kwa August 4th sikulepheretsedwa. Zikanakhala choncho, sizikanakhala zoletsedwa. Sitimayo yomweyo yomwe inkayenera kuti inachitikiridwa pa August 4th, idasokoneza ngalawa zitatu za kumpoto kwa Vietnam ndi kupha oyendetsa ngalawa anayi a kumpoto kwa Vietnam masiku awiri m'mbuyomu, pomwe umboniwu ukusonyeza kuti United States inathamangitsidwa poyamba, ngakhale kuti zinalembedwa mosiyana. Ndipotu, patapita masiku ochepa ntchitoyi, dziko la United States linali litayamba kulamulira dziko la North Vietnam.

Koma kuganiza kuti kuukira kwa August 4th kunali makamaka, makamaka, kusokoneza molakwika mwana wamwamuna wa ku America. Woyendetsa sitimayo anathandiza Pentagon kunena kuti akugwedezeka, ndipo pomwepo phokoso lakunena kuti chikhulupiriro chake choyambirira chinali chokayikira ndipo palibe sitima za kumpoto kwa Vietnam zomwe zingatsimikizidwe m'deralo. Pulezidenti Johnson sanali wotsimikiza kuti panali chiwonongeko chirichonse pamene adauza anthu a ku America komwe kunalipo. Patapita miyezi iye adalengeza yekha kuti: "Zomwe ndikudziwa, sitimayi yathu inali kuwombera pamtunda kunja." Koma panthawi imeneyo Johnson anali ndi chilolezo kuchokera ku Congress kuti apite kunkhondo yomwe iye akanafuna.

Ndipotu, panthawiyo, adatinso kuti atipangitsenso kuchitapo kanthu chachitetezo ku Dominican Republic kuti titeteze Amwenye ndikuletsa kufalikira kwa chikominisi. Monga taonera, palibe a ku America omwe anali pangozi. Koma chilungamitsocho chinali chophimbidwa monga choloweza mmalo mwa chidziwitso cholimbana ndi chikominisi, chomwe Johnson ankadziwa kukhala chopanda pake ndipo sakanakhoza kutsimikiza kuti adzawuluka. Pamsonkhano wa Komiti Yoona za Undondomeko Wachilendo kudziko la Senate, Assistant Secretary of State Thomas Mann adalongosola kuti kazembe wa ku America adamufunsa mkulu wa asilikali a Dominican ngati angakonde kusewera ndi mabodza ena:

"Zonse zomwe tinapempha zinali ngati akanakhala okonzeka kusintha izi kuchokera ku umodzi wa chikomyunizimu kumenyana ndi umodzi wa miyoyo ya Amereka."

Chaka chomwecho, Pulezidenti Johnson adawathandiza kuti awonetsere chidziwitso kwa a ambassador wachi Greece, omwe dziko lawo linasankha mtsogoleri wa ufulu wa dziko la America, osakondwera ndi dziko la United States, ndipo adafuna kuti awononge dziko la Turkey ndikutsutsana ndi mayiko a US kugawanika ku Cyprus . Ndemanga ya Johnson, yotsimikizika kukumbukiridwa monga momwe Lincoln's Gettysburg Adresse ikufotokozera, inali:

"Sungani nyumba yanu yamalamulo ndi malamulo anu. America ndi njovu, Cyprus ndi utitiri. Ngati ntchentche ziwiri zikupitirizabe kulimbitsa njovu, zimatha kungofooka ndi thumba la njovu. Timalipira madola ambiri abwino a ku America ku Agiriki, Ambassador. Ngati Pulezidenti wanu andipatsa ine nkhani yokhudza demokarasi, nyumba yamalamulo, ndi malamulo, iye, nyumba yake ya malamulo, ndi malamulo ake sangakhalepo nthawi yayitali. "

Nthaŵi zina ntchito yomasankha zifukwa zankhondo imakhala yofanana ndi machitidwe ovomerezeka. Posakhalitsa ku Iraq kwa 2003, pamene anthu omwe adakhulupirira mabodza anali kufunsa komwe zida zonse zinali, Mlembi Wachiwiri wa "Defense", Paul Wolfowitz, adamuuza Vanity Fair,

"Chowonadi n'chakuti pazifukwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi boma la United States, tinakhazikika pamfundo imodzi yomwe aliyense angagwirizane pa zomwe zida zowonongeka kwakukulu ndizo chifukwa chachikulu."

M'ndandanda wa 2003 yotchedwa The Fog of War, Robert McNamara, yemwe anali Mlembi wa "Chitetezo" pa nthawi ya Tonkin, adavomereza kuti nkhondo ya August 4th sizinachitike ndipo panalibe kukayika panthawiyo. Iye sananene kuti pa August 6th adachitira umboni pamsonkhanowu wotsekedwa wa bungwe la Senate Foreign Relations ndi Komiti za Zida za Armed pamodzi ndi General Earl Wheeler. Pamakomiti awiriwa, amuna onsewa adanena mosapita m'mbali kuti North North anaukira pa August 4th. McNamara sanatchulepo kuti masiku angapo pambuyo pa Tonkin Gulf sizinali zochitika, adafunsanso a Chiefs of Staff kuti amupatse mndandanda wa zochitika zina za US zomwe zingakhumudwitse North Vietnam. Anapeza mndandanda ndipo adalimbikitsa anthu omwe ankakhumudwa pamisonkhano musanayambe kulamulira Johnson pa September 10th. Ntchitozi zinali kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi komanso kuwonjezereka kwa ntchito, ndipo pofika mwezi wa Oktoba akulamula kuti mabomba a radar aponyedwe.

Lipoti la National Security Agency (NSA) ku 2000-2001 linatsimikizira kuti panalibe kuukira ku Tonkin pa August 4th, ndipo kuti NSA idanamiza mwadala. Boma la Bush Bush silinalole kuti lipotilo lisindikizidwe mpaka 2005, chifukwa chodandaula kuti zingasokoneze mabodza akuuzidwa kuti nkhondo ya Afghanistan ndi Iraq iyambike. Pa March 8, 1999, Newsweek adafalitsa mayi wa mabodza onse: "America siyambe nkhondo m'zaka za zana lino." Mosakayikira Team Bush inaganiza kuti ndibwino kuti asiye kunyengerera.

Ndinafotokozera mabodza omwe anatsutsa nkhondo ku Iraq m'buku langa lapitalo, Daybreak, ndipo safuna kuwerengedwera pano, kupatula kuti awonetsetse kuti ntchito yowonongeka yofalitsa nkhondo yomwe idachokera ku zolemba zonse za nkhondo yapitayi zikuphatikizapo ntchito ya Purezidenti George W. Bush ndipo adatsogoleredwa ndi Pulezidenti Bill Clinton. Popeza kuti akugwira Cuba kukhala ufulu, United States yawononga maboma ambiri chifukwa choganiza kuti ndi abwino kwa anthu awo. Zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, zakhala zowonongeka kwa azidenti kuti ayambe kuwombera zigawenga zokayikitsa zigawenga kapena ndi cholinga choletsera milandu ya anthu. Clinton anapanga utsogoleri wa pulezidenti pogwiritsa ntchito NATO, motsutsana ndi Charter ya UN komanso kusagwirizana ndi malamulo potsutsana ndi kutsutsana, kukantha Yugoslavia wakale ku 1999.

Zowopsa za mabungwe ophwanya mabomba oterewa ndikuti, ngati bungwe la United Nations likutsutsana, dziko lirilonse likhoza kulandira ufulu womwewo kuti uyambe kugwetsa mabomba malinga ngati akulengeza zolinga zaumunthu. Vuto lalamulo ndiloti pulezidenti aliyense akhoza kuchita zimenezi popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi anthu a Congress. Ndipotu Nyumba ya Aimunayo inavomereza kuti asalole mabomba ku 1999, ndipo mtsogoleriyo adapitilizabe. Kuopsa koopsa kwa mabomba amenewa ndi "mavuto" omwe amachititsa kuti vutoli likhale lolemetsa ngati chilichonse chomwe chingalephereke. Bungwe la International Criminal Tribunal la Yugoslavia Yakale linapeza kuti kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa NATO kwakhala kukuwonjezeka, osati kuchepa, milandu ya nkhondo yomwe idakonzedweratu - makamaka yomwe inachitikira panthawi yomwe isanafike bomba.

Panthawiyi, mavuto ambiri othandizira anthu, monga chiwawa cha Rwanda cha 1994, amanyalanyazidwa chifukwa sakuwona kuti ndiwothandiza kapena chifukwa chakuti palibe njira yosavuta yothetsera nkhondo. Timaganizira zovuta za mitundu yonse (kuchokera mvula yamkuntho mpaka kuwonongeka kwa mafuta kumalo osokoneza bongo) zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zokhazokha ndi zida zankhondo zosayenera. Ngati nkhondo yayamba kale, zowonjezera za chithandizo cha tsoka sizikufunika. Mwachitsanzo, ku 2003 ku Iraq, asilikali a ku US adayang'anira utumiki wa mafuta pomwe malonda ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu adalandidwa ndikuwonongedwa. M'gulu la asilikali a US ku Pakistan anaika patsogolo ntchito yoteteza mlengalenga m'malo mothandiza anthu omwe anakhudzidwa ndi madzi. Zoonadi, masoka achilengedwe ndi masoka aumunthu omwe amapangidwa ndi nkhondo za inu nokha amanyalanyazidwa mwakachetechete, mwachitsanzo, mpumulo wa othawa kwawo wa Iraq pa nthawi ya kulemba.

Ndiye pali ngozi yoti tisadziwe chimene tikuchita chifukwa tanamizidwa. Ndi nkhondo, izi sizingakhale zoopsa ngati kukhala pafupi. Kugwiritsira ntchito chida chomwe chimapha anthu ochuluka ndipo nthawizonse chimakhala choyenerera ndi mabodza kumawoneka ngati chinthu chokayikitsa ngakhale pazifukwa zaumwini. Pamene, mu 1995, Croatia adapha kapena "adatsuka" a Serbs ndi madalitso a Washington, akuyendetsa anthu a 150,000 kumudzi kwawo, sitinayenera kuwona, mochepetsetsa mabomba kuti tipewe. Bomba linapulumutsidwa kwa Milosevic, yemwe tinauzidwa ku 1999 - anakana kukambirana mtendere ndipo chifukwa chake anayenera kuponyedwa mabomba. Sitikuuzidwa kuti United States ikukakamiza pa mgwirizano kuti palibe mtundu wina padziko lapansi umene ungavomereze, modzipereka ufulu wa NATO kuti ulandire Yugoslavia yonse ndikukhala ndi chitetezo chokwanira kuchokera ku malamulo kwa antchito ake onse. Mu June 14, 1999, nkhani ya The Nation, George Kenney, yemwe kale anali Dipatimenti Yoyang'anira Dipatimenti ya Yugoslavia, anati:

"Wolemba nyuzipepala yemwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito mosavuta omwe amayenda nthawi zonse ndi Mlembi wa boma, Madeleine Albright, adanena kuti [wolemba] akulengeza kuti olemba nkhani akudziwika kuti ali ndi chinsinsi chobisika pamsonkhano wa Rambouillet, mkulu wa Dipatimenti ya Dipatimenti ya Nthambi adadzikuza kuti United States ' kuposa achi Serbs angalandire. ' A Serbs anafunika, malinga ndi a boma, kuphulika pang'ono kuti aone chifukwa. "

Jim Jatras, wothandizira anthu ena ku Seneti Republican, adalemba mu May 18, 1999, kulankhula ku Cato Institute ku Washington kuti "ali ndi udindo wabwino" kuti "mkulu wa akuluakulu a boma akuuza anthu nkhani ku Rambouillet, pansi pa" embargo " zotsatirazi: "Ife timapanga mwachangu bar omwe apamwamba kwambiri kuti Aserbia achite. Iwo amafunikira mabomba ena, ndipo ndi zomwe iwo ati adzapeze. "

Pofunsa mafunso ndi FAIR (Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting), Kenney ndi Jatras onse adanena kuti izi ndizolemba zomwe zalembedwa ndi olemba nkhani omwe analankhula ndi mkulu wa US.

Kukambirana pazosatheka, ndikunamizira mbali ina yosagwirizana, ndi njira yothandiza kuyambitsa nkhondo "yodzitchinjiriza". Kumbuyo kwa chiwembucho ku 1999 panali nthumwi yapadera yaku US Richard Holbrooke, yemwe tidakumana naye pamwambapa mu 2010 poteteza nkhondo yankhondo ku Afghanistan.

Nkhanza motsutsana ndi gulu lomwelo lingakhale chifukwa cha nkhondo yothandiza anthu kapena nkhani zomwe sizikudetsa nkhaŵa konse, malingana ndi kuti wolakwirayo ndi wogwirizana ndi boma la United States. Saddam Hussein akanatha kupha Kurds mpaka atayamika, pomwepo kupha Kurds kunakhala koopsa komanso kosautsa - pokhapokha ngati Turkey inachita, ndiye kuti palibe chifukwa chodandaula nacho. Mu 2010, chaka chomwe ine ndinalemba bukhuli, Turkey inali kuika moyo wake pachiswe, komabe. Turkey ndi Brazil zatenga njira zothandizira mtendere pakati pa United States ndi Iran, zomwe zinakwiyitsa ambiri ku Washington, DC Ndipo Turkey inathandiza zombo zopereka zothandizira kubweretsa chakudya ndi zopereka kwa anthu a Gaza omwe anali atatsekedwa ndi njala ndi boma la Israeli. Izi zinapangitsa Israeli-kulondola kapena kolakwika kubwalo ku Washington, DC, kuti asinthe udindo wautali ndikuvomereza lingaliro la Congress "kuzindikira" 1915 ku Armenia. Kodi a Armenia mwadzidzidzi akanakhala anthu odzaza? Inde sichoncho. Zinangokhala zofunikanso kutsutsa Turkey, zaka zapitazo, za chiwonongeko, makamaka chifukwa dziko la Turkey likuyesera kuthetsa malingaliro a anthu lero.

Purezidenti wakale Jimmy Carter, yemwe Noam Chomsky amamuyitanitsa pulezidenti wathu wachiwawa kuyambira pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, molimba mtima adatsutsa zowawa zake, kuphatikizapo zomwe Israeli adachita, koma osati kuphedwa kwa Indonesia East Timorese. zida, kapena kuphedwa kwa a Salvador ndi boma lawo lomwe boma lake linkachita chimodzimodzi. Mchitidwe wa atrocious umaloledwa ndipo umakhala chete pamene uli wofunikira. Iwo amatsindiridwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti amve nkhondo zokha pamene opanga nkhondo akufuna nkhondo pa zifukwa zina. Iwo amene amamvera mokondwera chifukwa chodziyesa chifukwa cha nkhondo akugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Pali nkhondo imodzi mu mbiri yakale ya US yomwe ife timayankhula poyera ngati nkhanza ndipo sitiyesa kuteteza monga chitetezo. Kapena, m'malo mwake, ena a ife timachita. Anthu ambiri akummwera akunena kuti ndi nkhondo ya kumpoto, ndipo kumpoto imatcha nkhondo yeniyeni. Iyo inali nkhondo yomwe South inamenyera ufulu wochoka ndipo kumpoto kunamenyera nkhondo kuti mayiko asachoke, kuti asadziteteze kudziko lina. Ife takhala tikuyenda motalika potsata zifukwa zomwe tikufuna kuti apange nkhondo. Ngakhale ndikukayikira kuti boma la United States lilola boma kuchoka mwamtendere ngakhale lerolino, nkhondo iliyonse lero iyenera kukhala yolondola m'mawu osathandiza osadziwika m'zaka zapitazo.

Monga tiona mu chaputala chachinayi, nkhondo zakhala zakupha komanso zoopsa. Koma zifukwa zomwe zimayesedwa kuti zifotokoze kapena kuzikhululukira zakhala zothandiza komanso zosasangalatsa. Ife tsopano tikulimbana ndi nkhondo kuti tipeze dziko lapansi kuchokera mu kukoma mtima, chikondi, ndi mowolowa manja.

Zomwe ndi zomwe ndamva ndi zomwe tidzaphunzire mu mutu wachitatu.