NKHONDO SIDAKHALITSIDWA KUCHITSA ZOIPA

Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zakale kwambiri zankhondo ndikuti mdani ndi wosayenerera zoipa. Amapembedza mulungu wolakwika, ali ndi khungu ndi chinenero cholakwika, amachita zoopsa, ndipo sangathe kulingalira naye. Chizoloŵezi cholimbana ndi anthu akunja ndi kutembenuza anthu omwe sali achipembedzo choyenera kuti "chikhale chabwino chawo" chikufanana ndi chizoloŵezi chakupha anthu achilendo chifukwa cha chifukwa chake maboma awo amanyalanyaza ufulu wa amayi. Kuchokera pakati pa ufulu wa amayi ophatikizidwa ndi njira imeneyi, imodzi ikusowa: ufulu wa moyo, monga magulu a amayi ku Afghanistan ayesa kufotokoza kwa omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zovuta zawo kuti athetse nkhondo. Okhulupirira zoipa omwe akutsutsana nawo amalola kuti tipewe kuwerengera amayi kapena amayi omwe si a ku America. Madera a kumayiko a azungu amachititsa kuti tizitha kuona zochitika za akazi omwe ali mu burqas, koma sangawononge ife ndi zithunzi za amayi ndi ana omwe aphedwa ndi magulu athu ndi mphepo.

Tangoganizirani ngati nkhondo idakonzedweratu kuti ikhale yofunikira, zolinga, zolinga zaumunthu, "maulendo a ufulu," ndi "kufalikira kwa demokarasi": kodi sitingathe kuwerengera akufa akunja kuti tipeze kuwerengera kovuta ngati ife tikuyesera kuti tichulukitse chowonongekocho? Sitichita izi, chifukwa chodziwikiratu chomwe timaganizira mdani woipayo komanso woyenera imfa ndikukhulupirira kuti lingaliro lina likhoza kusokoneza mbali yathu. Tinkakonda kuwerengera adani omwe adafa, ku Vietnam ndi nkhondo zisanayambe, ngati kupita patsogolo. Mkulu wa 2010 David Petraeus anabwezeretsanso pang'ono ku Afghanistan, kuphatikizapo kuphatikizapo anthu wamba. Mbali zambiri tsopano, komabe chiŵerengero cha akufa chiri, kukatsutsa kwambiri kulipo kwa nkhondo. Koma popewera kuwerengera ndi kulingalira, timapereka masewerawa: timayikabe miyoyo yoipa kapena yopanda kanthu.

Koma monga achikunja omwe sanaganizire kuti anali osayesayesa adatembenuzidwa ku chipembedzo cholondola pamene kulira ndi kufa kunatha, koteronso nkhondo zathu zimatha kumapeto, kapena kuti ntchito yosatha ya chidole chotetezedwa. Panthawi imeneyo, otsutsa osakondeka amakhala okongola kapena ovomerezeka. Kodi iwo anali oyipa kuyambira pomwe kapena kunena kotero kuti zikhale zophweka kutenga dziko kumenyana ndi kukopa asilikali ake kuti ayese ndi moto? Kodi anthu a ku Germany anakhala ziwanda zaumunthu nthawi iliyonse yomwe tinkamenyana nazo, ndikubwereranso kukhala anthu odzaza pamene mtendere unadza? Kodi mabungwe athu a ku Russia adakhala bwanji ufumu woipa pamene adasiya kugwira ntchito yabwino yowononga Ajeremani? Kapena kodi tinangoti ndife abwino, pamene anali oipa nthawi zonse? Kapena kodi tinkayesa kuti anali oipa pamene adangosokoneza anthu, monga ife? Kodi Afghans ndi Iraqi onse adakhala bwanji ziwanda pamene gulu la Saudis lidawuluka ndege kupita ku nyumba ku United States, ndipo anthu a Saudi adakhala bwanji anthu? Musayang'ane malingaliro.

Kukhulupirira ku nkhondo yotsutsana ndi choipa kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi olimbikitsa nkhondo komanso omvera. Otsatira ena ndi ochita nawo nkhondo ku US akulimbikitsidwa, makamaka ndi chikhumbo chopha ndi osatembenuka osatembenuka. Koma palibe chilichonse chomwe chili pakati pa enieni, kapena choyambirira, komanso zolinga za okonza nkhondo, zomwe zidzakambidwa mu chaputala 6. Kutsutsana kwawo ndi chidani, ngati zilipo, zikhoza kuthetsa malingaliro awo, koma sizimayendetsa zochitika zawo. Okonza nkhondo, amapeza mantha, chidani, ndi kubwezera kukhala olimbikitsa anthu komanso ogwira usilikali. Chiwawa chathu-chomwe chimakhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri chimatipangitsa kuganizira za kuopsa kwa chiwawa, ndipo boma lathu likuchita mantha powopsya, machenjezo, magulu a ngozi, maulendo a ndege, ndi masewera omwe ali ndi nkhope za adani oipa kwambiri .

Gawo: Zoipa ndi HARM

Zomwe zimayambitsa imfa zowonongeka ndi kuzunzika padziko lapansi ndizo nkhondo. Koma kuno ku United States, zifukwa zomwe zimayambitsa imfa zotetezedwa sizinthu zakunja, maboma akunja, kapena magulu achigawenga. Iwo ndi matenda, ngozi, kuwonongeka kwa galimoto, ndi kudzipha. "Nkhondo pa Umphaŵi," "Nkhondo Yopitirira Kufooka," ndi zochitika zina zoterezi zalephereka kuyesera kuti zibweretse pa zifukwa zina zazikulu zopweteka ndi kutayika kwa moyo chilakolako chomwecho ndi changu chomwe nthawi zambiri chimagwirizanitsa ndi nkhondo motsutsana ndi zoipa. Nchifukwa chiyani matenda a mtima si oipa? Nchifukwa chiyani kusuta fodya kapena kusowa chitetezo cha malo ogwira ntchito sikuli choipa? Zina mwa zinthu zomwe zikukula mwamsanga zomwe zimakhudza moyo wathu ndikutentha kwa dziko. Nchifukwa chiyani sitikuyesa kuyesetsa kuthetsa mavutowa?

Chifukwa chake ndi chimodzi chimene sichimvetsetsa, koma chimapangitsa kuti ife tonse tizimvetsetsa. Ngati wina anayesera kubisa ngozi ya ndudu, podziwa kuti izi zidzathetsa mavuto ambiri ndi imfa, akanatha kuchita buck, osati kuti andipweteke ine ndekha. Ngakhale atachitapo chifukwa cha chisangalalo chokhumudwitsa anthu ambiri, ngakhale kuti zochita zake zikhoza kukhala zoipa, sakanakhala kuti akufuna kundipweteka makamaka chifukwa cha chiwawa.

Ochita masewera ndi ovina amadziyika okha mwa mantha ndi ngozi chifukwa cha chisangalalo. Anthu omwe amatha kulimbana ndi mabomba akukumana ndi mantha ndi ngozi, koma osati zowawa zomwe asilikali akukumana nawo. Pamene asilikali amabwerera ku nkhondo maganizo, kuwonongeka sikuti makamaka chifukwa cha mantha ndi ngozi. Zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto mu nkhondo zikuyenera kupha anthu ena ndikuyenera kukumana ndi anthu ena omwe akufuna kukupha. Wachiwiriyo akufotokozedwa ndi Lt. Col. Dave Grossman m'buku lake Pa On Killing monga "mphepo ya chidani." Grossman akufotokoza kuti:

"Tikufuna kwambiri kuti tikondwere, kukondedwa, ndi kulamulira miyoyo yathu; komanso mwachangu, chidani chaumunthu ndi chiwawa - koposa china chirichonse m'moyo - chimapweteka kudzikonda kwathu, kudziletsa kwathu, malingaliro athu a dziko lapansi monga malo opindulitsa ndi omveka, ndipo, pamapeto pake, thanzi lathu laumaganizo ndi la thupi. . . . Sitikuopa imfa ndi kuvulazidwa ndi matenda kapena ngozi koma m'malo mwa kukhumudwa kwathunthu ndi kulamulidwa ndi anthu anzathu omwe amachititsa mantha ndikunyansidwa m'mitima mwathu. "

Ichi ndi chifukwa chake oyendetsa nkhumba ndizobodza. Amayambitsa matendawa, amawagwirizanitsa, akugwirizanitsa, ndikukhulupirira kuti akhoza kupulumuka mphepo ya chidani. Ambiri aife, mwatsoka, sitinaphunzitsidwe. Ndege za September 11, 2001, sizinasokoneze nyumba zathu zambiri, koma chikhulupiriro choopsya chakuti otsalawo angatigwire ife tinkawopa kuti ndizofunikira kwambiri mu ndale, zomwe olamulira ambiri amangolimbikitsa. Pomwepo tinasonyezedwa zithunzi za akaidi akunja akunja, achikunja, achikunja, osalankhula Chingerezi omwe amachitiridwa ngati zilombo zakutchire ndikuzunzidwa chifukwa sakanatha kukambirana nawo. Ndipo kwa zaka zambiri ife tinasokoneza chuma chathu kuti tipereke ndalama zowonongeka kwa "mitu yoyamba" ndi "hadji" patatha nthawi yaitali Saddam Hussein atathamangitsidwa, kutengedwa, ndi kuphedwa. Izi zikuwonetsera mphamvu ya chikhulupiliro chotsutsa zoipa. Simudzapeza kuthetseratu kuipa kulikonse pamapepala a Project for New American Century, tank woganiza yomwe inakakamiza kwambiri nkhondo ku Iraq. Kukaniza zoipa ndi njira yopezera anthu omwe sangapindule mwa njira iliyonse kuchokera ku nkhondo yolimbana ndi kulimbikitsa.

Chigawo: ATROCITIES

Mu nkhondo iliyonse, mbali zonse ziwiri zimati zimamenyera chabwino pa zoipa. (Panthawi ya Gulf War, Pulezidenti George HW Bush adanenapo dzina la Saddam Hussein kuti adziwone ngati Sodomu, pomwe Hussein adayankhula za "Bush Bush".) Mbali imodzi ikanakhoza kunena zoona, momveka bwino magulu onse a nkhondo sangakhale kumbali za ubwino weniweni ndi zoipa zoipa. Nthawi zambiri, chinthu choyipa chingathe kuwonetsedwa ngati umboni. Mbali inayo yachita zoipa zomwe zoipa zokha zikhoza kuchitika. Ndipo ngati sizinachitikedi, ndiye kuti nkhanza zina zingathe kupangidwa mosavuta. Harold Laswell wa 1927 Buku la Propaganda Tech mu Nkhondo Yadziko lonse ili ndi mutu wakuti "satana," umene umati:

"Lamulo lothandizira kuukitsa chidani ndi, ngati poyamba salimbikitsidwa, gwiritsani ntchito chiwawa. Zagwiritsidwa ntchito mopambana mosasamala mukumenyana kulikonse komwe kumadziwika ndi munthu. Choyamba, ngakhale nthawi zambiri zimapindulitsa, sizingakhale zofunikira kwambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo ya 1914 [yomwe imadziwika kuti nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse] nkhani yowopsya inauzidwa za mnyamata wazaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, yemwe adakumbatira mfuti yake pamsasa wa Uhlans yemwe adamuwombera malo. Nkhaniyi inachita ntchito yabwino kwambiri mu nkhondo ya Franco-Prussia zaka zoposa 40 kale. "

Nkhani zina zonyansa zili ndi maziko ambiri. Koma kawirikawiri nkhanza zoterezi zimapezekanso m'mayiko ena ambiri omwe sitinasankhe kuti apange nkhondo. Nthawi zina timapanga nkhondo m'malo mwa maulamuliro omwe ali enieni olakwira. Nthawi zina timakhala ndi zowawa zomwezo kapena timachita nawo masautso a mdani wathu watsopano komanso woyanjana naye. Ngakhale vuto lalikulu limene tikupita kunkhondo lingakhale loti timadziimba tokha. Ndikofunika kwambiri, kugulitsa nkhondo, kukana kapena kukhululukira zoopsa za munthu kuti adziwe kapena kupanga adani ake. Purezidenti Theodore Roosevelt adanenapo kuti Afilipi amachitira nkhanza, pamene akutsutsa omwe akuluakulu a US a ku Philippines adawaika ku Philippines chifukwa chosakhala ndi zotsatira zofanana ndi zomwe zinachitika pa kuphedwa kwa Sioux pa Wounded Knee, ngati kuti kuphedwa kwa misala kunali kulandiridwa. Chiwawa china ku United States chinaphatikizapo kupha 600, makamaka osamangidwa, amuna, akazi, ndi ana atagwidwa m'phiri la chiphalaphala chotentha. Wachiwiri wotsogolera ntchitoyi adavomereza kuti onse a ku Philippines akuwonongedwa.

Pogulitsa Nkhondo ku Iraq, zinakhala zovuta kugogomezera kuti Saddam Hussein adagwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala, ndipo ndizofunikira kuti asapitirire kuti adachita ndi thandizo la US. George Orwell analemba mu 1948,

"Zomwe zikuchitika zimakhala zabwino kapena zoipa, osati pa zofunikira zawo koma malinga ndi omwe amachita, ndipo palibe mtundu uliwonse wa chizunzo, kuzunzidwa, kugwidwa, kukakamizidwa, kutsekeredwa kundende popanda mlandu, kupha, kuphulika kwa anthu wamba - zomwe sizikusintha khalidwe lawo pamene zimaperekedwa ndi 'wathu'. . . . Wachikhalidwe samatsutsa zokhazokha zankhanza zopangidwa ndi iye mwini, koma ali ndi mphamvu zodabwitsa ngakhale kumva za iwo. "

Panthawi ina tikuyenera kufunsa funsoli ngati mazunzo ndi omwe amachititsa kuti azitha kukonzekera nkhondo, zomwe ziyenera kutitsogolera kuti tione ngati nkhondo ndiyo njira yabwino yothetsera nkhanza.

Gawo: PLANK MU YATHU YATHU

Mbiri ya United States, zomvetsa chisoni, ndi imodzi mwa mabodza akulu. Timauzidwa kuti Mexico yatiukira, pamene kwenikweni tinkawaukira. Spain ikukana Cubans ndi Philippines kukhala ufulu wawo, pamene ife tiyenera kukhala omwe akuwakana ufulu wawo. Germany ikuchita mwambo wandale, womwe ukutsutsana ndi nyumba ya ufumu wa Britain, France, ndi US. Howard Zinn akulemba kuchokera pa skn 1939 mu A People's History of United States:

"Ife, maboma a Great Britain ndi United States, dzina la India, Burma, Malaya, Australia, British East Africa, British Guiana, Hongkong, Siam, Singapore, Egypt, Palestine, Canada, New Zealand, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales, komanso Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines, Hawaii, Alaska, ndi Virgin Islands, akulongosola motsimikizirika kuti iyi si nkhondo yandale. "

Bungwe la Royal Air Force linapitirizabe kugwira nawo ntchito pakati pa nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse zomwe zinapha mabomba ku India, ndipo zidapatsidwa udindo wapadera woyendetsa dziko la Iraq ndi mafuko omwe sanathe kulipira msonkho. Pamene Britain inalengeza nkhondo ku Germany, anthu a ku Britain anamanga anthu zikwizikwi ku India chifukwa chotsutsana ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Kodi nkhondo ya Britain ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, kapena kuti dziko la Germany?

Oyambirira omwe anali adani a magulu a ankhondo aumunthu ayenera kuti anali amphaka akuluakulu, zimbalangondo, ndi zinyama zina zomwe zinkawonekera pa makolo athu. Zojambula zazinyama za nyamazi zikhoza kukhala zida zapamwamba kwambiri zolembera asilikali, koma zatsopano sizikusintha kwambiri. Panthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, chipani cha Nazi chinkagwiritsa ntchito chithunzi chosonyeza adani awo ngati gorilla, kukopera chikho chimene boma la America linapanga kuti likhale nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse kuti liwononge anthu a Germany. Baibulo la American linanyamula mawu akuti "Awononge Amuna Ambiri a Brute," ndipo anali atakopera kuchokera pa chithunzi choyambirira cha British. Zojambula za ku America pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse zinkaonetsanso anthu a ku Japan ngati akalulu ndi amphona a magazi.

Mabodza aku Britain ndi US omwe adakopa anthu aku America kuti amenye nawo nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi adalimbikitsa ziwanda zaku Germany chifukwa cha nkhanza zopeka ku Belgium. Komiti Yofalitsa Nkhani, yoyendetsedwa ndi George Creel m'malo mwa Purezidenti Woodrow Wilson, idakonza "Amuna Aamuna Anayi" omwe adalankhula zotsutsana ndi nkhondo m'malo owonetsera makanema mphindi zinayi zomwe zidasintha kusintha ma reel. Phunziro lachitsanzo lomwe lidasindikizidwa mu Kalata ya Amuna Aang'ono Amayi pa Januware 2, 1918, adawerenga motere:

"Pamene ife tiri pano usikuuno tikusangalala ndi kujambula kwa chithunzi, kodi inu mukuzindikira kuti zikwi za Belgium, anthu monga ife eni, akusowa muukapolo pansi pa ambuye a Prussia? . . . Prussian 'Schrecklichkeit' (ndondomeko yowononga yauchigawenga) imatsogolera ku zachiwawa zosayembekezereka za besotten. Asilikali a ku Germany. . . nthawi zambiri ankakakamizika kuchita zofuna zawo, iwowo akulira, kuti achite malamulo osamveka oletsa amuna, akazi, ndi ana omwe sankatha kuteteza. . . . Mwachitsanzo, ku Dinant akazi ndi ana a amuna a 40 anakakamizika kuona kuphedwa kwa amuna ndi abambo awo. "

Amene amachita kapena amakhulupirira kuti achita zoopsa zotere angathe kuchitidwa ngati osachepera anthu. (Ngakhale kuti Ajeremani anachita nkhanza ku Belgium ndi m'kati mwa nkhondo, iwo omwe adasamalidwa kwambiri tsopano akudziwika kuti apangidwanso kapena akhala osatsutsika ndi kukayikira kwambiri.)

Mu 1938, asangalatsi aku Japan ananamizira asitikali aku China kuti amalephera kuchotsa mitembo yawo nkhondo itatha, kuwasiya ku zilombo ndi nyengo. Izi zikuwoneka kuti zathandiza kuti anthu aku Japan amenye nkhondo ndi China. Asitikali aku Germany omwe awukira Ukraine munkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse atha kutembenuza asitikali aku Soviet Union kuti akhale kumbali yawo, koma sanathe kuvomera kudzipereka kwawo chifukwa sanathe kuwawona ngati anthu. Kuwononga ziwanda kwa US ku Japan pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse kunali kwamphamvu kwambiri kotero kuti asitikali aku US adapeza kuti kuli kovuta kuletsa asitikali aku US kupha asitikali aku Japan omwe amafuna kudzipereka. Panalinso zochitika zaku Japan zomwe zimanamizira kuti zangodzipereka ndikuzunza, koma izi sizikulongosola izi.

Nkhanza za ku Japan zinali zambiri ndipo zonyansa, ndipo sizinkafuna kupanga. Zojambula ndi zojambula za ku America zikuwonetsera Japan monga tizilombo ndi abulu. Mkulu wa Australia, Sir Thomas Blamey, anauza a New York Times kuti:

"Kulimbana ndi Japs sikumenyana ndi umunthu wamba. Jap ndi wosakongola. . . . Sitikuchita ndi anthu monga momwe timawadziwira. Tikulimbana ndi chinthu choyambirira. Asilikali athu ali ndi maganizo oyenera a Japs. Amawaona ngati vermin. "

Pulogalamu ya asilikali a ku United States ku 1943 inapeza kuti pafupifupi theka la ma GI onse amakhulupirira kuti kuli kofunikira kuti aphe Japanese onse padziko lapansi. Wolemba nyuzipepala Edgar L. Jones analemba mu February 1946 Atlantic Monthly,

"Ndi nkhondo yanji yomwe anthu amitundu amati ife timamenya nkhondo? Tidawombera akaidi m'magazi ozizira, tinkasula zipatala, sitima zapamadzi zowononga, kupha adani kapena kuvulaza adani, kudutsa adani, kupha anthu m'manda, ndi kuphika magazi a adani ku Pacific kuti apange zokongoletsera okoma, kapena anajambula mafupa awo kukhala olemba mabuku. "

Asilikali samachita chinthu chotere kwa anthu. Iwo amachita izo kwa zirombo zoyipa.

M'malo mwake, adani pankhondo sikuti amangochepera anthu. Ndi ziwanda. Panthawi ya Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni ku US, a Herman Melville adanenanso kuti Kumpoto kumenyera kumwamba ndipo Kummwera kumenyera gehena, ponena kuti Kummwera ndi "Lusifala wothandizidwa." Pa nkhondo ya Vietnam, monga a Susan Brewer ananenera m'buku lake la Why America Fights,

"Olemba makampani nthawi zambiri ankafunsa mafunso a" asilikali a msilikali "omwe amadziwika ndi mayina, udindo wawo, ndi mudzi wawo. Msilikaliyo angayankhule za 'pano kuti agwire ntchito' ndikuwonetsa chidaliro potsiriza kuti chichitike. . . . Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mdaniyo ankasokonezedwa nthawi zonse polemba nkhani. Asilikali a ku America adanena kuti mdaniyo ndi 'gooks,' 'otsetsereka,' kapena 'dinks.' "

Chithunzi chojambula cha ku Gulf War ku Miami Herald chosonyeza Saddam Hussein ngati kangaude wamkulu wakupha akuukira United States. Hussein nthawi zambiri amamufanizira ndi Adolf Hitler. Pa Okutobala 9, 1990, msungwana wazaka 15 waku Kuwaiti adauza komiti yaku US kuti awona asitikali aku Iraq akutenga ana 15 pachipatala cha Kuwaiti ndikuwasiya pamalo ozizira kuti afe. Mamembala ena a congress, kuphatikiza malemu Tom Lantos (D., Calif.), Amadziwa koma sanauze anthu aku US kuti mtsikanayo anali mwana wa kazembe wa Kuwaiti ku United States, kuti aphunzitsidwa ndi wamkulu waku US kampani yolumikizana ndi anthu yolipiridwa ndi boma la Kuwaiti, ndikuti kunalibe umboni wina pankhaniyi. Purezidenti George HW Bush adagwiritsa ntchito nthano za ana omwalirayo maulendo 10 m'masiku 40 otsatira, ndipo masenema asanu ndi awiriwo adazigwiritsa ntchito pazokambirana za Senate ngati angavomereze zankhondo. Ntchito yopulumutsa anthu ku Kuwaiti yokhudza nkhondo ya ku Gulf idzabwezeretsedwanso bwino ndi magulu aku Iraq omwe akufuna kusintha kwa ulamuliro wa Iraq patadutsa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri.

Kodi utsi umenewu ndi mbali yofunikira ya kuyambitsa miyoyo yofooka chifukwa cha ntchito yofunikira komanso yodalirika ya nkhondo? Kodi ndife tonse, aliyense wa ife, wanzeru ndi wodziwa bwino omwe ayenera kulekerera kunama chifukwa ena samamvetsa? Maganizo amenewa angakhale othandiza ngati nkhondo zinachita zabwino zomwe sizikanatheka popanda iwo ndipo ngati zidachita popanda vuto lililonse. Nkhondo zikuluzikulu ziwiri ndi zaka zambiri za bomba ndi kuwonongedwa pambuyo pake, wolamulira woipa wa Iraq anali atapita, koma ife tinkadula mabiliyoni a madola; milioni ya Iraqi yafa; mamiliyoni anayi adasamukira kudziko lawo ndipo atayika ndipo adasiyidwa; chiwawa chinali paliponse; Kugonana kwa kugonana kunali kuwonjezeka; zowonongeka za magetsi, madzi, kusamba kwa madzi, ndi chithandizo chaumoyo zinali zowonongeka (mbali imodzi chifukwa cha cholinga cha US kuti apititse patsogolo chuma cha Iraq ku phindu); chiyembekezo cha moyo chinali chitasiya; Khansa ku Fallujah inaposa ku Hiroshima; Magulu achigawenga a anti-US anali kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ya Iraq monga chida cholembera; panalibe boma logwira ntchito ku Iraq; ndipo a ku Iraq ambiri adanena kuti adzakhala bwino ndi Saddam Hussein. Tiyenera kunamizidwa pa izi? Zoonadi?

Zoonadi, Saddam Hussein adachita zinthu zoipa. Iye anapha ndi kuzunza. Koma iye adayambitsa mavuto ambiri kupyolera mu nkhondo yomwe inamenyana ndi Iran komwe United States inamuthandiza. Akanakhoza kukhala chinthu choyipa choyipa, popanda fuko lathu lomwe likufunikira kuti liyenere kukhala chiwonongeko cha ubwino wosadziwika. Koma nchifukwa ninji Achimereka, kawiri, mwanjira ina, anasankha nthawi yeniyeni yomwe boma lathu likufuna kuti nkhondo ikhale yowopsya pa zoipa za Saddam Hussein? Nchifukwa chiyani olamulira a Saudi Arabia, pakhomo pakhomo, palibe chifukwa chilichonse chosautsira m'mitima yathu yothandiza anthu? Kodi ndife okonda kuchita zinthu mwachangu, ndikudana chidani kwa iwo omwe tili ndi mwayi wosasula kapena kupha? Kapena kodi iwo amene akutiphunzitsa ife amene tiyenera kudana ndi mwezi uno ndi enieni?

Gawo: BIGOTED JACO JINOISM AMATHANDIZA MEDICINE KUYAMBA

Chomwe chimapangitsa mabodza osangalatsa kwambiri ndi osayanjanitsika ndiwotsimikizirika ndizosiyana ndi tsankho, otsutsa ndi ena. Popanda tsankho lachipembedzo, tsankho, komanso kukonda dziko, nkhondo zingakhale zovuta kugulitsa.

Kwa nthawi yaitali chipembedzo chakhala cholungamitsa nkhondo, chomwe chinamenyedwera kwa milungu isanamenyere nkhondo ya maharahara, mafumu, ndi mafumu. Ngati Barbara Ehrenreich ali nawo m'buku lake la Blood Rites: Origins and History of the Passions of War, oyambirira kutsogolo kwa nkhondo anali nkhondo ndi mikango, akambuku, ndi anthu ena owopsa. Ndipotu, nyama zolusazi zikhoza kukhala maziko omwe milungu imapangidwira - ndi drones osatchulidwa dzina lake (mwachitsanzo "Predator"). "Nsembe yopambana" mu nkhondo ikhoza kugwirizana kwambiri ndi chizoloŵezi cha nsembe yaumulungu monga momwe zinaliri nkhondo isanayambe monga ife tikudziwira. Maganizo (osati zikhulupiliro kapena zochitika, koma zokhudzana ndi zina) za chipembedzo ndi nkhondo zikhoza kukhala zofanana, ngati sizili zofanana, chifukwa zizoloŵezi ziwirizo ndi mbiri yofanana ndipo sizinakhale zosiyana.

Mipingo ndi nkhondo zamakoloni ndi nkhondo zina zambiri zakhala ndi zifukwa zachipembedzo. Anthu a ku America anamenyana nkhondo zachipembedzo kwa mibadwo yambiri nkhondo isanayambe kuti ikhale yodzilamulira ku England. Kapiteni John Underhill mu 1637 adalongosola nkhondo yake yodzikweza yopambana ndi Pequot:

"Captaine Mason akulowa ku Wigwam, adatulutsa moto, atatha kuvulaza ambiri m'nyumba; ndiye iye anaika moto ku mbali ya Kumadzulo. . . Ine ndekha ndinayatsa moto kumapeto kwa Kumwera ndi Powder, moto wa onse awiri pakati pa Fort unayaka kwambiri, ndikuwotcha onse mu dera la hafu; anthu ambiri opembedza sanafune kutuluka, ndipo adamenyana kwambiri. . . kotero kuti anawotchedwa ndi kuwotchedwa. . . ndipo anawonongeka molimba mtima. . . Ambiri ankawotchedwa ku Fort, amuna, akazi, ndi ana. "

Muluwu ukufotokozera ngati nkhondo yoyera:

"Ambuye akondwera kuchitira anthu ake mavuto ndi zosautsa, kuti akawonekere mwa chifundo, ndikuwululira momveka bwino chisomo chake chaulere kwa iwo."

Kutsika kumatanthawuza moyo wake womwe, ndipo anthu a Ambuye ndi anthu oyera. Amwenye Achimereka akhoza kukhala olimba mtima ndi olimba mtima, koma sanazindikiridwe ngati anthu mokwanira. Patadutsa zaka ziwiri ndi theka, ambiri a ku America anali ndi malingaliro owonjezera, ndipo ambiri analibe. Pulezidenti William McKinley ankaona kuti anthu a ku Philippines akufunikira kugwira ntchito za usilikali kuti athandize. Susan Brewer akufotokoza nkhani iyi kwa mtumiki:

"Poyankhula ndi nthumwi ya Amethodisti ku 1899, [McKinley] anaumirira kuti sanafune Philippines ndi 'pamene anabwera kwa ife, ngati mphatso yochokera kwa milungu, sindinadziwe chochita nawo.' Iye adalongosola kupemphera pa mawondo ake kuti awatsogolere pamene anadza kwa iye kuti zidzakhala 'mwamantha ndi zopanda ulemu' kupatsa zilumba ku Spain, 'malonda oipa' kuti aziwapatsa malonda a Germany ndi France, ndipo sitingathe kuwasiya 'chisokonezo ndi misrle' pansi pa anthu osayenera a ku Philippines. "Panalibe kanthu kena koti tichite," adatero, "koma kuti atenge zonse, ndikuphunzitseni anthu a ku Philippines, ndikuwatsitsimutsa ndikuwathandiza." M'nkhaniyi yotsogoleredwa ndi Mulungu, McKinley sananene kuti ambiri a ku Filipi anali Aroma Katolika kapena kuti Philippines anali ndi yunivesite yakale kuposa Harvard. "

Mosakayikira mamembala ambiri a gulu la Amethodisti adakayikira nzeru za McKinley. Monga momwe Harold Lasswell ananenera mu 1927, "Matchalitchi ofotokoza pafupifupi chilichonse akhoza kudaliridwa kuti adalitse nkhondo yotchuka, ndikuwona mmenemo mwayi wopambana chilichonse chomwe angafune kupititsa patsogolo mwaumulungu." Zomwe zidafunikira, Lasswell adati, ndikupeza "atsogoleri odziwika" kuti athandizire pankhondo, ndipo "magetsi ochepa adzawala pambuyo pake." Zolemba zabodza ku United States pankhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse lapansi zidawonetsa Yesu atavala khaki ndikuwona mfuti. Lasswell adakhalapo panthawi yankhondo yolimbana ndi Ajeremani, anthu omwe anali achipembedzo chimodzimodzi ndi aku America. Ndizosavuta bwanji kugwiritsa ntchito chipembedzo pankhondo yolimbana ndi Asilamu mzaka za makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. Karim Karim, pulofesa wothandizira ku Carleton University's School of Journalism and Communication, alemba kuti:

"Chikhalidwe cha mbiri yakale cha" Muslim Muslim "chakhala chothandiza kwambiri ku maboma akumadzulo akukonzekera kumenyana ndi maiko ambiri a Muslim. Ngati maganizo a anthu m'mayiko awo angakhale otsimikiza kuti Asilamu ndi achiwawa komanso achiwawa, amawapha ndikuwononga katundu wawo akuwoneka bwino. "

Zoona, ndithudi, chipembedzo cha munthu palibe cholungamitsa kuchita nawo nkhondo, ndipo apurezidenti a United States sakanenanso kuti izo zimatero. Koma kutembenukira kwachikhristu kwachizoloŵezi kumagulu a asilikali a ku America, komanso chidani cha Asilamu. Asilikali adalengeza ku bungwe la Military Religious Freedom Foundation kuti pakufuna uphungu wathanzi, adatumizidwa kwa aphunzitsi m'malo mwake adawalangiza kuti apitirize "kupha" Asilamu a Khristu.

Chipembedzo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa chikhulupiriro kuti zomwe mukuchita ndi zabwino ngakhale zitakhala zopanda nzeru kwa inu. Munthu wapamwamba amamvetsetsa, ngakhale simukudziwa. Chipembedzo chingapereke moyo pambuyo pa imfa komanso chikhulupiliro chakuti mukupha ndi kupha imfa chifukwa chachikulu. Koma chipembedzo sichiri chokhacho kusiyana pakati pa gulu lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito kulimbikitsa nkhondo. Kusiyanasiyana kulikonse kwa chikhalidwe kapena chinenero chidzachita, ndipo mphamvu ya tsankho kumatsogolera khalidwe loipa kwambiri laumunthu likukhazikitsidwa bwino. Senemala Albert J. Beveridge (R., Ind.) Adapatsa Senate njira yake yoyendetsera Mulungu ku nkhondo ku Philippines:

"Mulungu samakonzekera anthu olankhula Chingerezi ndi a Teutonic kwa zaka chikwi popanda kanthu koma zopanda pake ndi kudziganizira modzikonda. Ayi! Iye watipanga ife oyang'anira otsogolera a dziko lapansi kukhazikitsa dongosolo kumene chisokonezo chimalamulira. "

Nkhondo ziwiri zapadziko lonse ku Ulaya, pamene zimamenyana pakati pa mayiko omwe tsopano akuwoneka kuti ndi "oyera," omwe amatsutsana ndi tsankho kumbali zonse. Nyuzipepala ya ku France ya La Croix pa August 15, 1914, inakondwerera "anthu akale a Agalati, Aroma, ndi Afaransa omwe adabwerera mkati mwathu," ndipo adalengeza kuti

"Ajeremani ayenera kutsukidwa kuchokera ku bwalo lakumanzere la Rhine. Magulu amphamvu amenewa ayenera kubwezeretsedwanso m'malire awo. Ma Gauls a ku France ndi Belgium ayenera kunyengerera msilikaliyo ndi vuto lalikulu, kamodzi. Nkhondo yapikisano ikuwonekera. "

Patapita zaka zitatu, dziko la United States linasintha maganizo awo. Pa December 7, 1917, Congressman Walter Chandler (D., Tenn.) Adalengeza pansi pa Nyumbayo:

"Zanenedwa kuti ngati mutayesa magazi a Myuda pansi pa microscope, mudzapeza Talmud ndi Baibulo Lakale likuyandama m'magawo ena. Mukapenda magazi a nthumwi ya German kapena Teuton mumapeza mfuti ndi magulu a zipolopolo ndi mabomba akuzungulira kuzungulira magazi. . . . Limbani nawo mpaka muthawononge gulu lonselo. "

Maganizo oterewa amathandiza kuti asamachepetse mabuku othandizira kuthetsa nkhondo, komanso kuti athandize achinyamata omwe amapititsa kunkhondo kuti akaphe. Monga tiwona mu chaputala 5, kupha sikubwera mosavuta. Pafupifupi a 98 peresenti ya anthu amakonda kumatsutsa kwambiri kupha anthu ena. Posachedwapa, katswiri wa zamaganizo anapanga njira kuti alole US Navy kuti apange okonzeka kupha anthu. Zimaphatikizapo njira,

". . . kuti abambowo aganizire za adani omwe angakhale nawo omwe adzakumane nawo ngati zochepa za moyo [ndi mafilimu] adakondera kuti adziwe mdani ngati osachepera anthu: kupusa kwa miyambo ya m'deralo kunyozedwa, umunthu wamtunduwu umakhala ngati anthu oipa. "

Ziri zosavuta kuti msilikali wa ku America aphe haji kusiyana ndi umunthu, monga momwe zinalili zophweka kuti asilikali a Nazi azipha Untermenschen kuposa anthu enieni. William Halsey, yemwe analamula asilikali a ku United States kuti apite ku South Pacific panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, anaganiza kuti "Aphe Japs, Aphe Japs, Aphe Japs," ndipo analumbira kuti nkhondo ikadzatha, Chijapani akanenedwa kokha ku gehena.

Ngati nkhondo inasintha monga njira kuti amuna omwe anapha zilombo zazikulu kuti azikhala otanganidwa kupha amuna ena monga ziwetozo zinafa, monga momwe Ehrenreich akufotokozera, mgwirizano wawo ndi tsankho ndi mitundu ina yonse pakati pa magulu a anthu ndi yaitali. Koma dzikoli ndilo litsimikizidwe laposachedwa, lamphamvu, komanso lodziwika bwino lodzipereka kwachinsinsi lomwe likugwirizana ndi nkhondo, ndipo lomwelo linachokera ku nkhondo. Pamene magalasi akale amwalira chifukwa cha ulemerero wawo, abambo ndi amai amakono amafa chifukwa cha nsalu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasamalira chilichonse. Tsiku lotsatira dziko la United States linalengeza nkhondo ku Spain ku 1898, boma loyamba (New York) linapereka lamulo loti ana a sukulu azipereka moni ku mbendera ya US. Ena amatsatira. Chikunja chinali chipembedzo chatsopano.

Samuel Johnson akuti adanena kuti kukonda dziko ndilo pothawirapo pothawirako, pamene ena amati, m'malo mwake, ndilo loyambirira. Pokhudzana ndi kulimbikitsa maganizo ngati nkhondo, ngati pali kusiyana kwina, nthawi zonse izi ndizo: mdani sali wa dziko lathu komanso salonjera mbendera yathu. Pamene United States idanamizidwa kwambiri mu Nkhondo ya Vietnam, onse koma a sabata awiri anavotera chisankho cha Gulf Tonkin. Mmodzi wa awiriwo, Wayne Morse (D., Ore) anauza ena a bungwe la a Senators kuti adauzidwa ndi Pentagon kuti chiwonongeko cha North North chinakwiyitsidwa. Monga momwe tidzakambidwira mu mutu wachiwiri, zomwe Morse adziwa zinali zolondola. Chiwonongeko chirichonse chikanaputa. Koma, monga tidzaonera, chidziwitso chomwecho chinali cholondola. Anzake a Morse sanamutsutse chifukwa chakuti analakwitsa, komabe. M'malo mwake, senema anamuuza kuti:

"Hell Wayne, iwe sungapite kukamenyana ndi pulezidenti pamene mbendera zonse zikukwera ndipo tikufuna kupita ku msonkhano wachigawo. [Pulezidenti] Lyndon [Johnson] akufuna ndi pepala lomuuza iye kuti tachita komweko, ndipo timamuthandiza. "

Pomwe nkhondo idapitilira kwazaka zambiri, akuwononga mopanda phindu mamilioni a anthu, masenema a Komiti Yoyang'anira Zakunja adakambirana mwachinsinsi nkhawa zawo zomwe adanamiziridwa. Komabe adasankha kukhala chete, ndipo zolemba pamisonkhanoyi sizinafalitsidwe mpaka 2010. Mbendera zikuwoneka kuti zakhala zikukuyimilira mzaka zonse zapitazi.

Nkhondo ndiyabwino kukonda dziko lako monga kukonda dziko lako ndikumenya nkhondo. Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, azachisangalalo ambiri ku Europe adalimbana ndi mbendera zawo zosiyanasiyana ndikusiya kulimbana ndi anthu ogwira ntchito padziko lonse lapansi. Pakadali pano, palibe chomwe chimapangitsa kuti America itsutse mabungwe aboma monga chidwi chathu pankhondo ndikuumiriza kuti asitikali aku US asakhale pansi paulamuliro wina kupatula Washington, DC

Gawo: SABWINO MITU YACHITATU ANTHU, AMENE AMAPULUTSA HITLER

Koma nkhondo sizimenyedwera ndi mbendera kapena malingaliro, mafuko kapena zigawenga. Amamenyana ndi anthu, a 98 peresenti mwa iwo omwe sagonjetsedwa ndi kupha, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo analibe kanthu kapenanso sagwirizana ndi kubweretsa nkhondo. Njira imodzi yoyeretsera anthuwa ndikutengera zonsezi ndi chifaniziro cha munthu mmodzi wodabwitsa.

Marlin Fitzwater, White House Press Mlembi wa Presidents Ronald Reagan ndi George HW Bush, adati nkhondo "ndi yosavuta kuti anthu amvetse ngati pali nkhope kwa mdani." Iye anapereka zitsanzo: "Hitler, Ho Chi Minh, Saddam Hussein, Milosevic . "Fitzwater ayenera kuti anaphatikizapo dzina lakuti Manuel Antonio Noriega. Purezidenti Woyamba Bush adafuna kuti, pakati pazinthu zina, adziwonetsere kuti sanali "mphoto" povutitsa Panama ku 1989, chidziwitso chodziwika kwambiri chinali chakuti mtsogoleri wa Panama anali wodalirika, wogwidwa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, yemwe anali ndi nkhope yodabwitsa yomwe ankafuna kuchita chigololo. Nkhani yofunika kwambiri mu New York Times ya December 26, 1989, inayamba:

"Bungwe la asilikali la United States pano, lomwe lasonyeza kuti General Manuel Antonio Noriega ndi wolamulira wankhanza, wosokoneza bongo wa cocaine amene amapemphera kwa milungu ya voodoo, adalengeza lero kuti mtsogoleriyo anavala zovala zofiira ndipo anadzipangira mahule."

Osadandaula kuti Noriega adagwirapo ntchito ku US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), kuphatikiza panthawi yomwe adaba zisankho za 1984 ku Panama. Osadandaula kuti cholakwa chake chenicheni chinali kukana kumbuyo nkhondo zaku US pomenyana ndi Nicaragua. Osadandaula kuti United States idadziwa za kugulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kwa Noriega kwazaka zambiri ndikupitilizabe kugwira naye ntchito. Mwamunayo adakoka cocaine wovala kabudula wofiira ndi akazi osati mkazi wake. “Ichi ndi chiwawa monga momwe kuwukira kwa Adolf Hitler ku Poland zaka 50 zapitazo kunali nkhanza,” watero Wachiwiri kwa Secretary of State Lawrence Eagleburger wogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo a Noriega. Omasula olanda ku America adatinso kuti apeza mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine m'nyumba ina ya Noriega, ngakhale anali ma tamales okutidwa ndi masamba a nthochi. Nanga bwanji ngati tamales akadalidi cocaine? Kodi izi, monga kupezeka kwa "zida zowonongera" ku Baghdad mu 2003 zikadalungamitsa nkhondo?

Slotodan Milosevic, ndiye Purezidenti wa Serbia, yemwe David Nyhan wa Boston Globe mu January 1999 adatcha "chinthu chotsatira kwambiri kwa Hitler Europe chakumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi." Kupatulapo, inu dziwani, kwa ena onse. Pogwiritsa ntchito 2010, chizoloŵezi cha ndale ku US, poyerekezera aliyense amene simunatsutsane ndi Hitler wasanduka chokoma, koma ndizo zomwe zathandiza kuthetsa nkhondo zambiri ndipo zikhoza kukhazikitsa zambiri. Komabe, zimatengera awiri ku tango: mu 1999, Asera anali kuyitanitsa purezidenti wa United States "Bill Hitler."

Kumayambiriro kwa 1914, mu filimu ya mafilimu ku Tours, France, chithunzi cha Wilhelm II, mfumu ya Germany, anabwera pawindo kwa mphindi. Gehena yonse inamasulidwa.

"Aliyense anafuula ndi kuimba mluzu, amuna, akazi, ndi ana, ngati kuti adanyozedwa. Zabwino zinayambitsa anthu a Tours, omwe sankadziwa za dziko ndi ndale kuposa zomwe adawerenga m'manyuzipepala awo, adakalipiritsa mwamsanga, "

malinga ndi Stefan Zweig. Koma achi French sakanamenya nkhondo ndi Kaiser Wilhelm II. Amamenya nkhondo ndi anthu wamba omwe adabadwira kutali ku Germany.

Powonjezereka, kwa zaka zambiri, tauzidwa kuti nkhondo sizilimbana ndi anthu, koma mosiyana ndi maboma oipa ndi atsogoleri awo oipa. Nthaŵi ndi nthawi timagwa chifukwa chodandaula za mibadwo yatsopano ya zida zomwe atsogoleri athu akudziyerekezera kuti angathe kulondolera maulamuliro opondereza popanda kuvulaza anthu omwe timaganiza kuti tikuwamasula. Ndipo timalimbana ndi nkhondo kuti "kusintha kwa boma." Ngati nkhondo sizitha pamene boma lasinthidwa, ndi chifukwa chakuti tili ndi udindo wosamalira zolengedwa "zosayenera", ana aang'ono, omwe maboma omwe tawasintha . Komabe, palibe umboni wapadera wa izi zomwe zikuchita ubwino uliwonse. Dziko la United States ndi mabungwe ake analumikizana bwino ndi Germany ndi Japan pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, koma akanatha kuchita zimenezi ku Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ndipo adagonjetsa mliriwu. Dziko la Germany ndi Japan linasokonezeka, ndipo asilikali a ku United States sanayambe kuchokapo. Izi sizothandiza kwambiri pa nkhondo zatsopano.

Ndi nkhondo kapena nkhondo ngati United States yalanda maboma ku Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Philippines, Nicaragua, Honduras, Iran, Guatemala, Vietnam, Chile, Grenada, Panama, Afghanistan, ndi Iraq, osatinso za Congo (1960 ); Ecuador (1961 & 1963); Brazil (1961 & 1964); Dominican Republic (1961 & 1963); Greece (1965 & 1967); Bolivia (1964 & 1971); El Salvador (1961); Guyana (1964); Indonesia (1965); Ghana (1966); komanso Haiti (1991 ndi 2004). Tachotsa demokalase ndikulamula mwankhanza, kulamulira mwankhanza ndi chisokonezo, komanso maboma akumaloko ndikuulanda ku US. Palibe chifukwa chomwe tidachepetsa zoipa. Nthawi zambiri, kuphatikiza Iran ndi Iraq, kuwukira kwa US ndi zigawenga zothandizidwa ndi US zadzetsa kuponderezedwa koopsa, kuzimiririka, kuweruzidwa kwina milandu, kuzunzidwa, ziphuphu ndi zopinga zazitali pazokhumba za demokalase za anthu wamba.

Cholinga cha olamulira m'nkhondo sichikulimbikitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kufalitsa. Anthu amasangalala akuganiza kuti nkhondo ndi duel pakati pa atsogoleri akulu. Izi zimafuna kudetsa wina ndi kulemekeza wina.

Gawo: NGATI SIMAKULI NKHONDO, INU NDI ANA ANA ANTHU, UFUMU, NDI NAZISM

United States idabadwa pankhondo yolimbana ndi a King George, omwe milandu yawo idalembedwa mu Declaration of Independence. George Washington nawonso adalemekezedwa. A King George aku England ndi boma lake anali ndi mlandu pazinthuzi, koma madera ena adalandira ufulu wawo komanso kudziyimira pawokha popanda nkhondo. Monga nkhondo zonse, ngakhale zitakhala zaka zingati komanso zaulemerero, Revolution ya America idayendetsedwa ndi mabodza. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani yokhudza kuphedwa kwa anthu ku Boston, idasokonekera kwambiri kuposa momwe adazindikirira, kuphatikiza zolemba za Paul Revere zomwe zimawonetsa aku Britain ngati ogulitsa nyama. Benjamin Franklin adatulutsa nkhani yabodza ya Boston Independent pomwe aku Britain adadzitamandira posaka khungu. A Thomas Paine ndi ena omwe amapatsa anthu timapepala tinagulitsa atsamunda kunkhondo, koma osachita zolakwika komanso malonjezo abodza. A Howard Zinn akufotokoza zomwe zidachitika:

"Pafupi ndi 1776, anthu ena ofunika kwambiri m'mayiko a Chingerezi anapeza zomwe zingapindule kwambiri kwa zaka mazana awiri otsatira. Iwo adapeza kuti pakupanga mtundu, chizindikiro, mgwirizano wovomerezeka wotchedwa United States, iwo adzalanda dziko, phindu, ndi mphamvu zandale kuchokera kuzinthu zofunikila za Ufumu wa Britain. Pochita zimenezi, iwo akhoza kubwezera anthu angapo omwe angapandukire ndikupanga mgwirizano wotchuka wotsimikizira ulamuliro wa utsogoleri watsopano. "

Monga Zinn amanenera, zisanachitike, panali ziwopsezo 18 zotsutsana ndi maboma atsamunda, zigawenga zisanu ndi chimodzi zakuda, ndi zipolowe 40, ndipo atsogoleri andale adawona kuthekera kothetsa mkwiyo ku England. Komabe, osauka omwe sangapindule nawo pankhondo kapena kukolola mphotho zake zandale amayenera kukakamizidwa mokakamira kuti amenye nawo. Ambiri, kuphatikiza akapolo adalonjeza ufulu waukulu ndi aku Britain, osasiya kapena osintha mbali. Chilango cha olakwa mu Continental Army chinali zikwapu 100. Pomwe George Washington, munthu wolemera kwambiri ku America, adalephera kukakamiza Congress kuti ikweze malire azokwapula 500, adaganiza zogwiritsa ntchito molimbika ngati chilango, koma adasiya lingaliro ili chifukwa kulimbikira sikukanadziwika ndi ntchito yanthawi zonse Gulu Lankhondo Lankhondo. Asitikali nawonso adathawa chifukwa amafuna chakudya, zovala, pogona, mankhwala, ndi ndalama. Adasainira kuti alandire, sanalandire ndalama, ndipo adaika pachiwopsezo mabanja awo pokhala Asitikali olipidwa. Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu mwa iwo anali okonda kapena kutsutsana ndi zomwe amenyera komanso kuvutika. Zowukira zotchuka, monga Shays 'Rebellion ku Massachusetts zitha kutsatira kupambana.

Otsutsa a ku America adathanso kutsegulira kumadzulo kuonjezereka ndi nkhondo motsutsana ndi Achimereka Achimereka, chinachake chimene a British anali atachiletsa. Kupanduka kwa America, chibadwidwe komanso kumasulidwa kwa United States, chinali nkhondo yowonjezera ndi kugonjetsa. King George, malinga ndi Declaration of Independence, "adayesetsa (kuti) abweretse anthu okhala m'malire athu, a Indian Indian Savages opanda chifundo." Inde, iwo anali anthu akumenyera poteteza malo awo ndi moyo wawo. Kugonjetsa ku Yorktown kunali nkhani yoipa yokhudza tsogolo lawo, pamene England inasaina mayiko awo ku dziko latsopanolo.

Nkhondo ina yopatulika m'mbiri ya US, Civil War, inamenyedwa - ambiri amakhulupirira - pofuna kuthetsa zoipa za ukapolo. Chowonadi, cholinga chimenecho chinali chifukwa cholimbana ndi nkhondo yomwe ikuchitika kale, mofanana ndi kufalitsa demokalase ku Iraq kukhala chivomerezo cha nkhondo yomwe inayamba mu 2003 mwamphamvu kwambiri pothetsa zida zongopeka. Ndipotu, cholinga chothetsa ukapolo chinali choyenera kuti chikhale cholungamitsa nkhondo yomwe idakhala yoopsa kwambiri kuti ikhale yolungama ndi cholinga chopanda pake cha "mgwirizano." Kukonda dziko kunalibebe kudzikuza mpaka lero. Anthu osowa mtendere anali akukwera mwamphamvu: 25,000 ku Shilo, 20,000 ku Bull Run, 24,000 pa tsiku la Antietam. Patangotha ​​sabata pambuyo pa Antietamu, Lincoln adatulutsa chidziwitso cha Emancipation Proclamation, chomwe chinamasula akapolo okha kumene Lincoln sakanakhoza kumasula akapolo kupatula kupambana nkhondo. (Lamulo lake linamasula akapolo okha kumayiko akumwera omwe anali atakhala pansi, osati m'mayiko omwe anatsala ku mgwirizano.) Wolemba mbiri yakale Harry Stout akufotokoza chifukwa chake Lincoln anatenga gawo ili:

"Malinga ndi ku Lincoln, kuphako kuyenera kupitilizabe mamba. Koma kuti izi zitheke, anthu ayenera kukakamizidwa kukhetsa mwazi popanda kusungidwa. Izi zimafunikanso kuti munthu aziphedwa moyenera. Kuwomboledwa kokha - khadi lomalizira la Lincoln - kungapereke umboni woterewu. "

The Proclamation inagwirizananso ndi England kulowa nkhondo kumbali ya South.

Sitikudziwa bwinobwino zomwe zikanati zidzachitike kumadera opanda kusintha kapena ukapolo popanda nkhondo yandale. Koma tikudziwa kuti zambiri za dzikoli zinathetsa ulamuliro wachikatolika ndi ukapolo popanda nkhondo. Ngati Congress inazindikira kuti idzathetsa ukapolo kudzera mwa malamulo, mwinamwake fukoli likanathetsa padera popanda magawano. Ngati a South America akaloledwa kukhala mwamtendere, ndipo lamulo la akapolo la Fugitive linasinthidwa mosavuta ndi kumpoto, zikuwoneka kuti ukapolo wosakayika ukanakhala wotalika kwambiri.

Nkhondo ya ku Mexican-America, yomwe inamenyedwera mbali imodzi kuti ikule ukapolo - kuwonjezeka komwe kungakhale kotsogolera ku Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe - sikukambidwa mochepa. Pamene United States, m'kati mwa nkhondoyo, inakakamiza Mexico kusiya mapiri ake akumpoto, nthumwi ya ku America Nicholas Trist inagwirizana kwambiri pa mfundo imodzi. Iye analembera kalata wa United States State Secretary:

"Ndinatsimikizira [anthu a ku Mexico] kuti ngati anali ndi mphamvu zondipatsa gawo lonse lofotokozedwa mu polojekiti yathu, kuwonjezeka kwa khumi, ndi kuwonjezera pa izo, kunayendetsa phazi lonse ndi golide wangwiro, pa chikhalidwe chokha chomwe ukapolo uyenera kuchotsedwapo, sindingasangalale ndi mwayiwu kwa kanthawi. "

Kodi nkhondo imeneyi inamenyana ndi zoipa, nayenso?

Nkhondo yopatulika komanso yosatsutsika m'mbiri ya US, komabe, ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Ndidzapitiriza kukambirana za nkhondoyi pamutu wachinayi, koma taonani apa m'maganizo mwa Ambiri ambiri lerolino, Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inali yolungama chifukwa cha kuipa kwa Adolf Hitler, ndipo zoipazo zipezeka pamwambapa zonse panthawi yopsereza.

Koma simungapeze zithunzi zojambula za Amalume Sam akuti "Ndikukufunani. . . "Pomwe chisankho chinayambika ku Senate ya ku America ku 1934 pofotokoza" zodabwitsa ndi zopweteka "pazochitika ku Germany, ndikupempha kuti Germany ibwezeretse ufulu kwa Ayuda, Dipatimenti ya Boma" inachititsa kuti aikidwe mu komiti ".

Ndi 1937 Poland adakonza dongosolo loti atumize Ayuda ku Madagascar, ndipo Dominican Republic idakonza zoti iwalandire. Pulezidenti Neville Chamberlain wa ku Britain anabwera ndi ndondomeko yotumiza Ayuda ku Germany ku Tanganyika ku East Africa. Oimira dziko la United States, Britain, ndi South America anakumana ku Lake Geneva mu July 1938 ndipo onse adavomereza kuti palibe aliyense wa iwo amene angalandire Ayuda.

Pa November 15, 1938, olemba nkhani adafunsa Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt zomwe zikanatheka. Anayankha kuti sadzakana kulola anthu othawa kwawo kusiyana ndi momwe boma likuyendera. Misonkho inayambika ku Congress kuti alole Ayuda a 20,000 osapitirira zaka khumi ndi ziwiri kuti apite ku United States. Pulezidenti Robert Wagner (D., NY) adati, "Mabanja ambirimbiri a ku America adziwonetsa kale kuti akufuna kutenga ana othaŵa kwawo m'nyumba zawo." Donale woyamba Eleanor Roosevelt anasiya kuti asamvere zachikhalidwe kuti azithandizira malamulo, koma mwamuna wake atsekedwa bwino kwa zaka.

Mu July 1940, Adolf Eichman, "wokonza nyumba yopsereza," ankafuna kutumiza Ayuda onse ku Madagascar, omwe tsopano anali a Germany, dziko la France likugwira ntchito. Zombo zimayenera kudikira mpaka a British, omwe tsopano amatanthawuza Winston Churchill, atha kuwathetsa. Tsiku limenelo silinabwere. Pa November 25, 1940, nthumwi ya ku France inapempha Mlembi wa boma wa United States kuti aganizire kulandira othaŵa kwawo achiyuda a ku Germany ndiye ku France. Pa December 21st, Mlembi wa boma anakana. Pofika mchaka cha July 1941, chipani cha Nazi chinatsimikiza kuti njira yothetsera Ayuda idzaphatikizapo chiwonongeko m'malo mochotsedwa.

Mu 1942, mothandizidwa ndi Census Bureau, United States inatseka 110,000 Japanese Achimerika ndi Japanese m'misasa yozunzirako anthu, makamaka ku West Coast, kumene adadziwika ndi manambala m'malo mwa mayina. Chochita ichi, chitengedwa ndi Purezidenti Roosevelt, chinathandizidwa zaka ziwiri kenako ndi Khoti Lalikulu la US.

M'gulu la asilikali a US white a ku 1943 anaukira Latinos ndi African Americans ku Los Angeles 'zoopsa zotsutsana ndi zoot,' kuwamenya ndi kuwamenya m'misewu mwanjira yoti Hitler adzanyadira. Mzinda wa Los Angeles City Council, mwakhama kwambiri kuti aziimba mlandu anthu amene anazunzidwawo, anayankha mwa kuletsa zovala zimene anthu a ku Mexico omwe ankapita nawo otchedwa zoot suti ankavala.

Asitikali aku US atapanikizika pa Mfumukazi Mary ku 1945 kupita kunkhondo yaku Europe, anthu akuda adasungidwa ndi azungu ndipo adayimitsidwa pansi pa sitimayo pafupi ndi chipinda chama injini, momwe angathere ndi mpweya wabwino, pamalo omwewo akuda adabweretsedwa ku America kuchokera ku Africa zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. Asitikali aku Africa American omwe adapulumuka pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse sakanakhoza kubwerera kwawo mwalamulo kumadera ambiri ku United States akadakwatirana ndi azungu azungu kutsidya lina. Asitikali oyera omwe adakwatirana ndi anthu aku Asiya anali kutsutsana ndi malamulo omwewo olimbana ndi miscegenation m'ma 15.

Ndizongoganizira chabe kuti United States inamenya nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse potsutsana ndi chisalungama cha mtundu kapena kupulumutsa Ayuda. Zimene timauzidwa kuti nkhondo ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zili zenizeni.

Gawo: ZINTHU ZOPHUNZITSA ZA MASIKU ANO

M'zaka zino zikudziwika kuti akulimbana ndi olamulira komanso m'malo mwa anthu oponderezedwa, nkhondo ya ku Vietnam imapereka chigamulo chosangalatsa kuti malamulo a US akuyenera kupeŵa kugonjetsa boma la adani koma kugwira ntchito mwakhama kuti aphe anthu ake. Kugonjetsa boma ku Hanoi, kunkaopedwa, kungapangitse China kapena Russia ku nkhondo, zomwe dziko la United States linkafuna kupeŵa. Koma kuwononga dziko lolamulidwa ndi Hanoi likuyembekezeredwa kuti lizipereka kwa ulamuliro wa US.

Nkhondo ya Afghanistan, yomwe ili kale nkhondo ya mbiri yakale m'mbiri ya US ndi kulowa m'chaka cha 10th panthawi yomwe buku ili linalembedwa, ndi chinthu chinanso chochititsa chidwi, chifukwa chakuti mdierekezi yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa zigawenga Osama bin Laden, sanali wolamulira wa dzikolo. Anali munthu amene adakhala nthawi yambiri m'dzikoli, ndipo adali atathandizidwa kumeneko ndi United States pomenyana ndi Soviet Union. Iye akuti adakonza zolakwa za September 11, 2001, mbali ina ku Afghanistan. Kukonzekera kwina, tikudziwa, kunali kupita ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Koma kunali Afghanistan yomwe mwachiwonekere iyenera kuwalanga chifukwa cha udindo wawo wokhala chigawenga.

Kwa zaka zitatu zapitazi, United States inali ikupempha a Taliban, gulu la ndale ku Afghanistani kuti likumanga bin Laden, kuti amupatse. Anthu a ku Taliban ankafuna kuti aone umboni wa Bala Laden ndikutsimikiziridwa kuti adzalandira chilango cholungama m'dziko lachitatu ndipo sadzalangidwa ndi chilango cha imfa. Malingana ndi British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), a Taliban anachenjeza United States kuti bin Laden akukonzekera kuukira nthaka ya America. Mlembi wamkulu wa dziko la Pakistani, Niaz Naik, adauza BBC kuti akuluakulu akuluakulu a US adamuwuza pamsonkhano wa bungwe la UN ku Berlin mu July 2001 kuti dziko la United States lidzagonjetsa Taliban pakati pa mwezi wa Oktoba. Naik "adakayikira kuti Washington idzagwetsa ndondomeko yake ngakhale bin Laden adayenera kuperekedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi a Taliban."

Zonsezi zinali zisanachitike milandu ya Seputembara 11, yomwe nkhondoyo imayenera kubwezera. Pamene United States idawukira Afghanistan pa Okutobala 7, 2001, a Taliban adadziperekanso kukakambirana kuti apereke Bin Laden. Purezidenti Bush atakananso, a Taliban adasiya kufunafuna umboni wazolakwa ndipo adangopereka kuti a Lad Laden apite kudziko lachitatu. Purezidenti George W. Bush adakana izi ndikupitiliza kuphulitsa bomba. Pamsonkano wa atolankhani wa Marichi 13, 2002, Bush adati za a Bin Laden "Sindikudandaula za iye." Kwa zaka zosachepera zingapo, ndi Bin Laden ndi gulu lake, al Qaeda, sakukhulupiliranso kuti ali ku Afghanistan, nkhondo yobwezera yolimbana nayo idapitilizabe kuzunza anthu adzikolo. Mosiyana ndi Iraq, Nkhondo ku Afghanistan nthawi zambiri inkatchedwa "nkhondo yabwino" pakati pa 2003 ndi 2009.

Nkhani yokhudza nkhondo ya Iraq ku 2002 ndi 2003 inaoneka ngati za "zida zowonongeka kwakukulu," komanso kubwezera kwa bin Laden, yemwe kwenikweni analibe kugwirizana kwa Iraq konse. Ngati Iraq sanapereke zida, padzakhala nkhondo. Ndipo popeza kuti Iraq analibe, panali nkhondo. Koma izi zinali kutsutsana kwenikweni kuti Iraq, kapena Saddam Hussein, adachita zoipa. Ndipotu, mayiko ochepa chabe anali ndi zida zankhondo zamakono, zamoyo, kapena za mankhwala monga United States, ndipo sitinakhulupirire kuti aliyense anali ndi ufulu wotipangira nkhondo. Tinawathandiza mayiko ena kupeza zida zoterozo ndipo sanachite nawo nkhondo. Ndipotu, ife tinkathandiza Iraq kupeza zida zamakono ndi zamagetsi zaka zambiri, zomwe zinayika maziko a ziwonetsero zomwe zidakali nazo.

Kawirikawiri, mtundu uli ndi zida zingakhale zachiwerewere, zosayenera, kapena zosayenera, koma sizingakhale chifukwa cha nkhondo. Nkhondo yowopsya ndiyo yokha yoipa kwambiri, yosavomerezeka, ndi yoletsedwa. Choncho, n'chifukwa chiyani mtsutsano wotsutsana ndi Iraq ukukangana ngati dziko la Iraq linali ndi zida? Mwachiwonekere, ife tinakhazikitsa kuti zi Iraqzi zinali zoipa kwambiri ngati akanakhala ndi zida ndiye kuti azizigwiritsa ntchito, mwina kupyolera mwa alangizi a Saddam Hussein omwe amamangiriza al Qaeda. Ngati wina ali ndi zida, tikhoza kulankhula nawo. Ngati Iraqi inali ndi zida zomwe tinkamenyana nazo. Iwo anali gawo la zomwe Purezidenti George W. Bush adazitcha "nkhanza za zoipa." Kuti Iraq inali yopanda manyazi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zake zotsutsa ndi kuti njira yeniyeni yopitilira ntchito yawo inali kudzamenyana ndi Iraq anali maganizo osokoneza, choncho iwo anali kuika pambali ndikuiwalika, chifukwa atsogoleri athu adadziwa bwino kuti dziko la Iraq linalibe mwayi wotero.

Gawo: KUKHALA MOTO NDI MAGAZINI

Vuto lalikulu ndi lingaliro lakuti nkhondo ikufunika kuthetsa zoipa ndikuti palibe choyipa china kuposa nkhondo. Nkhondo imayambitsa mavuto ambiri ndi imfa kuposa chilichonse chimene nkhondo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Nkhondo sizichiritsa matenda kapena zimapewa ngozi za galimoto kapena kuchepetsa kudzipha. (Ndipotu, monga tionera chaputala 5, iwo amadzipha odzipha pamtenga.) Ziribe kanthu momwe wolamulira wankhanza kapena anthu angakhalire oipa, sangakhale oipa kuposa nkhondo. Akanakhala ndi moyo chikwi chimodzi, Saddam Hussein sakanatha kuwononga anthu a Iraq kapena dziko lapansi kuti nkhondo yothetsa zida zake zonyenga zachita. Nkhondo si ntchito yoyera ndi yovomerezeka yomwe imasokonezeka pano ndi apo ndi nkhanza. Nkhondo ndi nkhanza zonse, ngakhale pamene izo zimangophatikizapo asilikali kumvera akupha asilikali. Kawirikawiri, zonsezi zimaphatikizapo. General Zachary Taylor adafotokoza za nkhondo ya Mexican-American (1846-1848) ku Dipatimenti Yachiwawa ku US:

“Ndikumva chisoni kuti ndinanena kuti ambiri mwa odzipereka a miyezi khumi ndi iwiriyi, omwe adutsa njira yawo kuchokera kumunsi kwa Rio Grande, achita zoyipa ndi kuwononga anthu okonda mtendere. PALI MALO OGWIRITSA NTCHITO MITU YA NKHANI OYENERA KUWERETSEDWA KWA INE NGATI ANAWADZIPEREKA. ” [capitalization koyambirira]

Ngati General Taylor sankafuna kuchitira umboni, sakanatha kumenyana ndi nkhondo. Ndipo ngati anthu a ku America amamverera mwanjira yomweyo, iwo sakanamupangitsa iye kukhala wankhondo ndi purezidenti wakupita ku nkhondo. Kubwezeredwa ndi kuzunzidwa sikuli nkhondo yovuta kwambiri. Mbali yoyipa ndi gawo lovomerezeka: kupha. Chizunzo cha United States pazaka zaposachedwapa ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq ndi gawo lalikulu, kuphatikizapo milandu yambiri. Chiwonongeko cha Ayuda chinatenga anthu pafupifupi 6 m'njira yoopsya kwambiri, koma nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inatenga pafupifupi 70 miliyoni - pafupifupi 24 miliyoni anali asilikali. Sitikumva zambiri zokhudza asilikali a 9 milioni omwe Soviet anapha. Koma iwo anafa akuyang'anizana ndi anthu omwe ankafuna kuwapha, ndipo iwo eniwo anali akulamulidwa kuti aphe. Pali zinthu zochepa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulephera kwa nthano za nkhondo za ku America ndizokuti nthawi ya kudayidwa kwa D-Day, a 80 peresenti ya asilikali a Germany anali otanganidwa kumenyana ndi a Russia. Koma izo sizimapangitsa a Russia kukhala amphamvu; Zimangosintha zochitika zachisokonezo cha kupusa ndi kupweteka kummawa.

Otsatira ambiri a nkhondo amavomereza kuti nkhondo ndi gehena. Koma anthu ambiri amakonda kukhulupirira kuti zonse ziri zolondola ndi dziko lapansi, kuti zonse ziri zabwino, kuti zochita zonse ziri ndi cholinga chaumulungu. Ngakhale anthu omwe alibe chipembedzo, akamakambirana zachisoni kapena chokhumudwitsa, osati kunena kuti "N'zomvetsa chisoni komanso koopsa!" Koma kufotokozera-osati kungowopsya komabe ngakhale patapita zaka - osakhoza "kumvetsa" kapena "kukhulupirira" kapena "Kumvetsetsa" izo, ngati kuti ululu ndi kuzunzika sizinali zomveka zomveka bwino monga chimwemwe ndi chimwemwe. Ife tikufuna kudzionetsera ndi Dr. Pangloss kuti zonse ziri zabwino, ndipo momwe timachitira izi ndi nkhondo ndikuganiza kuti mbali yathu ikulimbana ndi zoipa chifukwa cha zabwino, ndipo nkhondoyo ndiyo njira yokhayo yothetsera nkhondo konzekerani. Ngati tili ndi njira zothetsera nkhondo zoterozo, monga Senator Beveridge adanena pamwambapa, tiyenera kuyembekezera kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Senema William Fulbright (D., Ark.) Adafotokoza izi:

"Mphamvu zimayamba kudziphatika ndi khalidwe labwino ndipo mtundu waukulu kwambiri umakhalapo ndi lingaliro lakuti mphamvu yake ndi chizindikiro cha chiyanjo cha Mulungu, kuwapatsa udindo wapadera kwa mitundu ina - kuwachititsa kukhala olemera ndi osangalala komanso ochenjera, kuwathandiza , ndiko kuti, m'chifaniziro chake chowala. "

Madeline Albright, Mlembi wa boma pamene Bill Clinton anali pulezidenti, anali ophweka kwambiri:

"Ndi chifukwa chanji chokhala ndi ankhondo apamwamba kwambiri omwe nthawi zonse mumayankhula ngati sitingagwiritse ntchito?"

Chikhulupiriro chakuti Mulungu ali ndi ufulu wokamenya nkhondo chikuwoneka chikungowonjezereka pamene mphamvu yayikulu ya nkhondo ikutsutsana ndi kukana kwakukulu kuti mphamvu ya nkhondo isagonjetse. Mu nyuzipepala ya 2008, mtolankhani wina wa ku United States analemba za Jenerali David Petraeus, ndiye mkulu wa dziko la Iraq, "Mwachiwonekere Mulungu adawona kuti ndibwino kuti asilikali a US awonetseke kuti ndi gulu lalikulu mu nthawi ino yofunikira."

Pa August 6, 1945, Pulezidenti Harry S Truman adalengeza kuti: "Maola khumi ndi limodzi apita ndege ya ku America inagwetsa bomba limodzi ku Hiroshima, malo ofunika kwambiri a ku Japan. Bomba limenelo linali ndi mphamvu yoposa mphamvu za 20,000 za TNT Zili ndi zikwi zoposa zikwi ziwiri kuphulika kwa mphamvu ya British 'Grand Slam' yomwe ndi bomba lalikulu kwambiri lomwe silinagwiritsidwebe ntchito m'mbiri ya nkhondo. "

Pamene Truman ananamizira ku America kuti Hiroshima anali msilikali m'malo mwa mzinda wodzala ndi anthu wamba, mosakayika anthu ankafuna kumukhulupirira. Ndani angafune manyazi kuti akhale a mtundu umene ukupanga mtundu watsopano wa chisokonezo? (Kodi kutchula dzina la pansi lotchedwa Manhattan "nthaka zero" kumachotsa chilango?) Ndipo pamene tinaphunzira choonadi, tinkafuna ndikufunabe kukhulupirira kuti nkhondo ndi mtendere, kuti chiwawa ndi chipulumutso, kuti boma lathu linagwetsa mabomba a nyukiliya kuti apulumutse miyoyo , kapena kupulumutsa miyoyo ya ku America.

Timauzana kuti mabomba anfupikitsa nkhondo ndipo adasunga miyoyo yambiri kusiyana ndi ena a 200,000 omwe adawatenga. Komabe, masabata angapo bomba loyamba lisanagwe, pa July 13, 1945, Japan adatumiza telegalamu ku Soviet Union akufotokoza chikhumbo chawo chodzipereka ndi kuthetsa nkhondo. United States inali itaphwanya malamulo a ku Japan ndikuwerenga telegalamu. Truman analembera kalata yake kuti "telegram yochokera kwa Japan Emperor yopempha mtendere." Truman adadziwitsidwa kudzera muzitsulo za Swiss ndi Chipwitikizi za mtendere wa ku Japan patangotha ​​miyezi itatu Hiroshima asanafike. Japan idangopereka kudzipereka mopanda malire ndikusiya mfumu yake, koma dziko la United States linalimbikira kunena mawu amenewo mpaka mabomba atagwa, panthawiyi amalola kuti Japan asunge mfumu yake.

Pulezidenti wa pulezidenti James Byrnes anauza Truman kuti kugwa kwa mabomba kungalole kuti United States "ilamulire za kuthetsa nkhondo." Mlembi wa Navy James Forrestal analemba mu nyuzipepala yake kuti Byrnes anali "wofunitsitsa kwambiri kuti ayanjanitsa ndi Japan anthu a ku Russia asanalowemo. "Truman analemba m'magazini yake kuti Soviet akukonzekera kukwera ku Japan ndi" Fini Japs pakadutsa. "Truman adalamula bomba lagonjetsedwa ku Hiroshima pa August 8th ndi mtundu wina wa bomba, bomba la plutonium , zomwe asilikali adafunanso kuyesa ndikuwonetsa, pa Nagasaki pa August 9th. Komanso pa August 9th, Soviets anaukira a ku Japan. Pa masabata awiri otsatira, a Soviets anapha 84,000 Japanese pamene anataya 12,000 mwa asilikali awo, ndipo United States inapitiriza kuphulika ku Japan ndi zida za nyukiliya. Kenaka a ku Japan adapereka. Kafukufuku Wopopera Bomba ku United States anatsimikiza kuti,

". . . Pambuyo pa 31 December, 1945, ndipo mwinamwake zisanachitike 1 November, 1945, Japan akanadzipereka ngakhale mabomba a atomiki asanaponyedwe, ngakhale kuti Russia siinalowe kunkhondo, ndipo ngakhale kuti panalibe chiwembu choukira nkhondo kapena kulingalira. "

Wotsutsa wina yemwe adalankhula maganizo omwewo kwa Mlembi wa Nkhondo isanayambe mabombawo anali General Dwight Eisenhower. Pulezidenti wa akuluakulu a akuluakulu a asilikali, William D. Leahy, anavomera kuti:

"Kugwiritsira ntchito chida ichi choopsa ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki sichinali chithandizo chamtundu wankhondo pa nkhondo yathu ndi Japan. Anthu a ku Japan anali atagonjetsedwa kale ndipo anali okonzeka kudzipereka. "

Chilichonse chimene chimachititsa kuti mabomba angakhale atathandizira kuthetsa nkhondoyi, ndizowona kuti njira yomwe ingawopsyeze kuwatsitsa, njira yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za m'ma 200 za Cold War kuti ichitike, siinayesedwe konse. Kufotokozera mwina kungapezeke m'mawu a Truman akusonyeza cholinga chobwezera:

"Tapeza bomba lomwe taligwiritsa ntchito. Tidawagwiritsa ntchito motsutsana ndi omwe adatiukira popanda kuchenjeza ku Pearl Harbor, kutsutsana ndi iwo omwe akusowa njala ndi kumenyana ndi kupha akaidi a ku America a nkhondo, komanso motsutsana ndi iwo amene adasiya kumvera malamulo amitundu yonse. "

Truman sakanatha kusankha Tokyo kukhala chandamale - osati chifukwa chinali mzinda, koma chifukwa tachichepetsa kale.

Zowopsa za nyukiliya mwina sizinali kutha kwa Nkhondo Yadziko lonse, koma kutsegulira kwa Cold War, pofuna kutumiza uthenga kwa Soviets. Akuluakulu apamwamba komanso akuluakulu a asilikali a ku United States, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a mtsogoleri, akhala akuyesedwa kuti azikhala ndi mizinda yambiri kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, kuyambira Truman kuopseza nuke China ku 1950. Nthanoyi inayamba kuti chidwi cha Eisenhower cha nuking China chinachititsa kuti nkhondo ya Korea ifike mofulumira. Chikhulupiriro cha nthano imeneyi chinatsogolera Purezidenti Richard Nixon, patapita zaka zambiri, kuganiza kuti akhoza kuthetsa nkhondo ya Vietnam poyesa kukhala wopenga kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito mabomba a nyukiliya. Ngakhale chododometsa kwambiri, iye anali wopenga mokwanira. "Bomba la nyukiliya, kodi izo zikukuvutitsani inu? . . . Ndikufuna kuti muthe kuganiza kuti wamkulu, Henry, wa Christsakes, "Nixon adanena kwa Henry Kissinger pokambirana za njira za Vietnam.

Pulezidenti George W. Bush ankayang'anira kupititsa kwa zida zazing'ono za nyukiliya zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mosavuta, komanso mabomba omwe si akuluakulu a nyukiliya, akuphwanya mzere pakati pa awiriwo. Pulezidenti Barack Obama adakhazikitsa mu 2010 kuti United States ikhoza kuyamba ndi zida za nyukiliya, koma ndi Iran kapena North Korea. Dziko la United States linati, popanda umboni, kuti dziko la Iran silinagwirizane ndi Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT), ngakhale kuti kuphwanya kwa panganoli ndi United States 'kulephera kugwira ntchito yowonongeka ndi United States' Mutual Defense Agreement ndi United Kingdom, yomwe mayiko awiriwa akugawana zida za nyukiliya kuphwanya Article 1 ya NPT, ndipo ngakhale kuti United States 'yoyamba zida za nyukiliya ikuphwanya pangano lina: UN Charter.

Anthu a ku America sangavomereze zomwe zinachitika ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki, koma dziko lathu linali litakonzekera. Germany itadutsa dziko la Poland, Britain ndi France adalengeza nkhondo ku Germany. Britain ku 1940 idapangana mgwirizano ndi Germany kuti isaphonye anthu wamba, dziko la Germany lisanatengere zomwezo motsutsana ndi England - ngakhale kuti Germany idakwera bomba ku Guernica, Spain, ku 1937, ndi ku Warsaw, ku Poland, ku 1939, ndipo ku Japan panthawiyo kunali kuphulika anthu ku China. Kenaka, kwa zaka zambiri, Britain ndi Germany zakhala zikuphwanya mabomba pakati pa mayiko a United States asanayambe kulowerera, kuphulika kwa mizinda ya Germany ndi Japan pomenyana ndi chiwonongeko chosiyana ndi china chilichonse chimene chinawonapo. Pamene tinkawombera mizinda ya ku Japan pomenyana ndi moto, magazini ya Life inasindikiza chithunzi cha munthu waku Japan amene amakafa ndipo anati "Iyi ndi njira yokhayo." Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Vietnam, mafano oterowo anali ovuta kwambiri. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya 2003 ku Iraq, mafano oterowo sanawonetsedwe, monga momwe matupi a adani sanawerengedwe. Cholinga chimenecho, mwinamwake mawonekedwe a chitukuko, chimatisiyitsa ife kutali ndi tsiku limene nkhanza zidzawonetsedwa ndi mawu akuti "Payenera kukhala njira ina."

Kulimbana ndi choipa ndi zomwe amatsutsa amtendere amachita. Sizimene nkhondo zimachita. Ndipo sizowoneka, moonekeratu, chomwe chimalimbikitsa ambuye a nkhondo, iwo omwe akukonzekera nkhondo ndi kuwabweretsa iwo. Koma ndiko kuyesa kuganiza choncho. Ndizolemekezeka kwambiri kupanga zopanda mantha, ngakhale nsembe yopambana ya moyo, kuti athetse zoipa. N'kutheka kuti ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito ana a anthu ena kuti athetseretu zoipa, zomwe ndizo zothandizira anthu ambiri ku nkhondo. Ndikoyenera kukhala gawo la chinthu chachikulu kuposa iwe. Zingakhale zosangalatsa kufotokozera kukonda dziko. Zingakhale zokondweretsa kwa kanthawi Ndikutsimikiza kuti, ngati ndi olungama komanso olemekezeka, kukhala ndi chidani, tsankho, ndi tsankho lina. Ndizosangalatsa kuganiza kuti gulu lanu liri lapamwamba kuposa la wina. Ndipo kukonda dziko, tsankho, ndi zizindikiro zina zomwe zimakulekanitsani ndi mdani, zimatha kukugwirizanitsani, kamodzi, ndi anzako onse ndi anzako onse kudutsa malire omwe sakhala nawo.

Ngati muli wokhumudwa komanso wokwiya, ngati mukulakalaka kudzimva kuti ndi ofunikira, amphamvu, ndi olamulira, ngati mukulakalaka chilolezo chobwezera kubwezera kapena kulankhula, mungathe kusangalala ndi boma lomwe limalengeza za tchuthi ku chikhalidwe ndi chilolezo chololedwa ku kudana ndi kupha. Mudzazindikira kuti ochirikiza nkhondo mwamphamvu kwambiri nthawi zina amafuna otsutsa osagwirizana ndi nkhondo akuphedwa ndi kuzunzika pamodzi ndi mdani woopsa ndi woopsya; udani ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa chinthu chake. Ngati zikhulupiriro zanu zachipembedzo zikukuuzani kuti nkhondo ndi yabwino, ndiye kuti mwakhala mukupita nthawi yayikuru. Tsopano ndinu gawo la dongosolo la Mulungu. Mudzakhala ndi moyo pambuyo pa imfa, ndipo mwinamwake tonse tidzakhala bwino ngati mutabweretsa imfa ya ife tonse.

Koma zikhulupiliro zosavuta pa zabwino ndi zoipa sizikugwirizana bwino ndi dziko lenileni, ziribe kanthu kaya ndi anthu angati omwe amawagawana mosakayikira. Sakupanga iwe kukhala mbuye wa chilengedwe chonse. M'malo mwake, iwo amachititsa kuti muwononge tsogolo lanu m'manja mwa anthu akukutsutsani ndi mabodza a nkhondo. Ndipo chidani ndi tsankho sizimapatsa chisangalalo chamuyaya, koma zimabweretsa mkwiyo wokwiya.

Kodi muli pamwamba pa zonsezi? Kodi muli ndi tsankho lachiwawa ndi ziphunzitso zina zosadziwika? Kodi mumachirikiza nkhondo chifukwa iwo ali ndi zolinga zabwino? Kodi mukuganiza kuti nkhondo, zilizonse zomwe zimakhudzidwa nazo, zimamenyedwera poteteza anthu omwe akukumana ndi ziwawa ndi kusunga njira zowonjezereka komanso zademokoma? Tiyeni tiwone zomwezo mu chaputala chachiwiri.