NKHONDO SIDAKHALITSIDWA PA BATTLEFIELDS

Timalankhula za kutumiza asilikali kuti amenyane nawo kumalo omenyera nkhondo. Mawu oti 'nkhondo' amawoneka mwa mamiliyoni, mwinamwake mabiliyoni, a nkhani za nkhondo zathu. Ndipo liwu likutumiza kwa ambiri a ife malo omwe asilikari akumenyana nawo asilikari ena. Sitikuganiza za zinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka mu nkhondo. Sitikuganiza kuti mabanja onse, kapena mapikiniki, kapena maphwando a ukwati, mwachitsanzo, akupezeka pa nkhondo - kapena malo ogulitsa zakudya kapena mipingo. Sitikujambula sukulu kapena masewera kapena agogo aamuna pakati pa nkhondo. Timaganiza mofanana ndi Gettysburg kapena Nkhondo Yadziko I France: munda womwe uli ndi nkhondo. Mwinamwake muli m'nkhalango kapena mapiri kapena chipululu cha dziko lina lakutali "tikulimbana," koma ndi munda wamtundu wina womwe uli ndi nkhondo. Nkhondo ina ingakhale yani?

Poyamba, nkhondo zathu siziwoneka kuti ndi kumene timakhala ndikugwira ntchito ngati anthu wamba, malinga ngati "ife" amamveka kuti amatanthauza Achimereka. Nkhondo sizichitika ku United States. Koma kwa anthu okhala m'mayiko omwe nkhondo zathu zakhala zikulimbana kuyambira, kuphatikizapo, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse, zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo" zikuwonekera bwino ndipo zikupitirizabe kuphatikizapo mizinda yawo ndi midzi yawo. Nthaŵi zambiri, iyo ndiyo nkhondo yonse yakhala. Sipanakhalepo malo ena, osakhala malo omwe ali mbali ya nkhondo. Pamene Nkhondo za Bull Zimathamanga kapena Manassas anamenyedwa kumunda pafupi ndi Manassas, Virginia, nkhondo za Fallujah zinagonjetsedwa mu mzinda wa Fallujah, Iraq. Pamene Vietnam anali nkhondo, zonse zinali nkhondo, kapena zimene Army US tsopano limati ndi "battlespace." Pamene drones athu kuwombera mabomba mu Pakistan, anaganiza mantha okonza ife kupha si pabwino m'munda lomwe; ali m'nyumba, pamodzi ndi anthu ena onse omwe timawapha mwangozi ngati gawo limodzi. (Ndipo ena mwa mabwenzi a anthu amenewa adzayamba kukonza chigawenga, zomwe ndi nkhani yabwino kwa opanga drones.)

Gawo: IZI NDI PAKATI

Poganizira kachiwiri, nkhondoyo kapena battlespace ikuphatikizapo United States. Kwenikweni, zimaphatikizapo chipinda chanu, chipinda chanu chodyera, nyamayi yanu, ndi malo ena onse padziko lapansi, kapena mwinamwake ngakhale malingaliro omwe ali pamutu mwanu. Lingaliro la nkhondo linakulitsidwa, kuti likhale lofatsa. Izi zikuphatikizapo kulikonse kumene asilikali akugwira ntchito mwakhama. Oyendetsa ndege amalankhula za kukhala pa nkhondo pamene akhala kutali kwambiri kuposa chirichonse chomwe chikufanana ndi munda kapena nyumba. Oyendetsa panyanja amalankhula za kukhala pa nkhondo pamene sakuyenda panthaka youma. Koma nkhondo watsopano limaphatikizapo kulikonse mphamvu US mwina conceivably kulembedwa ntchito, zomwe ndi kumene nyumba ako adzabwera mu Ngati pulezidenti akulengeza inu "mdani msilikali," inu simumakhala yekha nkhondo -. Mudzakhala mdani, kaya inu akufuna kukhala kapena ayi. Nchifukwa chiyani desi yomwe ili ndi chisangalalo ku Las Vegas imawerengera ngati nkhondo yomwe gulu likuwombera drone, koma chipinda chanu cha hotelo chiyenera kukhala malire?

Asilikali US tigwire anthu pa msewu mu Milano kapena mu ndege ku New York, ndi kuwatumiza ku kuzunzidwa m'ndende chinsinsi, kapena pamene asilikali athu amalipira mphoto kwa munthu Afghanistan kwa akupereka odana awo ndi monama kuwadzudzula chifukwa cha uchigawenga , ndipo timatumiza ozunzidwa kuti apite kundende nthawi zonse ku Guantanamo kapena komweko ku Bagram, zonsezi zimachitika pa nkhondo. Paliponse wina angatsutsidwe zauchigawenga ndi kugwidwa kapena kuphedwa ndi nkhondo. Palibe kukambirana za kumasula anthu osalakwa ku Guantanamo popanda kukwaniritsa mantha kuti "abwerere kunkhondo," kutanthauza kuti akhoza kuchita zachiwawa zotsutsana ndi a US, kaya adateropo kale kapena ayi, mosasamala kanthu kumene iwo angakhoze kuchita izo.

Pamene khoti la ku Italy likutsutsa anthu a CIA kuti asatenge munthu wina ku Italy kuti amuzunze, khothilo likutsutsa kuti misewu ya Italy siinkhondo ya ku United States. Pamene United States ikulephera kupereka oweruzawo, ikubwezeretsa nkhondo kumalo kumene ilipo tsopano: pambali iliyonse ya galaxy. Tidzawona m'mutu khumi ndi awiri kuti chidziwitso cha nkhondoyi chidzutsa mafunso. Kupha mwachizoloŵezi anthu kwatengedwa kuti ndi kovomerezeka m'ndende koma kunja kwalamulo. Kupatulapo kuti nkhondo zathu ndizosavomerezeka, kodi ziyenera kuloledwa kuzionjezera kuphatikizapo kuphedwa komweko ku Yemen? Nanga bwanji pulogalamu yaikulu ya mabomba ndi drones osagonjetsedwa ku Pakistan? Chifukwa chiyani kufalikira kwazing'ono kwa umphala wokhazikika kungakhale kovomerezeka kusiyana ndi kukula kwakukulu komwe kumapha anthu ambiri?

Ndipo ngati nkhondoyo ili paliponse, ili ku United States. Boma la Obama ku 2010 linalengeza ufulu wake wakupha anthu a ku America, poganiza kuti kale ali ndi chidziwitso chodziwikiratu choyenera kupha anthu omwe si a ku America. Koma idati mphamvu yakupha Achimereka pokhapokha ku United States. Komabe, gulu lankhondo lamphamvu likuyimira mkati mwa United States ndipo limapatsidwa nkhondo kuti lichite nkhondo ngati lidalamulidwa. Asilikali amatha kutsuka, kapena kusamala, kutayika kwa mafuta, kuthandizira apolisi apanyumba, ndi kukazonda anthu okhala ku US. Tikukhala kumalo a dziko lapansi oyendetsedwa ndi Northern Northern Command. Nchiyani choyimitsa nkhondo kumtunda ku Central Command kuchokera kufalikira ku midzi yathu?

Mu March 2010, John Yoo, mmodzi wa mabwalo oyimira milandu ku Dipatimenti Yachilungamo amene anathandiza George W. Bush "mwamalamulo" kuloleza nkhondo, kuzunzika, uzondi wopanda pake, ndi zolakwa zina, analankhula mtawuni yanga. Ochita zigawenga za nkhondo masiku ano amapita kukaona maulendo asanayambe kuuma, ndipo nthawi zina amatenga mafunso kuchokera kwa omvetsera. Ndinamufunsa Yoo ngati pulezidenti akhoza kuwombera ku United States. Kapena kodi pulezidenti akanatha kusiya mabomba a nyukiliya ku United States? Yoo anakana kuvomereza malire a mphamvu ya pulezidenti, kupatula mwina mu nthawi osati m'malo. Purezidenti akhoza kuchita chirichonse chimene anasankha, ngakhale mu United States, bola ngati "nthawi ya nkhondo." Komabe, ngati "nkhondo yowopsya" imayambitsa nkhondo, ndipo ngati "nkhondo yowopsya" imakhalapo kwa mibadwo, monga ena Otsutsawo amafuna, ndiye palibe malire.

Pa June 29, 2010, Pulezidenti Lindsey Graham (R., SC) adafunsidwa ndi Solicitor General ndi Wokondedwa Woweruza Khoti Lalikulu Elena Kagan. "Vuto la nkhondoyi," Graham adati, "ndikuti sipadzakhalanso mapeto a nkhondo, adzakhalapo?" Kagan adagonjetsa ndi kuvomereza kuti: "Izi ndizovuta, Senator." Izi zimasamalira nthawi zovuta. Bwanji nanga za zovuta za malo? Patapita nthawi, Graham anafunsa kuti:

"Nkhondoyi, inu munandiuza panthawi yomwe takambirana kale, kuti nkhondoyi mu nkhondoyi ndi dziko lonse lapansi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngati wina atagwidwa ku Philippines, yemwe adali wa al Qaeda, ndipo adagwidwa ku Philippines, akadakhala omenyana ndi adani. Um, chifukwa dziko lonse lapansi ndilo nkhondo. Kodi mukugwirizanabe ndi zimenezo? "

Kagan adatchera ndipo adakalipira, pamene Graham adamfunsa izi katatu, asananene kuti, inde, adagwirizanabe.

Choncho nkhondo imakhala yowonjezereka kwambiri kuposa malo enieni. Ngati takhala nthawi zonse kumalo omenyera nkhondo, ngati timayenda mu nkhondo pankhondo, ndiye kuti tidzasamala zomwe timanena. Sitingafune kuthandiza mdani mwanjira inayake, pamene tikukhala pankhondo. Nkhondo, ngakhale pamene nkhondoyo sinali, ngati mulungu, akupezeka paliponse, akhala ndi chizoloŵezi chochotsa ufulu wopambana. Mwambo umenewu ku United States umaphatikizapo Purezidenti John Adams Ali Wosaka ndi Kutulutsa Zochitika za 1798, Abraham Lincoln akukakamizidwa ndi habeas corpus, Woodrow Wilson's Espionage Act ndi Kusindikiza Chigamulo, Franklin Roosevelt akukweza anthu a ku Japan-Achimereka, opusa a McCarthyism, ndi ambiri Zochitika za nyengo ya Bush-Obama yomwe inachotsedwadi ndi gawo loyamba la PATRIOT Act.

Pa July 25, 2008, kupanikizika kwa mlandu chifukwa cha nkhanza za mphamvu kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kuti chinyontho chipitirize. Komiti Yoyendetsera Nyumba ya Nyumba inavomereza kuti amve mlandu wotsutsa George W. Bush. Mtsogoleri wa boma John Conyers adakhala ndi milandu yotereyi ku 2005 monga membala wochepa, adalengeza cholinga chake kuti azikakamiza nkhondo ya Iraq ngati atapatsidwa mphamvu. Anagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kuyambira January 2007 patsogolo, ndipo mu July 2008 - atalandira chivomerezo cha a Speaker Nancy Pelosi - adagwira ntchitoyi. Pofuna kufanana ndi zochitika zomwe adazichita zaka zitatu zapitazo, Conyers adalengeza pasanamve mlandu kuti, ngakhale kuti umboniwo ukamveka, palibe mlandu uliwonse wopita patsogolo. Kumvetsera kunali chabe. Koma umboniwu unali woopsa kwambiri ndipo unaphatikizapo mawu a mkulu wa bungwe loona za chilungamo, Bruce Fein.

"Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, nthambi yaikulu idalengeza - ndi kuvomereza kapena kuvomereza Congress ndi anthu a ku America - boma la nkhondo yosatha ndi uchigawenga wapadziko lonse, mwachitsanzo, nkhondo sizingatheke mpaka mndandanda uliwonse wa zigawenga mu Milky Way mwina anaphedwa kapena atengedwa ndipo ngozi ya chigawenga cha padziko lonse yapangidwa kukhala zero. Nthambi yayikuluyi inapitirizabe kusagwirizana ndi Congress kapena anthu a ku America kuti popeza Osama Bin Laden akuopseza kupha Amwenye nthawi iliyonse komanso kulikonse, dziko lonse lapansi, kuphatikizapo United States, ndilo nkhondo yomwe asilikali ndi asilikali Lamulo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pamaganizo a nthambi yoyang'anira nthambi.

"Mwachitsanzo, nthambi yoyang'anira nthambi imati boma limagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zogwiritsa ntchito mabomba ku mizinda ya ku United States ngati ikukhulupirira kuti maselo ogona a Al Qaeda akukhala pamenepo ndipo amapezeka pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi chidziwitso chimodzimodzi kuti nthambi ya Saddam Hussein anali nayo zida zowonongeka kwakukulu. . . .

"Nthambi Yolamula watsogolera mphamvu United States kupha kapena tigwire anthu izo akuganiza kukhala okhulupirika kwa Al Qaeda m'mayiko ena, mwachitsanzo Italy, Macedonia, kapena Yemen, koma anakudzula chimodzi chokha United States wokhala, Ali Swaleh Kahlah al-Marri , kuchoka kunyumba kwake kosatha kundende monga wotsutsana ndi adani. Koma ngati zamalamulo Kulungamitsidwa oyendetsera dziko zochita zake wodzichepetsa anadzudzula kudzera iyenera kukonzedwa kapena ayi, chitsanzo cha mphamvu wamkulu adzakhala zakhazikitsidwa kuti adzagona mozungulira ngati chida yodzaza wokonzeka ntchito ndi nkoyenera aliyense amene amati Akufunika. Komanso, Abambo Oyambirira anamvetsetsa kuti kungonena kuti mphamvu yosasinthidwa ndiyomwe ikuyenera kuyankha mayankho ogwira mtima. "

Palibe mayankho okhwima omwe anali kubwera, ndipo Purezidenti Obama adasungabe ndikukulitsa mphamvu zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ndi purezidenti wa George W. Bush. Nkhondo tsopano inali yovomerezeka paliponse komanso yamuyaya, potero idalola mapurezidenti mphamvu zazikulu, zomwe angagwiritse ntchito pomenya nkhondo zochulukirapo, kuchokera komwe mphamvu zochulukirapo zimatha kutuluka, ndi zina zotero kupita ku Aramagedo, pokhapokha ngati china chake chitha.

Chigawo: ZIMENE ZILI PAFUPI

Nkhondoyo ikhoza kutizungulira ife, koma nkhondo izi zimangoganizira kwambiri malo. Ngakhale m'madera ena - monga Iraq ndi Afghanistan - nkhondoyi ilibe mbali ziwiri zofunikira pamsasa wamba - munda wokha ndi mdani wodziwika. Kudziko lina, mdani amawoneka monga momwe akuyenera kupindulira nawo nkhondo yothandiza. Anthu okha omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ndani omwe ali kunkhondo ndi omwe akukhala kunja. Soviet Union inapeza zofooka izi za ntchito zakunja pamene idayesa kutenga Afghanistan panthawi ya 1980s. Oleg Vasilevich Kustov, wachikulire wazaka 37 wa asilikali a Soviet ndi Russia, anafotokoza momwe asilikali a Soviet anakhalira:

"Ngakhale ku likulu la dziko, Kabul, m'maboma ambiri zinali zoopsa kupita kuposa 200 kapena 300 mamita kuchokera makhazikitsidwe inkatetezedwa ndi asilikali athu kapena detachments wa asilikali Afghanstan, mphamvu mkati komanso chinsinsi - kutero anali kuika moyo ali pangozi. Kuti tikhale oona mtima kwathunthu, tinkamenyana ndi anthu. "

Izo zikuwerengera izo mwangwiro. Nkhondo sizimenyana ndi ankhondo. Ndiponso sagonjetsedwa ndi olamulira ankhanza achiwanda. Amagonjetsedwa ndi anthu. Kumbukirani msilikali wa ku America mu chaputala 5 amene adamuwombera mkazi yemwe akuoneka kuti akubweretsa thumba la chakudya kwa asilikali a US? Akanakhala akuwoneka ngati akubweretsa bomba. Msilikaliyo adayenera bwanji kusiyanitsa? Kodi iye amayenera kuchita chiyani?

Yankho, ndithudi, ndilokuti adayenera kuti asakhaleko. Nkhondo yogwira ntchito ikudzaza ndi adani omwe amawoneka bwino, koma nthawizina sali, amayi akubweretsa zakudya. Ndi bodza kutcha malo otere "malo omenyera nkhondo."

Njira imodzi yofotokozera izi, komanso zomwe zimawopsyeza anthu, ndizoona kuti ambiri mwa anthu omwe amaphedwa pankhondo ndi anthu wamba. Nthawi yabwino ndi 'osakhala ophunzira.' Anthu ena amitundu amalowa nawo nkhondo. Ndipo iwo omwe amatsutsa ntchito yachilendo mwachiwawa sali kwenikweni asilikali. Ndipotu palibe chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha kupha anthu omwe akulimbana ndi nkhondo yeniyeni yowonjezera kuposa kupha anthu osakhala nawo.

Chiwerengero cha imfa ya nkhondo chimasiyana chifukwa cha nkhondo iliyonse. Palibe nkhondo ziwiri zomwezo, ndipo chiwerengerocho chimasintha ngati iwo amene amwalira pambuyo povulazidwa kapena matenda akuphatikizidwa ndi omwe amafa pomwepo. Koma mwaziwerengero zambiri, ngakhale kuwerengera okha omwe amafa nthawi yomweyo, ambiri a iwo omwe anaphedwa mu nkhondo m'zaka zaposachedwa akhala osagwirizana nawo. Ndipo pankhondo zogwirizana ndi United States, ambiri mwa anthu omwe anaphedwawo anali osakhala Achimereka. Zonsezi, ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizidwa, zidzawoneka zopenga kwa wina aliyense kutenga nkhani zawo za nkhondo kuchokera ku America zofalitsa zofalitsa, zomwe kawirikawiri zimafotokoza "nkhondo yakufa" ndi kulemba Amerika okha.

"Nkhondo yabwino," Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, idakali yakufa kwambiri nthawi zonse, ndi kufa kwa asirikali pafupifupi 20 mpaka 25 miliyoni (kuphatikiza kufa 5 miliyoni kwa akaidi omwe ali mndende), komanso kufa kwa anthu wamba pafupifupi 40 mpaka 52 miliyoni (kuphatikiza 13 mpaka 20 miliyoni kuchokera ku matenda okhudzana ndi nkhondo ndi njala). United States idavutika ndi gawo locheperako laimfazi - pafupifupi 417,000 asitikali ndi 1,700 wamba. Chiwerengerochi ndi chowopsa, koma ndichaching'ono poyerekeza ndi kuzunzika kwa mayiko ena.

Nkhondo yaku Korea idapha anthu pafupifupi 500,000 aku North Korea; Asitikali aku China 400,000; 245,000 - 415,000 asitikali aku South Korea; Asitikali aku US 37,000; komanso anthu pafupifupi 2 miliyoni aku Korea.

Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam idapha asilikali a 4 miliyoni kapena ochulukirapo, kuphatikizapo asilikali a ku North America a 1.1 miliyoni, asilikali a 40,000 South Vietnamese, ndi asilikali a 58,000 a US.

Zaka makumi angapo chiwonongeko cha Vietnam, United States inapha anthu ambiri mu nkhondo zambiri, koma asilikali ochepa a ku America anafa. Gulf War inafa a 382 US, anthu ambiri a ku America omwe anaphedwa pakati pa Vietnam ndi "nkhondo yowopsya." Kuukira kwa 1965-1966 ku Dominican Republic sikunalipire moyo umodzi wa US. Grenada mu 1983 mtengo wa 19. Panama mu 1989 anaona 40 Achimerika akufa. Bosnia-Herzegovina ndi Kosovo anaona imfa ya 32 ku US. Nkhondo zakhala zizoloŵezi zomwe zinapha Ambiri ochepa poyerekezera ndi ziwerengero zambiri za anthu omwe si a US omwe sakuphatikizidwa kufa.

Nkhondo za Iraq ndi Afghanistan zidawonanso kuti mbali zina zimachita pafupifupi anthu onse akufa. Chiwerengerocho chinali chapamwamba kwambiri moti ngakhale chiwerengero chochepa cha imfa ya ku America chinakwera zikwi zikwi. Anthu a ku America amamva kudzera m'masewera awo kuti apolisi a 4,000 US amwalira ku Iraq, koma kawirikawiri amakumana ndi lipoti lirilonse la imfa ya a Iraqi. Nkhani yokhudza imfa ya Iraq ikamveka, ma TV a ku America nthawi zambiri amatchula ma totals omwe amasonkhanitsidwa kuchokera ku mauthenga a nkhani ndi mabungwe omwe amatsindika poyera kuti anthu ambiri samwalira. Mwamwayi, maphunziro akuluakulu awiri achitika ndi imfa zaku Iraq zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi kuukiridwa ndi ntchito zomwe zinayamba mu March 2003. Maphunzirowa amayeza imfa zomwe zimapitirira kuchuluka kwa imfa yomwe inalipo pamilandu yapadziko lonse pamaso pa March 2003.

Lancet idasindikiza zotsatira zakufufuza kwakunyumba kwa anthu kumapeto kwa June 2006. Mwa 92% ya mabanja adapempha kuti apange satifiketi yakufa kuti atsimikizire kuti wamwalira, adatero. Kafukufukuyu adatsimikiza kuti padali anthu akufa 654,965 owopsa komanso achiwawa. Izi zikuphatikiza imfa zomwe zidadza chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kusamvera malamulo, zomangamanga zowonongedwa, komanso mavuto azaumoyo. Ambiri mwa omwe amwalira (601,027) amayerekezeredwa kuti adachitika chifukwa cha ziwawa. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuphedwa mwankhanza zidawomberedwa (56 peresenti), bomba lagalimoto (13 peresenti), kuphulika kwina (14%), kunyanyala ndege (13%), ngozi (2%), osadziwika (2%). Just Foreign Policy, bungwe lochokera ku Washington, lawerengetsa kuti anthu omwe amwalira pofika nthawi yolemba izi, adawonjezera lipoti la Lancet potengera kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amwalira atolankhani mzaka zapitazi. Chiyerekezo chapano ndi 1,366,350.

Kuphunzira kwakukulu kwachiwiri kwa imfa zomwe zinayambitsidwa ndi Nkhondo ku Iraq ndi kufufuza kwa akuluakulu a ku Iraq a 2,000 opangidwa ndi Opinion Research Business (ORB) mu August 2007. Bungwe la ORB linati anthu a 1,033,000 amafa chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Iraq: "A 48 peresenti adafa chifukwa cha mfuti, 20 peresenti chifukwa cha bomba la galimoto, 9 peresenti kuchokera ku bombardment, 6 peresenti chifukwa cha ngozi, ndi 6 peresenti kuyambira chiwonongeko china. "

Imfa imalingalira kuchokera ku Nkhondo ku Afghanistan inali yotsika kwambiri koma ikukwera mwamsanga pa nthawi ya kulemba.

Pa nkhondo zonsezi, munthu akhoza kuwonjezera chiwerengero chachikulu cha ovulala kwa ovulala kuposa omwe ndanena za akufa. Ndibwino kuti nthawi zonse tiganizire chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ovutika, ana amasiye, osakhala pokhala, kapena ogwidwa ukapolo. Nkhondo yothawa kwawo ya Iraq ikuphatikizapo mamiliyoni ambiri. Kupitirira apo, ziŵerengerozi sizimagwirizanitsa khalidwe losawonongeka la moyo kumadera a nkhondo, mwachizoloŵezi kuchepa kwa nthawi ya moyo, kuwonjezeka kwa zofooka za kubala, kufalikira kwa khansa mofulumira, mantha a mabomba osadziwika anatsala mozungulira, ngakhale asilikali a ku United States amathira poizoni ndi anayesera ndipo adakana malipiro.

Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, pulofesa wothandizira pa Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute m'dera la Pakistan-North-West Frontier Province amene adangomaliza zaka zisanu monga katswiri wa Fulbright ku US, akusimba kuti vuto la America lomwe likuchitika komanso losemphana ndi malamulo ku Pakistan lapha 29 zigawenga, ndi anthu a 1,150, akuvulaza 379 zambiri.

Ngati nambalayi ili yolondola, Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse inapha anthu a 67 peresenti, anthu a ku Korea 61 peresenti ya anthu, Nkhondo ya Vietnam ya 77 peresenti ya anthu, Nkhondo pa Iraq 99.7 peresenti Iraqis (kaya ndi anthu osauka), ndi Drone War on Pakistan ndi anthu a 98 peresenti.

Pa March 16, 2003, mtsikana wina wa ku America wotchedwa Rachel Corrie anaimirira patsogolo pa nyumba ya Palestina mu Gaza, pofuna kuwateteza ku chiwonongeko ndi asilikali a Israeli omwe anali kufunafuna kuwonjezera malo a Israeli. Anayang'anizana ndi bulldozer ya Mbozi D9-R, ndipo idamuphwanya kuti afe. Potsutsana ndi sukulu ya banja lake m'bwalo la milandu mu September 2010, mtsogoleri wa gulu la maphunziro a usilikali ku Israeli anafotokoza kuti: "Pakati pa nkhondo palibe anthu wamba."

Gawo: AKAZI NDI ANA PATSAMBA

Chinthu chimodzi choyenera kukumbukira za anthu amtunduwu ndikuti si onse a msinkhu wa usilikali. Ena a iwo ndi achikulire. Ndipotu omwe ali ofooka kwambiri amatha kuphedwa. Ena ndi akazi. Ena ndi ana, makanda, kapena amayi apakati. Akazi ndi ana palimodzi mwinamwake amapanga ambiri omwe amazunzidwa ndi nkhondo, monga momwe timaganizira za nkhondo monga ntchito makamaka kwa amuna. Ngati tinkalingalira za nkhondo ngati njira yowonongera amayi ambiri ndi ana ndi agogo aamuna tikhoza kukhala ololera kulola izo?

Cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo kwa amai ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri: chimapha iwo. Koma palinso chinthu chinanso chimene amachitira amayi omwe amagulitsa nyuzipepala zambiri. Kotero, nthawizina timamva za izo. Nkhondo imagwirira akazi. Asilikali amawagwirira akazi pazochitika zapadera, koma nthawi zambiri. Ndipo asilikali mu nkhondo zina amatha kugwiririra akazi onse ngati mawonekedwe achigawenga.

Veteroni Aubert, Pulezidenti Wachiwiri wa Amnesty International Africa, anati: "Ambiri, kuphatikizapo zikwi zambiri, azimayi ndi atsikana akhala akuzunzidwa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zina amagwiriridwa komanso kugwiriridwa mwachisawawa." Pulogalamu, mu 2007, akuyankhula za nkhondo ku Cote d'Ivoire.

Kutengedwa ndi Mphamvu: Zachigwirizano ndi Amayi Achimereka ku Ulaya panthawi ya WWII ndi katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha ku America, Robert Lilly, potsiriza anafalitsidwa ku 2007 ku United States. Kubwerera ku 2001 Lilly wofalitsa adakana kufalitsa bukuli chifukwa cha milandu ya September 11, 2001. Richard Drayton mwachidule ndi kufotokozera zomwe Lilly anapeza mu Guardian:

"Lilly akusonyeza osachepera a 10,000 Amphamvu Achigwirizano [mu Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse]. Ochita kafukufuku adalongosola chiwerengero chachikulu cha chilango chopanda chilango chogonana. Magazini ya Time inanena mu September 1945 kuti: 'Asilikali athu ndi ankhondo a Britain pamodzi ndi athu achita zofunkha ndi kugwirira. . . ifenso timaonedwa ngati gulu lankhondo la achigololo. '"

Pa nkhondo imeneyi, monga ena ambiri, kugwiriridwa sikunali kuperekedwa nthawi zonse ndi mabanja awo, ngati mabanja awo anali amoyo. Iwo nthawi zambiri ankatsutsidwa chithandizo chachipatala, kupezedwa, ngakhale kuphedwa.

Anthu omwe amagwiriridwa pa nkhondo nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti chitetezo chawo chimachokera ku lamulo (pambuyo pake, amalandira chitetezo komanso kutamandidwa chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa misala, kotero kuti kugwiriridwa kuyeneranso kuvomerezedwa) kuti azidzitama pazolakwa zawo, zithunzi za iwo. Mu May 2009, tinaphunzira kuti zithunzi za asilikali a US akuzunza akaidi ku Iraq anawonetsa msilikali wa ku America akugwiririra mkaidi wamkazi, womasulira wamwamuna akugwiririra wamndende wamwamuna, ndi kugwiriridwa kwa abambo omwe ali ndi zinthu monga kuphwanyika, waya, ndi phosphorescent tube .

Malipoti ochuluka afika pamasom'pamaso a asilikali a US akugwirira akazi achi Iraqi kunja kwa ndende. Ngakhale kuti zonsezi sizowona, zochitika zotere sizilipoti nthawi zonse, ndipo zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa ankhondo sizitchulidwa nthawi zonse kapena kutsutsidwa. Milandu ya US milenaries, kuphatikizapo zolakwa za antchito awo, sanalandire chilango, chifukwa adagwira ntchito kunja kwa lamulo lililonse. Nthaŵi zina timaphunzira pambuyo podziwa kuti apolisi ayesa kufufuza kugwiriridwa ndikusiya mlanduwu. Mu March 2005, Guardian inati:

"Asilikali ochokera ku 3rd Infantry Brigade. . . anali akufufuzidwa chaka chatha chifukwa chogwirira akazi a ku Iraq, mapepala a US Army akuwulula. Asilikali anayi akugwiriridwa kuti agwiririra akazi awiri pamene akugwira ntchito yoyang'anira malo ogulitsira malonda ku Baghdad. Wapolisi wina wa ku United States anafunsa asilikali angapo ku gulu lankhondo, gulu la asilikali la 1-15th la 3rd Infantry Brigade, koma sanapeze kapena kufunsa akazi a ku Iraqi asanayambe kutsegula kafukufuku chifukwa cha kusowa umboni. "

Kenaka panali chigwirizano chogwiriridwa ndi a Paul Cortez, chotchulidwa mu mutu wachisanu. Dzina la wozunzidwayo linali Abeer Qassim Hamza al-Janabi, wazaka 14. Malinga ndi malumbiro a mmodzi wa omwe anaimbidwa mlandu,

"Asilikari anamuwona iye pa checkpoint. Iwo adamuwombera pambuyo pa mmodzi kapena ambiri mwa iwo adanena kuti akufuna kumugwirira. Pa March 12, atatha kusewera makadi pamene akumwa mowa wachakudya ndi zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi, adasandulika kukhala anthu akuda ndipo adafika kunyumba ya Abeer ku Mahmoudiya, tauni ya 50 yomwe ili kumwera kwa Baghdad. Anapha amayi ake a Fikhriya, abambo Qassim, ndi mlongo wake wazaka zisanu Hadeel ndi zipolopolo pamphumi, ndipo 'ankasintha' kugwirira Abeer. Pomalizira pake, anamupha, adayika matupi awo ndi mafuta a mafuta, ndipo adawotcha pamoto kuti awononge umboniwo. Kenaka ma GI anawomba mapiko a nkhuku. "

Asilikali achikazi a ku United States ali pachiopsezo chachikulu chogwiriridwa ndi abwenzi awo aamuna, ndi kubwezeredwa ndi "akuluakulu" awo ngati atanena za ziwawa.

Ngakhale kugwiriridwa kumakhala kofala pakati pa nkhondo yotentha, zimakhala zochitika nthawi zonse panthawi yozizira. Ngati asilikali a ku America asachoke ku Iraq, kugwiriridwa kwawo sikudzakhalanso. Asilikali a ku US akugwiririra akazi awiri a ku Japan mwezi uliwonse monga gawo la ntchito yathu yonse ku Japan, akuyamba kumapeto kwa "nkhondo yabwino."

Ana ndiwo amapha anthu ambiri pankhondo, mwina theka la anthu, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwawo “pankhondo.” Ana nawonso amakakamizidwa kumenya nawo nkhondo. Zikatero, mwanayo amavomerezedwa mwalamulo, ngakhale izi sizilepheretsa United States kuponya ana oterowo kundende ngati Guantanamo popanda kuwazenga mlandu kapena kuwazenga mlandu. Makamaka, komabe, ana sakhala nawo nawo ophedwa ndi zipolopolo ndi mabomba, ovulala, amasiye, komanso opwetekedwa mtima. Ana nawonso amakhalavutikanso chifukwa cha mabomba okwirira, mabomba am'magulu, ndi mabomba ena omwe atsalira pambuyo pa nkhondo.

Pa 1990s, malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations Children's Fund, ana a 2 miliyoni anafa ndipo oposa 6 miliyoni anali olumala mwamuyaya kapena ovulala kwambiri pankhondo, pamene nkhondo inagonjetsedwa ndi ana a 20 miliyoni.

Zinthu zankhondo - zochuluka, makamaka, za nkhondo - zimapangitsa kuti zizimveka zopanda ulemu kuposa mgwirizano womwe ulipo pakati pa adani olimba mtima omwe amaika miyoyo yawo pachiswe pofuna kuphana. Kupha mdani wolimba mtima yemwe ali ndi zida ndikuyesera kuti akuphe kumatha kuthetsa liwongo mumtundu wamasewera. Msilikali wina wa ku Britain anayamika nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse poyamikira omenya mfuti ku Germany kuti: “Anzanu apamwamba. Menyani nkhondo mpaka aphedwe. Anatipatsa helo. ” Ngati kufa kwawo kunali koyenera ndiye kuphedwa kwawo.

Nzeru zothandiza izi sizingatheke pamene wina akupha mdani ndi moto wautali wautali kapena wotsutsa kapena akudabwa, zochitika zomwe poyamba zinkawoneke ngati zosavomerezeka. Ndikovuta kwambiri kupeza olemekezeka pakupha anthu omwe sangakhale nawo nawo nkhondo, nonse omwe akuyesera kukubweretsani thumba la zakudya. Timakondabe kukonda nkhondo, monga momwe tafotokozera mu chaputala 5, koma njira zakale za nkhondo zatha ndipo zinali zonyansa pamene zidatha. Njira zatsopano zimaphatikizapo kusewera pang'ono pa akavalo, ngakhale magulu a asilikali akadatchedwa "asilikali okwera pamahatchi." Palinso nkhondo yazing'ono kwambiri. Mmalo mwake, kumenyana pansi kumaphatikizapo nkhondo za mumsewu, kuwonongeka kwa nyumba, ndi kuunika kwa galimoto, zonse zogwirizana ndi mphepo yamkuntho ya imfa yochokera kumwamba yomwe timayitanira nkhondo ya mlengalenga.

Gawo: MAFUNSO A NJIRA, RAIDS, NDI MAFUNSO

Mu Epulo 2010, tsamba lawebusayiti lotchedwa Wikileaks linatumiza pa intaneti kanema wa zomwe zidachitika ku 2007 ku Baghdad. Ma helikopita aku US akuwoneka akuwombera gulu la amuna pamakona amisewu, ndikupha anthu wamba kuphatikiza atolankhani, ndikuvulaza ana. Mawu a asitikali aku US mu ma helikopita amamveka. Sakulimbana pankhondo koma mumzinda momwe onse omwe akufuna kuwapha ndi omwe akuyenera kuwateteza ali mozungulira, osadziwika wina ndi mnzake. Asirikali amakhulupilira kuti ngati pangakhale mwayi wocheperako womwe gulu lankhondo lingakhale lankhondo, ayenera kuphedwa. Atazindikira kuti amenya ana komanso akuluakulu, gulu lina lankhondo ku United States linati "Ndiwo vuto lawo kubweretsa ana awo kunkhondo." Kumbukirani, uwu unali mzinda wamatawuni. Ndi vuto lanu kukhala pankhondo, monganso momwe muliri Adamu adadya apulo loletsedwa: mumabadwa muli olakwa ngati munabadwira padziko lino lapansi.

Makamu a US analiponso pansi tsiku lomwelo. Wophunzira Wachifwamba Kale Ethan McCord akuwonetsedwa mu kanema akuthandiza ana awiri ovulala pambuyo pa kuukira. Iye analankhula ku 2010 za zomwe zinachitika. Anati anali mmodzi mwa asilikali asanu ndi limodzi kuti ayambe kufika pamalowa:

"Zinali zoopsa kwambiri. Sindinayambe ndamuwonapo aliyense akuwombera ndi 30-millimeter kuzungulira, ndipo moona safuna kuti awonekenso. Zinkawoneka ngati zosatheka, monga chinachake kuchokera mu filimu yoipa B-yoopsa. Pamene izi zikukugwedezani zimakhala zikuphulika - anthu okhala ndi mitu yawo theka, ziwalo zawo zimatulutsidwa kunja kwa matupi awo, miyendo ikusowa. Ndinawona ma RPG awiri pomwepo komanso AK-47s ochepa.

"Koma ndinamva kulira kwa mwana. Iwo sanali kwenikweni kulira kwa ululu, koma mochuluka ngati kulira kwa mwana wamng'ono yemwe ankawopa kunja kwa malingaliro ake. Kotero ine ndinathamangira ku vani kumene kulira kunali kubwera kuchokera. Mutha kuona muzithunzi kuchokera ku kanema komwe ine ndi msilikali wina timabwera kwa dalaivala komanso oyendetsa mbali.

"Msilikaliyo ndinali nawo, atangoona anawo, atembenuka, anayamba kusanza ndikuthawa. Iye sanafune gawo lirilonse la zochitikazo ndi ana panonso.

"Zimene ndinaona pamene ndinayang'ana mkati mwa vani anali msungwana wamng'ono, pafupifupi zaka zitatu kapena zinayi. Iye anali ndi bala lamimba ndi galasi mu tsitsi lake ndi maso. Pafupi ndi iye anali mnyamata wa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zisanu ndi zitatu omwe anali ndi bala kumbali ya kumanja kwa mutu. Iye anali atagona theka pa bolodi la pansi ndi theka pa benchi. Ine ndimaganiza kuti iye wamwalira; iye sanali kusuntha.

"Pafupi ndi iye ndiye amene ndimamuyesa kuti ndi bambo ake. Ankazingidwa pambali, pafupi ndi njira yotetezera, kuyesera kuteteza ana ake. Ndipo mukhoza kudziwa kuti adatenga 30-millimeter kuzungulira pachifuwa. Ndimadziwa bwino kuti wamwalira. "

McCord anamugwira mtsikanayo ndipo adapeza mankhwala, kenako adabwerera ku van ndipo anaona mnyamata akusuntha. McCord anamutengera iye ku galimoto yomweyi kuti imuchotsedwenso. McCord anapitiriza kufotokozera malamulo omwe iye ndi magulu ankhondo anzake akugwira ntchito pansi pa nkhondo yammudzi:

"Malamulo athu oti tigwirizane anali kusintha tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma ife tinali ndi mtsogoleri wokongola wa gung-ho, yemwe anaganiza kuti chifukwa chakuti ife tinkagwedezeka ndi IEDs [zida zogwiritsira ntchito zosokoneza] kwambiri, padzakhala gulu latsopano la SOP [kachitidwe kachitidwe kameneka].

"Amapita, 'Ngati wina mumzere wanu akugunda ndi IED, moto wa 360. Mumapha mamafucker aliyense pamsewu. ' Ineyo ndi Josh [Stieber] ndi asilikali ena ambiri tinangokhala pansi tikuyang'anana wina ndi mzake ngati, 'Kodi mukundisamalira? Kodi mukufuna kuti tiphe akazi ndi ana mumsewu? '

"Ndipo iwe sungakhoze kungosamvera malamulo oti uwombere, chifukwa iwo akanangopangitsa moyo wako ku gehena ku Iraq. Kotero monga ine ndekha, ndimakhoza kuwombera pamwamba pa denga la nyumba mmalo mokhala pansi kwa anthu wamba. Koma ndakhala ndikuziwona nthawi zambiri, kumene anthu akungoyenda pansi mumsewu ndipo IED ikupita ndipo asilikali amatsegula moto ndi kuwapha. "

Joseh yemwe anali katswiri wa zankhondo, Josh Stieber, yemwe anali ndi mgwirizano womwewo ndi McCord, adati asilikali omwe anangobwera kumene ku Baghdad adafunsidwa ngati angabwererenso kumenyana ngati atadziwa kuti anthu osauka angathe kuvulazidwa. Anthu omwe sanavomereze, kapena amene amatsutsa, "adagwedezeka" kufikira atadziwa zomwe akuyembekezeredwa, adatero Wachiwiri Wachidziwitso Ray Corcoles, yemwe adalembedwa ndi McCord ndi Stieber.

Ngakhale kuli kovuta kwambiri, pamene akukhala mumzinda, kusiyanitsa otsutsa achiwawa kuchokera kwa anthu, malamulo a nkhondo amasiyanitsa pakati pa anthu ndi ankhondo. "Zomwe asilikali awa akunena, kubwezeretsa chilango kwa anthu wamba, ndikumenyana kosavuta kumene kumakhala kutsutsidwa pambuyo pa WWII ku Germany SS Obersturmbannführer Herbert Kappler," akulemba Ralph Lopez.

"Mu 1944 Kappler adalamula kuti anthu ambiri aphedwe ndi chiwerengero cha 10 ku 1 kwa msilikali aliyense wa ku Germany amene anaphedwa mu nkhondo ya March 1944 yobisika ndi mabungwe a Italy. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunachitika m'mapanga a Ardeatine ku Italy. Mwinamwake mwawona filimu yokhudzana nayo ndi Richard Burton. "

Njira imodzi yofulumira yosinthira osagwirizana nawo nkhondo kumagulu omenyera nkhondo ndi kuwombera pakhomo pawo, kuswa katundu wawo, ndi kunyoza ndi kuopseza okondedwa awo. Amene adatsutsa zochitika zoterezi ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan adaphedwa kapena kumangidwa - pambuyo pake, nthawi zambiri, kumasulidwa, nthawi zambiri amadzazidwa ndi chilakolako chobwezera anthu okhala. Kugonjetsedwa kotereku ku Afghanistan kunanenedwa ndi Zaitullah Ghiasi Wardak mu mutu wachitatu. Palibe nkhani yowonongeka iliyonse yomwe ikuwonetsera chirichonse chomwe chikufanana ndi nkhondo yaulemerero.

Mu Januwale 2010, boma lolanda ku Afghanistan ndi United Nations onse adamaliza kuti pa Disembala 26, 2009, ku Kunar, asitikali aku US adakoka ana asanu ndi atatu atagona pabedi lawo, akumanga ena mwa iwo ndikuwapha onse. Pa Feb. 24, 2010, asitikali aku US adavomereza kuti akufa anali ophunzira osalakwa, zomwe zimatsutsana ndi mabodza awo oyamba pankhaniyi. Kuphedwa kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti ziwonetsero za ophunzira ku Afghanistan konse, ziwonetsero za Purezidenti wa Afghanistan, komanso kafukufuku wa boma la Afghanistan komanso United Nations. Boma la Afghanistan lati azenga milandu aku America omwe aphe nzika zaku Afghanistan kuti azunzidwe ndikuphedwa. Dave Lindorff adatinso pa Marichi 3, 2010:

"Pansi pa Misonkhano Yachigawo ya Geneva, ndi nkhanza ya nkhondo yopha munthu wogwidwa ukapolo. Komabe ku Kunar pa December 26, magulu ankhondo a United States, kapena asilikali a ku United States kapena ogulitsa mgwirizano, asilikali ozizira anapha anyamata asanu ndi atatu ogwidwa ndi manja. Ndi nkhanza za nkhondo kupha ana osapitirira zaka 15, komabe pachigamulo mnyamata wina wa 11 ndi mnyamata wa 12 adagwidwa ndi zida zankhondo monga omenyedwa ndi kuphedwa. Ena awiri mwa akufa anali 12 ndipo wina wachitatu anali 15. "

Pentagon sanafufuze, kupititsa bulu ku mphamvu ya NATO yomwe ikulamulidwa ndi US ku Afghanistan. Congress siili nayo mphamvu yakukakamiza umboni wa NATO, monga momwe amachitira - mwina mwachinsinsi - ndi Pentagon. Pamene Lindorff anafika ku Komiti ya House Armed Services, wolemba nyuzipepala sankadziwa bwino zomwe zinachitika.

Usiku wina, pa 12 February, 2010, adalunjika kunyumba ya wapolisi wotchuka, Commander Dawood, yemwe adaphedwa atayimirira pakhomo pake ndikutsutsa kusalakwa kwa banja lake. Komanso anaphedwa anali mkazi wake wapakati, mayi wina woyembekezera, ndi msungwana wazaka 18. A US ndi a NATO ati asitikali awo apeza kuti azimayiwa ali omangidwa komanso atamwalira kale, komanso akuti asitikaliwo adakumana ndiwopseza ndi "zigawenga" zingapo Pakunama, nthawi zina zochepa ndizochulukirapo. Mwina bodza likadagwira, koma onse awiri adanunkhiza. NATO pambuyo pake idachotsa nkhani ya zigawengazo ndipo idafotokoza mwachidule momwe asitikali athu amatengera mayiko omwe akukhalamo, njira yomwe singapambane:

"Ngati muli ndi munthu wotuluka m'khamulo, ndipo ngati mphamvu yanu yamenyana ilipo, ndiye kuti nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kusokoneza. Simusowa kuti muponyedwe kuti mubwererenso. "[Zitsulo zinawonjezeredwa]

Zinatengera mpaka April 2010 NATO isanavomereze kuti idzapha akaziwa, pofotokoza kuti asilikali apadera a US, pofuna kuti aphimbe machimo awo, adachotsa zipolopolo m'mitambo ya akazi ndi mipeni.

Kuphatikiza pa nkhondo, nkhondo yatsopano imaphatikizapo maulendo ambirimbiri oyendera magalimoto. Mu 2007, asilikali a ku United States adavomereza kuti adapha anthu a 429 chaka chimodzi ku malo ochezera ku Iraq. M'dziko lokhalamo, magalimoto a ogwira ntchito ayenera kusunthira, kapena iwo omwe ali mkati akhoza kufa. Koma magalimoto omwe amapezeka, ayenera kuyima kuti asaphedwe. Nkhondo ya msilikali wa ku Iraq dzina lake Matt Howard akukumbukira kuti:

"Moyo wa America umakhala wofunika kwambiri kuposa moyo wa Iraq. Pakalipano, ngati muli mu convoy ku Iraq, simukuyimitsa kampaniyo. Ngati mwana wamng'ono akuyendetsa kutsogolo kwa galimoto yanu, mukulamulidwa kuti mumuthamangitse m'malo mosiya kampani yanu. Ili ndilo ndondomeko yomwe ikukhazikitsidwa momwe mungagwirire ndi anthu ku Iraq.

"Ndili ndi mnzanga wachi Marine amene adakhazikitsa chekeni. Galimoto yodzaza ndi anthu asanu ndi limodzi, banja likuchita pikiniki. Sitinayime pomwepo pa malo owona. Zinali ngati kubwera kuima. Ndipo malamulo a chiyanjano akunena, muzochitika zoterezi, mukuyenera kuyaka pa galimotoyo. Ndipo iwo anachita. Ndipo iwo anapha aliyense mu galimoto imeneyo. Ndipo iwo anayamba kufufuza galimotoyo, ndipo anangowapeza basi pasiketi ya picnic. Palibe zida.

"Ndipo, inde, ndikumvetsa chisoni kwambiri, ndipo msilikali wake amabwera ndipo [bwenzi langa] ali ngati, 'Inu mukudziwa, bwana, ife tangopha banja lonse la a Iraqi pachabe.' Ndipo zonse zomwe adanena zinali, 'Ngati awa hajis angaphunzire kuyendetsa galimoto, izi sizingatheke.' "

Vuto lomwe limakhalapo kawirikawiri lakhala losatulutsidwa. Asilikari anaphunzitsidwa kuti nkhonya yamtunduwu imatanthauza "kuima," koma palibe amene adawuza a Iraqi, omwe sankadziwa ndipo nthawi zina amapereka chidziwitso ndi miyoyo yawo.

Malo otsogolera ndi malo omwe amapha anthu ambiri ku Afghanistan. Gen. Stanley McChrystal, ndiye mkulu wa akuluakulu a ku America ndi a NATO ku Afghanistan, adati mu March 2010: "Ife tawombera chiwerengero chodabwitsa cha anthu, koma kudziŵa kwanga, palibe amene adawonetsa kuti ndiopseza."

Gawo: MAFUNSO NDI ZINTHU

Chimodzi mwa zochitika zazikulu kwambiri za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndikumenyana kwa anthu wamba. Njira yatsopanoyi yowonjezera nkhondo inachititsa kuti miyendo ya kutsogolo ifike pafupi kwambiri ndi nyumba ndikulola kuti anthu omwe akuphawo akhale kutali kwambiri kuti awone ozunzidwawo.

"Kwa okhala m'mizinda ya ku Germany, kupulumuka 'pansi pa mabomba' kunali chizindikiro cha nkhondoyo. Nkhondo ya mlengalenga inali itachotsa kusiyana pakati pa nyumba ndi kutsogolo, kuwonjezera 'air terror psychosis' ndi 'panker panic' ku mawu achijeremani. Anthu okhala m'mizinda angathenso kufunafuna 'nthawi za moyo kutsogolo,' pankhondo imene inasintha mizinda ya Germany kukhala 'kumalo omenyera nkhondo.' "

Msilikali wa US ku Nkhondo ku Korea anali ndi lingaliro losiyana:

"Nthawi zingapo zoyambirira ine ndinalowa mu kuyimba kwa napalm, ine ndinali ndi kumverera kopanda kanthu. Ine ndinaganiza pambuyo pake, Chabwino, mwinamwake ine sindikanati ndichite izo. Mwinamwake anthu omwe ine ndimayatsa moto anali anthu osalakwa. Koma iwe umakhala wokonzedwa bwino, makamaka iwe utagunda zomwe zikuwoneka ngati zachimuna ndipo A-chimango kumbuyo kwake akuyang'ana ngati nyali ya Chiroma - chizindikiro chotsimikizirika kuti iye wakhala akugwira zida. Nthawi zambiri ndikuyankhula, sindikudziwa bwino ntchito yanga. Kuwonjezera apo, sitimagwiritsa ntchito napalm anthu omwe tingathe kuwawona. Timagwiritsa ntchito pa malo apamwamba kapena nyumba. Ndipo chinthu chimodzi chokhudzana ndi nsalu ndikuti pamene mutagunda mudzi ndikuwona kuti ukuyaka, mumadziwa kuti mwachita chinachake. Palibe chimene chimachititsa woyendetsa ndege kumverera moipa kuposa kugwira ntchito kudera lina osati kuona kuti wapanga kanthu. "

Zonsezi ndizochokera ku zolemba zomwe zimatchedwa Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth Century History, yolembedwa ndi Yuki Tanaka ndi Marilyn B. Young, zomwe ndikupempha.

Pamene Ajeremani adagonjetsa Guernica, Spain, ku 1937, kuphulika kwa mabomba kwa mizinda kunayandikira china chake pafupi ndi mawonekedwe omwe alipo tsopano ndi zowonongeka pamene a Japanese anaphwanya Chongqing, China, kuchokera 1938 mpaka 1941. Kuzunguliridwa kumeneku kunapitilira, ndi kuphulika kwakukulu kwa mabomba kupyolera mu 1943, ndipo kunaphatikizapo kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kugawanika kwa mabomba, zida za mankhwala, ndi mabomba ndi ma fuses omwe analepheretsa nthawi yaitali kuwonongeka kwa thupi ndi maganizo monga ofanana ndi mabomba a masango omwe anagwiritsa ntchito 60 patapita zaka ku Iraq. Masiku awiri oyambirira a mabombawa akupha anthu pafupifupi atatu ku Guernica. Mosiyana ndi maulendo a mabomba omwe adagonjetsa Germany, England, ndi Japan, kuphulika kwa mabomba ku China kunali kupha anthu okhaokha omwe analibe njira zeniyeni zothetsera nkhondo, mofananamo mwa njira zowonjezereka, kuphatikizapo mabomba a Baghdad.

Otsutsana ndi mabomba a mlengalenga akhala akutsutsana kuyambira pachiyambi kuti akhoza kubweretsa mtendere mofulumira, kukhumudwitsa anthu kuti apitirize nkhondo, kapena kuwopsyezedwa ndi kuwopa. Izi nthawi zonse zakhala zabodza, kuphatikizapo ku Germany, England, ndi Japan. Lingaliro lakuti chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya cha mizinda iwiri ya ku Japan chikanasintha malo a boma la Japan anali osayenerera kuyambira pachiyambi, popeza kuti United States anali atawononga mizinda ingapo ya ku Japan ndi firebombs ndi napalm. Mu March 1945, Tokyo anali ndi

". . . mitsinje yamoto. . . Zinyumba zowonongeka zikuwotcha kutentha, pamene anthu enieni anawotcha ngati 'zipilala' pamene nyumba zawo zamatabwa ndi mapepala zinaphulika m'moto. Pansi pa mphepo ndi kupuma kwakukulu kwa moto, zinyama zazikuluzikulu zowonongeka zinayambira m'madera ambiri, zowomba, zowonongeka, zikuyamwa m'nyumba zonse mumoto. "

Mark Selden akufotokozera kufunika kwa mantha awa kwa zaka makumi asanu za machitidwe a nkhondo a US omwe angatsatire:

"[Pulezidenti wamkulu] wochokera ku Roosevelt kupita ku George W. Bush adavomerezedwa kuti ayese njira yothetsera nkhondo yomwe imafuna anthu onse kuti awonongeke, omwe amachotsa kusiyana konse pakati pa nkhondo ndi osagonjetsa ndi zotsatira zovulaza. Mphamvu zochititsa mantha za bomba la atomiki zabisala kuti njirayi inadzala msinkhu ku moto wa ku Tokyo ndipo inakhala chiyambi cha nkhondo ya ku America kuyambira nthawi imeneyo. "

Woimira wa Fifth Air Force anafotokoza mosapita m'mbali maganizo a asilikali a ku United States akuti: "Kwa ife, palibe anthu a ku Japan."

Ndalama zamphongo zosagonjetsedwa zimakhala nkhondo yatsopano, asilikali osokonezeka kwambiri kuposa omwe amaphedwa, akuwonjezereka okhawo omwe amawapha, komanso amaopseza aliyense amene ayenera kumvetsera mutu wa drones pamene akuopseza kuti awononge nyumba yake ndi kutha moyo wake pa nthawi iliyonse. Drones ndi mbali imodzi ya matekinoloje owopsa omwe amaperekedwa ku mayiko kumene timagonjetsa nkhondo zathu.

"Maganizo anga amathamangira ku Emergency Surgical Center for Victims of War, ku Kabul," Kathy Kelly analemba mu September 2010.

"Patangopita miyezi iwiri yapitayi, Josh [Brollier] ndi ine tinakumana ndi Nur Said, zaka 11, m'chipinda cha chipatala cha anyamata omwe anavulala ndi ziphuphu zosiyanasiyana. Ambiri mwa anyamatawa analandira njira yosiyana kuchokera kuchitetezo cha ward, ndipo anali ofunitsitsa kukhala kunja, m'munda wa chipatala, kumene amapanga bwalo ndikuyankhula pamodzi kwa maola ambiri. Nur Said anakhala m'nyumba. Zovuta kwambiri kuti tiyankhule, amangotidandaulira, maso ake amodzi akugwetsa misonzi. Masabata kale, adakhala mbali ya gulu la achinyamata lomwe linathandizira kulimbikitsa ndalama za mabanja awo pofunafuna zitsulo zamatabwa ndi kuyendetsa mabomba okwirira m'mapiri ku Afghanistan. Kupeza mgodi wamtunda wosadziŵika unali eureka kwa ana chifukwa, kamodzi kutsegulidwa, zinthu zamkuwa zamtengo wapatali zikhoza kutengedwa ndi kugulitsidwa. Nur anali ndi mgodi wamtunda m'manja mwake pamene mwadzidzidzi anaphulika, akudula zala zinayi kuchokera kudzanja lake lamanja ndikumuchititsa khungu m'maso ake akumanzere.

"Panthawi yopwetekedwa ndi mavuto, Nur ndi anzake adayenda bwino kuposa gulu lina la achinyamata omwe akuwombera zitsulo m'zigawo za Kunar pa August 26th.

"Pambuyo pa chigawenga cha Taliban ku chipani chapafupi cha apolisi, asilikali a NATO anadutsa pamtunda kuti akalimbikitse asilikali. Ngati zokambiranazo zikuphatikizapo kuphulika malo omwe akufufuzidwa, zingakhale zogwirizana kwambiri kuti NATO cholinga chake ndi kuyambitsa asilikali. Koma pakadali pano, mabombawa anagonjetsa ana kwa amenyana ndipo anapha asanu ndi mmodzi, akuluakulu a 6 mpaka 12. Apolisi akumeneko adanena kuti panalibe Taliban pamalo pomwe panthawiyi, ana okhawo.

". . . Ku Afghanistan, masukulu makumi atatu adatseka chifukwa makolo akunena kuti ana awo amasokonezedwa ndi drones akuuluka pamwamba ndipo ndizosatetezeka kuti asonkhane sukulu. "

Kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo zathu pankhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi kumakumbukira zokumbukira za okalamba omwe adapulumuka. Timasiya malo okhala ndi zipolopolo zophulitsa bomba, minda yamafuta ikuyaka, nyanja zili ndi poizoni, madzi akuwonongeka. Timasiya m'mbuyo, ndipo m'matupi athu ankhondo akale, Agent Orange, uranium yatha, ndi zinthu zina zonse zopangidwa kuti ziphe anthu mwachangu koma zili ndi zoyipa zakupha anthu pang'onopang'ono. Chiyambireni kuphulitsa bomba kwachinsinsi ku United States ku Laos komwe kudatha mu 1975, anthu pafupifupi 20,000 aphedwa ndi zida zosadziwika bwino. Ngakhale nkhondo ya mankhwala osokoneza bongo imayamba kuwoneka ngati nkhondo yowopsa pamene kupopera mbewu m'minda kumapangitsa kuti madera aku Colombia asakhale.

Ndi liti pamene ife tidzaphunzire konse? John Quigley anapita ku Vietnam pambuyo pa nkhondo ndipo adawona ku mzinda wa Hanoi,

". . . dera lomwe tinapanga mabomba mu December 1972, chifukwa Purezidenti Nixon adati kuphulika kwa mabomba kudzachititsa North Vietnam kukambirana. Apa anthu zikwi zikwi anaphedwa kanthawi kochepa. . . . Mwamuna wachikulire, amene anapulumuka pa bomba, anali wosamalira chiwonetserocho. Pamene adandiwonetsa ine, ndikuona kuti akuyesetsa kuti asayese mafunso okhwima kwa alendo omwe dziko lawo linayambitsa mabomba. Pomalizira pake, anandifunsa, molimba mtima momwe angathere, momwe America angachitire zimenezi kumalo ake. Ine ndinalibe yankho. "