Kumanzere kwagawanika kwambiri pa mkanganowo, koma tiyenera kuvomereza mfundo zingapo kuti tithetse.
Wolemba Phyllis Bennis, Nation
Tikufuna gulu lamphamvu lomwe likufuna kutha kwa nkhondo ku Syria. United States komanso kumlingo wina wotsutsa nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi akadali opuwala. Pali makampeni ena omwe akuyankha zochitika zina zankhondo ndi zina, ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri yolimbana ndi thandizo la US ku Saudi Arabia. Koma monga gulu, tikuwoneka kuti sitingathe kuthana ndi zovuta zankhondo zamitundumitundu zomwe zikupitilira ku Syria, ndipo sitingathe kuyankha magawano athu amkati kuti apange gulu lamphamvu lomwe tikufunika kuthana ndi mikangano yomwe ikukula.
Zinali zosavuta pankhondo zakale. Kusintha malingaliro a anthu, kusintha malamulo a US - zonsezi zinali zovuta. Koma kumvetsetsa nkhondo, kumanga mayendedwe potengera kumvetsetsa kumeneko, zinali zosavuta. Ntchito yathu inali yotsutsa kulowererapo kwa asitikali aku US, komanso kuthandizira zotsutsana ndi atsamunda, zotsutsana ndi ma imperialism kunkhondo ndi kulowererapo.
Ku Vietnam, ndipo pambuyo pake pankhondo zapakati pa America, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti tonse tidamvetsetsa kuti ndi mbali yaku US yomwe idalakwika, kuti asitikali ankhondo ndi magulu ankhondo omwe Washington adathandizira anali olakwika, ndikuti tidafuna asitikali aku US ndi ndege zankhondo ndi Gulu Lankhondo Lapadera. Pankhondo zonsezo, mkati mwa gulu lathu, ambiri aife sitinkangofuna kuti asitikali aku US atuluke koma tinkathandizira pulogalamu yazachikhalidwe cha mbali inayo - tinkafuna Vietnamese, motsogozedwa ndi boma la North Vietnamese ndi National Liberation Front. South, kupambana. Ku Nicaragua ndi El Salvador, tidafuna kuti asitikali aku US ndi alangizi atuluke komanso kupambana kwa Sandinistas ndi FMLN (Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front). Ku South Africa tinkafuna kutha kwa thandizo la US pa tsankho ndipo tinkafunanso kuti African National Congress ipambane.
Gawo lachigwirizano linavuta kwambiri ku Afghanistan makamaka mu nkhondo za Iraq. Tidayima mu mgwirizano ndi anthu wamba aku Afghan ndi aku Iraq omwe akuvutika chifukwa cha zilango ndi nkhondo zaku US, ndipo mabungwe athu ena adamanga ubale wamphamvu ndi anzawo, monga maulalo a US Labor Against the War ndi mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito ku Iraq. Ndipo tidazindikira ufulu pansi pa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi kuti anthu omwe alandidwa ndi olandidwa akane. Koma ponena za magulu ankhondo osiyanasiyana omwe amamenyanadi ndi United States, panalibe amene tinawachirikiza motsimikizirika, panalibe gulu lankhondo la ndale ndi gulu lankhondo limene dongosolo lawo lachiyanjano tinkafuna kuwona likupambana. Choncho zinali zovuta kwambiri. Zinthu zina zidakhalabe zomveka, komabe nkhondo yaku US inali yolakwika komanso yosaloledwa, tidazindikirabe gawo la tsankho ndi imperialism pankhondozo, tidafunabe kuti asitikali aku US atuluke.
Tsopano, ku Syria, ngakhale izi sizikudziwika. Mphamvu zakumanzere ndi zopita patsogolo, omenyera nkhondo ndi ogwirizana, aku Syria ndi omwe si a Syria, agawika kwambiri. Pakati pa omwe amadziona kuti akupita patsogolo masiku ano, pali gulu laling'ono lachiwonetsero lomwe likufuna kuti mbali yawo "ipambane" ku Syria. Ochepa okha (ndikuthokoza, kuchokera kumalo anga owonera) amathandizira chigonjetso pazomwe amachitcha kuti "ulamuliro wa Syria," nthawi zina amawonjezera za malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo nthawi zina amavomereza kuti izi zikutanthauza kuthandizira boma la Syria la Bashar al-Assad. . (Kuyenera kuzindikirika kuti kuzindikirika kwa mayiko sikutanthauza kuvomerezeka kofanana; ulamuliro wa tsankho ku South Africa unali wodziwika padziko lonse kwa zaka makumi ambiri.) Gulu lalikulu likufuna "kupambana" pa nkhondo ya kuukira kwa Syria, malongosoledwe omwe amapereka kwa post-Arab. Kuyesetsa kwa masika ndi omenyera ufulu waku Syria kuti apitilize kutsutsa kuponderezedwa kwa boma ndikugwirira ntchito tsogolo la demokalase. Pali kugawanika kwakukulu.
Mwa iwo omwe akufuna kuti boma la Syria likhalebe paulamuliro komanso kuti otsutsa otsutsa boma agonjetsedwe, ena amatengera malingaliro awo pachikhulupiliro chakuti Syria imatsogolera "arc of resistance" ku Middle East - zomwe zidatsutsidwa kwanthawi yayitali ndi mbiri yeniyeni. za ulamuliro wa banja la Assad. Kuchokera mu 1976 kuthandizira kupha anthu othawa kwawo ku Palestine ku Tel al-Zataar ku Beirut ndi Lebanon akumanja mothandizidwa ndi Israeli, kutumiza ndege zankhondo kuti zigwirizane ndi mgwirizano wa US ku Iraq mu 1991, kuti atsimikizire Israeli malire abata komanso amtendere. Chiwerengero cha anthu ocheperako mu Golan Heights yomwe idalandidwa ndi Israeli, ku gawo lawo lofunsa ndi kuzunza akaidi ochotsedwa ku US mu "nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi yolimbana ndi zigawenga," Syria sinakhalepo malo otsutsana ndi ma imperialist kapena otsutsa.
Ena m’gulu lathu amafuna kuti otsutsa, kapena mbali ina yake, apambane ndi boma. Amathandizira odziyimira pawokha, omwe nthawi zambiri amapita patsogolo komanso omenyera nkhondo omwe adayamba kutsutsa Damasiko mu zionetsero zopanda chiwawa ku 2011 ndipo akupitilizabe kuyesera kuti apulumuke ndikumanga anthu pakati pankhondo ndi zigawenga. Udindo wawo, komabe, nthawi zambiri umanyalanyaza kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa omenyera nkhondo omwe ali olimba mtima komanso odabwitsa, mbali imodzi, ndipo mbali inanso gulu lankhondo lomwe silikupita patsogolo, makamaka ochita zachiwawa komanso omenya nkhondo kawirikawiri - motsutsana ndi asitikali a Assad, nthawi zina motsutsana ndi ISIS, ndipo nthawi zambiri motsutsana ndi anthu wamba kudutsa bwalo lankhondo laku Syria. Omenyera nkhondo otsutsawo, kuphatikiza omwe akuwoneka kuti ndi "odekha" ndi United States ndi ogwirizana nawo komanso omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ochita zinthu monyanyira kapena oipitsitsa - ali ndi zida ndi Washington ndi ogwirizana nawo m'chigawocho, ndipo ndi ochepa omwe akuwoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi chothandizira zolinga zomwe Syria ikupita patsogolo. oukira boma akugwira ntchito. M'gulu lathu, gululi lagawikanso pakati pa omwe akuchirikiza malo osawuluka omwe akhazikitsidwa ndi US kapena magulu ena ankhondo kuti athandizire otsutsa, m'dzina la "kuthandiza anthu," ndi omwe akutsutsa kulowererapo kwina kwa US.
Tidakumanapo ndi magawano mkati kale. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Kosovo ya 1998-99, ambiri kumanzere anathandizira asilikali a US-NATO m'matembenuzidwe oyambirira a "kuthandiza anthu" aku Western. Ponena za Iraq, kuyambira 1991 kufikira zaka 12 za zilango zopundula—kupha fuko m’chiyambukiro chake—ndipo nkhondo zonse ziŵiri za Iraq, kusiyana kunakula kwambiri. Adagawanitsa omwe adawona Saddam Hussein ngati mdani wa United States ndipo chifukwa chake ndi oyenera kuthandizidwa, komanso omwe amatha kumvetsetsa kuti titha kumenya nkhondo kuti tithetse nkhondo zosaloledwa za US ndi zilango ndikukanabe kuthandizira wolamulira wankhanza (yemwe adakhala nawo). wakhala kasitomala wanthawi yayitali waku Washington), ngakhale adatsutsa United States. Koma ngakhale m’nthaŵi zovutazo, panali umodzi (ngakhale wosadziŵika) potsutsa nkhondo ya ku United States—panali maulendo aŵiri opikisana a dziko, koma onse anali kulimbana ndi nkhondoyo. Pankhani ya Suriya masiku ano, ngakhale izi sizikudziwika.
Monga momwe zilili pano, mbali zina za gulu lathu sizimangotsutsana za momwe tingakwaniritsire cholinga chomwecho, koma zimafuna zotsatira zosiyana. Ena m'gulu lathu amathandizira mbali yomwe ili ndi zida komanso mothandizidwa ndi United States, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Qatar, Jordan, ndi mayiko ena aku Europe; ena kuteteza mbali zida ndi mothandizidwa ndi Russia ndi Iran. Zikuvutitsidwanso ndi omwe akuwoneka kuti akuyembekeza kupambana ndi asitikali omwe sali ankhondo omwe akupita patsogolo pakusintha kwa Syria ku Arab Spring, pomwe ena amayang'ana Rojava, gulu lachi Kurdish la Syria la omenyera ufulu wachikazi, ogwirizana ndi zigawenga zochokera ku Turkey. a Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), monga chandamale chawo cha mgwirizano. Maboma ambiri omwe akulowererapo - kuphatikiza United States, Russia, Europe, ndi Iran (ngakhale Saudi Arabia ndi Turkey sakudziwa bwino) - akufuna ISIS itaye.
Kufa ziwalo zomwe zagawika m'gulu lathu zikukulirakulira chifukwa chomwe timatcha "nkhondo ya ku Syria" si nkhondo yapachiweniweni imodzi. Ndimasewera ovuta a chessboard, pomwe nkhondo zingapo zikumenyedwa ndi asitikali akunja akumenyana wina ndi mnzake pamodzi ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni yaku Syria yomwe idakalipo pakati pa boma ndi omwe akutsutsa kwawo. Asilikali akunja aja akumenyera zokonda zosiyanasiyana zachigawo, zamagulu, komanso zapadziko lonse lapansi zomwe sizikugwirizana pang'ono kapena zilibe kanthu ndi Syria-kupatula kuti Asiriya ndi omwe akumwalira. Saudi Arabia ndi Iran akumenyera ulamuliro wachigawo komanso ulamuliro wa Sunni motsutsana ndi Shi'a; United States ndi Russia akumenyera udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi madera, maziko ankhondo, ndikuwongolera chuma; Asilamu motsutsana ndi Asilamu akumenyera ulamuliro wa anti-Assad; Turkey inali kumenyana ndi Russia (mpaka posachedwapa, pamene inkawoneka kuthetsa mikangano yake ndi Russia isanayambe kuukira kumpoto kwa Syria, kumene tsopano ikupita makamaka pambuyo pa Kurds); United States ndi Israel akumenyana ndi Iran (mosiyana ndi Iraq, kumene United States ndi Iran-backed militias ali mbali imodzi pa yotakata odana ISIS); Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, ndi Qatar amapikisana pa ulamuliro pakati pa mafumu a Sunni; ndipo pamene dziko la Turkey likumenyana ndi a Kurds, a Kurds aku Syria omwe akupita patsogolo akutsutsa peshmerga yachikhalidwe cha boma la Iraq la Kurdish.
Ndiyeno pali ISIS kumenyana ndi boma la Suriya ndi ena otsutsa boma, pamene akufuna kuika ulamuliro wake wankhanza pa dziko la Syria ndi Iraq ndi anthu, pamene United States, Russia, ndi angapo mayiko a ku Ulaya, pamodzi ndi Syria ndi Iraq. maboma, kumenya nkhondo yoopsa komanso yowonjezereka padziko lonse lapansi yolimbana ndi ISIS. Ndipo onsewo akumenyana mpaka Msiriya wotsiriza.
KUTHA NKHONDO
Poganizira zonsezi, ndikofunikira kuzindikira kuti gulu lalikulu kwambiri la omenyera nkhondo ndi omwe akupita patsogolo sakumenya nkhondo. kupambana nkhondo kumbali iliyonse, koma odzipereka mathero nkhondo. Ndipo izi zimatha ndipo zikuphatikizanso ambiri omwe amagwirizananso ndi omenyera nkhondo olimba mtima omwe akupitilizabe kulimbana, amuna ndi akazi omwe amagwira ntchito pansi pa mabomba, pansi pa zipolopolo, kuyesera kukhalabe ndi moyo m'mizinda ndi matauni omwe adazingidwa.
Koma mbali imeneyonso imakhala yovuta. Ena mwa magulu a anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'madera omwe amatsutsidwa akuthandizira, mwanjira ina, magulu ankhondo osiyanasiyana omwe amathandizidwa ndi United States ndi ogwirizana nawo omwe akulimbana ndi boma. Ena-kuphatikiza mabungwe odziwika bwino othandizira anthu-amathandizidwa pazachuma komanso ndale ndi United States, Europe ndi / kapena mayanjano awo amchigawo, omwe amawalimbikitsa ngati gawo lankhondo yawo yofalitsa zotsutsana ndi boma la Assad. Ena a iwo akulimbikitsa thandizo kuti athandizire kwambiri asitikali aku US. Kuwululidwa kwa mabungwe ena omwe akuthandizidwa ndi mabungwewa, omwe tsopano akufalitsidwa ndi atolankhani omwe akupita patsogolo kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, akuwonetsa zenizeni, zomwe zikutithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe zoulutsira nkhani zazikuluzikulu zimavomerezera ndikumangirira zolinga za boma la US. Koma zambiri mwazomwe zimawululidwa zimasiyanso zinthu zofunika kwambiri, kuphatikiza kusiyana komwe kumachitika nthawi zambiri pakati pa zolinga za omwe amapanga mfundo zaku US komanso kuthekera kwawo kukwaniritsa zolingazo.
Magawo ena aku US adazindikira kale momwe boma la Syria, ngakhale (ndipo nthawi zina chifukwa cha) cholowa chake chopondereza, nthawi zambiri limathandizira pazokonda za US ndi Israeli. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zinthu zina zamphamvu za US-neoconservatives ndi kupitirira-zikufuna kusintha kwa boma ku Syria. Koma zenizeni sizikutanthauza kuti Asiriya wamba, omwe ambiri mwa iwo anali kutsutsa ulamuliro wopondereza ku Damasiko kalekale mndandanda woipa wa zolinga zisanu ndi ziwiri za kusintha kwa ulamuliro wa US ku dziko la Aarabu usanakhazikitsidwe, analibe osiyana ndi awo. zifukwa zomveka zomutsutsa Assad. Sikuti onse aku Syria a Ahmad Chalabi, wachifwamba waku Iraq wodzozedwa ndi Washington neocons kutsogolera "kumasulidwa" kwawo ku Iraq mu 2003.
Maloto a Neocon akusintha kwaulamuliro ku Syria samapangitsa mphamvu za neocon kukhala zamphamvu zonse. Ndipo samanyalanyaza kuvomerezeka kwa magulu otsutsa andale omwe adayambika ku Syria panthawi ya 2010-11 Arab Spring, monga momwe adachitira ku Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen, Bahrain, ndi kwina, kapena kupitilirabe. kutsutsa ndale. Funso labungwe nthawi zambiri silinyalanyazidwa kapena kutsatiridwa ngakhale pakufufuza kozama kwa zolinga zoyipa za US. Mfundo yakuti bungwe lothandizira anthu likhoza kuthandizidwa ndi mabungwe a boma la US chifukwa likuwoneka kuti ndi lothandiza pa zolinga za Washington, kapena kupangidwa ndi chiyembekezo kuti lingathandize kukwaniritsa zolingazo, sizikutanthauza kuti aliyense wotsutsa bungweli ndi chida cha US. imperialism.
Zipewa Zoyera (Aka Chitetezo cha Civil), mwachitsanzo, akupeza ndalama kuchokera ku US State Department ndipo tsopano (mwina ndi chilimbikitso ndi / kapena kukakamizidwa ndi abwenzi awo a boma la US) adayitanitsa malo osawuluka ku Syria. Kupereka lipoti ndi kuvomereza mfundoyi ndikofunikira, koma mwachiwonekere kuchirikiza kwawo kukwera kwa asitikali aku US sikupangitsa kuti kufunako kukhala kovomerezeka kwa asitikali omenyera nkhondo aku US kapena padziko lonse lapansi monga momwe zidalili pomwe omenyera ndale ku Libya adayitanitsa kukwera komweku komweko. Malo osawuluka, monga momwe Secretary Secretary of Defense Robert Gates adavomerezera, ndi nkhondo. Koma ndikofunikira kuzindikira nthawi imodzi ndikuzindikira kuti White Helmet ikugwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri yamwayi, yothandiza anthu, monga oyankha koyamba m'malo omwe amatsutsidwa ndi zida zakupha. Popanda mabungwe aboma kapena mabungwe opereka chithandizo okwanira padziko lonse lapansi, zoyeserera zakumaloko, ngakhale zitasokonezedwa pazandale/zofalitsa zabodza, zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya anthu. Kumvetsetsa maudindo osiyanawa - zothandiza anthu ndi zokopa - ndi kuzindikira kuti zikhoza kukhalapo nthawi imodzi mu bungwe limodzi, ndizofunikira pamene tikulimbana kuti tithe kuthetsa nkhondo.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo mosasamala kanthu kuti ndani adasankhidwa kukhala purezidenti, tifunika kupanga gulu lamphamvu kuti tithetse "nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi pazachigawenga" komanso kumenya nkhondo kwa mfundo zakunja zaku US zomwe nkhondoyo ikuwonetsa. Pakali pano, maziko a nkhondoyi ndi Syria. Chifukwa chake sitingayike pambali kumanga kayendetsedwe kotere chifukwa kugawanika pakati pa magulu athu kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta. Iwo amene amazindikira kufunika kuganizira kumanga gulu kuti TSIRIZA nkhondoyo iyenera kugwirizanitsa kuphatikiza zina mwazofunikira za boma la US:
- Simungagonjetse uchigawenga ndi nkhondo, chifukwa chake lekani kupha anthu ndikuwononga mizinda m'dzina loletsa ena kupha anthu - izi zikutanthauza kuti kuyimitsa ndege ndi kuphulitsa mabomba, kuchotsani magulu ankhondo ndi magulu ankhondo apadera, kupanga "osavala nsapato pansi" zenizeni. .
- Gwirani ntchito kuti mukwaniritse chiletso chonse cha zida kumbali zonse, kutsutsa US ndi makampani opanga zida zapadziko lonse lapansi. Imitsani mapulogalamu a sitima ndi zida. Lekani kulola ogwirizana a US kutumiza zida ku Syria, kufotokoza momveka bwino kuti ngati apitirizabe adzataya mwayi wogula zida za US. Kulimbikitsa Russia ndi Iran kuti asiye kupereka zida zankhondo ku boma la Syria zikhala zowona ngati United States ogwirizana nawo asiya kunyamula zida mbali ina.
- Pangani maubwenzi atsopano, osati ankhondo, okhudza mayiko akunja ndi omwe ali mkati mwa Syria, kuphatikiza maboma am'madera ndi ena. Zokambirana zenizeni zothetsa nkhondo ziyenera kukhala pachimake, osati zokambirana zabodza zomwe zimapangidwira kuti zithandizire kuphulitsa bomba limodzi. Onse ayenera kukhala patebulo, kuphatikizapo anthu a ku Syria, akazi, ndi otsutsa osachita zachiwawa komanso ochita zida. Thandizani zoyesayesa za UN poletsa kuyimitsa moto kwanuko komanso zokambirana zatsopano.
- Wonjezerani thandizo la US kwa othawa kwawo ndi zosowa zina zachigawo za anthu. Pangani zabwino pamalonjezano onse ku ndalama za UN, ndikuwonjezera ndalama ndi thandizo ku mabungwe a UN komanso kuchuluka kwa othawa kwawo omwe alandilidwa kuti akhazikitsidwe ku United States.
Kupatula mwina zomaliza, zochepa mwazofunikirazi zitha kukwaniritsidwa pakanthawi kochepa. Koma zili ndi ife kupanga gulu lomwe limapereka mathero ankhondo yakuphayi ndikanathera zikuwoneka ngati, monga gawo la gulu lothetsa nkhondo yapadziko lonse ya US "nkhondo yowopsa" yonse, ndikuthandizira othawa kwawo omwe adapangidwa pambuyo pake. Njira zina zankhondo zomwe zikukambitsiranazi sizithetsa nkhondoyi, komanso sizitetezanso anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Palibe yankho lankhondo. Yakwana nthawi yoti timangenso gulu kutengera zenizeni.
Nkhani yomwe idapezeka koyamba pa The Nation: https://www.thenation.com/article/the-war-in-syria-cannot-be-won-but-it-can-be-ended/
