Ndi Erin Niemela
Mgwirizano wankhondo wotsogozedwa ndi US womwe ukulunjika ku Islamic State (ISIL) watsegula zitseko za utolankhani wankhondo zomwe zimafalitsidwa ndi mabungwe ofalitsa nkhani - kuwononga demokalase ndi mtendere waku America. Izi zawonekera posachedwa mu chida cha demokalase chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi atolankhani aku America: zisankho za anthu. Zovota zankhondo izi, monga momwe ziyenera kutchulidwira panthawi yankhondo, ndizonyoza atolankhani olemekezeka komanso mabungwe odziwika bwino. Ndizopangidwa ndi utolankhani wankhondo wa rally-round-the-flag ndipo popanda kuwunika mosalekeza, zotsatira za kafukufuku wankhondo zimapangitsa kuti anthu aziwoneka ngati okonda nkhondo kuposa momwe zilili.
Kuvota kwa anthu kumatanthawuza kusonyeza ndi kulimbikitsa udindo wa ofalitsa mu demokalase monga kuwonetsera kapena kuyimira maganizo a anthu ambiri. Makanema apakampani amaonedwa kuti ndi odalirika popereka chithunzithunzichi potengera zomwe akufuna komanso kuchita bwino, ndipo andale amadziwika kuti amaganizira za zisankho pazosankha zawo. Nthawi zina, zisankho zitha kukhala zothandiza popereka mayankho pakati pa akuluakulu andale, atolankhani ndi anthu.
Vuto limabwera pamene kuvota kwa anthu kumakumana ndi utolankhani wankhondo; Zolinga zamkati zamkati zachilungamo ndi zolinganiza zitha kusintha kwakanthawi kukhala zolimbikitsa ndi zokopa - mwadala kapena ayi - mokomera nkhondo ndi ziwawa.
Utolankhani wankhondo, womwe udadziwika koyamba m'ma 1970 ndi katswiri wamtendere ndi mikangano Johan Galtung, umadziwika ndi zigawo zingapo zazikulu, zonse zomwe zimapatsa mwayi mawu osankhika komanso zokonda. Koma chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zake ndi kukondera kwachiwawa. Utolankhani wankhondo ukuganiza kuti chiwawa ndiye njira yokhayo yothanirana ndi mikangano. Chinkhoswe n’chofunika, chiwawa ndi chinkhoswe, china chilichonse n’chosachitapo kanthu ndipo nthaŵi zambiri kusachitapo kanthu n’kulakwa.
Utolankhani wamtendere, mosiyana, umatenga njira yolimbikitsira mtendere, ndipo amaganiza kuti pali njira zambiri zothanirana ndi mikangano zopanda chiwawa. The tanthauzo lokhazikika la utolankhani wamtenderendi "pamene akonzi ndi atolankhani amasankha - za zomwe anganene, ndi momwe angafotokozere - zomwe zimapanga mwayi kwa anthu onse kuti aganizire ndi kuyamikira mayankho opanda chiwawa pa mikangano." Atolankhani omwe amatsutsa zachiwawa amasankhanso zomwe anganene komanso momwe angafotokozere, koma m'malo motsindika (kapena kuphatikizapo) zosankha zopanda chiwawa, nthawi zambiri amapita ku "njira zomaliza" za chithandizo ndikukhalabe mpaka atauzidwa zina. Monga galu wolondera.
Malingaliro ankhondo a anthu amawonetsa kukondera kwa atolankhani ankhondo kutengera zachiwawa momwe mafunso amalembedwera komanso kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa zosankha zomwe zaperekedwa ngati mayankho. "Kodi mukuthandizira kapena kutsutsa zigawenga zaku US zolimbana ndi zigawenga za Sunni ku Iraq?" "Kodi mukuthandizira kapena kutsutsa kuwonjezereka kwa ndege zaku US motsutsana ndi zigawenga za Sunni ku Syria?" Mafunso onsewa akuchokera kafukufuku wankhondo wa Washington Post koyambirira kwa Seputembala 2014poyankha njira ya Purezidenti Obama yogonjetsa ISIL. Funso loyamba linasonyeza kuti 71 peresenti akuchirikiza. Yachiwiri inasonyeza 65 peresenti yothandizira.
Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa "zigawenga za Sunni" kuyenera kukambidwa nthawi ina, koma vuto limodzi ndi awa / kapena mafunso ofufuza za nkhondo ndikuti amaganiza kuti chiwawa ndi kusachitapo kanthu ndizo zokha zomwe zilipo - zowombera ndege kapena palibe, kuthandizira kapena kutsutsa. Palibe funso mu kafukufuku wankhondo wa Washington Post yemwe adafunsa ngati aku America angathandizire kukakamiza Saudi Arabia kuti asiye kupereka zida ndi ndalama za ISILor kuyimitsa kutumiza zida zathu ku Middle East. Ndipo komabe, zosankha zopanda chiwawa izi, pakati pa ena ambiri, zilipo.
Chitsanzo china ndi kafukufuku wankhondo wa Wall Street Journal/NBC News kuyambira pakati pa Seputembala 2014 pomwe 60 peresenti ya omwe adatenga nawo gawo adavomereza kuti nkhondo yolimbana ndi ISIL ndiyothandiza dziko la US. Koma kafukufuku wankhondo uja adalephera kufunsa ngati aku America adavomereza kuti kukhazikitsa mtendere poyankha ISIL ndikokomera dziko lathu.
Popeza utolankhani wankhondo ukuganiza kale kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha - kuchitapo kanthu - zankhondo - zosankha zankhondo za WSJ/NBC zachepetsedwa: Kodi usilikali uyenera kungokhala kungomenya ndege kapena kuphatikiza nkhondo? Njira yachiwawa A kapena yachiwawa B? Ngati simukutsimikiza kapena simukufuna kusankha, atolankhani ankhondo amati "mulibe lingaliro."
Zotsatira za kafukufuku wankhondo zimasindikizidwa, zimafalitsidwa ndikubwerezabwereza mpaka ena 30-35 peresenti, ife omwe sitikufuna kusankha pakati pa njira zachiwawa A ndi B kapena kudziwitsidwa za njira zina zomangira mtendere, zakhala zikukankhidwira pambali. “Anthu aku America amafuna mabomba ndi nsapato, mwaona, ndi malamulo ambiri,” iwo angatero. Koma, zisankho zankhondo siziwonetsa kapena kuyeza malingaliro a anthu. Amalimbikitsa ndi kulimbikitsa malingaliro mokomera chinthu chimodzi: nkhondo.
Utolankhani wamtendere umazindikira ndikuwunikira njira zambiri zopanda chiwawa zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa ndi atolankhani ankhondo ndi akazembe andale. Mtolankhani wamtendere "poll yamtendere" imapatsa nzika mwayi wofunsa ndikuwunika momwe ziwawa zimagwiritsidwira ntchito poyankha mikangano ndikuganizira ndikuyamikira zosankha zopanda chiwawa pofunsa mafunso monga, "muli ndi nkhawa bwanji kuti kuphulitsa madera a Syria ndi Iraq kudzalimbikitsa mgwirizano. pakati pa magulu achigawenga odana ndi Azungu?” Kapena, "kodi mukuthandizira US kutsatira malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi poyankha zomwe Islamic State idachita?" Kapena mwina, "Kodi mungathandizire mwamphamvu bwanji kuletsa zida zamayiko osiyanasiyana mdera lomwe Islamic State ikugwira ntchito?" Kodi kafukufuku adzafunsa liti, "Kodi mukukhulupirira kuti kuwukira kwa asitikali kungathandize kulembera zigawenga zatsopano?" Kodi zotsatira za kafukufukuyu ziwoneka bwanji?
Kukhulupilika kwa atolankhani, akuluakulu a ndale ndi atsogoleri omwe sanasankhidwe ayenera kukayikira pogwiritsa ntchito chisankho cha nkhondo kapena zotsatira za nkhondo zomwe zimaganiziridwa. Otsutsa zachiwawa sayenera kuseka kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wankhondo kumabweretsa mkangano ndipo ayenera kufunsa mwachangu zotsatira za zisankho zokhudzana ndi njira zokhazikitsa mtendere, m'malo mwake. Ngati dongosolo limodzi loti litidziwitse monga gulu la demokalase likunyalanyaza kapena kuletsa njira zambiri zothetsera nkhanza, sitingathe kupanga zisankho zodziwika bwino monga nzika zademokalase. Tikufuna utolankhani wamtendere wochulukirapo - atolankhani, akonzi, opereka ndemanga komanso ovota - kuti apereke zambiri kuposa zachiwawa A ndi B. Ngati tikufuna kupanga zisankho zabwino pankhani ya mikangano, tifunika kusachita chiwawa A mpaka Z.
Erin Niemela ndi Wophunzira wa Master pa Programs Resolution Resolution ku Portland State University ndi Editor PeaceVoice.
