Kuchokera pa Nkhondo kupita ku Mtendere: Chotsogolera kwa Zaka Zaka Zitapitazo

Ndi Kent Shifferd

Zolembedwa ndi Russ Faure-Brac

            M'buku lino, Shifferd amachita ntchito yayikulu yosanthula nkhondo ndikukambirana za mbiri yamtendere ndi zosagwirizana. Mu Chaputala 9, Kuthetsa Nkhondo ndikumanga Mtendere, akufotokoza momwe tingachokere komwe tili lero kupita kudziko lamtendere. Ali ndi malingaliro ambiri ofanana ndi omwe ali m'buku langa, Kusandulika ku Mtendere, koma amapita mwatsatanetsatane pamalingaliro anga.

Zotsatirazi ndi chidule cha mfundo zake zazikulu.

A. Ndemanga zambiri

• Cholinga cha buku lake ndi chakuti tili ndi mwayi wotsutsa nkhondo m'zaka mazana zotsatira.

 

• Kuti tithetse nkhondo tidzakhala ndi "Chikhalidwe cha Mtendere" yochokera m'mabungwe athu, zikhulupiliro ndi zikhulupiriro zathu.

 

• Njira yokhayo yokhazikika yopita ku mtendere idzachititsa anthu kusiya makhalidwe awo akale, komabe amakhumudwa.

 

• Mtendere uyenera kukhala wosanjikiza, wochulukirachulukira, wolimba mtima, wolimba komanso wogwira ntchito moyenera. Ziwalo zake zosiyanasiyana zimayenera kudyetserana wina ndi mnzake kotero kuti dongosololi limalimbikitsidwa ndipo kulephera kwa gawo limodzi sikuyambitsa kulephera kwa dongosolo. Kupanga dongosolo lamtendere kumachitika m'magulu ambiri ndipo nthawi imodzi, nthawi zambiri mosiyanasiyana.

 

• Nkhondo ndi bata zimakhalira limodzi kuchokera ku Stable War (nkhondo ndiyofunikira kwambiri) kupita ku Nkhondo Yosakhazikika (zikhalidwe zankhondo zimakhala limodzi ndi mtendere) ku Mtendere Wosakhazikika (zikhalidwe zamtendere zimakhazikika ndi nkhondo) ndi Mtendere Wokhazikika (mtendere ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri) . Lero tili mgulu la Nkhondo Yolimba ndipo tikufunika kusamukira ku Gawo Lokhazikika Lamtendere - dongosolo lamtendere lapadziko lonse lapansi.

 

• Tili ndi mbali zambiri za mtendere; tikungoyenera kuyika zigawo pamodzi.

 

• Mtendere ukhoza kuchitika mwamsanga chifukwa nthawi imene masinthidwe amatha kusintha, amasintha mwamsanga, monga momwe madzi amasinthira pamene kutentha kumatsika ku 33 kupita ku madigiri a 32.

 

• Zotsatirazi ndizimene zimayambira pachikhalidwe cha mtendere.

 

 

B. Institutional / Governance / Kapangidwe Kalamulo

 

1. Nkhondo Yowonongeka

Kulimbikitsa Khothi Lachilungamo Lapadziko Lonse kuti liletse mitundu yonse yankhondo, kuphatikiza nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Maboma, zigawo, magulu azipembedzo komanso nzika zidzafunika kupereka zigamulo zotsimikizira kusintha kumeneku kuti kukakamize kukhothi ndi UN General Assembly. Kenako General Assembly iyenera kupereka chidziwitso chofananira ndikusintha chikalata chake, kuti chikhazikitsidwe pomaliza ndi mayiko mamembala. Ena angatsutse kuti ndizopanda pake kukhazikitsa lamulo lomwe silingakakamizidwe nthawi yomweyo, koma ntchitoyi iyenera kuyamba penapake.

 

1. Zochita Zogulitsa Zowonongeka Mwachigawenga

Pangani mgwirizano umene umanena kuti kugulitsa zida ndizophwanya malamulo, ndikukakamizidwa ndi International Criminal Court ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi mabungwe apolisi apadziko lonse.

 

3. Limbikitsani United Nations

• Pangani Nkhondo Yoyamba Yonse ya Apolisi

Bungwe la United Nations liyenera kukonzanso chikalata chake kuti lisinthe magulu ake osungitsa bata a UN kukhala apolisi okhazikika. Padzakhala "Gulu Lodzidzimutsa Lamtendere" la asitikali a 10,00 mpaka 15,000 ophunzitsidwa poyankha pamavuto, ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'maola a 48 kuzimitsa "burashi yamoto" asanatuluke m'manja. Gulu loyang'anira bata la UN Blue Helmet limatha kutumizidwa, ngati kuli kofunikira, kwanthawi yayitali.

 

• Kuchulukitsa olowa mu bungwe la chitetezo

Onjezani mamembala okhazikika ochokera kumwera konseko kupita ku Security Council (omwe alipo ndi US, France, England, China ndi Russia). Onjezerani Japan ndi Germany, mphamvu zazikulu zomwe zapezedwa kuchokera ku WWII. Kuthetsa mphamvu ya veto ya membala m'modzi pogwiritsa ntchito super 75% ya mamembala omwe akuvota.

 

• Onjezani Thupi Lachitatu

Onjezerani Pulezidenti Yadziko, yosankhidwa ndi nzika za mafuko osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimakhala ngati bungwe la uphungu ku General Assembly ndi Security Council.

 

• Pangani bungwe loyendetsa chisamaliro

CMA idzakhala mu Secretariat ya UN kuyang'anira dziko lapansi ndi kufotokozera zochitika zomwe zikutsogolera mikangano yotsatira (Kodi CIA imachita izi tsopano?).

 

• Landirani mphamvu za Taxing

UN iyenera kukhala ndi mphamvu yokhomera msonkho yopezera ndalama pazinthu zatsopanozi. Misonkho yaying'ono pamitundu ingapo yapadziko lonse lapansi monga kuyimbira foni, kutumiza, kuyenda pandege yapadziko lonse kapena maimelo apakompyuta zitha kukulitsa bajeti ya UN ndikuchotsera mayiko ochepa olemera kuti akhale omwe amapereka ndalama zambiri.

 

1.  Onjezerani Kutsutsana Kwachitsulo ndi Zokambirana

Onjezerani zifukwa zotsutsana ndi ziyanjano ndi mabungwe ena omwe alipo kale, monga European Union, Organization of America States, African Union ndi makhoti osiyanasiyana.

 

1. Lowani Mipangano Yapadziko Lonse

Maulamuliro onse akuluakulu, kuphatikiza US, asayine mapangano apadziko lonse omwe akuthetsa mikangano. Pangani mgwirizano watsopano woletsa zida zakunja, kuthetseratu zida za nyukiliya ndikuyimitsa ntchito yopanga zida zazing'ono.

 

1. Pezani "Zomwe Zili Zosasokoneza"

Pangani mawonekedwe osawopseza poteteza dziko lathu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchoka kumabwalo ankhondo ndi madoko padziko lonse lapansi ndikuyikira zida zodzitchinjiriza (mwachitsanzo, palibe mivi yayitali komanso zophulitsa bomba, osatumiza panyanja patali). Itanani zokambirana zapadziko lonse lapansi pochepetsa ankhondo. Funani kuzimitsa kwa zaka khumi pazida zatsopano kenako ndikumenyanako pang'ono pang'ono, pangano, kuchotsa magulu ndi zida zingapo. Dulani zida zosunthika kwambiri panthawiyi.

Kupangitsa izi kuchitika kudzafuna ntchito yayikulu yochokera ku mayiko onse padziko lonse kuti pakhale machitidwe ambiri, chifukwa aliyense sangakonde kutenga njira zoyamba kapena kusunthira konse.

 

1. Yambani Universal Service

Yambani ntchito yofunikila anthu onse kuti iphunzitse anthu akuluakulu omwe ali ndi ufulu wotsutsana ndi anthu, osatetezeka, njira zamakono, ndi mbiri ya chitetezo chopanda chitetezo.

 

1. Pangani gawo la ndondomeko ya Dipatimenti ya Mtendere

Dipatimenti ya Mtendere ingathandize pulezidenti kuti ayang'ane njira zina zothetsera nkhanza zogonjetsa nkhondo, zomwe zimawombera zigawenga m'malo mochita nkhondo.

 

1. Yambani Padziko Lonse "Zida Zotengera"

Pofuna kupewa kusowa kwa ntchito, mayiko azigwiritsa ntchito ndalama pophunzitsa anthu ogwira ntchito zamakampani, kutengera mafakitale atsopano monga mphamvu zokhazikika. Adzagwiritsanso ntchito ndalama zoyambira m'mafakitolewo, pang'onopang'ono kuyimitsa chuma kutali ndi kudalira mapangano ankhondo. Bonn International Center for Conversion ndi amodzi mwamabungwe omwe akugwira ntchito yokhudza kutembenuka kwamakampani achitetezo.

[Bungwe la International Bonnc Conversion (BICC) bungwe lodziimira, lopanda phindu lopatulira kuti likhazikitse mtendere ndi chitukuko kupyolera mu kusintha kwakukulu kwabwino kwa magulu a zankhondo, katundu, ntchito ndi ndondomeko. BICC imayambitsa kafukufuku wake pa nkhani zitatu zazikulu: mikono, mtendere ndi kukangana. Antchito ake apadziko lonse akuphatikizidwa mu ntchito yothandizira, kupereka maboma, maboma omwe ndi mabungwe ena apagulu kapena apadera ndi ndondomeko za ndondomeko, ntchito zophunzitsa ndi ntchito yogwira ntchito.]

 

10. Chitani Mizinda ndi Maiko

Mizinda ndi mayiko atulutsa madera aulere, monga madera ambiri omwe alibe zida za nyukiliya, zigawo zopanda zida zankhondo ndi maboma amtendere. Akhazikitsanso madipatimenti awo amtendere; ikani misonkhano, kubweretsa nzika ndi akatswiri kuti amvetsetse zachiwawa ndikukonzekera njira zochepetsera madera awo; kukulitsa mapulogalamu a mzinda wa alongo; ndikupereka njira zothetsera kusamvana komanso maphunziro othandizira anzawo m'masukulu aboma.

 

11. Lonjezani Maphunziro a Mtendere a ku University

Lonjezerani kayendetsedwe ka maphunziro a mtendere pamaphunziro a ku koleji ndi ku yunivesite.

 

12. Letsani Kulembetsa usilikali

Kuletsa usilikali usilikali komanso kuchotsa mapulogalamu a ROTC ochokera ku sukulu ndi kumayunivesiti.

 

C. Udindo wa NGO

Mabungwe zikwizikwi omwe siaboma (NGO's) akugwira ntchito zamtendere, chilungamo ndi chithandizo chachitukuko, ndikupanga gulu ladziko lonse lapansi kwanthawi yoyamba m'mbiri. Mabungwewa amalimbikitsa mgwirizano pakati pa nzika podutsa malire akale komanso osagwira ntchito m'maiko ena. Dziko lokhala nzika likuyambika mwachangu.

 

D. Osachita Zachiwawa, Ophunzitsidwa, Nzika Zokhazikitsa Mtendere

Ena mwa mabungwe omwe siaboma kwambiri omwe achitapo kanthu poteteza bata ndi kuchepetsa nkhanza akhala "akuthandiza mabungwe," monga Peace Brigades International ndi Nonviolent Peaceforce. Ali ndi gulu lamtendere lapadziko lonse lapansi la anthu wamba omwe amaphunzitsidwa zachiwawa omwe amapita m'malo omenyera nkhondo kuti ateteze imfa ndikuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ndikupanga mwayi kwa magulu am'deralo kuti athetse mikangano yawo mwamtendere. Amayang'anira kuyimitsa moto ndikuteteza chitetezo cha anthu osagwirizana nawo.

 

E. Ganizani akasinja

China chomwe chimayambitsa chikhalidwe chamtendere ndi akasinja omwe amaganizira kwambiri za kafukufuku wamtendere komanso mfundo zamtendere, monga Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). Sipanakhalepo mphamvu zochuluka zaluntha kumvetsetsa zoyambitsa ndi zikhalidwe zamtendere pamitundu yonse.

[Zindikirani: Yakhazikitsidwa ku 1966, SIPRI ndi bungwe lapadziko lonse la Sweden, lomwe lili ndi akatswiri ofufuza a 40 ndi othandizira pa kafukufuku wopita ku kafukufuku, kutsutsana ndi zida ndi zida. SIPRI imapereka zidziwitso zazikulu zogwiritsira ntchito zankhondo, mafakitale opanga zida, kupititsa kwa zida, nkhondo zamagulu ndi zachilengedwe, maulamuliro a mayiko a mayiko ndi mayiko ena, mgwirizano wa zida zankhondo, zochitika za pachaka za zochitika zazikulu zowononga zida, kuyendetsa usilikali ndi kuphulika kwa nyukiliya.

Mu 2012 SIPRI North America inatsegulidwa ku Washington DC kuti lilimbikitse kufufuza ku North America pa nkhondo, zida, kulamulira kwa mikono ndi zida.]

 

F. Atsogoleri Achipembedzo

Atsogoleri azipembedzo adzakhala otenga nawo mbali popanga chikhalidwe chamtendere. Zipembedzo zazikuluzikulu ziyenera kutsindika ziphunzitso zamtendere malinga ndi miyambo yawo ndikusiya kulemekeza ndi kuphunzitsa ziphunzitso zakale zachiwawa. Malemba ena adzayenera kunyalanyazidwa kapena kumvedwa kuti ndi a nthawi yosiyana kwambiri ndi zosowa zomwe sizikugwiranso ntchito. Mipingo yachikhristu iyenera kuchoka ku nkhondo yoyera ndi chiphunzitso chankhondo chokha. Asilamu adzafunika kuyika chidwi cha jihad pankhondo yamkati yamilandu ndikusiya, nawonso, chiphunzitso chankhondo chokha.

 

G. Zina 

• Bwezerani GDP ndi njira ina yowonjezera, monga Chizindikiro Chowona Chowonadi (GPI).
• Kusintha Bungwe la World Trade Organisation kotero silingathe kupanga mgwirizano wotani wa malonda monga Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP) umene umapitirira malamulo a dziko kutetezera chilengedwe ndi ufulu wa ogwira ntchito.
• Mitundu yowonjezereka iyenera kubweretsa chakudya mmalo mwa zamoyo zam'madzi ndi kutsegula malire awo kwa othawa nkhondo.
• A US akuyenera kuthandizira kuthetsa umphawi wadzaoneni. Nkhondo ikayamba kuchepa ndikugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zochepa zankhondo, ndalama zochulukirapo zikhala zikupezeka pachitukuko chokhazikika mdera losauka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe sizipangitsa kuti pakhale ndalama zochepa zankhondo pazoyankha zabwino.