'Nkhondo Yowopsa' Afghans Oopsedwa Kwa Zaka 20

Olowawo mwina amatenga maulendo 100+ ochulukirapo kuposa anthu wamba  monga 9/11 - ndipo zochita zawo zidali ngati zaupandu

Wolemba Paul W. Lovinger, Nkhondo ndi Chilamulo, September 28, 2021

The kupha mlengalenga Wa banja la 10, kuphatikiza ana asanu ndi awiri, ku Kabul pa Ogasiti 29 sizinali zovuta. Linayimira nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan ya zaka 20.

Fuko lathu lidalira anthu 2,977 aku America osalakwa omwe adaphedwa pa uchigawenga womwe udachitika pa Seputembara 11, 2001. Pakati pa oyankhula omwe adawona mzaka 20^th wokumbukira, Purezidenti wakale wa George W. Bush adadzudzula okonda zachiwawa "osasamala za moyo wa munthu."

Nkhondo yaku Afghanistan, yomwe Bush anayamba milungu itatu kuchokera pa 9/11, mwina idatenga anthu opitilira 100 kuposa anthu wamba kumeneko.

The Ndalama za Nkhondo Pulojekiti (Brown University, Providence, RI) akuti anthu adzafa mwachindunji kudzera mu Epulo 2021 pafupifupi 241,000, kuphatikiza anthu wamba a 71,000, Afghanistan ndi Pakistani. Zotsatira zosawonekera, monga matenda, njala, ludzu, ndi kuphulika kwa dud zitha kutenga omwe "akuwonjezeka kangapo".

A zinayi kapena chimodzi chiŵerengero, osalunjika pakufa kumene, amapha anthu 355,000 wamba (kudzera mu Epulo watha) - maulendo 119 pa 9/11.

Ziwerengerozo ndizosamala. Mu 2018 wolemba m'modzi adayerekezera izi miliyoni 1.2 Afghans ndi Pakistanis adaphedwa chifukwa chakuukira Afghanistan ku 2001.

Asitikali adakumana ndi ndege zankhondo, ma helikopita, ma drones, zida zankhondo, komanso kuwukira kwawo. Makumi awiri aku US komanso ogwirizana mabomba ndi mivi patsiku akuti anakantha anthu aku Afghanistan. Pentagon itavomereza kuti zigawengazi zachitika, ambiri mwa omwe adazunzidwa adakhala "Taliban," "zigawenga," "zigawenga," ndi ena. Wikileaks.org idasunga mazana obisika.

Pachochitika china choponderezedwa, kuphulika kudagunda gulu lankhondo lanyanja ku 2007. Ovulala okhawo anali bala la mkono. Kubwerera kumalo awo, Marines adawombera aliyense- oyendetsa njinga zamoto, msungwana wachinyamata, bambo wachikulire-akupha Afghani 19, ndikuvulaza 50. Amunawo adathetsa milanduyi koma adayenera kuchoka ku Afghanistan kutsatira ziwonetsero. Sanalandire chilango.

“Tinafuna kuti iwo afa”

Pulofesa wa New Hampshire adanenanso za kuwukira koyambirira kwa nkhondo kumadera aku Afghanistan, mwachitsanzo kupha anthu osachepera 93 akumunda mudzi wa Chowkar-Karez. Kodi analakwitsa? Mkulu wina ku Pentagon adati, mosabisa mawu, "Anthu kumeneko amwalira chifukwa timafuna kuti afe."

Atolankhani akunja adalemba nkhani ngati izi: "A US akuimbidwa mlandu wopha anthu oposa 100 m'midzi pa ndege. ” Mwamuna wina adauza Reuters kuti yekha m'banja la anthu 24 adapulumuka pomwe ku Qalaye Niazi kudzawomba. Palibe omenya omwe analipo, adatero. Mutu wamtunduwu adawerengetsa 107 yakufa, kuphatikiza ana ndi akazi.

Ndege zinaukira mobwerezabwereza okondwerera ukwatiMwachitsanzo m'mudzi wa Kakarak, pomwe mabomba ndi maroketi anapha 63, kuvulaza 100+.

Ma helikopita aku US Special Forces awombera Mabasi atatu m'chigawo cha Uruzgan, ndikupha anthu wamba 27 mu 2010. Akuluakulu aku Afghanistan adachita ziwonetsero. Mtsogoleri wa dziko la United States anadandaula “mosadziwa” kuvulaza anthu wamba ndipo analonjeza kuti awasamalira mobwerezabwereza. Koma patatha milungu ingapo, asitikali aku US m'chigawo cha Kandahar adawomberana basi ina, akupha anthu wamba asanu.

pakati kupha kosalemba, Okwana 10 ogona m'mudzi wa Ghazi Khan Ghondi, makamaka ana asukulu azaka 12, adakokedwa pamabedi awo ndikuwomberedwa, muntchito yololedwa ndi NATO kumapeto kwa 2009. Otsutsa anali Asitikali a Navy, oyang'anira CIA, ndi asitikali aku Afghanistan ophunzitsidwa ndi CIA.

Patatha milungu ingapo, Special Forces adalanda nyumba pamwambo wopereka mayina kwa ana m'mudzi wa Khataba ndikuwombera anthu wamba asanu ndi awiri, kuphatikiza azimayi awiri apakati, mtsikana wachinyamata, ndi ana awiri. Asitikali aku US adachotsa zipolopolo m'matupi ndikunama kuti apeza ozunzidwa, koma sanalandire chilango.

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Nthawi zambiri atolankhani aku US amameza zomwe asitikali anena. Chitsanzo: Mu 2006 adanenanso za "mgwirizano wapamtunda wotsutsana ndi munthu wodziwika Malo achitetezo a Taliban, ”Mudzi wa Azizi (kapena Hajiyan), mwina wopha" Taliban oposa 50. "

Koma opulumukawo analankhula. Pulogalamu ya Melbourne Herald Dzuwa adalongosola "ana otaya magazi komanso owotcha, amayi ndi abambo" akulowa mchipatala cha Kandahar pamtunda wa makilomita 35, kutsatira kuwukira kosalekeza, "Zinali chimodzimodzi ndendende pomwe aku Russia amatiphulitsa bomba," adatero bambo wina.

Mkulu m'mudzimo adauza French Press Agency (AFP) kuti chiwembucho chidapha anthu 24 m'banja lake; ndipo mphunzitsi adawona matupi a anthu wamba 40, kuphatikiza ana, ndikuwathandiza kuwaika m'manda. Reuters adafunsa wachinyamata wovulala yemwe adawona anthu ambiri omwe akhudzidwa, kuphatikiza abale ake awiri.

"Mabomba amapha anthu aku Afghanistan" ndiye nkhani yayikulu ku Toronto Globe ndi Mauthenga. Chidule: "Mahmood wazaka 12 anali akulimbana ndi misozi…. Banja lake lonse - amayi, abambo, alongo atatu, azichimwene atatu - anali atamwalira…. 'Tsopano ndili ndekha.' Pafupifupi, ali m'chipatala cha anthu odwala mwakayakaya, msuweni wawo wazaka zitatu wakufa ali chigonere akugwa ndikulakalaka mpweya. ” Chithunzi chachikulu chinawonetsa mwana wamwamuna wamkulu wam'maso, atatseka maso, atamangidwa mabandeji ndi machubu.

AFP idafunsa agogo a tsitsi loyera, kuthandiza achibale awo ovulala. Anataya abale ake 25. Pamene mwana wake wamwamuna wamkulu, bambo wa ana asanu ndi anayi, akukonzekera kukagona, kuwala kwakukulu kunawala. "Ndidamuwona Abdul-Haq atagona m'magazi .... Ndinawona ana ake amuna ndi akazi, onse atamwalira. O Mulungu, banja lonse la mwana wanga linaphedwa. Ndinaona matupi awo akuphwanyidwa ndi kuphwanyika. ”

Atagunda nyumba yawo, ndege zankhondo zinagunda nyumba zoyandikana, ndikupha mwana wachiwiri wa mayiyo, mkazi wake, mwana wamwamuna, ndi ana akazi atatu. Mwana wake wamwamuna wachitatu adataya ana amuna atatu ndi mwendo. Tsiku lotsatira, adapeza kuti mwana wawo wamwamuna wotsiriza wamwaliranso. Anakomoka, osadziwa kuti achibale ake ena ndi oyandikana nawo anali atamwalira.

Bush: "Zimandipweteka mtima"

Purezidenti wakale a Bush adatcha kuchoka ku Afghanistan kuchokera ku Afghanistan ngati cholakwika, pokambirana ndi netiweki yaku Germany ya DW (7/14/21). Amayi ndi atsikana “amamva kuwawa kosaneneka…. Adzangotsalira kuti aphedwe ndi anthu achiwawawa ndipo zikundipweteka kwambiri. ”

Zachidziwikire, azimayi ndi atsikana adapezeka pakati pa mazana masauzande omwe adapereka nsembe kunkhondo yazaka 20 yomwe Bush adayamba pa Okutobala 7, 2001. Tiyeni tiwunikenso.

Oyang'anira a Bush adakambirana mwachinsinsi ndi a Taliban, ku Washington, Berlin, ndipo pomaliza Islamabad, Pakistan, kuti apange bomba kudutsa Afghanistan. Bush amafuna kuti makampani aku US azigwiritsa ntchito mafuta apakati aku Asia. Mgwirizanowu udalephera milungu isanu pa 9/11.

Malinga ndi buku la 2002 Choonadi Choletsedwa wolemba Brisard ndi Dasquié, anzeru aku France, atangofika kumene, Bush adachedwetsa kufufuza kwa FBI za al-Qaeda komanso zauchifwamba kuti athe kukambirana za mapaipi. Adalolera Saudi Arabia kupititsa patsogolo uchigawenga. "Chifukwa chake?…. Mafuta okhudzana ndi makampani. ” Mu Meyi 2001, Purezidenti Bush adalengeza Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti Dick Cheney atsogolera gulu kuti liphunzire njira zotsutsana ndi uchigawenga. Seputembara 11 adafika asanakumane.

Otsogolera anali mobwerezabwereza anachenjezedwa za kuukira kumene kukubwera ndi zigawenga zomwe zingawulutse ndege kuti zimange. World Trade Center ndi Pentagon zidabwera. Bush adawoneka wogontha kumachenjezo. Mopanda manyazi ananyalanyaza pepala lofotokoza mwachidule la August 6, 2001, lomwe linali ndi mutu wakuti, “Bin Laden Determined Detark in US”

Kodi Bush ndi Cheney adatsimikiza mtima kuti ziwonetserazo zichitike?

Wankhondo wotsutsa, wankhondo wa New American Century adakhudza mfundo za Bush. Mamembala ena ali ndi maudindo akuluakulu m'bungwe. Ntchitoyi ikufunika “Doko latsopano la Pearl” kusintha America. Kuphatikiza apo, a Bush adalakalaka kukhala a Purezidenti wankhondo. Kuukira Afghanistan kungakwaniritse izi. Osachepera chinali choyambirira: Chochitika chachikulu chidzakhala kuukira Iraq. Apanso panali mafuta.

Pa 9/11/01 Bush adamva za uchigawenga panthawi yomwe anali kujambula ku Florida kalasi, Iye ndi ana anali nawo powerenga za mbuzi ya ziweto, yomwe adawonetsa kuti sachedwa kutha.

Tsopano Bush anali ndi chifukwa chomenyera nkhondo. Patatha masiku atatu, chisankho chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu chidadutsa mu Congress. A Bush adapatsa a Taliban chiyembekezo choti abweze Osama bin Laden. Pofuna kupatsa osakhulupirira Asilamu, a Taliban adafuna kunyengerera: kuyesa Osama ku Afghanistan kapena kudziko lina landale, atapatsidwa umboni wolakwa. Bush anakana.

Popeza ndagwiritsa ntchito Bin Laden ngati casus belli, Bush mosayembekezereka adamunyalanyaza polankhula ku Sacramento masiku 10 apita kunkhondo, pomwe adalonjeza "kugonjetsa a Taliban." Bush sanawonetse chidwi ndi Bin Laden pamsonkhano wa atolankhani wa Marichi wotsatira: "Chifukwa chake sindikudziwa komwe ali. Mukudziwa, sindimathera nthawi yochuluka chotere kwa iye…. Sindikumuganizira. ”

Nkhondo yathu yosayeruzika

Nkhondo yayitali kwambiri ku US inali yosaloledwa kuyambira pachiyambi. Idaphwanya Constitution ndi mapangano angapo aku US (malamulo aboma malinga ndi Constitution, Article 6). Zonsezi zalembedwa pansipa motsatira nthawi.

Posachedwa anthu osiyanasiyana akukaikira ngati wina angathe khulupirirani mawu aku America, onani kutuluka kwa Afghanistan. Palibe amene wanena kuti America yaphwanya malamulo ake.

NTHAWI YA US.

Congress sinalengeze nkhondo ku Afghanistan kapena kutchula Afghanistan mu chigamulo cha 9/14/01. Ananenanso kuti Bush amenyane ndi aliyense amene watsimikiza kuti "wakonza, wololeza, wadzipereka, kapena wathandizira zigawenga" masiku atatu m'mbuyomu kapena "kusunga" aliyense amene achita izi. Cholinga chawo chinali kuteteza uchigawenga.

Osankhika aku Saudi Arabia mwachionekere anathandizira olanda ndege a 9/11; 15 pa 19 anali Saudi, palibe Afghanistan. Bin Laden adalumikizana ndi akuluakulu osiyanasiyana aku Saudi Arabia ndipo adalandira ndalama ku Arabia kudzera mu 1998 (Choonadi Choletsedwa). Kukhazikitsa maziko aku US kumeneko mu 1991 kudamupangitsa kudana ndi America. Koma a Bush, omwe ali ndi mayiko a Saudi, adasankha kuwukira anthu omwe sanatipweteke.

Mulimonsemo, Malamulo sanamulole kuti apange chisankho.

“Purezidenti Bush adalengeza nkhondo pa zauchifwamba, ”Attorney General John Ashcroft anachitira umboni. Ndi Congress chokha chomwe chingalengeze nkhondo, motsogozedwa ndi Article I, Gawo 8, Ndime 11 (ngakhale zili zomveka kuti nkhondo ingachitike "pachisankho"). Komabe Congress, yokhala ndi wotsutsa m'modzi (Rep. Barbara Lee, D-CA), adasindikiza mphotho yamphamvu zake mosagwirizana ndi malamulo.

MISONKHANO YOSANGALATSA.

Omwe akumenya nkhondo ku Afghanistan anyalanyaza izi: "Kuukira kapena kuphulitsa bomba, mwanjira iliyonse, m'matawuni, midzi, nyumba, kapena nyumba zomwe sizinatetezedwe ndizoletsedwa." Zachokera ku Convention Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, mwa malamulo apadziko lonse lapansi ochokera kumisonkhano ku The Hague, Holland, ku 1899 ndi 1907.

Zoletsazo zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zida zomwe zili ndi poyizoni kapena zoyambitsa mavuto osafunikira; kupha kapena kuvulaza mwachinyengo kapena mdani atagonjera; osachita chifundo; ndi kuphulitsa bomba popanda chenjezo.

KELLOGG-BRIAND (PACT YA PARIS).

Poyambirira ndi Pangano la Kukonzanso Nkhondo ngati Chida cha National Policy. Mu 1928, maboma 15 (48 kubwera) analengeza "kuti akutsutsa njira zankhondo zothanirana ndi mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi, ndikuzikana ngati chida chothandizirana ndi mayiko ena."

Iwo adagwirizana kuti "kuthetsa kapena kuthetsa mikangano yonse kapena mikangano ya mtundu uliwonse kapena gwero lililonse, lomwe lingabuke pakati pawo, silidzafunidwa kupatula mwa njira yamtendere."

Aristide Briand, Nduna Yowona Zakunja yaku France, poyambirira adapereka pangano lotere ndi US Frank B. Kellogg, mlembi waboma (motsogozedwa ndi Purezidenti Coolidge), amafuna dziko lonse lapansi.

Mabwalo amilandu yankhondo ku Nuremberg-Tokyo adachokera ku Kellogg-Briand kuti awone kuti ndi mlandu kuyambitsa nkhondo. Malinga ndi muyezowu, kuwukira Afghanistan ndi Iraq mosakayikira ndi milandu.

Mgwirizanowu ukugwirabe ntchito, komabe mapurezidenti onse 15 Hoover ataphwanya.

MUTU WA UN.

Mosiyana ndi kusakhulupirira, Mgwirizano wa United Nations, wa 1945, sunalekerere nkhondo ku Afghanistan. Kutsatira 9/11, idatsutsa uchigawenga, ndikupempha njira zosapha.

Article 2 ikufuna kuti mamembala onse "athetse mikangano yawo yapadziko lonse mwamtendere" ndikupewa "kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu polimbana ndi kukhulupirika kwa dziko lawo kapena ufulu wandale zadziko lililonse." Pansi pa Article 33, mayiko pamikangano iliyonse yomwe ikuwononga mtendere ", ayambe kufunafuna yankho pomakambirana, kufunsa, kuyimira pakati, kuyanjanitsa, kuweruza milandu, kukhazikitsa milandu kapena njira zina zamtendere…"

Bush sanafune yankho lamtendere, adagwiritsa ntchito ufulu wotsutsana ndi Afghanistan, ndikukana Taliban aliyense kupereka kwamtendere.

CHITSANZO CHA KUMPOTO KWA NYANJA

Panganoli, kuyambira 1949, likuwongolera Mgwirizano wa UN: Zipani zidzathetsa mikangano mwamtendere ndikupewa kuopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosagwirizana ndi zolinga za UN. Pochita izi, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) yakhala yankhondo yaku Washington ku Afghanistan ndi kwina kulikonse.

MISONKHANO YA GENEVA.

Mapangano a nthawi yankhondo amafunikira kuchitira nkhanza akaidi, anthu wamba, komanso asitikali omwe alibe mphamvu. Zimaletsa kupha, kuzunza, nkhanza, komanso kuwongolera magulu azachipatala. Ambiri omwe adalembedwa mu 1949, anali OK'd ndi mayiko 196, kuphatikiza US.

Mu 1977 zina zowonjezera zidakhudza nkhondo zapachiweniweni komanso kuletsa anthu wamba, kuwukira mosasankha, ndikuwononga njira zopezeka ndi anthu wamba. Pafupifupi mayiko 160, kuphatikiza US, adasaina awa. Senate sichiyenera kuvomereza.

Ponena za anthu wamba, Unduna wa Zachitetezo suzindikira kuti ali ndi ufulu wowawukira ndipo akuti akuyesetsa kuwateteza. Kwenikweni ankhondo amadziwika kuti amapanga  kuwerengetsa kuwukira anthu wamba.

Kuphwanya kwakukulu ku Geneva kunachitika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2001. Mazana, mwina mazana a asilikari aku Taliban omwe adamangidwa ndi Northern Alliance anali kuphedwa, akuti ndi mgwirizano waku US. Ambiri amatsinidwa m'makontena osindikizidwa. Ena adawomberedwa, ena akuti adaphedwa ndi mivi yomwe idaponyedwa pandege zaku US.

Ndege zaphulitsa bomba muzipatala ku Herat, Kabul, Kandahar, ndi Kunduz. Ndipo munkhani zachinsinsi, asitikaliwo adavomereza kuzunza kwaomwe amangidwa ku Afghanistan ku Bagram Collection Point. Mu 2005 umboni udawonekera kuti asitikali kumeneko anazunza ndi kumenya akaidi mpaka kufa.

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Asitikali athu amavomerezanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira yoopsa. Ma Guerilla "ankhanza ndendende" komanso "khazikitsani mantha m'mitima ya adani. ” Ku Afghanistan ndi kwina kulikonse, "Asitikali aku US agwiritsa ntchito njira zaukapolo kuti awononge." Ndipo musaiwale "Mantha komanso mantha."

Paul W. Lovinger ndi mtolankhani waku San Francisco, wolemba, mkonzi, komanso womenyera ufulu (onani www.warandlaw.org).