Ndi David Swanson
Masabata angapo mmbuyo ndidaitanidwa kuti ndiyankhule mu Okutobala akubwera ku yunivesite yaku US pakuthetsa nkhondo ndikupanga mtendere. Monga momwe ndimachitira nthawi zambiri, ndimafunsa ngati okonzawo sakanatha kuyesa kupeza wothandizira nkhondo yemwe ndingakambirane naye kapena kukambirana naye mutuwo, motero (ndinayembekeza) kubweretsa gulu lalikulu la anthu omwe sanakhutirepo zakufunika kothetsa. kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo.
Monga zinali zisanachitikepo, okonza mwambowo sanangoyankha kuti inde koma anapeza wochirikiza nkhondo yemwe anali wokonzeka kutenga nawo mbali pa zokambirana zapagulu. Zabwino! Ndinaganiza, izi zipangitsa chochitika chokopa kwambiri. Ndinawerenga mabuku ndi mapepala omwe amandithandizira m'tsogolomu, ndipo ndinalemba maganizo anga, ndikutsutsa kuti chiphunzitso chake cha "Just War" sichikanatha kufufuza, kuti kwenikweni palibe nkhondo yomwe ingakhale "yolungama."
M'malo mokonzekera kudabwitsa mdani wanga wa "nkhondo yolungama" ndi zifukwa zanga, ndinamutumizira zomwe ndinalemba kuti athe kukonzekera mayankho ake ndipo mwinamwake kuwapereka pa kusinthanitsa, kulembedwa. Koma, m'malo moyankha pamutuwu, adalengeza mwadzidzidzi kuti ali ndi "udindo waukatswiri komanso waumwini" zomwe zingamulepheretse kutenga nawo gawo mu Okutobala. Wesa moyo!
Koma okonza zochitika zabwino kwambiri adapezapo wina wolowa m'malo. Kotero mkanganowo udzapitirira ku St. Michael's College, Colchester, VT, pa October 5th. Pakadali pano, ndangosindikiza ngati bukhu mkangano wanga kuti nkhondo siili yolungama. Mutha kukhala woyamba kugula, kuwerenga, kapena kuunikanso apa.
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zopititsira patsogolo mkanganowu tsopano ndikuti kubwereranso pa Epulo 11-13 ku Vatican adachita msonkhano ponena za ngati Tchalitchi cha Katolika, amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha Nkhondo Yachilungamo, ayenera kukaniratu. Nazi pempho mukhoza kusaina, kaya ndinu Mkatolika kapena ayi, kulimbikitsa mpingo kuchita zimenezo.
Ndemanga ya mkangano wanga ikupezeka muzolemba za buku langa:
Kodi Nkhondo Yachilungamo Ndi Chiyani?
Just War Theory Imathandizira Nkhondo Zopanda Chilungamo
Kukonzekera Nkhondo Yachilungamo Ndi Chisalungamo Chachikulu Kuposa Nkhondo Iliyonse
Chikhalidwe Chankhondo Chokha Chimangotanthauza Nkhondo Yowonjezereka
The Ad Bellum / Mu Bello Kusiyanitsa Kumavulaza
Zina Zankhondo Zake Zosayezedwa
Cholinga Choyenera
Chifukwa basi
Kulinganiza
Zina Zongotsatira Nkhondo Sizitheka
Malo Odyera Otsiriza
Chiyembekezo Choyenera Chakupambana
Opanda Kumenyana Amatetezedwa ku Attack
Asilikali Adani Amalemekezedwa Monga Anthu
Akaidi Ankhondo Ankawonedwa Ngati Osamenya nawo nkhondo
Zina Zongotsatira Nkhondo Sizinthu Zamakhalidwe Konse
Kulengezedwa Poyera
Imayendetsedwa Ndi Ulamuliro Wovomerezeka Komanso Waluso
Zoyenera Kupha Anthu Ongophedwa ndi Drone Ndi Zachisembwere, Zosakhazikika, Ndipo Sanyalanyazidwa
Chifukwa Chiyani Maphunziro a Ethics Amangoganizira Za Kupha Kwambiri?
Ngati Zonse Zankhondo Zankhondo Zikakwaniritsidwa Nkhondo Sizingakhale Zolungama
Okhulupirira Nkhondo Yokha Samawona Nkhondo Zatsopano Zopanda Chilungamo Mwachangu Aliyense
Ntchito Yankhondo Yake ya Dziko Logonjetsedwa Siyokha
Nthano Yankhondo Yokha Imatsegula Khomo Lachiphunzitso cha Pro-War
Titha Kuthetsa Nkhondo Popanda Kudikira Yesu
Kodi Bomba la Msamariya Wabwino Angatani?
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse Siinali Yokha
Kusintha kwa US sikunali Kokha
Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni ku United States Siinali Yokha
Nkhondo pa Yugoslavia Siinali Yokha
Nkhondo Pa Libya Siyokha
Nkhondo Yolimbana ndi Rwanda Sikadakhala Yachilungamo
Nkhondo Pa Sudan Sikadakhala Yachilungamo
Nkhondo Pa ISIS Siyokha
Makolo Athu Ankakhala M'dziko Lazikhalidwe Zosiyana
Titha Kugwirizana Pakupanga Mtendere Wokha
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Nali gawo loyamba:
KODI “NKHONDO YEKHA”?
Nthanthi ya Nkhondo Yolungama imanena kuti nkhondo imakhala yolungama pazochitika zina. Okhulupirira Nkhondo Yachilungamo amalongosola ndi kulongosola momwe angayambitsire nkhondo, nkhondo yolungama, ndipo-nthawi zina, kuphatikizapo a Mark Allman's - ntchito yabwino ya madera omwe adagonjetsedwa pambuyo polengeza kuti nkhondo ndi " kutha." Ena a Theorists a Just War amalembanso za chikhalidwe cha nkhondo isanayambe, zomwe zimakhala zothandiza ngati zimalimbikitsa makhalidwe omwe amachititsa kuti nkhondo ikhale yochepa. Koma palibe kungochita nkhondo isanayambe, malinga ndi zomwe ndalemba m'munsimu, zomwe zingapangitse chisankho choyambitsa nkhondo.
Zitsanzo za mfundo za Nkhondo Yachilungamo (zoti tikambirane m'munsimu) ndi izi: zolinga zoyenera, kulinganiza, zifukwa zomveka, njira yomaliza, chiyembekezo choti zinthu zidzayende bwino, osamenya nkhondo kuti asawukidwe, asilikali a adani amalemekezedwa ngati anthu, akaidi ankhondo amachitiridwa nkhanza. osamenya nkhondo, nkhondo zolengezedwa poyera, ndi nkhondo zochitidwa ndi akuluakulu ovomerezeka ndi oyenerera. Palinso ena, ndipo si onse a Just War theorists amavomereza pa zonsezi.
Chiphunzitso cha Nkhondo Yokha kapena "Nkhondo Yachilungamo" chakhalapo kuyambira pomwe Tchalitchi cha Katolika chidalumikizana ndi Ufumu wa Roma mu nthawi ya Oyera Ambrose ndi Augustine m'zaka za zana lachinayi CE. Ambrose anatsutsa kukwatirana ndi achikunja, ampatuko, kapena Ayuda, ndipo anateteza kutenthedwa kwa masunagoge. Augustine anatetezera zonse ziŵiri nkhondo ndi ukapolo kuzikidwa pa malingaliro ake a “tchimo loyambirira,” ndi lingaliro lakuti moyo “uwu” ngwofunika pang’ono pouyerekeza ndi moyo wa pambuyo pa imfa. Ankakhulupirira kuti kupha anthu kumawathandizadi kuti afike pamalo abwino ndiponso kuti musamachite zinthu zopusa mpaka kufika podziteteza polimbana ndi munthu amene akufuna kukuphani.
Chiphunzitso cha Just War chinapangidwanso ndi Saint Thomas Aquinas m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zitatu. Aquinas anali wochirikiza ukapolo ndi ufumu monga mtundu woyenera wa boma. Aquinas ankakhulupirira kuti cholinga chachikulu cha opanga nkhondo chiyenera kukhala mtendere, lingaliro lamoyo kwambiri mpaka lero, osati mu ntchito za George Orwell zokha. Aquinas ankaganizanso kuti ampatuko anayenera kuphedwa, ngakhale kuti ankakhulupirira kuti tchalitchi chiyenera kukhala chachifundo, ndipo ankakonda kuti boma liphe.
N'zoona kuti panalinso zochititsa chidwi kwambiri za anthu akale komanso akale. Koma malingaliro awo a Nkhondo Yachilungamo amagwirizana bwino ndi malingaliro awo adziko lapansi kuposa athu. Kuchokera pamalingaliro athunthu (kuphatikiza malingaliro awo okhudzana ndi amayi, kugonana, nyama, chilengedwe, maphunziro, ufulu waumunthu, ndi zina zotero) zomwe sizikumveka kwa ambiri a ife lerolino, gawo limodzi lotchedwa "Just War theory" ili nalo. idakhalabe yamoyo mpaka tsiku lotha ntchito.
Othandizira ambiri a Just War theory mosakayikira amakhulupirira kuti mwa kulimbikitsa njira za "nkhondo yolungama" akutenga zoopsa zosapeŵeka za nkhondo ndikuchepetsa kuwonongeka, kuti akupanga nkhondo zopanda chilungamo pang'ono zopanda chilungamo kapena mwinanso zopanda chilungamo. , poonetsetsa kuti nkhondo zayamba ndi kuphedwa moyenera. "Zofunikira" ndi mawu omwe akatswiri a Just War sayenera kutsutsa. Sanganene kuti amatcha nkhondo kuti ndi yabwino kapena yosangalatsa kapena yosangalatsa kapena yofunika. M’malo mwake, amanena kuti nkhondo zina zingakhale zofunika—osati zofunika mwakuthupi koma zolungamitsidwa mwamakhalidwe ngakhale kuti n’zomvetsa chisoni. Ndikadakhala ndi chikhulupiriro chimenecho, ndikadapeza kulimba mtima kumenya nkhondo ngati izi kukhala zolemekezeka komanso zamphamvu, komabe zosasangalatsa ndi zosayenera — ndipo motero m'lingaliro lapadera la liwu lakuti: "zabwino."
Ambiri mwa othandizira ku United States pankhondo zinazake sakhala okhwima a Just War theorists. Angakhulupirire kuti nkhondo ndi njira yodzitchinjiriza, koma sanaganizirepo ngati ndi gawo "lofunika", "njira yomaliza." Nthawi zambiri amakhala omasuka pakufuna kubwezera, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafuna kubwezera anthu omwe samenya nawo nkhondo, zonse zomwe zimakanidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha Just War. Mu nkhondo zina, koma osati ena, gawo lina la othandizira amakhulupirira kuti nkhondoyo ikufuna kupulumutsa anthu osalakwa kapena kupereka demokalase ndi ufulu wa anthu kwa ovutika. Mu 2003 panali anthu aku America omwe ankafuna kuti Iraq iphulitsidwe ndi mabomba kuti aphe anthu ambiri a ku Iraq, ndipo aku America omwe ankafuna kuti Iraq iphulitsidwe ndi mabomba kuti amasule anthu a ku Iraq ku boma lankhanza. Mu 2013 anthu aku US adakana zomwe boma lawo likufuna kuti liphulitse Syria kuti lithandizire anthu aku Syria. Mu 2014 anthu aku US adathandizira kuphulitsa mabomba ku Iraq ndi Syria kuti adziteteze ku ISIS. Malinga ndi nthano zambiri zaposachedwa za Just War siziyenera kukhala ndi kanthu kuti ndani akutetezedwa. Kwa anthu ambiri aku US, ndizofunikira kwambiri.
Ngakhale kulibe akatswiri ankhondo okwanira kuti ayambitse nkhondo popanda thandizo lochuluka kuchokera kwa omenyera nkhondo osalungama, mfundo za Just War theory zimapezeka m'malingaliro a pafupifupi aliyense wothandizira nkhondo. Omwe asangalatsidwa ndi nkhondo yatsopano adzatchabe "chofunikira." Iwo ofunitsitsa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa miyezo ndi migwirizano yonse pamayendedwe ankhondo adzatsutsabe chimodzimodzi ndi mbali inayo. Iwo omwe akuyembekezera kuwukira mayiko osawopseza omwe ali kutali kwambiri sanganene kuti nkhanza, nthawi zonse "chitetezo" kapena "kuteteza" kapena "kupulumutsa" kapena chilango cha zolakwa. Amene akutsutsa kapena kuthawa United Nations mosapita m'mbali adzanenabe kuti nkhondo za boma lawo zimachirikiza m'malo mosokoneza ulamuliro wa malamulo. Ngakhale kuti okhulupirira za Nkhondo Yachilungamo sakugwirizana wina ndi mnzake pazifukwa zonse, pali mitu ina yofanana, ndipo amagwira ntchito kuti athandizire kumenya nkhondo nthawi zonse-ngakhale nkhondo zambiri kapena zonse zili zopanda chilungamo malinga ndi mfundo za Just War theory. .
