AKATSWIRI A NKHONDO SABWINO MAVUTO

Zambiri zokambirana za mabodza zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo zimabwera mofulumira ku funso lakuti "Chabwino ndiye chifukwa chiyani iwo akufuna nkhondo?" Nthawi zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta, koma zolinga sizovuta kupeza.

Mosiyana ndi asilikari ambiri omwe adanamizidwa, ambiri a zida zankhondo, akuluakulu a nkhondo omwe amadziwa ngati nkhondo sizichitika kapena ayi, sakhala ndi zolinga zabwino pa zomwe akuchita. Ngakhale zolinga zabwino zingapezedwe mwa kulingalira kwa ena mwa iwo omwe akukhudzidwa, ngakhale ena mwa iwo omwe ali ndi zisankho zabwino kwambiri, ndizosakayikitsa kuti zolinga zabwino zokha zokha zidzabweretsa nkhondo.

Zolinga zachuma ndi zaumphawi zaperekedwa ndi a Purezidenti ndi mamembala a congression pazinthu zazikulu zankhondo zathu zazikulu, koma sanakhalepo nthawi zonse kuti azisokoneza ndi kuwonetsedwa monga zowonjezera zina. Nkhondo ndi Japan inali yaikulu phindu la zachuma ku Asia, koma kuchoka pa mfumu yoipa ya Japan inapanga chithunzi chabwino. Pulojekiti ya New American Century, tank yomwe ikukankhira nkhondo ku Iraq, inachititsa kuti zikhale zolinga zake zaka khumi zisanayambe nkhondo - zolinga zomwe zinaphatikizapo ulamuliro wa US ku dziko lonse lapansi ndi zikuluzikulu zambiri m'madera akuluakulu a "American chidwi. "Cholinga chimenecho sichinayankhidwe mobwerezabwereza kapena ngati" WMD, "" uchigawenga, "" wochita zoipa, "kapena" kufalitsa demokarasi. "

Zolinga zofunikira kwambiri pa nkhondo ndizochepa zomwe zimayankhulidwa, ndipo zofunikira kwambiri kapena zowonongeka zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri. Zolinga zofunikira, zomwe ambuye amatha kukambirana mwachinsinsi, kuphatikizapo kuwerengera chisankho, kulamulira zachilengedwe, kuopseza mayiko ena, kulamulira kwa madera a dziko, kupeza ndalama kwa abwenzi ndi anthu ogulitsa ndalama, kutsegula malonda ogulitsa, ndi chiyembekezo kuyesa zida zatsopano.

Ngati ndale anali owona mtima, kuwerengera masankho kudzayenera kukambidwa momveka bwino ndipo sikungakhale chifukwa chochitira manyazi kapena chinsinsi. Akuluakulu apadera ayenera kuchita zomwe zidzawabwezeretsenso, mwa dongosolo la malamulo omwe akhazikitsidwa mwademokhrasi. Koma malingaliro athu a demokarasi asokonekera kwambiri kotero kuti kubwereza monga cholimbikitsira kuchitapo kanthu kumabisika kutali ndi kupindula. Izi ndi zoona kuntchito zonse za boma; ndondomeko ya chisankho ndi yowonongeka moti anthu amaonanso kuti palibenso chiwonongeko china. Pankhani ya nkhondo, malingaliro ameneŵa akukwera ndi kuzindikira kwa ndale kuti nkhondo ikugulitsidwa ndi mabodza.

Gawo: MAU AMENE AMENE AMAKHALA

Pulogalamu ya New American Century (PNAC) inali yankho lalingaliro la 1997 ku 2006 ku Washington, DC (kenako linatsitsimutsidwa mu 2009). Atsogoleri khumi ndi awiri a PNAC ankakhala ndi maudindo apamwamba mu ulamuliro wa George W. Bush, kuphatikizapo Vice-Presidenti, Chief of Staff kwa Vice-Presidenti, Wothandizira Wapadera kwa Purezidenti, Mlembi Wachiwiri wa "Wotetezera," Kazembe ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq, Wachiwiri Wachiwiri State, ndi Under Secretary of State.

Munthu wina yemwe anali mbali ya PNAC komanso pambuyo pa Bush Administration, Richard Perle, limodzi ndi bwana wa Bush Bush-kuti akhale Douglas Feith, adagwira ntchito kwa mtsogoleri wa Israel Likud Benjamin Netanyahu ku 1996 ndipo analemba pepala lotchedwa Clean Break: A New Njira Yopezera Malo. Mzindawu unali Israeli, ndipo njira yomwe idalimbikitsa inali yowonjezereka kudziko ladziko komanso kuchotsedwa kwachiwawa kwa atsogoleri a mayiko akunja kuphatikizapo Saddam Hussein.

Mu 1998, PNAC inalembera kalata kwa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton akumuuza kuti athandizire cholinga cha kusintha kwa boma kwa Iraq, zomwe anachita. Kalatayo inaphatikizapo izi:

"[Ine] Saddam ali ndi mwayi wopereka zida zowonongeka, monga atsala pang'ono kuchita ngati tikupitirizabe maphunzirowa, asilikali a ku America m'dera lathu, mabwenzi athu ndi ogwirizana monga Israeli ndi mayiko achiarabu ochepa, komanso mbali yaikulu ya mafuta padziko lonse lapansi adzaika pangozi. "

Mu 2000, PNAC inafalitsa chikalata chotchedwa Rebuilding America's Defense. Zolinga zomwe zili mu pepalali zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi khalidwe la enieni a nkhondo kusiyana ndi lingaliro la "kufalitsa demokalase" kapena "kuyimirira ku nkhanza." Pamene Iraq ikuukira Iran timathandizira. Tikamenyana ndi Kuwait timalowa mkati. Khalidweli silingamvetsetse mwazinthu zongopeka zomwe timauzidwa, koma zogwirizana ndi zolinga izi kuchokera ku PNAC:

• kupititsa patsogolo kutchuka kwa US,
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• Kuletsa kukwera kwa mdani wamkulu wamaudindo, ndipo
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• Kupanga chitetezo padziko lonse lapansi mogwirizana ndi mfundo zaku America.

PNAC inatsimikiza kuti tifunika "kulimbana ndi kupambana mosagonjetsa masewera akuluakulu amodzi omwe timakhala nawo nthawi imodzi" ndi "kuchita ntchito za" constrary "zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kupanga malo otetezera m'madera ovuta." Papepala lomweli la 2000, PNAC inalemba kuti:

"Ngakhale kuti nkhondo yosakanizidwa ndi Iraq imapereka chidziwitso chomwecho, kufunikira kwa mphamvu yaikulu ya mphamvu ya ku America ku Gulf kukupitirira nkhani ya ulamuliro wa Saddam Hussein. Kusungidwa kwa mabungwe a US sikuyenera kusonyeza izi. . . . Kuchokera ku America, kufunika kwa maziko amenewa kungapitirire ngakhale Saddam atachokapo. Kwa nthawi yayitali, Iran ingawonetsere kuti ndizoopsa kwambiri ku zofuna za US ku Gulf monga Iraq aliri. Ndipo ngakhale ubale wa US-Iran uyenera kukhala bwino, kusunga mphamvu zam'tsogolo m'deralo kudzakhalabe chinthu chofunika kwambiri mu njira ya chitetezo cha US. . . . "

Mapepala awa adasindikizidwa ndi zaka zambiri zomwe zisanachitike ku Iraq, koma kunena kuti asilikali a US amayesa kukhazikika ndi kukhazikitsa maziko osatha ku Iraq ngakhale atapha Saddam Hussein pokhumudwitsa m'mabwalo a Congress kapena makampani. Kuwonetsa kuti Nkhondo ku Iraq inali ndi chochita ndi maboma athu kapena mafumu kapena Israeli, mochuluka kuti Hussein analibe zida, anali wotsutsa. Choipa kwambiri chinali kunena kuti zigawo zimenezo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyambitsa maiko ena, mogwirizana ndi cholinga cha PNAC cha "kusunga utsogoleri wa US." Koma komabe mkulu wa asilikali a Supreme Allied ku Europe wa NATO kuchokera ku 1997 mpaka 2000 Wesley Clark akuti mu 2001, Mlembi wa Nkhondo Donald Rumsfeld adalembapo mlanduwo kuti atenge mayiko asanu ndi awiri muzaka zisanu: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, ndi Iran.

Ndondomeko yoyamba ya ndondomekoyi inatsimikiziridwa ndi wina aliyense yemwe anali nduna yaikulu ya Britain ku Britain Tony Blair, yemwe adalemba pa 2010 pa Pulezidenti wakale Dick Cheney:

"Cheney ankafuna kuti asinthe maulamuliro a boma m'mayiko onse akum'maiko a Middle East omwe ankawona kuti akudana ndi zofuna za US, malinga ndi Blair. "Akanadutsamo ntchito yonse, Iraq, Siriya, Iran, ndikuchita nawo zonsezi - Hezbollah, Hamas, ndi zina zotero," adatero Blair. 'Mwa kuyankhula kwina, iye [Cheney] ankaganiza kuti dziko liyenera kupangidwa mwatsopano, ndipo pambuyo pa 11 September, ilo liyenera kuti lichitidwe mwa mphamvu ndi mofulumira. Kotero iye anali wa mphamvu yolimba, yolimba. Ayi, ayi, palibe maybes. '"

Wopenga? Zedi! Koma ndi zomwe zimapambana ku Washington. Zonsezi zikachitika, zifukwa zatsopano zikanakhala zomveka kwa aliyense. Koma zifukwa zomveka zikanakhala zotsala zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.

Chigawo: CONSPIRACY THEORIES

Chimodzi mwa zovuta za "chipsinjo" chofunikira kwa opanga nkhondo ku US akhala chizolowezi choganiza chomwe chimazindikira mdani wamkulu, wapadziko lonse, ndi wauchiwanda pamsana uliwonse. Kwa zaka zambiri mdani anali Soviet Union ndi mantha a chikomyunizimu padziko lapansi. Koma Soviet Union sinakhalepo ndi gulu la nkhondo padziko lonse la United States kapena chidwi chofanana ndi kumanga ufumu. Zida zake ndi zoopseza ndi ziwawa zinkakopeka, ndipo kupezeka kwake kunkapezeka nthawi iliyonse dziko losauka, losauka likutsutsa ulamuliro wa US. A Korea ndi a Vietnamese, Afirika ndi a ku South America sakanakhoza kukhala ndi zofuna zawo zokha, iwo ankaganiza. Ngati akanakana malangizo athu osafunsidwa, wina amayenera kuwapereka kwa iwo.

Komiti yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Pulezidenti Reagan inatumiza Komiti Yophatikizidwa Kwambiri Yophunzitsa Zakale kuti ikhale ndi nkhondo zing'onozing'ono ku Asia, Africa, ndi Latin America. Kuda nkhawa kunaphatikizapo "US kumalo ovuta kwambiri," "Ogwirizana ndi amzanga a ku America," "Kudzidalira kwa America," ndi "America kukwanitsa kuteteza zofuna zawo m'madera ofunikira kwambiri, monga Persian Gulf, Mediterranean, ndi Western Pacific. "

Koma kodi anthu ayenera kuuzidwa kuti timatetezedwa ndi zofuna zathu? Bwanji, ufumu woipa, ndithudi! Pa nthawi yotchedwa Cold War, chiwonetsero cha chikomyunizimu cholungama chinali chofala kwambiri moti anthu ena anzeru kwambiri anakhulupirira kuti nkhondo za US sizikanatha popanda izo. Pano pali Richard Barnet:

"Nthano ya chikomyunizimu ya monolithic - kuti ntchito zonse za anthu kulikonse omwe amadzitcha okha Chikomyunizimu kapena amene J. Edgar Hoover amachitcha kuti Chikomyunizimu akukonzekera ndi kulamulidwa mu Kremlin - ndizofunikira pa lingaliro la boma lokhazikitsa chitetezo. Pokhapokha Pulezidenti ndi alangizi ake atakhala ndi nthawi yovuta kudziwitsa mdaniyo. Iwo sakanatha kupeza otsutsa oyenerera kuyesetsa kwa chitetezo cha mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri mu mbiriyakale ya dziko. "

Ha! Ndikupepesa ngati mutamwa zakumwa m'kamwa mwako ndikuziphwanya pazovala zanu mukawerenga. Zili ngati kuti nkhondo sizipitirira! Monga ngati nkhondo sizinali chifukwa cha mantha a chikomyunizimu, m'malo mozungulira njira ina! Polemba ku 1992, John Quigley akhoza kuona izi momveka bwino:

"[T] kusintha kwa ndale komwe kunayambira kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya ku 1989-90 kunachoka ku nkhondo yozizira pamphepete mwa mbiri. Ngakhale zili choncho, njira zathu zankhondo sizinathe. Mu 1989, tinalowerera kuthandiza boma ku Philippines ndikugonjetsa wina ku Panama. Mu 1990, tinatumiza gulu lalikulu ku Persian Gulf.

"Kupitirizabe ntchito zankhondo sizodabwitsa, chifukwa cholinga chonsecho. . . zakhala zocheperapo kuti zilimbane ndi chikomyunizimu kusiyana ndi kukhalabe olamulira. "

Kuopsezedwa ndi Soviet Union kapena chikomyunizimu kunali, zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zidaloledwa ndi al Qaeda kapena chigawenga. Nkhondo yotsutsana ndi ufumu ndi malingaliro angakhale nkhondo zotsutsana ndi kagulu kakang'ono ka zigawenga ndi njira. Kusintha kunali ndi ubwino wina. Ngakhale kuti Soviet Union ingawonongeke pagulu, kusonkhanitsa kwachinsinsi kwa magulu a zigawenga kumene kulibe dzina lakuti al Qaeda sikungakhalepo umboni. Zolingaliro zingasokonezeke, koma kulikonse kumene tinkamenyana ndi nkhondo kapena kulamulira kosayenera, anthu amamenya nkhondo, ndipo nkhondo yawo idzakhala "ugawenga" chifukwa idalunjikidwa kwa ife. Ichi chinali chikonzero chatsopano cha nkhondo yosatha. Koma cholinga chake chinali nkhondo, osati ndondomeko yothetsa uchigawenga yomwe idakalipira, idzapangitsa uchigawenga.

Cholinga cha US chinali kuyang'anira madera a "chidwi chofunikira," zomwe zimapindulitsa zachilengedwe ndi misika ndi malo abwino a magulu ankhondo omwe amapititsa patsogolo mphamvu zina ndi misika, ndi zomwe mungatsutse "otsutsana" omwe ali ndi " Kudzidalira kwa America. "Izi, ndithudi, zimathandizidwa ndi zotsitsimula za iwo amene amapindula ndichuma kuchokera ku nkhondo yopanga yokha.

Gawo: KWA NDALAMA NDIPONSO MAKHAMVU

Zolinga zachuma zankhondo sizochitika ndendende. Mizere yotchuka kwambiri kuchokera ku Smedley Butler ya War Is A Racket sali m'bukuli konse, koma mu nkhani ya 1935 ya nyuzipepala ya Socialist Common Sense, komwe analemba kuti:

"Ndinakhala zaka 33 ndi miyezi inayi ndikugwira nawo ntchito zokhudzana ndi usilikali ndipo panthaŵiyi ndakhala nthawi yochuluka ngati munthu wamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri wa Big Business, Wall Street ndi mabanki. Mwachidule, ine ndinali wokhotakhota, chigawenga cha zipolowe. Ndinathandizira kupanga Mexico ndi makamaka Tampico kukhala otetezeka ku America mafuta ku 1914. Ndinathandizira kupanga Haiti ndi Cuba kukhala malo abwino kwa anyamata a National City Bank kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira ndalama. Ndinathandizira kugwiririra maiko awiri a Central America kuti apindule ndi Wall Street. Ndinathandizira kuyeretsa Nicaragua ku International Banking House ya Brown Brothers ku 1902-1912. Ine ndinabweretsa kuwala ku Dominican Republic chifukwa cha shuga ya America ku 1916. Ndinathandizira kupanga Honduras zoyenera ku makampani a zipatso ku America ku 1903. Ku China ku 1927 ndinathandizira kuti Standard Oil ikhale yopanda malire. Ndikuyang'ana mmbuyomo, ndikhoza kupatsa Al Capone mfundo zochepa. Zomwe akanatha kuchita zinali kugwiritsa ntchito chikwama chake m'zigawo zitatu. Ndinagwira ntchito m'makontinenti atatu. "

Kufotokozera kwa zolinga za nkhondo sikunali kufotokozedwa m'chinenero chokongola cha Butler, koma sichinali chinsinsi. Ndipotu, kwa zaka zambiri, anthu otsutsana ndi nkhondo amatsutsana pofotokoza nkhondo ngati zopindulitsa ku bizinesi yaikulu kaya ayi:

"Chifukwa cha anthu amalonda nkhondo iyenera kuoneka ngati ntchito yopindulitsa. LG Chiozza, Ndalama, MP, adafalitsa mawu ku London Daily Chronicle ya August 10th, 1914, yomwe ili chitsanzo cha mtundu uwu. Iye analemba kuti:

"'Mpikisano wathu wamkulu ku Ulaya ndi kunja kwake sangathe kuchita malonda, ndipo pamapeto a Nkhondo nkhondo yosatsutsika yomwe chigamulo cha Germany chiri paliponse chidzatitsogolera kudzatithandiza kusunga malonda ndi kutumiza komwe tidzamugonjetsa.'"

Kwa Carl von Clausewitz, yemwe adamwalira ku 1831, nkhondo inali "kupitiliza mgwirizano wa ndale, ndikuchitanso chimodzimodzi ndi njira zina." Izi zikumveka bwino, malinga ngati timadziwa kuti opanga nkhondo nthawi zambiri amasankha njira za nkhondo ngakhale pamene njira zina zingathe kukwaniritsa zotsatira zomwezo. Mu August 31st, 2010, Oval Office yolankhula za nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, Purezidenti Obama adanena kuti: "Misika yatsopano ya katundu wathu imachoka ku Asia kupita ku America!" Mu 1963, John Quigley, anali Mnyanja Yapamanja yomwe inapatsidwa ntchito yolongosola gawo lake pazochitika za dziko lapansi. Wophunzira wake wina atakana kuganiza kuti akumenya nkhondo ku Vietnam, Quigley "anafotokoza moleza mtima kuti pali mafuta pansi pa mapulaneti a Vietnam, kuti anthu ambiri a ku Vietnam anali msika wofunika kwambiri pa katundu wathu, ndipo Vietnam inalamula njira yochokera ku Middle East ku Far East. "

Koma tiyeni tiyambire pachiyambi. Asanakhale Purezidenti, William McKinley adati, "Tikufuna msika wogulitsa kunja kwa katundu wathu." Monga pulezidenti, adauza Bwanamkubwa Robert LaFollette wa Wisconsin kuti "akufuna kupeza ulamuliro wa US ku msika wa padziko lonse." Pamene Cuba inali pangozi yofikira Ufulu wa ku Spain wopanda thandizo, McKinley adalimbikitsa Congress kuti isadziwe boma lokonzanso. Ndipotu cholinga chake sichinali ufulu wa Cuba, kapena ufulu wa Puerto Rico kapena wa Filipino. Pamene adatenga dziko la Philippines, McKinley anaganiza kuti akukwaniritsa zolinga za "ukulu m'misika ya padziko lonse." Anthu a ku Philippines atabwerera kumbuyo, adautcha "kuukira." Iye adalongosola nkhondoyo ngati ntchito yothandiza anthu a ku Philippines 'zabwino zokha. McKinley adachita upainiya poyambanso kunena zomwe abusa amtsogolo adzati ndizochitika panthawi ya nkhondo kapena chuma.

Mwezi umodzi kuti United States isalowe mu nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi, pa March 5, 1917, kazembe wa ku United States ku Great Britain, Walter Hines Page, adatumiza chingwe kwa Pulezidenti Woodrow Wilson,

"Kupanikizika kwa vutoli lomwe likuyandikira, ndikutsimikiza, lapita mopitirira malire a bungwe la ndalama la Morgan pofuna boma la Britain ndi France. Zowonjezera zofunika zachuma za Allies ndizokulu kwambiri ndipo ndizofunika kuti bungwe lirilonse lachinsinsi lizigwira ntchito, pakuti bungwe lirilonse liyenera kukumana ndi mpikisano wamalonda ndi kutsutsana. Sizingatheke kuti njira yokhayo yokhalira ndi malonda omwe alipo panopa ndi kulepheretsa mantha ndi kulengeza nkhondo ku Germany. "

Pamene mtendere unapangidwa ndi Germany yomaliza nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi, Purezidenti Wilson anaika asilikali a US ku Russia kuti amenyane ndi Soviet Union, ngakhale kuti kale ankanena kuti asilikali athu anali ku Russia kuti agonjetse Germany ndi kulandira katundu wopita ku Germany. Senatata Hiram Johnson (P., Calif.) Adanena mwamphamvu kuti nkhondoyi idayambika: "Choyamba chiwonongeko pamene nkhondo ikubwera, ndizoonadi." Tsopano anali ndi chinachake choti anene za kuthetsa nkhondo pamene mgwirizano wamtendere unali yasaina. Johnson adatsutsa nkhondo yomenyera ku Russia ndipo adatchula mawu ochokera ku Chicago Tribune pamene adanena kuti cholinga chake chinali kuthandiza Europe kutenga ngongole ya Russia.

Mu 1935, pokambirana za kayendedwe ka zachuma pa nkhondo ndi Japan, Norman Thomas adanena kuti, kuyambira pa dziko lonse, ngati sichifukwa cha opindula, sichinali kanthu:

"Malonda athu onse ndi Japan, China, ndi Philippines ku 1933 anali madola mamiliyoni a 525 kapena okwanira kuti achite nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse kwa masiku osachepera awiri ndi hafu!"

Inde, adautcha "nkhondo" yoyamba yapadziko lonse, chifukwa adawona zomwe zikubwera.

Chaka chimodzi chiwonongeko cha Pearl Harbor, Dipatimenti ya Dipatimenti ya Boma pa kuwonjezereka kwa Japan sikunatanthauzenso za ufulu wodzilamulira ku China. Koma ilo linati:

". . . malo athu ovomerezeka ndi ofunika omwe angayambe kufooketsedwa - mwa kutayika kwa msika wa China, Indian, ndi South Seas (komanso chifukwa cha kutaya kwa malonda ambiri a ku Japan chifukwa cha katundu wathu, monga momwe Japan idzakhalire wochuluka) komanso zoletsedwa mosavuta pa kupeza kwathu mphira, tin, jute, ndi zipangizo zina zofunika ku madera a Asia ndi Oceanic. "

Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, Mlembi wa boma, Cordell Hull, adatsogolera "komiti yothetsa mavuto a ndale" yomwe inagwirizana kuthetsa mantha omwe anthu amakhulupirira kuti United States idzayesa "kudyetsa, kuvala, kubwezeretsa, ndi kupolisa dziko lonse lapansi." powatsimikizira anthu kuti zolinga za US zinali kuteteza nkhondo ina ndi kupereka "ufulu wopita ku zipangizo ndi [olanda] malonda apadziko lonse." Mawu a Atlantic Charter ("kufanana ofanana") anakhala "ufulu wolowa," kutanthauza kupeza United States, koma osati kwenikweni kwa wina aliyense.

Panthawi ya Cold War, zifukwa za nkhondo zinasintha zoposa zenizeni, monga nkhondo ya chikomyunizimu inapereka chivundikiro chopha anthu kuti apambane misika, ntchito zakunja, ndi chuma. Tinati tikulimbana ndi demokarasi, koma ife tinkathandiza olamulira ankhanza monga Anastasio Somoza ku Nicaragua, Fulgencio Batista ku Cuba, ndi Rafael Trujillo ku Dominican Republic. Chotsatiracho chinali dzina loipa la United States, ndi kulimbikitsa mphamvu za maboma otsala poyankha kuti tisokoneze. Senenayi Frank Church (D., Idaho) adatsimikiza kuti "tidatayika, kapena tinasokonezeka kwambiri, dzina labwino ndi mbiri ya United States."

Ngakhale anthu opanga nkhondo sakanakhala ndi zolinga zachuma, sizikanatheka kuti mabungwe asamaone chuma chikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati opanga nkhanza za nkhondo. Monga George McGovern ndi William Polk adanena mu 2006:

"Mu 2002, nkhondo yoyamba ya ku America [isanafike] ku America isanayambe, kampani imodzi yokha yomwe inali yopindulitsa kwambiri padziko lonse inali m'munda wa mafuta ndi mafuta; mu 2005 anayi mwa khumi anali. Anali Exxon-Mobil ndi Chevron Texaco (America) ndi Shell ndi BP (British). Nkhondo ya Iraq inapitirira kawiri mtengo wa zopanda pake; izo zikanakwera gawo lina la 50 mu miyezi yoyamba ya 2006. "

Gawo: KWA MAFUNSO

Kupindula kuchokera ku nkhondo ikukhala mbali yamba ya nkhondo za ku America kuyambira pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya 2003 pa Pulezidenti Wachiwiri wa Iraq, Cheney, adatsogolera kampani ina, Halliburton, yomwe idalandirira malipiro, ndipo adapindula ndi nkhondo yosavomerezeka yomwe adaipitsa anthu a ku America kuti ayambe kuyambitsa. Pulezidenti wa Britain, Tony Blair, sankadziwa zambiri za nkhondo yake. The Stop the War Coalition inapitirizabe naye, komabe kulemba ku 2010:

"[Blair] amatenga £ XMUMX miliyoni pachaka tsiku limodzi pa ntchito, kuchokera ku banki yosungira ndalama ku United States JP Morgan, yemwe akungopindula kwambiri ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito yomanga ku Iraq. Palibe mapeto a kuyamikira kwa ntchito za Blair ku mafakitale a mafuta, momwe nkhondo ya Iraq ikukhalira momveka kuti ikuyendetsere kuwirikiza kawiri mafuta oyendetsa mafuta padziko lapansi. Banja Lachifumu la Kuwaiti linamulipira iye pafupi milioni kuti apereke lipoti la tsogolo la Kuwait, ndipo malonda amachititsa ngakhale malangizi omwe adawaika kuti akalangize mayiko ena ku Middle East akuyesa kupeza ndalama pafupifupi £ XMUMX pachaka. Mwamunayo akangoyamba kumene, adasainira ndi UI Energy Corporation ya South Korea, yomwe ili ndi zofuna zambiri ku Iraq komanso zomwe ziganizo zina zidzanena kuti pamapeto pake zidzatengera £ XMUMX miliyoni. "

Gawo: KWA NDALAMA NDI AKHONDO

Zomwe zimapangitsa chuma kumenya nkhondo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa ndi mwayi wankhondo womwe umaperekedwa kwa gulu la anthu omwe ali ndi nkhawa kuti omwe sanalandire chuma chambiri mdziko muno atha kupanduka. Mu 1916 ku United States, socialism idayamba kutchuka, pomwe chizindikiro chilichonse chakumenyera nkhondo ku Europe chidatonthozedwa ndi nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse. athu adzagawidwa m'magulu. ” Zolemba zaumphawi zitha kugwira ntchito yofananira masiku ano. American Revolution itha kukhalanso nayo. Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse idaletsa kupsinjika kwa nthawi yazokhumudwitsa komwe Congress of Industrial Organisations (CIO) ikukonzekera antchito akuda ndi azungu limodzi.

Asilikali a nkhondo ya padziko lonse adalamulidwa ndi Douglas MacArthur, Dwight Eisenhower, ndi George Patton, amuna omwe a 1932 adayambitsa nkhondo ya "Bonus Army," ankhondo omenyana ndi nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ku Washington, DC, akuchonderera kuti adzalandire mabhonasi omwe analonjezedwa. Izi zinali zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ngati zolephereka mpaka asilikali a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse atapatsidwa GI Bill of Rights.

McCarthyism inatsogolera anthu ambiri kumenyera ufulu wa anthu ogwira ntchito kuti apange militete patsogolo pa zovuta zawo za kumapeto kwa zaka za makumi awiri. Barbara Ehrenreich analemba mu 1997:

"Anthu a ku America adalengeza kuti Gulf War ndi 'kubweretsa pamodzi.' Atsogoleri a ku Serbia ndi ku Croatia anathetsa mavuto a zaumunthu pambuyo pa chikomyunizimu ndi chiwawa chadziko. "

Ndimagwira ntchito m'magulu a anthu ochepa omwe amapeza ndalama zambiri pa September 11, 2001, ndipo ndimakumbukira momwe ndalama zonse zogwirira ntchito zogwirira ntchito kapena nyumba zopanda ndalama zinachokera ku Washington pamene malipenga a nkhondo amveka.

Chigawo: CHA OIL

Cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo ndiko kulanda chuma cha mitundu ina. Nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lapansi inafotokozera omenyera nkhondo kufunika kwa mafuta kuti ayambitse nkhondo zawo zokha, komanso kuyambitsa chuma cha mafakitale, ndipo kuyambira pomwepo, cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo chinali kupambana kwa mayiko omwe ali ndi mafuta. Mu 1940 dziko la United States linatulutsa ambiri (63 peresenti) ya mafuta a padziko lapansi, koma ku 1943 Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes anati,

"Ngati padzakhala nkhondo yachitatu yapadziko lonse iyenera kumenyedwa ndi mafuta ena, chifukwa United States sichikanakhala nayo."

Pulezidenti Jimmy Carter adalengeza mu aderesi yake yotsiriza ya Union:

"Kuyesedwa kwa wina aliyense kunja kwa mphamvu kuti athetse ulamuliro wa Persian Gulf m'deralo kudzatengedwa ngati kuukira zofunikira za United States of America, ndipo chilango choterocho chidzachotsedwa ndi njira iliyonse yofunikira, kuphatikizapo gulu lankhondo."

Ngakhale kuti nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf inakonzedwa kapena ayi, Pulezidenti George HW Bush adanena kuti. Anachenjeza kuti dziko la Iraq lidzalamulira mafuta ochulukirapo padziko lonse ngati idzadutsa Saudi Arabia. Anthu a ku United States adatsutsa "magazi a mafuta" ndipo Bush anayamba kusinthasintha. Mwana wake, akuukira dziko lomwelo patatha zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, amalola kuti pulezidenti wake azikonzekera nkhondo pamsonkhano wachinsinsi ndi oyang'anira mafuta, ndipo adzagwira ntchito mwakhama kuti apange "malamulo a hydrocarbons" ku Iraq kuti apindule nawo makampani akunja a mafuta, koma Musayese kugulitsa poyera nkhondo monga ntchito yoba mafuta a Iraq. Kapena, izi sizinali zoyambirira za malonda. Panali nkhani ya September 15, 2002, Washington Post yomwe imati "Mu Nkhondo ya Iraq, Mavuto a Mafuta Ndi Ofunika; Dothi la US Drillers Diso Lalikulu la Mafuta. "

Africom, oyang'anira asitikali aku US omwe sanakambiranepo za dziko lalikulu kuposa North America, kontinenti yaku Africa, lidapangidwa ndi Purezidenti George W. Bush ku 2007. Zinali zitalingaliridwa zaka zingapo m'mbuyomu, komabe Oil Policy Initiative Group (kuphatikiza nthumwi za White House, Congress, ndi mabungwe amafuta) monga bungwe "lomwe lingapindule kwambiri poteteza chuma cha US." Malinga ndi General Charles Wald, wachiwiri kwa wamkulu wa asitikali aku US ku Europe,

"Ntchito yaikulu ya asilikali a ku United States [ku Africa] iyenera kutsimikizira kuti malo a mafuta a Nigeria, omwe posachedwapa adzadziŵerengera ndalama zochulukirapo za 25 za maiko onse a US, ndi otetezeka."

Ndikudabwa chimene akutanthauza ndi "otetezeka." Mwachidziwikire ndikukayikira kuti akudandaula ndi kulimbikitsa kudzidalira kwa olimala.

Kuphatikizidwa kwa US ku Yugoslavia mzaka za m'ma 1990 sikunali kogwirizana ndi kutsogolera, zinc, cadmium, golide, ndi migodi ya siliva, ntchito yotsika mtengo, komanso msika wotsutsidwa. Mu 1996 Secretary of Commerce a US Ron Brown adamwalira pa ngozi ya ndege ku Croatia limodzi ndi oyang'anira akuluakulu a Boeing, Bechtel, AT&T, Northwest Airlines, ndi mabungwe ena angapo omwe anali akupanga mapangano aboma oti "amangenso." Enron, kampani yotchuka yomwe idalowerera mu 2001, inali gawo la maulendo ambiri kotero kuti idatulutsa atolankhani kunena kuti palibe anthu ake omwe adakhalapo. Enron adapereka $ 100,000 ku Democratic National Committee mu 1997, kutatsala masiku asanu ndi limodzi kuti apite ndi Secretary of Commerce Mickey Kantor ku Bosnia ndi Croatia ndikulemba mgwirizano kuti apange $ 100 miliyoni. Kulumikizidwa kwa Kosovo, Sandy Davies akulemba m'magazi m'manja mwathu,

". . . adapambana kukhazikitsa chigawo chochepa pakati pa Yugoslavia ndi njira yopangira mafuta a AMBO kudzera ku Bulgaria, Macedonia, ndi Albania. Mipayipi iyi ikukumangidwa, ndi thandizo la boma la US, kuti apereke United States ndi Western Europe mwayi wokhala ndi mafuta ku Nyanja ya Caspian. . . . Mlembi wazinthu zamagetsi Bill Richardson anafotokoza njira yowoneka mu 1998. 'Izi ndi zokhudza mphamvu za mphamvu za America,' anafotokoza motero. '. . . Ndikofunika kwambiri kwa ife kuti mapu a mapaipi ndi ndale akubwera bwino. '"

Wakale wamkulu wa nkhondo Zbigniew Brzezinski adayankhula pa bungwe la RAND Corporation ku Afghanistan ku chipinda cha senate ku October 2009. Mawu ake oyambirira anali akuti "kuchoka ku Afghanistan posachedwapa ndi No-No." Iye sadapereke zifukwa ndipo anatsimikizira kuti ziganizo zake zina zidzakangana kwambiri.

Panthawi yotsatira mafunso ndi yankho, ndinapempha Brzezinski chifukwa chake mawu amenewa ayenera kukhala opanda chidwi pamene pafupifupi theka la Amereka panthawiyo ankatsutsa ntchito ya Afghanistan. Ndinamufunsa momwe angayankhire pazitsutso za nthumwi ya ku United States yomwe idangoyamba kusiya zionetsero. Brzezinski anayankha kuti anthu ambiri ndi ofooka ndipo sakudziwa bwino, ndipo ayenera kunyalanyazidwa. Brzezinski adati imodzi mwa zolinga zazikulu za nkhondo ku Afghanistan inali kumanga mpweya wa kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa nyanja ya Indian. Izi sizinawopsyeze aliyense mu chipinda.

Mu June 2010, mgwirizanowu wokhudzana ndi usilikali unachititsa kuti nyuzipepala ya New York Times ipange mbiri yamasewero akulengeza za kupezeka kwa chuma chambiri ku Afghanistan. Zambiri mwazinthuzo zinali zopanda pake, ndipo zomwe zinali zolimba sizinali zatsopano. Koma nkhaniyi idabzalidwa panthaŵi yomwe oyang'anira shenema ndi a congress ayamba kutembenukira pang'ono potsutsa nkhondo. Zikuoneka kuti White House kapena Pentagon inakhulupirira kuti mwina kuba mbalame za ku Afghanistan zimayambitsa nkhondo zambiri ku Congress.

Gawo: KWA EMPIRE

Kumenyera gawo, miyala iliyonse yomwe ingakhale pansi pake, ndicholinga cholemekezeka chomenyera nkhondo. Kupyola mu nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse komanso kuphatikiza pamenepo, maufumu adamenyanirana madera ndi madera osiyanasiyana. Pankhani ya Nkhondo Yadziko I panali Alsace-Lorraine, a Balkan, Africa, ndi Middle East. Nkhondo zimamenyedwanso kuti zikulimbikitse m'malo mokhala ndi umwini m'maiko padziko lapansi. Kuphulika kwa bomba ku US ku Yugoslavia mzaka za m'ma 1990 kumatha kukhala kuti kunafuna kuti Europe ikhale pansi pa United States kudzera ku NATO, bungwe lomwe linali pachiwopsezo chotaya chifukwa chake. Nkhondo itha kumenyedwanso pofuna kufooketsa dziko lina osalilanda. Mlangizi Wachitetezo cha National Brent Scowcroft adati cholinga chimodzi cha Gulf War ndichakuti achoke ku Iraq "alibe mphamvu zoyipa." Kupambana kwa United States pankhaniyi kudakhala kothandiza pomwe adaukiranso Iraq mu 2003.

The Economist ankada nkhawa kuti nkhondo ya Afghanistan ifike ku 2007: "Kugonjetsa sikukanakhala kuthupi kwa Afghani okha, koma ku mgwirizanowu wa NATO." Wolemba mbiri wa ku Pakistani Tariq Ali anati:

"Monga kale, geopolitics ikugonjetsa zofuna za Afghanistan mu calculus ya mphamvu zazikulu. Mgwirizano wotsimikiziridwa ndi a US ndi wokhazikitsidwa ku Kabul mwezi wa May 2005 umapatsa Pentagon ufulu wokhala ndi nkhondo yaikulu ku Afghanistan nthawi zonse, zomwe zingaphatikizepo zida za nyukiliya. Mzinda wa Washington suli kufunafuna maziko osasunthika m'dera losawonongeka komanso losavomerezeka chifukwa cha 'demokarasi ndi maulamuliro abwino' adafotokozedwa momveka bwino ndi Mlembi Wamkulu wa NATO Jaap de Hoop Scheffer ku Brookings Institute mu February 2009: Kukhalapo kwa NATO kosatha mu Dziko lomwe limalirira mayiko ena a ku Soviet, China, Iran, ndi Pakistan sizingatheke. "

Gawo: KWA GUNS

Cholinga china cha nkhondo ndi chilungamitso chomwe amapereka pofuna kukhala ndi asilikali akuluakulu komanso kupanga zida zambiri. Izi zikhoza kukhala zifukwa zazikulu zothandizira zankhondo zosiyanasiyana ku United States pambuyo pa Cold War. Kunena za mgwirizano wamtendere kunathera pamene nkhondo ndi zochitika zinafalikira. Nkhondo zikuwonekeranso kuti zimamenyedwa nthawi zina m'njira yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera ngakhale kuti njirayi silingamvetsetse ngati njira yopambana. Mu 1964, mwachitsanzo, anthu opanga nkhondo ku US anasankha kubomba kumpoto kwa Vietnam ngakhale kuti nzeru zawo zinawauza kuti kumenyana ku South kunali kukulira kwawo.

Chifukwa chiyani? Mwinamwake chifukwa mabomba anali omwe iwo ankagwira nawo ntchito ndi-pa zifukwa zina - iwo ankafuna nkhondo. Monga taonera pamwambapa, mabomba a nyukiliya adagonjetsedwa mopanda malire ku Japan, yachiwiri ndi yosafunika kwambiri kuposa yoyamba. Mmodzi wachiwiriwo anali bomba losiyana, bomba la plutonium, ndipo Pentagon inafuna kuti iwonedwe. Nkhondo Yachiŵiri Yadziko lonse ku Ulaya inali pafupi ndi mabomba a US akusafunikira kwenikweni a tawuni ya France ya Royan - ngakhale kuti French ndi mabwenzi athu. Kuphulika kumeneku kunali kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyambirira kwa anthu, ndipo Pentagon mwachiwonekere ankafuna kuwona chomwe chingachite.

Chigawo: MACHISMO

Koma anthu sangathe kukhala ndi moyo wokhawokha. Nkhondo zolimbana ndi chiwonongeko cha padziko lonse (communism, uchigawenga, kapena zina) ndizonkhondo zimayesetsedwera kuti zisonyeze kuti munthu ali ndi mphamvu kwa anthu omwe akuyima, motero kulepheretsa kulamulira kwapadera - chiopsezo chomwe chingawonongeke ndi "kutayika". "Kutsimikizika" kumatanthauzanso "kugonana," osati "kukhulupilika." Motero, njira zopanda chiwawa kwa dziko sizingokhala chiwawa komanso "kukhulupilika." Pali chinachake cholakwika pa iwo. Malingana ndi Richard Barnet,

"Akuluakulu a asilikali [a Lyndon] Johnson Administration nthaŵi zonse ankatsutsa kuopsa kwa kugonjetsedwa ndi kunyozedwa kwakukulu kuposa kuopsa kwa migodi ya Haiphong, kuwononga Hanoi, kapena kuphulika kwa mabomba 'osankhidwa' ku China."

Iwo ankadziwa kuti dziko lidzakwiyidwa ndi zochitika zoterezi, koma mwanjira ina palibe chochititsa manyazi ponena za kuyerekezedwa ngati amisala akupha. Kufewa kokha kungakhale kochititsa manyazi.

Imodzi mwa nkhani zochititsa chidwi kwambiri zomwe zinachokera ku Daniel Ellsberg kutulutsidwa kwa Pentagon Papers ndi nkhani yakuti 70 peresenti ya chikoka cha anthu pambuyo pa Nkhondo ku Vietnam inali "kupulumutsa nkhope". kuchokera ku Peoria kapena kuphunzitsa demokarase ya Vietnam kapena chirichonse chodabwitsa. Zinali kuteteza fano, kapena mwinamwake chithunzi, cha opanga nkhondo okha. Mlembi Wothandizira wa "Chitetezo" John McNaughton wa March 24, 1965, memo inati maiko a US akuphwanya mabomba anthu a ku Vietnam anali oposa 70 peresenti "kuti tipewe kugonjetsedwa kwa US kuchititsa manyazi (" mbiri yathu ngati guarantor) "," 20% Manja achi China, ndi peresenti ya 10 kuti alole anthu kukhala "moyo wabwino, wosasuka."

McNaughton ankadandaula kuti mayiko ena, akudabwa ngati United States akanakhala ndi vuto loti bomba lidzatulukemo iwo, mwina angafunse mafunso monga:

"Kodi dziko la United States likudandaula ndi zifukwa zomwe zingakhale zofunikira m'tsogolomu (mantha a kusemphana ndi malamulo, a UN, osalowerera ndale, zovuta zapakhomo, zoyipa za US, kutumiza asilikali a US ku Asia, nkhondo ndi China kapena Russia, kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya, etc.)? "

Ndizoonetseratu kuti simukuopa. Koma tinagwetsa mabomba ambiri ku Vietnam kuyesa kutsimikizira izi, pa matani a 7 miliyoni, poyerekezera ndi 2 miliyoni omwe adagwa mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Ralph Stavins akutsutsa ku Washington Plans Nkhondo Yachiwawa kuti John McNaughton ndi William Bundy adadziwa kuti kungochoka ku Vietnam kumakhala kosavuta, komabe kudalirika kwakukulu chifukwa choopa kuwoneka ngati wofooka.

Mu 1975, atagonjetsedwa ku Vietnam, ambuye a nkhondo anali okhudzidwa kwambiri ndi machismo awo kuposa nthawi zonse. Pamene Khmer Rouge adagwira chotengera chamalonda cha US, Pulezidenti Gerald Ford adafuna kumasulidwa kwa sitimayo ndi antchito ake. Khmer Rouge anamvera. Koma asilikali a US a ndege a ku America anapita patsogolo ndi kuphulika Bomba ku Cambodia ngati njira yowonetsera kuti, monga momwe White House inanenera, United States "idakonzeka kukomana ndi mphamvu kuti iteteze zofuna zake."

Kuwonetsa kotereku kumamveka ku Washington, DC, kuti zisamangopititsa patsogolo ntchito komanso kuti zikhale zowonjezereka. Atsogoleri akhala akukhulupirira kuti sangakumbukiridwe ngati apurezidenti opanda nkhondo. Theodore Roosevelt adalembera kwa bwenzi la 1897,

"Ndi chidaliro cholimba. . . Ndiyenera kulandira pafupifupi nkhondo iliyonse, chifukwa ndikuganiza kuti dziko lino likusowa. "

Malinga ndi wolemba mabuku ndi wolemba mabuku Gore Vidal, Pulezidenti John Kennedy anamuuza kuti pulezidenti anafunikira nkhondo yayikulu ndipo popanda nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, Abraham Lincoln akanakhala katswiri wina wa njanji. Malinga ndi Mickey Herskowitz, yemwe anali atagwira ntchito ndi George W. Bush ku 1999 pa "mbiri ya anthu," Bush anafuna nkhondo asanakakhale perezidenti.

Chinthu chimodzi chokhumudwitsa pazokhumba zonsezi ndi chakuti, ngakhale zifukwa zambiri zowonjezera zimawoneka kuti ndizokhazikika, zadyera, zopusa, ndi zonyansa, ena a iwo amawoneka kuti ndi aumwini komanso amalingaliro. Mwina ndi "zomveka" kufunafuna msika wa mdziko kugula zinthu za US ndikuzibweretsa zotsika mtengo, koma chifukwa chiani tiyenera kukhala ndi "misika pamsika padziko lonse?" Chifukwa chiyani ife tonse tikufunikira "kudzidalira?" munthu amapeza yekha? N'chifukwa chiyani kulimbikitsidwa pa "ulemu"? Nchifukwa chiyani kuli kochepa kulankhula mu zipinda zakumbuyo za kutetezedwa kuopseza akunja ndi zochuluka za kulamulira alendo ndi kupambana kwathu "kokhulupilika"? Kodi nkhondo ndi yolemekezedwa?

Mukamaphatikizapo zizindikiro zotsutsa izi ndi nkhondo yakuti nthawi zambiri nkhondo zimalephera paokha ndipo zimabwereza mobwerezabwereza, zimakhala zotheka kukayikira kuti ambuye a nkhondo nthawi zonse amadziyesa okha. Dziko la United States silinagonjetse Korea kapena Vietnam kapena Iraq kapena Afghanistan. M'mbuyomu, maufumu sanakhalepo. M'dziko lodziwikiratu titha kuyendetsa nkhondo ndikupita ku mtendere womwe ukutsatira. Komabe, nthawi zambiri, sitimatero.

Panthawi ya nkhondo ku Vietnam, mayiko a United States anayamba kuyambitsa nkhondo, adayambitsa nkhondo, ndikuyenda mofulumizitsa chifukwa nkhonya za nkhondo sizikanatha kuganiza china chilichonse kupatula nkhondo, ngakhale kuti apambana chidaliro chakuti zomwe iwo anali kuchita sizigwira ntchito. Pambuyo pa nthawi yayitali pamene ziyembekezozi zinakwaniritsidwa, iwo anachita zomwe akanatha kuyambira pachiyambi ndipo anamaliza nkhondoyo.

Gawo: ANA ANTHU AMAFUNIKA?

Monga tawonera mu chaputala chachiwiri, opanga nkhondo amakangana pazomwe anthu ayenera kuuzidwa kuti akumenya nkhondo. Koma amatsutsananso kuti angadziuze okha kuti nkhondo ikugwira ntchito. Malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale a Pentagon, pofika pa June 26, 1966, "njirayi idamalizidwa," ku Vietnam, "ndipo mkangano kuyambira pamenepo udangokhudza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi cholinga chake." Ndi cholinga chotani? Funso labwino kwambiri. Uku kunali kutsutsana kwamkati komwe kumkaganiza kuti nkhondo ipitilira ndipo akufuna kuthana ndi chifukwa chake. Kusankha chifukwa chodziwitsa anthu onse chinali gawo lina kupyola apo.

Purezidenti George W. Bush nthawi zina amati Nkhondo yaku Iraq inali yobwezera chifukwa cha zomwe Saddam Hussein adachita (komanso mwachinyengo) pakupha bambo ake a Bush, ndipo nthawi zina Bush the Lesser adamuwululira kuti Mulungu adamuwuza choti achite. Ataphulitsa bomba ku Vietnam, a Lyndon Johnson akuti adakondwera kuti "Sindikungowombera Ho Chi Minh, ndidamudulanso." Bill Clinton ku 1993, malinga ndi a George Stephanopoulos, adanenanso za Somalia:

"Ife sitimapweteka pa othamanga awa. Pamene anthu atipha ife, amafunika kuphedwa m'magulu ambiri. Ndikukhulupirira pakupha anthu omwe akuyesera kukupwetekani. Ndipo sindingathe kukhulupirira kuti tikukankhidwa ndi zida ziwirizi. "

Mu May 2003, wolemba nyuzipepala ya New York Times Tom Friedman adanena pa Charlie Rose Show pa PBS, kuti cholinga cha nkhondo ya Iraq chinali kutumiza asilikali a US ku nyumba ndi nyumba ku Iraq kunena "Bwerani pa izi."

Kodi anthuwa ndi oopsa, openga, okhudzidwa ndi mankhwala awo, kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo? Mayankhowo akuwoneka kuti: inde, inde, ndithudi, ndipo onse aledzera moyenera. Pa msonkhano wa Pulezidenti wa 1968, Richard Nixon anauza wothandizira wake Bob Haldeman kuti adzakakamiza anthu a ku Vietnam kuti adzipereke mwachinyengo (izi zikuyenda bwino kwa Purezidenti, zirizonse zomwe zinganene za chisankho chathu):

"[North Vietnam] idzawopseza chilichonse chimene Nixon amapanga, chifukwa ndi Nixon. . . . Ndikutcha kuti Madman Theory, Bob. Ndikufuna kumpoto kwa Vietnam kukhulupirire kuti ndafika poti ndingathe kuchita chirichonse kuti ndithetse nkhondo. "

Mmodzi wa maganizo a misala a Nixon anali kuchotsa nukes, koma ena anali kupha mabomba a Hanoi ndi Haiphong. Kaya iye anali kudziyesa wopenga kapena ayi, Nixon kwenikweni anachita izi, akuponya matani zikwi khumi ndi ziwiri ku mizinda iwiri mu masiku a 36 asanavomereze mawu omwewo omwe anaperekedwa patsogolo pa kupha anthu ambiri. Ngati pangakhale mfundo, izi zikhoza kukhala zofanana ndi zomwe zinachititsa kuti "kuwonjezeka" ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan - chikhumbo chowoneka chovuta asanachoke, ndikusintha kugonjetsedwa kukhala chidziwitso chodziwika kuti "watsiriza ntchito." Koma mwina panalibe mfundo.

Mu mutu wachisanu tinayang'ana za kusagwirizana kwa chiwawa kunja kwa nkhondo. Kodi kupanga nkhondo kungakhale kopanda nzeru? Monga momwe wina angagwire sitolo chifukwa amafunikira chakudya komanso amatengeka ndi chilakolako chofuna kupha alaliki, kodi amatha kumenyera nkhondo ndi zitsime za mafuta koma amatsogoleredwa ndi Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., amatchedwa kupenga kwa nkhondo?

Ngati Barbara Ehrenreich ali woyenera kufufuza mbiri yakale ya chilakolako cha nkhondo kwa anthu monga nyama ya nyama zazikulu, kusaka magulu kutembenuza matebulo awo, ndi zipembedzo zoyambirira za kupembedza kwa nyama, nsembe ya nyama, ndi nsembe yaumunthu, nkhondo akhoza kutaya ulemerero wake ndi kunyada koma kumveka mosavuta. Ngakhale iwo amene amateteza michitidwe yamakono yamakono, ngakhale kuzunza pofuna kuchotsa zifukwa zabodza za nkhondo, sangathe kufotokoza chifukwa chake ife timazunza anthu kuti aphe.

Kodi ichi ndi mbali ya zochitika za nkhondo zomwe ndizokulu kuposa mbiri yathu? Kodi otenthawa akudziwonetsera yekha chofunika kwambiri cha chifukwa chawo mwa kuwapsetsa mdani wawo? Kodi iwo amawopsya mwa mantha ndi mantha a mphamvu zazikulu zoyipa zomwe poyamba zinali nyalugwe ndipo tsopano ndi Asilamu, ndi kulemekeza mwa kulimba mtima ndi kupereka nsembe zofunikira kuti apambane? Kodi nkhondo ndidi "mawonekedwe" a umunthu omwe tikugwiritsabe ntchito popanda kukumbukira mbiri yakale kapena mbiri yakale? Kodi nsembe zoyamba zinali zophweka chabe kuti anthu ataya nyama? Kodi opulumuka awo adalimbikitsidwa pofotokozera mamembala awo ngati zopereka zaufulu? Kodi takhala tikukunama za moyo ndi imfa nthawi yaitali? Ndipo kodi nthano za nkhondo ndi zotani zomwe zikuchitika lero?

Konrad Lorenz adatchula zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi zapitazo kufanana kwa maganizo pakati pa chikhulupiliro chachipembedzo ndi kuuka kwachidziwitso kwa nyama yowonongeka yakufa.

"Chimene chimadziwika m'Chijeremani monga Wothandizira Schauer, kapena 'kuyeretsa kwathunthu' kochititsa mantha, mwina angakhale 'chotsalira,' iye ankanena, za kuyankha kofala ndi kudzidzimitsa kwathunthu komwe kumapangitsa ubweya wa nyama kuima pamapeto, motero umachulukitsa kukula kwakukulu. "

Lorenz ankakhulupirira kuti "kwa munthu wofunafuna choonadi chodziwitsa ena sangakayikire ngakhale pang'ono kuti chidwi chankhanza cha anthu chinasinthika chifukwa chodzitchinjiriza kwa makolo athu asanakhale anthu." Zinali zosangalatsa kusonkhana pamodzi ndikumenyana ndi mkango kapena chimbalangondo choopsa. Mikango ndi zimbalangondo zambiri zapita, koma kulakalaka chisangalalo sichoncho. Monga tawonera mu chaputala chachinayi, zikhalidwe zambiri za anthu sizikulakalaka kulakalaka ndipo sizichita nawo nkhondo. Zathu, mpaka pano, ndi zomwe zikupitilizabe.

Pamene munthu ali ndi ngozi kapena ngakhale kuyang'ana magazi, mtima wa munthu ndi kupuma kumawonjezeka, magazi amachotsedwa kutali ndi khungu ndi viscera, ophunzira amawongolera, bronchi imalekanitsa, chiwindi chimatulutsa shuga ku minofu, ndipo kuthamanga kwa magazi kumathamanga. Izi zikhoza kukhala zochititsa mantha kapena zokondweretsa, ndipo mosakayikira chikhalidwe cha munthu aliyense chimakhudza momwe zimawonetseredwa. M'zikhalidwe zina zoterezi zimapewa pazovuta zonse. Kwa ife, chodabwitsachi chimapangitsa kuti chidziwitso cha nkhani za usiku chiwonetsetse kuti: "Ngati chitayira magazi, chimatsogolera." Ndipo chosangalatsa kuposa kuchitira umboni kapena kukumana ndi ngozi ndikuphatikizana pamodzi kuti gulu lililimbana nalo.

Sitikukayikira kuti zolakalaka zokhazokha zimayendetsa magulu a nkhondo, koma kamodzi atakhala ndi maganizo a anthu, mau awo amveka bwino ndikuwerengera. Harry Truman analankhula ku Senate pa June 23, 1941:

"Ngati tikuwona kuti Germany ikugonjetsa ife tiyenera kuthandiza Russia, ndipo ngati Russia akugonjetsa ife tiyenera kuthandiza Germany, ndipo mwa njirayi adzawaphe ambiri momwe angathere, ngakhale sindikufuna kuona Hitler kupambana mulimonsemo. "

Chifukwa Hitler analibe makhalidwe abwino.

Gawo: KUZIKHALA DEMOCRACY NDI ZINTHU

Amuna a nkhondo amanena mabodza awo kuti athandizidwe ndi anthu, koma asunge nkhondo zawo kwa zaka zambiri akukumana ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu kwa anthu. Mu 1963 ndi 1964 pamene opanga nkhondo akuyesera kupeza momwe angakulitsire nkhondo ku Vietnam, Sullivan Task Force inafotokoza nkhaniyi; Masewera a nkhondo omwe amachitidwa ndi akuluakulu ogwira ntchito pamodzi ndi otchedwa Sigma Games amachititsa omanga nkhondo kupyolera mu zochitika zowoneka; ndipo bungwe la United States Information Agency linayesa dziko lapansi ndi maganizo awo pokhapokha podziwa kuti dziko likanatsutsana ndi kuchulukana koma Congress idzayenda ndi chirichonse. Komabe,

". . . Mwachidziwitso kopanda pa kufufuza uku kunali phunziro lililonse la maganizo a anthu a ku America; opanga nkhondo sankafuna chidwi ndi maganizo a mtunduwu. "

Komabe, zinapezeka kuti mtunduwo unali ndi chidwi ndi maganizo a anthu opanga nkhondo. Chotsatiracho chinali chisankho cha Pulezidenti Lyndon Johnson, mofanana ndi zomwe Polk ndi Truman anachita posankha, kuti asathamangitse kuti asinthe. Ndipo komabe nkhondoyo inagwedezeka ndipo inapita patsogolo pa lamulo la Purezidenti Nixon.

Truman anali ndi chivomerezo cha 54 pokhapokha atapita ku nkhondo ku Korea ndipo kenako inalowa mu 20s. Lyndon Johnson adachoka ku 74 kupita ku 42 peresenti. Chivomerezo cha George W. Bush chinachokera pa 90 peresenti kufika poyerekeza ndi Truman. Mu chisankho cha 2006, ovota apereka chigonjetso chachikulu kwa a Democrats pamwamba pa Republican, ndipo zofalitsa zonse za m'dzikoli zinanena kuti kutuluka koyambirira kunapeza kuti chiwerengero chimodzi cha ovotera chinali kutsutsa nkhondo ku Iraq. Mademokrasi adagonjetsa Congress ndipo nthawi yomweyo adachulukitsa nkhondoyo. Chisankho chomwecho mu 2008 chinathetsanso kuthetsa nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Kufufuzira kwa mavoti pakati pa chisankho chimodzimodzi kumawoneka kuti sikuwongolera nthawi yomweyo khalidwe la amkhondo. Pogwiritsa ntchito 2010 nkhondo ya Iraq inali itasinthidwa, koma nkhondo ya ku Afghanistan ndi kupha mabomba ku Pakistan kunakula.

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu a ku America akhala akulimbana ndi nkhondo ngati ali ochepa. Ngati akukoka, angakhale otchuka, monga Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, kapena kuti sakondedwa, monga Korea ndi Vietnam, malingana ndi momwe anthu amakhulupirira zifukwa za boma chifukwa chake nkhondo ikufunikira. Nkhondo zambiri, kuphatikizapo 1990 Persian Gulf War, zakhala zikufupikitsidwa mokwanira kotero kuti anthu sanaganizire malingaliro opambana.

Nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq zomwe zinayambira mu 2001 ndi 2003, mosiyana, zinakokera kwa zaka zingapo popanda chidziwitso chokha. Anthu amatsutsana ndi nkhondo izi, koma osankhidwawo adawoneka kuti sakusamala. Pulezidenti onse George W. Bush ndi Congress adagonjetsa nthawi zonse pulezidenti ndi maumboni ovomerezeka. Pulezidenti wa Barack Obama wa 2008 adagwiritsa ntchito mutu wakuti "Sintha," monga momwe adakhalira pa msonkhano wa 2008 ndi 2010. Kusintha kwenikweni kwenikweni, komabe, kunali kosayenera.

Akaganiza kuti zigwira ntchito, ngakhale kwakanthawi, opanga nkhondo amangonamizira anthu kuti nkhondo sikuchitika konse. United States imagwira mayiko ena ndikuthandizira pankhondo zawo. Ndalama zathu, zida zathu, komanso / kapena asitikali athu akhala akuchita nawo nkhondo m'malo ngati Indonesia, Angola, Cambodia, Nicaragua, ndi El Salvador, pomwe azidindo athu sanena chilichonse kapena sananene chilichonse. Zolemba zomwe zidatulutsidwa mu 2000 zidawulula kuti anthu aku America sakudziwa, United States idayamba kuphulitsa bomba lalikulu ku Cambodia mu 1965, osati 1970, ndikuponya matani 2.76 miliyoni pakati pa 1965 ndi 1973, ndikuthandizira kuwuka kwa Khmer Rouge. Pulezidenti Reagan atalimbikitsa nkhondo ku Nicaragua, ngakhale Congress idaletsa izi, zidachitika mu 1986 zomwe zidatchedwa "Iran-Contra," chifukwa Reagan anali kugulitsa zida mosaloledwa ku Iran kuti apereke ndalama zankhondo yaku Nicaragua. Anthu anali okhululuka, ndipo a Congress ndi atolankhani anali okhululuka kwambiri, pamilandu yomwe idawululidwa.

Gawo: ZOCHITIKA ZAMBIRI

Ambuye a nkhondo amaopa, koposa zonse, zinthu ziwiri: kuwonetseredwa ndi mtendere. Samafuna kuti anthu adziwe zomwe akuchita kapena chifukwa chake. Ndipo sakufuna mtendere kuti apeze njira yawo.

Richard Nixon ankakhulupirira kuti "munthu woopsa kwambiri ku America" ​​anali Daniel Ellsberg, munthu yemwe adalembapo mapepala a Pentagon ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi ziwiri za nkhondo zomwe zakhala zikudziwika ndi Eisenhower, Kennedy, ndi Johnson. Pamene Ambassador Joseph Wilson, ku 2003, adalemba ndime mu New York Times debunking zina za nkhondo ya Iraq, Bush Bush House inabwezeretsedwa poonetsa kuti mkazi wake ndi wothandizira, ndikuika moyo wake pachiswe. Mu 2010, Pulezidenti wa Obama wa Dipatimenti Yoona za Ufulu wa Malamulo Obama adalamula Boma la First First Bradley Manning ndi milandu yomwe inali ndi chilango chachikulu cha zaka 52 m'ndende. Manning anaimbidwa mlandu wothamangitsira anthu pulogalamu yokhudza kuphedwa kwa anthu wamba ndi asilikali a ku United States ku Iraq komanso kudziwa momwe nkhondoyi ikuyendera ku Afghanistan.

Zopereka zamtendere zatsutsidwa ndipo zakhala zikudandaula kwambiri chisanayambe kapena panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse, Korea, Afghanistan, Iraq, ndi nkhondo zina zambiri. Ku Vietnam, midzi yamtendere inakonzedwa ndi Vietnamese, Soviet, ndi French, koma anakana ndi kuwonongedwa ndi United States. Chinthu chotsiriza chomwe mukufuna poyesa kuyambitsa kapena kupitiriza nkhondo - ndipo pamene mukuyesera kuchigulitsa ngati kusakayika kwa njira yotsiriza - ndi mawu oti muthe kutuluka kuti mbali ina ikukonzekera mtendere.

Gawo: PHUNZITSANI AMERICAN OKHULUPIRIKA

Ngati mungayambe nkhondo ndikudandaula kuchokera kumbali ina, palibe amene adzamva kulira kwawo kwa mtendere. Koma iwe uyenera kuonetsetsa kuti Achimereka ena afa. Ndiye nkhondo siingayambe yongoyamba koma inapitilizabe mpaka kalekale kotero kuti awo omwe anaphedwa kale sakanamwalira pachabe. Pulezidenti Polk ankadziwa izi pa nkhani ya Mexico. Momwemonso, anthu ochita zachiwawa amene "anakumbukira Maine." Monga mmene Richard Barnet anafotokozera, pa nkhani ya Vietnam:

"Nsembe ya miyoyo ya Amereka ndi sitepe yofunikira pa mwambo wa kudzipereka. Kotero, William P. Bundy anagogomezera polemba mapepala ogwira ntchito kufunika kwa 'kutaya magazi a Amerika' osati kungovulaza anthu kuti athandize nkhondo yomwe ingakhudze maganizo awo mwanjira ina iliyonse, komanso kuti amugwire Mtsogoleri. "

Kodi William P. Bundy anali ndani? Iye anali mu CIA ndipo anakhala mthandizi wa a Purezidenti Kennedy ndi Johnson. Anali mtundu weniweni wa maofesi a boma omwe akugonjera ku Washington, DC Ndipotu iye ankawoneka ngati "nkhunda" ndi miyezo ya anthu omwe ali ndi mphamvu, anthu ngati mchimwene wake McGeorge Bundy, Wopereka Chithandizo cha National Security kwa Kennedy ndi Johnson, kapena bambo wa William Bundy- mlamu wake Dean Acheson, Mlembi wa boma kwa Truman. Omwe akuchita nkhondo amachitanso zomwe akuchita, chifukwa opanga nkhondo okhawo omwe amatsutsa nkhondo ndi omwe amatha kupitiliza ntchito zawo ngati alangizi apamwamba m'maboma athu. Pamene kulimbana ndi nkhondo ndi njira yabwino yothetsera ntchito yanu, palibe yemwe akuwonekapo kuti akudziwa kuti a DC akuyendetsedwa chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri. Malangizo a pulojekiti akhoza kukanidwa, koma nthawizonse amawoneka olemekezeka ndi ofunika.

Munthu amatha kudziwika kuti ndi wofewa osalimbikitsa chilichonse. Zomwe zimafunikira ndikuti funso limodzi lokha lomwe likugwiritsidwa ntchito kutsimikizira mfundo zovuta. Tidaziwona izi zikubwera ku 2003 ku Iraq, popeza abwanamkubwa adadziwa kuti chidziwitso chotsutsa zonena za zida zankhondo zaku Iraq sichinali chovomerezeka ndipo sichikadapititsa patsogolo ntchito zawo. Mofananamo, ogwira ntchito ku State department kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1940 omwe amadziwa chilichonse chokhudza China ndipo adalimbikira kunena kutchuka kwa Mao (osavomereza, kungozindikira) adadziwika kuti ndi osakhulupirika ndipo ntchito zawo zidasokonekera. Opanga nkhondo zimawavuta kunama ngati angakonzekere kunamizidwa.

Gawo: KUKHALA ZOKHUDZA ANTHU

Kusakhulupirika kwa opanga nkhondo kungapezeke pa kusiyana pakati pa zomwe akunena poyera ndi zomwe amachita, kuphatikizapo zomwe akunena poyera. Koma zikuwonekeranso m'mawu omwe amalankhula poyera, omwe apangidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito maganizo.

Institute of Propaganda Analysis, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa kuchokera ku 1937 mpaka 1942, inapeza njira zisanu ndi ziwiri zothandiza kuti anthu onyenga achite zomwe mukufuna kuti achite:

1. Kuitanitsa maina (chitsanzo chingakhale "chigawenga")

2. Zowonjezereka (ngati mukunena kuti mukufalitsa demokarasi ndikufotokozerani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito mabomba, anthu adagwirizana kale ndi inu asanamve za mabomba)

3. Tumizani (ngati muwawuza anthu kuti Mulungu kapena dziko lawo kapena sayansi amavomereza, iwo angafunenso)

4. Umboni (kuika mawu m'kamwa mwa ulamuliro wolemekezeka)

5. Anthu amtundu (aganize amitundu omwe akuwombera nkhuni kapena kuwatcha nyumba yawo ya "ranch")

6. Kusungira khadi (kufalitsa umboni)

7. Bandwagon (aliyense akuchita izo, musasiyidwe kunja)

Pali zambiri. Chofunika kwambiri pakati pawo ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito mantha.

Titha kupita ku nkhondo kapena kufa imfa zoopsya m'manja mwa zinyama zakutchire, koma ndizo kusankha kwako, kwathunthu, osati kupanikizika, kupatula kuti ophedwa athu adzakhala pano sabata yamawa ngati simukufulumira!

Njira yovomerezeka imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi mantha. Akuluakulu a boma ayenera kutumizidwa, osati chifukwa chophweka, komanso chifukwa choti adzakupulumutsani ku ngozi ngati muwamvera, ndipo mukhoza kuyamba kuwamvera mwa kuwakhulupirira. Ganizirani za anthu omwe ali mu mayesero a Milgram omwe akufunitsitsa kuti asokoneze magetsi ku zomwe amakhulupirira kuti ndizofunika kupha ngati munthu wina woweruza amawauza kuti achite zimenezo. Taganizirani za kutchuka kwa George W. Bush kuchoka ku 55 peresenti mpaka ku 90 peresenti idavomereza chifukwa chakuti anali pulezidenti wa dziko pamene ndege zinathawira ku nyumba ku 2001 ndipo iye analola kuti amenyane ndi nkhondo. Meya wa New York City panthawiyo, Rudy Giuliani, adapitiliza kusintha komweko. Bush (ndi Obama) sanaphatikize 9-11 m'nkhani zawo za nkhondo popanda chifukwa.

Iwo amene amapanga magalimoto enieni pambuyo pa nkhondo amadziwa zomwe akunena zabodza komanso chifukwa chake. Anthu a komiti ngati gulu la White House Iraq, omwe ntchito yawo inali kugulitsa nkhondo ku Iraq kwa anthu onse, mosamala kusankha mabodza ogwira mtima kwambiri ndikuwaika pamsewu wawo kudzera m'makutu ndi pakamwa pakamwa ndi ndale. Machiavelli adawuza ozunza kuti ayenera kunama kuti akhale abwino, ndipo angakhale abwino kwambiri akumvera malangizo ake kwa zaka zambiri.

Arthur Bullard, mtolankhani wodalonda yemwe analimbikitsa Woodrow Wilson, kuti agwiritse ntchito kusakhulupirika m'malo mopondereza, ananena kuti

"Chowonadi ndi bodza ndizosavuta. . . . Palibe chidziwitso chotiuza ife kuti nthawi zonse timakonda kwambiri. . . . Pali choonadi chopanda moyo ndi mabodza ofunika. . . . Mphamvu ya lingaliro imakhala ndi mphamvu yake yolimbikitsa. Zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ngati ziri zoona kapena zabodza. "

Lipoti la komiti ya Senate ku 1954 inalangiza kuti,

"Tikukumana ndi mdani wosasunthika yemwe cholinga chake chinali ulamuliro wa dziko ndi njira iliyonse ndi phindu lililonse. Palibe malamulo mu masewera oterewa. Mpaka pano makhalidwe ovomerezeka a umunthu sagwiranso ntchito. "

Pulofesa wafilosofi, Leo Strauss, yemwe amachititsa kuti a Neoconservatives agwirizane ndi PNAC, adatsutsa lingaliro la "bodza lolemekezeka," la kusowa kwa anzeru anzeru kuti abise mabungwe onse kuti apindule nawo. Vuto ndi malingaliro otero ndikuti, pakuchita, pamene tidziwa kuti tanamizidwa kuti sitinangokhala okhumudwa chifukwa cha mabodza kusiyana ndi kuyamikira zabwino zomwe iwo watichitira, timakhumudwitsidwa chifukwa iwo sanatichitire ife ubwino uliwonse.