Ndemanga ku Chicago pazaka 87 za Kellogg-Briand Pact, Ogasiti 27, 2015.
Zikomo kwambiri pondiyitanira pano ndipo zikomo kwa Kathy Kelly pazonse zomwe amachita komanso zikomo kwa a Frank Goetz ndi onse omwe adatenga nawo gawo popanga mpikisano wankhani iyi ndikupitilirabe. Mpikisanowu uli kutali kwambiri ndi chinthu chabwino kwambiri chomwe chatuluka m'buku langa Nkhondo Yowonongeka Yadziko.
Ndinaganiza zopanga Ogasiti 27 kukhala tchuthi kulikonse, ndipo izi sizinachitike, koma zayamba. Mzinda wa St. Paul, Minnesota, wachita zimenezi. Frank Kellogg, yemwe adatchedwa Kellogg-Briand Pact, adachokera kumeneko. Gulu ku Albuquerque likuchita chochitika lero, monganso magulu a m'mizinda ina lero komanso zaka zaposachedwa. Membala wa Congress adazindikira mwambowu mu Congressional Record.
Koma mayankho operekedwa ku nkhani zina kuchokera kwa owerenga osiyanasiyana ndi ophatikizidwa m'kabukuka ndi ofanana, ndipo zolephera zawo siziyenera kusokoneza zolembazo. Pafupifupi aliyense sadziwa kuti pali lamulo pamabuku oletsa nkhondo zonse. Ndipo munthu akadziwa, nthawi zambiri samatenga mphindi zochepa kuti anene kuti mfundoyo ndi yopanda tanthauzo. Werengani mayankho ankhanizo. Palibe m'modzi mwa omwe adayankha omwe adakana adalingalira zolembazo mosamala kapena kuwerenga zina zowonjezera; mwachiwonekere palibe aliyense wa iwo amene anawerenga mawu a bukhu langa.
Chowiringula chilichonse chakale chimagwira ntchito yochotsa Kellogg-Briand Pact. Ngakhale kuphatikiza zifukwa zotsutsana zimagwira ntchito bwino. Koma zina mwa izo zimapezeka mosavuta. Chofala kwambiri nchakuti kuletsa nkhondo sikunagwire ntchito chifukwa pakhala nkhondo zambiri kuyambira 1928. Ndipo chotero, molingaliridwa, pangano loletsa nkhondo ndilo lingaliro loipa, loipa kwenikweni kuposa kalikonse; Lingaliro loyenera lomwe limayenera kuyesedwa ndi zokambirana zaukazembe kapena kuchotsera zida kapena ... sankhani njira yanu.
Kodi mungaganizire wina akudziwa kuti kuzunzidwa kwapitilira kuyambira pomwe malamulo ambiri oletsa kuzunzidwa adakhazikitsidwa, ndikulengeza kuti lamulo loletsa kuzunzidwa liyenera kutayidwa ndipo china chake chigwiritsidwe ntchito m'malo mwake, mwina makamera amthupi kapena maphunziro oyenera kapena chilichonse? Kodi mungaganizire zimenezo? Kodi mungalingalire wina, aliyense, akuzindikira kuti kuyendetsa galimoto ataledzera kwatha kwanthaŵi yaitali ndi kulengeza kuti lamulo linalephera ndipo liyenera kuthetsedwa mokomera kuyesa malonda a pawailesi yakanema kapena makiyi opumira kuti apezeke kapena chirichonse? Wamisala, sichoncho? Nanga n’cifukwa ciani sikuli misala kucotsa lamulo loletsa nkhondo?
Izi sizili ngati kuletsa mowa kapena mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachititsa kuti kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwawo kupite mobisa ndikufutukuka kumeneko ndi zina zowonjezera zoipa. Nkhondo ndizovuta kwambiri kuchita mwachinsinsi. Kuyesa kumapangidwa kuti abise mbali zosiyanasiyana zankhondo, kutsimikiza, ndipo zinali choncho nthawi zonse, koma nkhondo nthawi zonse imakhala yapagulu, ndipo anthu aku US amadzazidwa ndi kukwezedwa kwawo. Yesani kupeza malo owonetsera makanema aku US omwe ali osati panopa akuwonetsa mafilimu aliwonse olemekeza nkhondo.
Lamulo loletsa nkhondo silinali locheperapo kapena locheperapo kuposa momwe lidapangidwira, gawo la ndondomeko zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa nkhondo. Pangano la Kellogg-Briand silikupikisana ndi zokambirana zaukazembe. Palibe zomveka kunena kuti "Ndikutsutsana ndi kuletsa nkhondo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zokambirana m'malo mwake." Pangano la Mtendere palokha limalamula kuti pacific, kutanthauza, akazembe, njira zothetsera kusamvana kulikonse. Panganoli silikutsutsa kutsitsa zida koma cholinga chake ndikuwongolera.
Milandu yankhondo kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ku Germany ndi Japan inali chilungamo cha opambana a mbali imodzi, koma inali milandu yoyamba yamilandu yomwe idachitikapo ndipo idakhazikitsidwa ndi Pangano la Kellogg-Briand. Chiyambireni nthaŵiyo, maiko okhala ndi zida zowopsa sanamenyanenso wina ndi mnzake, akumamenya nkhondo kokha ndi mayiko osauka amene sanaonedwe kukhala oyenera kuchitiridwa zinthu mwachilungamo ngakhale ndi maboma achinyengo amene anasaina panganolo zaka 87 zapitazo. Kulephera kwa Nkhondo Yachitatu Yadziko Lonse kuti ifike komabe sikungathe, kungakhale chifukwa cha kupangidwa kwa mabomba a nyukiliya, ndi / kapena kungakhale nkhani yamwayi. Koma ngati palibe amene adayendetsa galimoto ataledzeranso pambuyo pa kumangidwa koyamba chifukwa cha mlanduwo, kutaya lamulo ngati loipa kuposa lopanda phindu kungawonekere kwachilendo kuposa kulitaya pamene misewu ili yodzaza ndi zidakwa.
Nangano nchifukwa ninji anthu amakana mwachidwi Pangano la Mtendere nthawi yomweyo ataphunzira za izo? Ndinkakonda kuganiza kuti ili ndi funso la ulesi komanso kuvomereza ma memes oyipa omwe amafalitsidwa kwambiri. Tsopano ndikuganiza kuti ndi nkhani yokhulupirira kusapeŵeka, kufunikira, kapena phindu la nkhondo. Ndipo nthawi zambiri ndikuganiza kuti ikhoza kukhala nkhani yodzipangira ndalama pankhondo, kapena kukayikira kuganiza kuti ntchito yayikulu yadera lathu ikhoza kukhala yoyipa kwambiri komanso yosaloledwa. Ndikuganiza kuti zingakhale zosokoneza kwa anthu ena kulingalira lingaliro lakuti ntchito yaikulu ya boma la US, kutenga 54% ya federal discretionary spending, ndi kulamulira zosangalatsa zathu ndi kudziwonetsera tokha, ndi ntchito yachigawenga.
Tawonani momwe anthu amayendera limodzi ndi Congress yomwe akuti ikuletsa kuzunzidwa kwazaka zingapo ngakhale idaletsedwa kotheratu kuzunza komwe kudayamba pansi pa George W. Bush, ndipo ziletso zatsopanozi zimafuna kuti zitsegule mipata yozunza, monganso UN. Charter amachita zankhondo. The Washington Post adatuluka nati, monga momwe mnzake wakale Richard Nixon akadanenera, kuti chifukwa Bush adazunza ziyenera kuti zinali zovomerezeka. Ichi ndi chizolowezi chofala komanso chotonthoza chamalingaliro. Chifukwa chakuti United States imamenya nkhondo, nkhondo iyenera kukhala yovomerezeka.
Panali nthaŵi zina m’mbuyomo m’madera ena a dziko lino pamene kuganiza kuti Amwenye Achimereka ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi malo, kapena kuti anthu okhala muukapolo anali ndi ufulu womasuka, kapena kuti akazi anali anthu monga amuna, anali maganizo osayenera. Ngati atapanikizidwa, anthu amataya malingaliro amenewo ndi chifukwa chilichonse chomwe angabwere. Tikukhala m’chitaganya chimene chimaika ndalama zambiri pankhondo kuposa china chirichonse ndipo chimatero mwachizoloŵezi. Mlandu womwe unabweretsedwa ndi mkazi wa ku Iraq tsopano ukupezedwa mu 9th Circuit kufunafuna kuti akuluakulu a US ali ndi udindo pansi pa malamulo a Nuremberg pa nkhondo ya Iraq yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 2003. Mwalamulo mlanduwu ndi wopambana. Pachikhalidwe ndi zosatheka. Tangolingalirani chitsanzo chimene chikaperekedwa kwa mamiliyoni a ozunzidwa m’maiko ambiri! Popanda kusintha kwakukulu pachikhalidwe chathu, mlanduwu sukhala ndi mwayi. Kusintha kofunikira mu chikhalidwe chathu sikusintha kwalamulo, koma chisankho chotsatira malamulo omwe alipo omwe ali, mu chikhalidwe chathu chamakono, kwenikweni osakhulupirira ndi osadziwika, ngakhale olembedwa momveka bwino komanso momveka bwino komanso opezeka poyera ndi ovomerezeka.
Japan ili ndi mkhalidwe wofananawo. Prime Minister adatanthauziranso mawuwa kutengera Pangano la Kellogg-Briand ndipo lopezeka mu Constitution ya Japan: "Anthu aku Japan amakana nkhondo ngati ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso kuwopseza kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ngati njira yothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse lapansi ... [ L]ndi, magulu ankhondo a m'nyanja, ndi ndege, komanso mphamvu zina zankhondo, sizidzasungidwa. Ufulu wankhondo wa boma sudzazindikirika. " Prime Minister adatanthauziranso mawuwa kutanthauza kuti "Japan ipitilizabe zankhondo ndikumenya nkhondo kulikonse padziko lapansi." Dziko la Japan silifunikira kukonza Constitution yake koma kutsatira chilankhulo chake chomveka bwino - monga momwe dziko la United States lingasiye kupereka ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa mabungwe pongowerenga mawu oti "anthu" mu Constitution ya US kutanthauza "anthu."
Sindikuganiza kuti ndingalole kuti kuchotsedwa kwa Kellogg-Briand Pact kukhala kopanda phindu ndi anthu omwe mphindi zisanu m'mbuyomu samadziwa kuti kulipo kumandidetsa nkhawa kuti anali anthu ambiri osamwalira pankhondo kapena ndidalemba tweet m'malo mwa buku. Ndikadangolemba pa Twitter mu zilembo za 140 kapena kuchepera kuti pangano loletsa nkhondo ndi lamulo ladziko, ndingatsutse bwanji munthu wina atawachotsa pamaziko a factoid yomwe adatenga, monga Monsieur Briand, kwa omwe panganolo limatchulidwa limodzi ndi Kellogg, adafuna pangano lomwe lingakakamize US kulowa nawo kunkhondo zaku France? Zoonadi ndizowona, chifukwa chake ntchito ya otsutsa kuti anyengerere Kellogg kukakamiza Briand kuti awonjezere mgwirizanowu ku mayiko onse, kuthetsa bwino ntchito yake monga kudzipereka kwa France makamaka, chinali chitsanzo cha luso ndi kudzipereka koyenera kulemba buku. m'malo mwa tweet.
Ndinalemba bukhulo Nkhondo Yowonongeka Yadziko osati kungoteteza kufunikira kwa Pangano la Kellogg-Briand, koma makamaka kukondwerera kayendetsedwe kameneka kamene kanayambitsa ndikutsitsimutsa kayendetsedwe kameneka, komwe kankamvetsetsa kuti panthawiyo kunali, komanso komwe kudakalipobe. Ili linali gulu lomwe linkawona kuti kutha kwa nkhondo ndi njira yomangira kuthetsa mikangano yamagazi ndi kumenyana ndi ukapolo ndi kuzunzidwa ndi kuphedwa. Zikadafunika kuchotsera zida, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso koposa zonse kukulitsa zikhalidwe zatsopano. Kumapeto amenewo, cholinga choletsa nkhondo ngati chinthu choletsedwa komanso chosafunikira, pomwe gulu la Outlawry lidafuna kuletsa nkhondo.
Nkhani yayikulu kwambiri ya 1928, yokulirapo panthawiyo kuposa kuthawa kwa Charles Lindbergh mu 1927 komwe kunathandizira kuti apambane m'njira yosagwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zachifasisti za Lindbergh, inali kusaina Pangano la Mtendere ku Paris pa Ogasiti 27. Kodi panali wina amene anali wosadziŵa kukhulupirira kuti ntchito yothetsa nkhondo yatsala pang'ono kupambana? Iwo sakanatero bwanji? Anthu ena sadziwa chilichonse chomwe chimachitika. Mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri aku America amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo yatsopano iliyonse idzakhala yomwe imabweretsa mtendere, kapena kuti Donald Trump ali ndi mayankho onse, kapena kuti Trans-Pacific Partnership idzatibweretsera ufulu ndi chitukuko. Michele Bachmann akuchirikiza mgwirizano wa Iran chifukwa akuti athetsa dziko ndikubwezeretsa Yesu. (Icho palibe chifukwa, mwa njira, kuti tisagwirizane ndi mgwirizano wa Iran.) Popanda kuganiza mozama kumeneku kumaphunzitsidwa ndi kupangidwa, ndipo ngati mbiriyo imaphunzitsidwa ndi kumvetsetsedwa, gawo lalikulu la naiveté liyenera kugwira ntchito. mu, koma naiveté nthawi zonse amapezeka muzochitika zilizonse, monga momwe zimakhalira kukhumudwa. Mose kapena ena mwa anthu amene ankamuyang’anira ayenera kuti ankaganiza kuti athetsa kupha munthu ndi lamulo, ndipo ndi zaka zingati pambuyo pake pamene dziko la United States linayamba kuganiza kuti apolisi sayenera kupha anthu akuda? Ndipo komabe palibe amene amalimbikitsa kutulutsa malamulo oletsa kupha.
Ndipo anthu omwe adapanga Kellogg-Briand, omwe sanatchulidwe dzina la Kellogg kapena Briand, anali kutali ndi chidziwitso. Iwo ankayembekezera kulimbana kwa mibadwo yonse ndipo akanadabwitsidwa, odabwa, ndi kusweka mtima chifukwa cha kulephera kwathu kupitiriza kulimbanako ndi kukana kwathu ntchito yawo chifukwa chakuti sinapambanebe.
Palinso, mwa njira, kukana kwatsopano komanso kobisika kwa ntchito yamtendere yomwe imayambitsa mayankho ku zolemba komanso zochitika zambiri monga izi masiku ano, ndipo ndikuopa kuti ikukula mofulumira. Ichi ndi chodabwitsa chomwe ndimachitcha Pinkerism, kukana mtendere wamtendere chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro chakuti nkhondo ikupita yokha. Pali mavuto awiri ndi lingaliro ili. Chimodzi n’chakuti ngati nkhondo ikutha, zimenezo zikanathekadi chifukwa cha ntchito ya anthu oitsutsa ndi kuyesetsa kuiloŵetsa m’malo ndi mabungwe amtendere. Chachiwiri, nkhondo sizikutha. Akatswiri amaphunziro aku US amapanga mlandu woti nkhondo ikutha chifukwa cha chinyengo. Amatanthauziranso nkhondo zaku US ngati zina osati nkhondo. Amayesa kuvulala ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse, motero amapeŵa chenicheni chakuti nkhondo zaposachedwapa zakhala zoipitsitsa kwa anthu oloŵetsedwamo mofanana ndi nkhondo zilizonse za m’mbuyomo. Amasamutsa mutuwo ku kuchepa kwa mitundu ina ya ziwawa.
Kuchepa kwa mitundu ina ya ziwawa, kuphatikiza chilango cha imfa m'maiko aku US, kuyenera kukondweretsedwa ndikuwonedwa ngati zitsanzo za zomwe zingachitike pankhondo. Koma sichinachitikebe ndi nkhondo, ndipo nkhondo sizichita yokha popanda kuyesayesa kwakukulu ndi kudzipereka kwathu ndi anthu ena ambiri.
Ndine wokondwa kuti anthu a ku St. Paul akukumbukira a Frank Kellogg, koma nkhani yolimbikitsa mtendere kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1920 ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha ziwonetsero chifukwa Kellogg ankatsutsana ndi lingaliro lonse kwa nthawi yochepa asanaligwiritse ntchito mwakhama. Adabweretsedwa ndi kampeni yapagulu yomwe idayambitsidwa ndi loya waku Chicago komanso womenyera ufulu wawo dzina lake Salmon Oliver Levinson, yemwe manda ake amakhala osazindikirika kumanda a Oak Woods, ndipo omwe mapepala ake 100,000 amakhala osawerengedwa ku University of Chicago.
Ndidatumiza op-ed pa Levinson ku Tribune amene anakana kusindikiza, monga anachitira Sun. The Daily Herald anamaliza kulisindikiza. The Tribune adapeza malo masabata angapo apitawo kuti asindikize gawo lolakalaka kuti mphepo yamkuntho ngati Katrina ikagwere ku Chicago, zomwe zidayambitsa chipwirikiti komanso chiwonongeko chololeza kuwononga mwachangu masukulu aboma ku Chicago. Njira yosavuta yowonongera dongosolo la sukulu ingakhale kukakamiza ophunzira onse kuwerenga Chicago Tribune.
Izi ndi zina mwa zomwe ndidalemba: SO Levinson anali loya yemwe amakhulupirira kuti makhothi amayendetsa mikangano ya anthu ena kuposa momwe adachitira asanaletsedwe. Ankafuna kuletsa nkhondo ngati njira yothetsera mikangano yapadziko lonse. Mpaka 1928, kuyambitsa nkhondo kunali kovomerezeka nthawi zonse. Levinson ankafuna kuletsa nkhondo zonse. Iye analemba kuti: “Tiyerekeze kuti panthaŵiyo analangizidwa kuti ‘kumenyana koopsa’ kokha kuyenera kuletsedwa komanso kuti ‘kulimbana kodziteteza’ kulekeke.
Ndiyenera kuwonjezera kuti fanizolo likhoza kukhala lopanda ungwiro m'njira yofunikira. Maboma a mayiko analetsa kumenyana ndipo anapereka zilango chifukwa cha zimenezi. Palibe boma lapadziko lonse lapansi lomwe limalanga mayiko omwe akuchita nkhondo. Koma kumenyana sikunathe mpaka chikhalidwe chinachikana. Lamulo silinali lokwanira. Ndipo gawo lina la kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cholimbana ndi nkhondo liyenera kuphatikizapo kulengedwa ndi kukonzanso mabungwe apadziko lonse omwe amapereka mtendere ndi kulanga anthu oyambitsa nkhondo, monga momwe mabungwe oterowo amalanga kale kupanga nkhondo ndi mayiko osauka omwe akutsutsana ndi ndondomeko ya Kumadzulo.
Levinson ndi kayendetsedwe ka Olamulira omwe anawasonkhanitsa, kuphatikizapo Chicagoan, dzina lake Jane Addams, ankakhulupirira kuti kupanga nkhanza kungayambitse kusokoneza malamulowa. Anayesetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo apadziko lonse komanso njira zothetsera mikangano. Kuthetsa nkhondo inali njira yoyamba yothetsera vutoli.
Gulu la Outlawry lidayambitsidwa ndi nkhani ya Levinson yomwe imalimbikitsa New Republic pa March 7, 1918, ndipo anatenga zaka khumi kuti akwaniritse Pangano la Kellogg-Briand. Ntchito yothetsa nkhondo ikupitilira, ndipo Pact ndi chida chomwe chingathandizebe. Panganoli limapereka mayiko kuti athetse mikangano yawo mwamtendere okha. Webusaiti ya US State Department yalemba kuti ikugwirabe ntchito, monga momwe dipatimenti ya Defense Law of War Manual idasindikizidwa mu June 2015.
Chisangalalo chokonzekera ndi kuchita ziwonetsero zomwe zidapanga mgwirizano wamtendere zinali zazikulu. Ndipezereni bungwe lomwe lakhalapo kuyambira m'ma 1920s ndipo ndikupezerani bungwe lothandizira kuthetsa nkhondo. Izi zikuphatikiza American Legion, National League of Women Voters, ndi National Association of Parents and Teachers. Pofika m'chaka cha 1928 chifuno choletsa nkhondo chinali chosakanizidwa, ndipo Kellogg yemwe anali atangonyoza ndi kutemberera omenyera mtendere, anayamba kutsatira kutsogolera kwawo ndikuuza mkazi wake kuti akhoza kulandira Mphotho Yamtendere ya Nobel.
Pa Ogasiti 27, 1928, ku Paris, mbendera zaku Germany ndi Soviet Union zidayamba kuwuluka ndi ena ambiri, pomwe zidachitika zomwe zimafotokozedwa munyimbo "Usiku Wathawu Ndinalota Maloto Odabwitsa Kwambiri." Mapepala omwe amunawa adasaina adanenadi kuti sadzamenyananso. A Outlawrists adalimbikitsa Nyumba Yamalamulo yaku US kuti ivomereze mgwirizanowu popanda kukayika kulikonse.
Tchata cha UN chinavomerezedwa pa October 24, 1945, kotero kuti chaka chake cha 70 chikuyandikira. Kuthekera kwake sikunakwaniritsidwebe. Wagwiritsidwa ntchito kupititsa patsogolo ndi kulepheretsa zoyambitsa mtendere. Tikufunika kudziperekanso ku cholinga chake chopulumutsa mibadwo yotsatira ku mliri wankhondo. Koma tiyenera kumveketsa bwino kuti Charter ya UN ndi yofooka bwanji kuposa Pangano la Kellogg-Briand.
Pomwe Pangano la Kellogg-Briand limaletsa nkhondo zonse, Charter ya UN imatsegula mwayi wankhondo yovomerezeka. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo zambiri sizimakwaniritsa ziyeneretso zochepetsetsa zodzitchinjiriza kapena zololedwa ndi UN, nkhondo zambiri zimagulitsidwa ngati zikukwaniritsa ziyeneretsozo, ndipo anthu ambiri amapusitsidwa. Pambuyo pa zaka 70, kodi si nthawi yoti bungwe la United Nations lisiye kuvomereza nkhondo ndi kufotokoza momveka bwino padziko lonse kuti kuukira mayiko akutali sikuteteza?
Tchata cha UN chikugwirizana ndi Pangano la Kellogg-Briand ndi mawu awa: “Mamembala onse adzathetsa mikangano yawo yapadziko lonse mwamtendere m’njira yakuti mtendere ndi chisungiko chamitundu yonse, ndi chilungamo, zisakhale pangozi. Koma Charter imapanganso njira zomenyera nkhondo, ndipo tikuyenera kuganiza kuti chifukwa Charter imavomereza kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kuti apewe nkhondo ndikwabwino kuposa kuletsa nkhondo yonse, ndiyowopsa, ndiyotheka, yatero - m'mawu owulula - mano. Mfundo yakuti Charter ya UN yakhala ikulephera kuthetsa nkhondo kwa zaka 70 sichikugwiridwa ngati zifukwa zokanira Charter ya UN. M'malo mwake, ntchito ya UN yolimbana ndi nkhondo zoipa ndi nkhondo zabwino ikuganiziridwa ngati ntchito yosatha yomwe anthu opanda nzeru okha angaganize kuti idzatha tsiku lina. Malingana ngati udzu ukukula kapena madzi akuyenda, malinga ngati ndondomeko yamtendere ya Israeli ya Palestine ikuchita misonkhano, malinga ngati Mgwirizano Wopanda Kufalikira ukukankhidwa pamaso pa mayiko omwe si a nyukiliya ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya zokhazikika zomwe zimaphwanya, United Nations. ipitiliza kuvomereza kutetezedwa kwa anthu aku Libya kapena ena mwa omenya nkhondo otsogola padziko lonse lapansi omwe adzapitilize kulenga gehena padziko lapansi ku Libya kapena kwina kulikonse. Umu ndi momwe anthu amaganizira za United Nations.
Pali zopindika ziwiri zaposachedwa pa tsoka lomwe likuchitikali, ndikuganiza. Limodzi ndi tsoka lomwe likubwera la kusintha kwa nyengo lomwe limayika malire a nthawi omwe mwina tidadutsa kale koma zomwe sizitenga nthawi yayitali pakuwononga chuma chathu pankhondo komanso kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe. Kuthetsa nkhondo kuyenera kukhala ndi tsiku lomaliza ndipo kuyenera kukhala posachedwa, kapena nkhondo ndi dziko lapansi lomwe timamenyerapo zidzatithetsa. Sitingathe kulowa m'mavuto obwera chifukwa cha nyengo yomwe tikulowera ndi nkhondo pashelefu ngati njira yotheka. Sitidzapulumuka konse.
Chachiwiri ndi chakuti lingaliro la United Nations monga woyambitsa nkhondo yokhazikika kuti athetse nkhondo yonse yatambasulidwa kupitirira chizolowezi ndi kusinthika kwa chiphunzitso cha "udindo woteteza" ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo yotchedwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse. pa zauchigawenga komanso ntchito yankhondo za drone ndi Purezidenti Obama.
Bungwe la United Nations, lomwe linapangidwa kuti liteteze dziko ku nkhondo, tsopano limalingaliridwa kuti lili ndi udindo womenya nkhondo ponamizira kuti kuchita zimenezi kumateteza munthu ku zinthu zoipa. Maboma, kapena boma la US, tsopano atha kumenya nkhondo polengeza kuti akuteteza wina kapena (ndipo maboma ambiri achita izi) polengeza kuti gulu lomwe akuukira ndi lachigawenga. Lipoti la UN lokhudza nkhondo za drone likunena kuti ndege za drone zikupangitsa nkhondo kukhala yachizolowezi.
Tiyenera kulankhula za zomwe zimatchedwa "milandu yankhondo" ngati mtundu wina, ngakhale mtundu woyipa kwambiri, waupandu. Koma amaganiziridwa kuti ndi mbali zing’onozing’ono zankhondo, osati upandu wa nkhondo yeniyeniyo. Awa ndi malingaliro a pre-Kellogg-Briand. Nkhondo yokha imawoneka ngati yovomerezeka mwalamulo, koma nkhanza zina zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapanga nkhondoyi zimamveka ngati zosaloledwa. M’chenicheni, kuvomerezedwa kwa nkhondo kuli kotero kuti upandu woipitsitsa ukhoza kuvomerezedwa mwa kulengeza kukhala mbali ya nkhondo. Tawonapo aphunzitsi omasuka akuchitira umboni pamaso pa Congress kuti kupha drone ndi kupha ngati sikuli gawo lankhondo ndipo zili bwino ngati ndi gawo lankhondo, ndikutsimikiza ngati ndi gawo lankhondo lomwe likusiyidwa kwa purezidenti akulamula. zakupha. Kuchepa kwapayekha komanso kwamunthu payekha kupha anthu omwe amaphedwa ndi ma drone kuyenera kutithandiza kuzindikira kuphana kwankhondo zonse ngati kupha anthu ambiri, osalola kupha anthu mwakuphatikizira nkhondo. Kuti muwone komwe izi zikutsogolera, musayang'anenso kuposa apolisi ankhondo m'misewu ya United States omwe amatha kukuphani kuposa ISIS.
Ndawonapo munthu wochita zachipongwe akuwonetsa kukwiya kuti woweruza anganene kuti United States ili pankhondo ku Afghanistan. Kuchita izi mwachiwonekere kulola United States kusunga Afghans otsekeredwa ku Guantanamo. Ndipo, ndithudi, ndizolakwika pa nthano ya Barack Obama yothetsa nkhondo. Koma asitikali aku US ali ku Afghanistan kupha anthu. Kodi tingafune kuti woweruza anene kuti panthawiyi US sinkhondo ku Afghanistan chifukwa Purezidenti akuti nkhondo yatha? Kodi tikufuna kuti wina yemwe akuchita nkhondo akhale ndi mphamvu zovomerezeka kuti agawanenso nkhondo ngati Kuphedwa Kwadzidzidzi Wakunyanja kapena chilichonse chomwe chimatchedwa? Dziko la United States lili pankhondo, koma nkhondoyo si yovomerezeka. Pokhala wosaloledwa, sichingavomereze milandu yowonjezereka ya kuba, kumangidwa popanda mlandu, kapena kuzunza. Zikadakhala zovomerezeka sizingavomerezenso zinthuzo, koma ndizosaloledwa, ndipo tachepetsedwa mpaka kufuna kunamizira kuti sizikuchitika kuti titha kuchitira zomwe zimatchedwa "milandu yankhondo" ngati milandu. popanda kutsutsana ndi chishango chalamulo chomwe chimapangidwa chifukwa chokhala nawo gawo la ntchito yopha anthu ambiri.
Chomwe tikufunikira kuti titsitsimuke kuyambira m'ma 1920 ndi gulu lolimbana ndi kupha anthu ambiri. Kusaloledwa kwa cholakwacho ndi gawo lalikulu la kayendetsedwe kake. Koma chiwerewere chake ndi chimodzimodzi. Kufuna kutenga nawo mbali kofanana pakupha anthu ambiri kwa anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha sikuphonya mfundoyi. Kuumirira zankhondo pomwe asitikali achikazi sagwiriridwa kumaphonya. Kuletsa mapangano ena a zida zachinyengo kumaphonya. Tiyenera kuumirira kutha kwa kupha anthu ambiri. Ngati zokambirana zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Iran bwanji osagwiritsa ntchito mayiko ena onse?
M'malo mwake nkhondo tsopano ndi chitetezo ku zoyipa zonse zazing'ono, chiphunzitso chokhazikika chokhazikika. Pa September 11, 2001, ndinali kuyesetsa kuyesera kubwezeretsa mtengo wa malipiro ochepa ndipo nthawi yomweyo ndinauzidwa kuti palibe chabwino chomwe chingachitike chifukwa inali nthawi ya nkhondo. CIA itatsata woyimbira mluzu Jeffrey Sterling poganiza kuti ndi amene adawulula kuti CIA idapereka mapulani a bomba la nyukiliya ku Iran, adapempha mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kuti awathandize. Anali waku America waku America yemwe adadzudzula CIA chifukwa cha tsankho ndipo tsopano amakhulupirira kuti akuyenera kubwezera. Palibe gulu lililonse lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe lomwe lingayandikire. Magulu a ufulu wachibadwidwe omwe amalimbana ndi zolakwa zina zazing'ono zankhondo sadzatsutsa nkhondo yokha, drone kapena ayi. Mabungwe achilengedwe omwe amadziwa kuti usilikali ndiye wodetsa wathu wamkulu, sanganene za kukhalapo kwake. Munthu wina wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wa Socialist sanganene kuti nkhondo ndi zolakwika, m'malo mwake akuganiza kuti demokalase yabwino ku Saudi Arabia itsogolere pomenya nkhondo.
Buku latsopano la Pentagon la Law of War Manual lomwe limalowa m'malo mwa 1956, likuvomereza m'munsimu kuti Kellogg-Briand Pact ndi lamulo la dziko, koma akupitiriza kunena kuti ndi zovomerezeka pa nkhondo, poyang'ana anthu wamba kapena atolankhani, pogwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya ndi napalm. ndi mankhwala ophera udzu ndi kutha kwa mabomba a uranium ndi masango ndi zipolopolo zophulika, komanso kupha anthu oyendetsa ndege. Pulofesa wina wa kufupi ndi kuno, Francis Boyle, ananena kuti chikalatacho chikanalembedwa ndi chipani cha Nazi.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff's New National Military Strategy ndiyofunikanso kuwerenga. Zimapereka ngati kulungamitsidwa kwake kwa zankhondo kumakhala maiko anayi, kuyambira ndi Russia, yomwe imadzudzula "kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kuti akwaniritse zolinga zake," zomwe Pentagon singachite! Kenako zikunama kuti Iran "ikutsata" nukes. Kenako akuti ma nukes aku North Korea tsiku lina "adzawopseza dziko la US". Pomaliza, akuti China "ikuwonjezera mavuto kudera la Asia-Pacific." Chikalatacho chikuvomereza kuti palibe mayiko anayi omwe akufuna nkhondo ndi United States. “Ngakhale zili choncho,” ikutero, “aliyense ali ndi nkhaŵa yaikulu ya chisungiko.”
Ndipo nkhawa zazikulu zachitetezo, monga momwe tonse tikudziwira, ndizoyipa kwambiri kuposa nkhondo, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito $ 1 thililiyoni pachaka pankhondo ndi mtengo wocheperako wolipirira kuthana ndi nkhawazo. Zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo izi zikanawoneka ngati misala. Mwamwayi, tili ndi njira zobwezeretsera malingaliro azaka zapitazo, chifukwa nthawi zambiri munthu amene akudwala misala sakhala ndi njira yolowera m'malingaliro a munthu wina yemwe akuwona misala yake kunja. Ife tiri nazo izo. Titha kubwereranso ku nthawi yomwe inkaganiza kutha kwa nkhondo ndiyeno kupitiriza ntchitoyo ndi cholinga chomaliza.
