Wolemba Gar Smith / Anthu Ambiri Akulimbana Nkhondo
Pa buku la Tsiku la Chikumbutso losaina ku Diesel Books, David Swanson, woyambitsa wa World Beyond War komanso mlembi wa "War Is a Lie" adati akuyembekeza kuti buku lake lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati buku la momwe angathandizire nzika "kuwona ndi kutulutsa mabodza msanga." Ngakhale kuti mawu achipongwe akumveka m'maholo amalikulu ambiri, mtendere wamtendere ukukula kwambiri. "Papa Francis adanenanso kuti 'kulibe nkhondo yolungama' ndipo ndine ndani kuti nditsutsane ndi Papa?"
Zapadera kwa Okonda Zachilengedwe Kulimbana ndi Nkhondo
BERKELEY, Calif. (June 11, 2016) - Patsiku la Chikumbutso losaina buku la Diesel Books pa May 29, wolimbikitsa mtendere Cindy Sheehan adawongolera Q & A ndi David Swanson, yemwe anayambitsa World Beyond War ndi mlembi wa War Is a Lie (tsopano m'kope lake lachiwiri). Swanson adati akuyembekeza kuti buku lake ligwiritsidwa ntchito ngati buku la momwe angathandizire nzika "kuwona ndi kutulutsa mabodza msanga."
Ngakhale kuti mawu a bellicose akumveka m'maholo amalikulu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kudana ndi nkhondo kukuchulukirachulukira. "Papa Francis adanenanso kuti 'kulibe nkhondo yolungama' ndipo ndine ndani kuti nditsutsane ndi Papa?" Swanson adaseka.
Ndi kugwadira okonda masewera akomweko, Swanson adawonjezera kuti: "Ankhondo okhawo omwe ndimathandizira ndi a Golden State Warriors. Ndikungofuna kuwapangitsa kusintha dzina lawo kukhala lamtendere. ”
Chikhalidwe Chaku America Ndi Chikhalidwe Chankhondo
"Nkhondo iliyonse ndi nkhondo yachifumu," Swanson adauza nyumba yodzaza anthu. “Nkhondo Yadziko II sinathe. Mabomba okwiriridwa akuwululidwabe ku Europe konse. Nthaŵi zina amaphulika, kuchititsanso anthu ena ovulala patatha zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa nkhondo imene anatumizidwako. Ndipo US ikadali ndi asitikali achitetezo mumsewu wakale wa European Theatre.
"Nkhondo zatsala pang'ono kulamulira dziko lonse lapansi," Swanson adapitiliza. “Ndicho chifukwa chake nkhondo siinathe ndi kugwa kwa Soviet Union ndi kutha kwa Cold War. Kunali kofunikira kupeza chiwopsezo chatsopano kuti tipititse patsogolo ulamuliro waulamuliro wa US.”
Ndipo ngakhale tilibenso Selective Service System yogwira, Swanson idavomereza, tikadali ndi Internal Revenue Service - cholowa china chankhondo chachiwiri chapadziko lonse.
M'nkhondo zam'mbuyomu, Swanson adalongosola, misonkho yankhondo idalipidwa ndi anthu olemera kwambiri aku America (zomwe zinali zachilungamo, chifukwa ndi gulu lolemera la mafakitale lomwe lidapindula ndi kuyambika kwa nkhondo). Pamene msonkho watsopano wankhondo pamalipiro a ogwira ntchito aku America unayambika kuti uthandizire nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse lapansi, udalengezedwa ngati chenjezo lanthawi yochepa pamalipiro a anthu ogwira ntchito. Koma m’malo mozimiririka pambuyo pa kutha kwa nkhondoyo, msonkhowo unakhala wamuyaya.
Kampeni yokhudzana ndi misonkho yapadziko lonse lapansi idatsogozedwa ndi Donald Duck. Swanson adatchulapo zamalonda amisonkho ankhondo opangidwa ndi Disney pomwe Donald wonyinyirika amakakamizika kukhosomola "misonkho yopambana kuti amenyane ndi Axis."
Hollywood Imenya Ng'oma Zankhondo
Polankhula ndi zida zamakono zaku US, Swanson adadzudzula udindo wa Hollywood komanso kukwezera mafilimu ngati. Zero Mdima wa makumi atatu, Pentagon-vetted version ya kuphedwa kwa Osama bin Laden. Gulu lankhondo, limodzi ndi gulu lazanzeru, lidachita gawo lalikulu pakudziwitsa komanso kutsogolera nkhani ya filimuyi.
Sheehan ananena zimenezo Mtendere Amayi, limodzi mwa mabuku asanu ndi awiri omwe adalemba, adagulitsidwa kuti apangidwe kukhala kanema wa Brad Pitt. Komabe, patatha zaka ziwiri, ntchitoyi idathetsedwa, mwachiwonekere chifukwa cha nkhawa kuti mafilimu odana ndi nkhondo sangapeze omvera. Sheehan mwadzidzidzi anakhudzidwa mtima. Anaima kaye n’kufotokoza kuti mwana wake Casey, yemwe anamwalira pankhondo yoletsedwa ya ku Iraq ya George W. Bush pa May 29, 2004, “akanakhala ndi zaka 37 lero.”
Swanson adakokera chidwi ku kanema waposachedwa wa Diso mu Sky monga chitsanzo china cha mauthenga ovomereza nkhondo. Pamene tikuyesera kufufuza za chikhalidwe cha kuwonongeka kwa chikole (panthawiyi, ngati mtsikana wosalakwa akusewera pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe akuyang'aniridwa), kupanga kopukutidwa kunapereka umboni wokwanira kupha gulu la zigawenga za adani omwe adawonetsedwa mu njira yoperekera zovala zophulika pokonzekera kuphedwa.
Swanson adapereka nkhani zodabwitsa. "Sabata yomweyi yomwe Eye in the Sky idapanga ndikuwonetsa koyambirira ku United States," adatero, "anthu 150 ku Somalia adawomberedwa ndi ndege za US."
Monga American monga Napalm Pie
"Tiyenera kuchotsa nkhondo pachikhalidwe chathu," Swanson adalangiza. Anthu aku America adaphunzitsidwa kuvomereza nkhondo ngati yofunikira komanso yosapeŵeka pomwe mbiri ikuwonetsa kuti nkhondo zambiri zidayendetsedwa ndi zokonda zamphamvu zamalonda komanso ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Mukukumbukira Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? Mukukumbukira Zida Zowononga Kwambiri? Kumbukirani Maine?
Swanson adakumbutsa omvera kuti zifukwa zamakono zomenyera nkhondo nthawi zambiri zimatengera liwu limodzi loti, "Rwanda." Lingaliro ndiloti ku Congo ndi mayiko ena a ku Africa kunali kuphedwa kwa anthu chifukwa cha kusowa kwa asilikali oyambirira ku Rwanda. Pofuna kupewa nkhanza za m'tsogolo, kulingalira kumapita, kuyenera kukhala kofunikira kudalira mwamsanga, zida zothandizira. Zosakayikira, ndi lingaliro lakuti asilikali akunja akulowa mu Rwanda ndi kuphulitsa malo ndi mabomba ndi maroketi akanathetsa kupha pansi kapena kuchititsa kuti anthu ochepa afe komanso kukhazikika kwakukulu.
"US ndi chigawenga chankhanza," a Swanson adadzudzula asanayang'ane zifukwa zina zoyamikiridwa ndi asitikali padziko lonse lapansi: lingaliro lankhondo "zopanda malire". Swanson ikukana mkanganowo chifukwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa kukuwonetsa kuti payenera kukhala "zoyenera" zachiwawa zankhondo. Kupha kukuphabe, Swanson adanena. Liwu lakuti “zosayenerera” limangotanthauza “kuchepa kwa kupha anthu ambiri.” Zomwezo ndi lingaliro losagwirizana la "kulowererapo kwa zida zothandizira anthu."
Swanson adakumbukira mkangano wokhudza kuvotera gawo lachiwiri la George W. Bush. Otsatira a W ananena kuti sichinali chanzeru “kusintha akavalo pakati pa mtsinje.” Swanson adawona ngati funso loti "musasinthe mahatchi pakati pa Apocalypse."
Kuyimirira mu Njira Yankhondo
“Wailesi yakanema imatiuza kuti ndife ogula choyamba ndipo ovota kachiwiri. Koma zoona zake n’zakuti, kuvota sikokha— komanso si njira yabwino kwambiri yandale.” Swanson adawona. Ndicho chifukwa chake kunali kofunika (wosintha ngakhale) kuti “Bernie [Sanders] apangitse anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku America kusamvera ma TV awo.”
Swanson adadandaula chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa gulu lodana ndi nkhondo ku United States, kutanthauza kukula kosalekeza kwa gulu lamtendere ku Europe lomwe "likuchititsa US manyazi." Anapereka moni ku Netherlands, yomwe yachititsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuti zida za nyukiliya za US zipitirizebe ku Ulaya, ndipo adanenanso za ntchito yotseka airbase ya US ku Ramstein Germany (malo ofunika kwambiri pa CIA / Pentagon "wakupha drone" pulogalamu yomwe ikupitiliza kupha anthu masauzande ambiri osalakwa ndikuyendetsa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi kwa adani a Washington). Kuti mumve zambiri za kampeni ya Ramstein, onani rootsaction.org.
Monga ambiri kumanzere, Swanson amanyoza Hillary Clinton ndi ntchito yake ngati woyimira Wall Street komanso wopanda chiyembekezo Nouveau Cold Warrior. Ndipo, a Swanson akuti, Bernie Sanders akusowanso pankhani ya mayankho opanda chiwawa. Sanders adadziwika kuti akuthandizira nkhondo zakunja za Pentagon komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones mumgwirizano wa Bush/Obama/Military-Industrial alliance's War on Terror.
"Bernie si Jeremy Corbin," ndi momwe Swanson adanenera, kutanthauza mawu odana ndi nkhondo a mtsogoleri wachipani cha British Labor Party. (Kulankhula za Brits, Swanson adachenjeza omvera ake kuti pali "nkhani yaikulu" yomwe idzaphwanyidwe pa July 6. Ndi pamene Chilcot Inquiry ya ku Britain yakhazikitsidwa kuti itulutse zotsatira za kafukufuku wake wa nthawi yayitali wokhudza udindo wa Britain pa chiwembu cha ndale chomwe chinachitika. kutsogolera ku nkhondo yapathengo ya Gulf ya George W. Bush ndi Tony Blair.)
Bwino Kwambiri Kupha Ana
Kuganizira udindo wa pulezidenti amene kamodzi anaulula zakukhosi, "Zikuwoneka kuti ndine wabwino kwambiri pakupha anthu," Swanson adawona momwe angapha anthu oval-Office: "Lachiwiri lililonse Obama amadutsa 'mndandanda wakupha' ndikudabwa kuti Saint Thomas Aquinas angaganize chiyani za iye." (Aquinas, ndithudi, anali tate wa lingaliro la “Nkhondo Yolungama”.)
Ngakhale wodzikuza wosankhidwa kukhala pulezidenti wa Republican a Donald Trump akupsa mtima chifukwa chonena kuti asitikali aku America akuyenera kukulitsa Nkhondo Yachigawenga kuti iphatikize "kupha mabanja" a omwe akufuna kuwatsutsa, apurezidenti aku America adayika kale njira yoti "kupha onse" ngati mfundo za US. Mu 2011, nzika ya ku America, wophunzira komanso mtsogoleri wachipembedzo Anwar al-Awlaki anaphedwa ndi drone ku Yemen. Patatha milungu iwiri, mwana wamwamuna wa al-Awaki wazaka 16, Abdulrahman (yemwenso ndi nzika yaku America), adawotchedwa ndi ndege yachiwiri yaku US yomwe idatumizidwa ndi Barack Obama.
Otsutsa atadzutsa mafunso okhudza kuphedwa kwa mwana wamwamuna wa al-Alwaki, kuyankha kopanda pake (m'mawu a Mlembi wa atolankhani ku White House Robert Gibbs) anali ndi mawu apansi apamtima a gulu la Mafia: “Anayenera [kukhala ndi] atate wodalirika kwambiri.”
N'zosautsa kwambiri kuzindikira kuti tikukhala m'dziko limene anthu ambiri safuna kupha ana. Zosautsanso: Swanson adazindikira kuti United States ndi dziko lokhalo padziko lapansi lomwe lakana kuvomereza Pangano la United Nations pa Ufulu wa Ana.
Malinga ndi a Swanson, zisankho zawonetsa mobwerezabwereza kuti anthu ambiri avomereza mawu akuti: "Sitinayenera kuyambitsa nkhondoyi." Komabe, ndi ochepa okha amene anganene kuti: "Tikadayenera kuimitsa nkhondoyi kuti iyambike." Koma zoona zake n’zakuti, a Swanson akuti, pakhala pali nkhondo zina zomwe sizinachitike chifukwa chotsutsidwa ndi anthu ambiri. Chopanda maziko a Obama "Red Line" chiwopsezo chochotsa Purezidenti waku Syria Bashar al-Assad chinali chitsanzo chaposachedwa. (Zowonadi, John Kerry ndi Vladimir Putin amagawana mbiri yayikulu pothetsa tsokali.) “Tayimitsa nkhondo zina,” Swanson anati, “Koma simukuziwona izi.”
Zolemba pa Warpath
Pamapeto a sabata lalitali la Tsiku la Chikumbutso, boma ndi anthu adayesetsa kuwongolera nkhani zankhondo zaku America. (PS: Mu 2013, Obama adakondwerera zaka 60 zankhondo yaku Korea polengeza kuti nkhondo yakupha ku Korea inali chinthu choyenera kuchita chikondwerero. Obama anaumirira, “Korea inali chipambano.”) Chaka chino, Pentagon inapitiriza kulimbikitsa zikumbutso zabodza za Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam ndipo, apanso, kutsutsa kokonda dziko lako kumeneku kunatsutsidwa mokweza ndi Ankhondo a Vietnam motsutsana ndi Nkhondo.
Ponena za maulendo aposachedwa a Obama ku Japan ndi Korea, Swanson adadzudzula Purezidenti. Obama sanapite ku Hiroshima kapena Ho Chi Minh City kukapepesa, kubweza kapena kubweza, Swanson adadandaula. M'malo mwake, adawoneka kuti ali ndi chidwi chodziwonetsa ngati munthu wotsogola kwa opanga zida za US.
Swanson adatsutsa mfundo yoti ufumu waku America wokulirapo wa mabungwe akunja ndi ndalama za Pentagon za madola mabiliyoni ambiri adapangidwa kuti "ateteze anthu aku America" ku ISIS/Al Qaeda/The Taliban/Jihadists. Chowonadi ndi chakuti - chifukwa cha mphamvu ya National Rifle Association ndi kuchuluka kwa mfuti m'dziko lonselo - chaka chilichonse "ana aang'ono aku US amapha Achimereka ambiri kuposa zigawenga." Koma ana ang'onoang'ono samawoneka ngati anthu oyipa, okonda zipembedzo, otsutsa zandale.
Swanson adayamika GI Bill of Rights, koma kutsatiridwa ndi zomwe sizinamveke: "Simukufuna nkhondo kuti mukhale ndi GI Bill of Rights." Dzikoli lili ndi njira komanso kuthekera kopereka maphunziro aulere kwa aliyense ndipo limatha kuchita izi popanda cholowa chopundula ngongole za ophunzira. Chimodzi mwazambiri zomwe zidapangitsa kuti GI Bill ipitirire, Swanson adakumbukira kuti inali kukumbukira kosasangalatsa kwa Washington za "Bonus Army" yayikulu ya ma vets omwe adakhala ku Washington nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itatha. Ma vets - ndi mabanja awo - anali kufuna malipiro chabe a ntchito yawo ndi kusamalira mabala awo okhalitsa. (Ntchitoyo pamapeto pake idasweka ndi utsi wokhetsa misozi, zipolopolo, ndi zipolopolo zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi asitikali motsogozedwa ndi General Douglas MacArthur.)
Kodi Pali 'Nkhondo Yokha'?
Q&A idawulula kusiyana kwamalingaliro ngati pali chinthu chonga "chovomerezeka" chogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu - chifukwa cha ufulu wandale kapena chifukwa chodziteteza. Mmodzi mwa omvera adadzuka kulengeza kuti akadanyadira kutumikira mu Brigade ya Abraham Lincoln.
Swanson - yemwe ndi wotsimikiza mtima pankhani yankhondo - adayankha funsoli pofunsa kuti: "Bwanji osanyadira kutenga nawo mbali pazosintha zopanda chiwawa?" Adatchulapo za kusintha kwa "Peoples Power" ku Philippines, Poland, ndi Tunisia.
Koma bwanji za Revolution ya America? membala wina wa omvera anafunsa. Swanson adanenanso kuti kupatukana kopanda chiwawa ku England kukadatha. "Simunganene kuti George Washington sakudziwa za Gandhi," adatero.
Poganizira za nthawi ya Washington (nthawi yodziwika ndi "Indian Wars") yoyamba ya dziko lachichepere) Swanson adalankhula ndi machitidwe aku Britain osakaza "zikho" - scalp ndi ziwalo zina zathupi - kuchokera kwa "Amwenye" ophedwa. Mabuku ena a mbiri yakale amati machitidwe ankhanza ameneŵa anatengedwa kwa Amwenye Achimereka iwo eni. Koma, malinga ndi Swanson, zizolowezi zoyipa izi zidakhazikika kale mu chikhalidwe chachifumu chaku Britain. Mbiri yakale ikuwonetsa kuti machitidwewa adayamba ku Dziko Lakale, pamene a British anali kumenyana, kupha - ndipo, inde, scalping - "olusa" amutu wofiira ku Ireland.
Poyankha vuto loti Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni inali yofunikira kuti asunge mgwirizanowu, Swanson idapereka mawonekedwe ena omwe sasangalatsidwa, ngati sanasangalale. M'malo moyambitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi mayiko odzipatula, a Swanson adapereka lingaliro, Lincoln akanangonena kuti: "Achoke."
M'malo mowononga miyoyo yambiri, dziko la US likadangokhala dziko laling'ono, logwirizana ndi kukula kwa mayiko ku Ulaya ndipo, monga Swanson ananenera, mayiko ang'onoang'ono amakhala okhoza kuyendetsedwa bwino - komanso ogwirizana ndi ulamuliro wa demokalase.
Koma ndithudi Nkhondo Yadziko II inali "nkhondo yabwino," membala wina wa omvera adanena. Kodi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse sinali yoyenerera chifukwa cha kuopsa kwa Nazi kwa Ayuda? Swanson adanenanso kuti zomwe zimatchedwa "Nkhondo Yabwino" zidapha anthu ochulukirapo kuposa mamiliyoni asanu ndi limodzi omwe adafera kundende zaku Germany. Swanson adakumbutsanso omvera kuti, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse isanayambike, ochita mafakitale aku America adapereka thandizo lawo - ndale komanso zachuma - ku boma la Germany la Nazi komanso boma lachifasisti ku Italy.
Pamene Hitler adayandikira ku England ndi mwayi woti agwirizane ndi kuthamangitsa Ayuda a ku Germany kuti abwerere kudziko lina, Churchill anakana lingalirolo, ponena kuti kayendetsedwe kake - mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa zombo zomwe zikukhudzidwa - zikanakhala zolemetsa kwambiri. Panthawiyi, ku US, Washington inali yotanganidwa kutumiza zombo za Coast Guard kuti zithamangitse sitima zapamadzi za omwe akanakhala othawa kwawo achiyuda kutali ndi gombe la Florida, kumene iwo ankayembekezera kupeza malo opatulika. Swanson adawulula nkhani ina yodziwika bwino: Banja la a Anne Frank adapempha chitetezo ku United States koma adapempha visa. akukanidwa ndi Dipatimenti Yachigawo ya US.
Ndipo, ponena za kulungamitsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya motsutsana ndi Japan "kupulumutsa miyoyo," Swanson adanenanso kuti kunali kukakamira kwa Washington pa "kudzipereka mopanda malire" komwe kumakulitsa nkhondoyo mopanda chifukwa - komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe amaphedwa.
Swanson adafunsa ngati anthu sanawone "zodabwitsa" kuti pofuna kuteteza "kufunika" kwankhondo, muyenera kubwerera zaka 75 kuti mupeze chitsanzo chimodzi cha zomwe zimatchedwa "nkhondo yabwino" kuti mutsimikizire kuti kupitilira kunkhondo m'zochitika zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Ndiyeno pali nkhani ya Constitutional Law. Nthawi yomaliza ya Congress idavomereza nkhondo inali mu 1941. Nkhondo iliyonse kuyambira pamenepo yakhala yosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Nkhondo iliyonse kuyambira pomwe idakhala yosaloledwa pansi pa Kellogg-Briand Pact ndi United Nations Charter, zonse zomwe zidaletsa nkhondo zapadziko lonse lapansi.
Pomaliza, Swanson adakumbukira momwe, pakuwerenga kwake ku San Francisco dzulo lake, msilikali wina wankhondo waku Vietnam adayimilira pagulu ndipo, misozi ili m'maso mwake, adachonderera anthu kuti "akumbukire anthu 58,000 omwe adamwalira pankhondoyo."
"Ndikugwirizana nanu, m'bale," Swanson anayankha mwachifundo. Kenako, poganizira za chiwonongeko chimene nkhondo ya ku United States inafalikira ku Vietnam, Laos ndi Cambodia, iye anawonjezera kuti: “Ndikuona kuti n’kofunikanso kukumbukira anthu onse 58,000 miliyoni ndi XNUMX amene anamwalira pankhondo imeneyo.”
Zoonadi 13 Zokhudza Nkhondo (Mitu kuchokera Nkhondo Ndi Bodza)
* Nkhondo sizimamenyana ndi zoipa
* Nkhondo sizimayambika pofuna kudziteteza
* Nkhondo sizichitika chifukwa cha kuwolowa manja
* Nkhondo si zosapeŵeka
* Ankhondo si ngwazi
* Oyambitsa nkhondo alibe zolinga zabwino
* Nkhondo sizitalikitsa kaamba ka ubwino wa asilikali
* Nkhondo sizimenyedwa m’mabwalo ankhondo
* Nkhondo siziri imodzi, ndipo sizitha ndi kuzikulitsa
* Nkhani zankhondo sizichokera kwa anthu osachita chidwi
* Nkhondo sizibweretsa chitetezo ndipo sizokhazikika
* Nkhondo sizololedwa
* Nkhondo sizingakhale zokonzekera ndi kuzipewa
NB: Nkhaniyi idachokera pa zolemba zambiri zolembedwa pamanja ndipo sizinalembedwe kuchokera pa kanema.
