III. NKHONDO SIDZAKHALA PAMASO PATHU

Ngati nkhondo ikatha payekha, ikanatha chifukwa anthu anali kuichotsa. Mchitidwe umenewo ukhoza kusinthidwa ngati anthu okwanira apeza kuti ntchito yotsutsa nkhondo inali kupambana ndipo inatenga icho ngati chifukwa choletsera kuchita nawo. Koma sitinapambane bwino. Ngati tikufuna kuthetsa nkhondo tiyenera kuyambiranso kuyesetsa kuti tipeze anthu ambiri okhudzidwa. Choyamba, tiyeni tione umboni wakuti nkhondo satha.

Kuwerengera Mabungwe

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndi makumi khumi, chiwerengero cha imfa chawonjezeka kwambiri, chimalimbikitsa kwambiri anthu wamba m'malo molimbana ndi asilikali, ndipo chiwerengero cha anthu ovulalawo chinavulazidwa, koma madokotala awalola kuti apulumuke. Imfa tsopano ikuyenera makamaka chifukwa cha chiwawa m'malo mwa matenda, omwe poyamba anali opha anthu ambiri mu nkhondo. Nkhani za imfa ndi zovulaza zasintha kwambiri kumbali imodzi pa nkhondo iliyonse, m'malo mogawidwa mofanana pakati pa maphwando awiri.

Kumvetsetsa kuti pali zolephera zambirimbiri poyerekeza ndi nkhondo zolimbana ndi nkhondo, pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana, ogwira ntchito mosiyana ndi malamulo, ndi zina zotero, apa pali zofananitsa zomwe zimawoneka zothandiza. Zotsatirazi ndizomwe zili zitsanzo ndipo sizinakonzedwe mwanjira iliyonse monga kukambirana kwakukulu kwa nkhondo zonse za US kapena padziko lonse.

Mu nkhondo ya US yodziimira, ena 63,000 anamwalira, kuphatikizapo 46,000 Achimereka, 10,000 British, ndi 7,000 Hesse. Mwina 2,000 French inafera kumbali ya America ku North America, ndipo ambiri akumenyana ndi Britain ku Ulaya. Anthu a ku Britain ndi a US anali ndi 6,000 omwe anavulala. Asilamu sanaphedwe m'nkhondo yambiri, monga momwe ziliri pankhondo yamakono. Koma nkhondoyo inayambitsa mliri wa nthomba, umene unatenga miyoyo ya 130,000. Ndizodabwitsa kuti anthu ambiri a ku America anafa kusiyana ndi omwe anali kumbali ina, kuti ambiri anafera kusiyana ndi omwe anavulazidwa ndi kukhala moyo, kuti asilikali ambiri anafa kusiyana ndi anthu, kuti United States inapambana, kuti nkhondo inagonjetsedwa ku United States, ndipo palibe Pulezidenti adakonza (ngakhale kuti chipatachi chinatsegulidwa kwambiri kuti chiwonongeko cha Amwenye Achimereka ndi nkhondo zina zamtsogolo).

Nkhondo ya 1812, asilikali ena a 3,800 a US ndi a British adamenyana, koma matendawa anabweretsa imfa kwa 20,000. Chiwerengero cha ovulala chinali chaching'ono, monga momwe zingakhalire m'nkhondo zambiri pamaso pa penicillin ndi kupita patsogolo kwachipatala komwe kunabwera nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndipo kenako nkhondo. Mpaka apo, asilikali ambiri anafa ndi mabala awo. Nkhondo mu Nkhondo ya 1812 sinaphe anthu ambiri. Ambiri Ambiri anafera kuposa omwe anali kumbali ina. Nkhondo inamenyedwa mkati mwa United States, koma nkhondo inali kulephera. Canada sinagonjetsedwe. M'malo mwake, Washington DC inatenthedwa. Palibe vuto lalikulu lothaŵa kwawo.

Nkhondo za US motsutsana ndi Amwenye Achimerika zinali mbali imodzi ya chiwawa. Malingana ndi US Census Bureau ku 1894, "Nkhondo za Indian zomwe zili pansi pa boma la United States zakhala zoposa 40. Iwo awononga miyoyo ya amuna azungu a 19,000, akazi ndi ana, kuphatikizapo omwe anaphedwa pamenyesero payekha, ndi miyoyo ya aIndia a 30,000. "Izi ndizo nkhondo zomwe zinagonjetsedwa ku United States, zomwe boma la US" linapambana "kuposa iyo inatayika, ndipo mbali inayo inakhala ndi gawo lalikulu la imfa, kuphatikizapo imfa zazikulu zoperekedwa kwa anthu wamba. Vuto la othawa kwawo ndilo lalikulu mwa zotsatira zake. Mu njira zingapo, nkhondo izi ndi chitsanzo cha nkhondo zam'tsogolo za America kuposa nkhondo zina zoyambirira.

Mu nkhondo ya US ku Mexico ya 1846-1848, anthu a ku 1,773 a ku America anaphedwa, ndipo 13,271 anamwalira chifukwa cha matenda, ndipo 4,152 anavulazidwa pa nkhondoyi. Pafupi anthu a ku Mexico a 25,000 anaphedwa kapena anavulala. Apanso, matenda anali wakupha wamkulu. Apanso, ambiri anafa kuposa omwe anavulazidwa ndipo anapulumuka. Anthu ochepa a ku America anamwalira kuposa omwe anali kumbali ina. Asilikali ambiri anafa kusiyana ndi anthu wamba. Ndipo United States inapambana nkhondo.

Pa nkhondo iliyonse yomwe yafotokozedwa pamwambapa, chiŵerengero cha anthu ophedwa ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ambiri panthaŵiyo kusiyana ndi anthu a masiku ano. Kaya ndi momwe zimapangitsa nkhondo kuipiraipira kusiyana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mtheradi kumatanthauza kuti ndizovuta kukangana. Kusintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu sikofunika kwenikweni monga momwe munthu angaganizire. Anthu a ku America pa nthawi ya nkhondo yake ku Mexico inali yaikulu kwambiri monga anthu a Iraq pa nthawi ya Shock ndi Awe. United States inataya 15,000. Iraq inasowa 1.4 milioni. Kuti adziwe bwino, anthu a ku America anali pafupifupi 22 miliyoni ndi Mexico za 2 miliyoni, omwe 80,000 ena anali m'madera omwe anagwidwa ndi United States. A 80,000 amenewo adasintha mtundu wawo, ngakhale ena adaloledwa kukhalabe ku Mexican. Iraq anawona anthu mamiliyoni osakhala pogona, kuphatikizapo mamiliyoni ambiri omwe anakakamizika kupita kunja kwa Iraq ndi kukhala ngati othaŵa kwawo.

Nkhondo Yachikhalidwe ya ku America, imene inachokera ku nkhondo ku Mexico ndi zina, imasiyana. Kawirikawiri chiwerengero cha imfa chimawerengedwa pafupi ndi a 654,965 Iraqi omwe adaphedwa ndi June 2006, monga momwe adafotokozedwera ndi Johns Hopkins. Wofufuza wina amalembetsa anthu ophedwa ndi Civil War monga awa:

Chiwerengero cha asilikali akufa: 618,022, kuphatikizapo 360,022 Northern ndi 258,000 Southern. Kumpoto, 67,058 anamwalira kumenyana, 43,012 ku mabala, 219,734 ku matenda, kuphatikizapo 57,265 ku minofu, ndipo 30,218 anamwalira monga akaidi a nkhondo. Kum'mwera, 94,000 inamenya nkhondo, nambala yosadziwika kuchokera ku mabala, 138,024 ku matenda, ndi 25,976 monga akaidi a nkhondo. Wina 455,175 anavulazidwa, kuphatikizapo 275,175 kuchokera kumpoto ndi 180,000 kuchokera kumwera.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa, pogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha anthu, amalingalira kuti US Civil War yafa pa 750,000. Ziwerengero ndi zozizwitsa zakufa zakupha anthu, kuphatikizapo njala, pa 50,000 yowonjezera kapena zina. Chiwerengero cha 31.4 miliyoni ku 1860, choterezedwa ndi 800,000, chimatanthawuza imfa ya 2.5 peresenti, kapena osachepera hafu zomwe Iraq adataya mu OIL (Ntchito ya Iraq Liberation, dzina loyambirira la nkhondo); 1,455,590 yakuphedwa kuchokera ku 27 miliyoni ndikutaya kwa 5.4 peresenti.

Nkhondo za ku America za Nkhondo Yachiŵerengero Chakumalizira zimayambanso kuyandikira imfa ya nkhondo zazikulu zamakono, pamene zidakali zogawidwa mofanana pakati pa mbali ziwirizo. Komanso, chiwerengero chovulazidwa chinayamba kupitirira chiwerengero chakufa. Komabe, kuphedwa kumeneku kuli makamaka kupha asilikali, osati anthu.

Ku US koyamba kugonjetsa boma linalake kunja kwa chiwonongeko cha mafuko Achimereka Achimerika anali ku Hawaii ku 1893. Palibe amene anafa, ndipo wina wa ku Hawaii anavulazidwa. Izi kugonjetsedwa sizikanakhalanso zopanda magazi.

Nkhondo za ku US ku Cuba ndi Philippines kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi zimayamba kutisunthira njira yatsopano. Izi zinali ntchito zachiwawa padziko lapansi. Matenda adakhalabe wakupha wamkulu, koma adakhudza mbali imodzi mosiyana, chifukwa nkhondoyo inkachitika kutali ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Nkhondo ya ku Spain ndi America inagonjetsedwa ku Cuba, Puerto Rico, ndi Guam, koma osati ku United States. Nkhondo ku Philippines inagonjetsedwa ku Philippines. Mu nkhondo ya Spanish-American, United States inaona 496 ikuphedwa, 202 anafa ndi mabala, 5,509 anamwalira ndi matenda, ndipo 250 anaphedwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa United States '(mwangozi) kwa USS Maine nkhondo isanayambe. Anthu a ku Spain anawona 786 akuphedwa, 8,627 anamwalira mabala, ndipo 53,440 anamwalira ndi matenda. Anthu a ku Cuba anawona wina 10,665 wakufa.

Koma ku Philippines kuti chiŵerengero cha imfa, komanso kutalika kwa nkhondo, chimayamba kuwoneka bwino. United States inali ndi 4,000 yakupha, makamaka ndi matenda, kuphatikizapo 64 kuchokera ku Oregon (osati pano ya United States). Dziko la Philippines linali ndi asilikali a 20,000 omwe anaphedwa, kuphatikizapo 200,000 kwa anthu a 1,500,000 omwe adafa ndi chiwawa ndi matenda, kuphatikizapo kolera. Zaka zoposa 15, ndi zina zotero, United States 'ikugonjetsa anthu, pamodzi ndi matenda, anapha anthu oposa 1.5 miliyoni ku Philippines, kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha 6 kufika ku 7 milioni. Izi ndizochepera kotala kukula kwa chiwerengero cha Iraq, ndi kupha kofanana komweku, komwe kunayikidwa pafupipafupi kawiri konse. Anthu oposa 7 miliyoni omwe ataya miyandamiyanda ya 1.5 miliyoni akutaya chiwerengero chachikulu cha 21 peresenti ya chiŵerengero cha anthu-kupanga nkhondoyi, mwachikhalidwe chimenecho, ngati chiwerengero cha mapeto a imfa ndi cholondola, nkhondo yaikulu kwambiri imene United States yachita, kupatulapo chiwonongeko cha Amwenye Achimereka. Chiwerengero cha imfa ya US ku 4,000 ku Philippines ndi chofanana ndi chiwerengero cha imfa ya ku America ku Iraq. Kuchokera pano kupita kunja, chiwerengero cha imfa cha US chidzakhala chaching'ono kuposa chakumbali inayo, ndipo chiwerengero cha imfa ya asilikali chidzakhala chaching'ono kuposa cha anthu. Kugonjanso kumakhala kokayikitsa kapena kanthawi.

Nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inafa ndi asilikali okwana 10 milioni, oposa 6 miliyoni awo ku Russia, France, Britain ndi Allies ena. Pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa atatu mwa anthu amene anamwalirawa anali chifukwa cha fuluwenza ya ku Spain. Pafupifupi anthu oposa 7 milioni anaphedwa ku Russia, Turkey, Germany ndi kwina kulikonse ndi chiwawa, njala, ndi matenda. Mliriwu wa "Spain" wamagazi makamaka unalengedwa ndi nkhondo, yomwe idachulukitsa kufala ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi; Nkhondo iyenera kuti inachititsanso kuti chiwerengero cha HIV chiwonongeke. Mliriwu unapha 50 kwa anthu 100 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo ndi nkhondo za ku Armenia ku Russia ndi ku Turkey zikuoneka kuti zinachokera ku nkhondoyi, monga momwe nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inachitira. Pamapeto pake, chiwerengero cha imfa chotheka sichingatheke. Koma tingathe kuzindikira kuti nkhondoyi inkaphatikizapo kupha munthu mwachindunji komanso mosapita m'mbali, kuti kupha mwachindunji kunali kofanana pakati pa mbali ziwiri, komanso kuti ovulazidwawo tsopano akuposa omwe anaphedwa.

Uku kunali kupha mwamphamvu, kofulumira kumene kunachitika mu zaka zoposa 4, osati ntchito yochuluka ngati ya Iraq kapena Afghanistan m'zaka za 21st. Koma imfa yeniyeni inafalikira pa mitundu yambirimbiri. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha imfa ndi mtundu wa 1,773,300 ku Germany, chinatsatiridwa ndi 1,700,000 ku Russia, 1,357,800 ku France, 1,200,000 ku Austria-Hungary, 908,371 ku British Empire (makamaka mitundu yambiri), ndi 650,000 ku Italy, popanda mtundu wina wowonongeka womwe ukukwera pamwambapa 350,000. Anthu okwana 1.7 omwe adaphedwa ku Germany adatengedwa kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha 68 miliyoni. Anthu okwana 1.7 omwe adaphedwa ku Russia adatengedwa kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha 170 miliyoni. Dziko la Iraq linatayika miyoyo yambiri mu "kumasulidwa" kwaposachedwa, koma kuchokera ku 27 miliyoni zokha. Komabe, mwinamwake timaganizira za nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse ngati zoopsa zopanda pake zenizeni, komanso kumasulidwa kwa Iraq monga kusintha kwa boma komwe sikukuyenda bwino kapena ngakhale kupambana.

WWII ndi chinthu choipa kwambiri chomwe munthu adzichita yekha pa nthawi yochepa. Kuika pambali zotsatira zoopsa zomwe zingatipangitse kuti tisapulumutse (mwina kuposa asilikali a US angachoke ku Germany kapena ku Japan), chiŵerengero chochuluka cha anthu omwe anaphedwa-50 ndi 70 miliyoni-chimangokwera mosavuta. Poyesedwa ngati chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lonse chinaphedwa, Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse imangokhala ndi zochitika zambiri zedi monga kugwa kwa Roma. Mmene nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inakhudzidwira pa mitundu yambiri ya anthu inasiyana kwambiri, kuyambira ku 16 peresenti ya anthu a ku Poland anaphedwa, mpaka kufika ku 0.01 peresenti ya anthu a ku Iraq anaphedwa. Pa mayiko a 12 anasowa oposa 5 peresenti ya anthu awo m'Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Japan inasowa peresenti ya 3 ku 4 peresenti. Dziko la France ndi Italy linasowa peresenti ya 1 iliyonse. A UK anagonjera osachepera 1 peresenti. United States inataya 0.3 peresenti. Mitundu isanu ndi iwiri mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse inasowa miyoyo yoposa mamiliyoni ambiri Ena mwa iwo omwe sanali a France, Italy, UK, ndi US Choncho nkhondo yaposachedwapa ku Iraq inali yoipa kwambiri ku Iraq kusiyana ndi zomwe amitundu ambiri adakumana nazo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Tikhozanso kuthetsa popanda kukayikira kuti kuwonongeka kwa anthu amitundu sikunayambitsa mafilimu a Hollywood omwe amapanga nkhondo imodzi m'malo mwa wina.

Ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse tinaloŵa m'nthaŵi imene anthu omwe amaphedwa ndi usilikali akuposa imfa ya asilikali. Pafupifupi 60 peresenti ku 70 peresenti ya anthu omwe anafera anali aumphawi, chiwerengero chomwe chimaphatikizapo anthu omwe amazunzidwa ndi mabomba ndi nkhanza zina monga kuphana ndi kuyeretsa mafuko, komanso matenda ndi njala. (Mungapeze mauthenga ambiri pa tsamba la Wikipedia pa "Zowonongeka Zachiwiri Zadziko Lonse".) Tinalowanso m'nthaŵi imene kupha kungathe kukhudza mbali imodzi. Zimene Germany anachita ku Soviet Union ndi ku Poland, ndi zomwe Japan anachita ku China chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu akufa. Potero ogonjetsa ogonjetsawo anali ndi gawo lalikulu. Tidalowanso nthawi yomwe ovulalawo akuposa akufa, komanso nthawi imene imfa ya nkhondo imachokera ku chiwawa osati matenda. Ndipo ife tinatsegula chitseko chakukwera kwakukulu ku malo a nkhondo a US ndi ntchito padziko lonse lapansi, chiwerengero chomwe chikuchitikabe.

Nkhondo ya ku Korea, yomwe yatha, muzaka zake zoyambirira ija inapha 1.5 kwa anthu a 2 milioni, kumpoto ndi kumwera, kuphatikizapo asilikali pafupifupi mamiliyoni miliyoni kumbali ya kumpoto ndi china, asilikali okwana milioni akufa kuchokera Kummwera, 36,000 wakufa kuchokera ku United States, ndi nambala zing'onozing'ono kwambiri kuchokera ku mitundu ina yambiri. Asilikali anavulaza kwambiri kuposa asilikali omwe anamwalira. Monga Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a anthu omwe anamwalira anali aumphawi, ndipo imfa ya ku America inali yochepa poyerekeza ndi ena. Mosiyana ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, panalibe chigonjetso; chimenecho chinali chiyambi cha njira yomwe ikanatha.

Nkhondo ya Vietnam inali Korea, koma zovuta. Panalibe kusowa kofanana komweko ndi chiwerengero chofanana cha a US, koma chiwerengero chofera cha anthu omwe ankakhala ku nkhondo. Ofa a US amatha kuwerengera 1.6 peresenti ya akufa. Izi zikufanizira ndi pafupifupi 0.3 peresenti ku Iraq. Kafukufuku wa 2008 ndi Harvard Medical School ndi Institute of Health Metrics ndi Assessment ku University of Washington anaganiza kuti 3.8 milioni imfa ya nkhondo, nkhondo ndi asilikali, kumpoto ndi kum'mwera, pazaka za US ku Vietnam. Kufa kwapadera kunaposa imfa zakufa, kachiwiri pafupifupi magawo awiri pa atatu mwa anthu onse akufa. Ovulalawo anali ambiri kwambiri, ndipo akuweruza milandu ya chipatala cha South Vietnam, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu aliwonse azimayi ndi azimayi aliwonse a zaka zapakati pa 13. Ophedwa a US kuphatikizapo 58,000 anaphedwa ndipo 153,303 anavulala, kuphatikizapo 2,489 akusowa. (Kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala kumathandiza kufotokoza chiŵerengero cha ovulala kuti aphedwe; kupita patsogolo kwa zamankhwala zamakono ndi zida za thupi kungathandize kufotokoza chifukwa chake kuphedwa kwa America ku Iraq sikunali kofanana ndi imfa ya US ku Korea kapena Vietnam.) A 3.8 miliyoni mwa anthu 40 miliyoni pafupifupi pafupifupi zana la 10 yakufa, kapena kawiri zomwe OIL anachita ku Iraq. Nkhondo inayambika m'mayiko oyandikana nawo. Othawa kwawo anatha. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuchepetsa imfa, kawirikawiri chifukwa cha Agent Orange, pitirizani mpaka lero.

Chidwi chachikulu

Nkhondo yowonjezereka yatsopano ku Iraq, yomwe imayerekeza mwakufa, imatha kufanana ndi nkhondo ku Vietnam, koma zomwe zinaphatikizapo kuphedwa kumene zikufanana kwambiri, monga momwe kuwonetsedwa kwa Nick Turse Kupha Chilichonse Chimene Chimayenda. Ndondomeko zamakono zomwe ziganizo za ndondomeko zomwe zaperekedwa kuchokera pamwamba zatsogoleredwa nthawi zonse, kwa zaka zambiri, ndikupha anthu mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri ku Vietnam. Zambiri zaphedwazo zinkachitika ndi manja kapena mfuti kapena zida, koma gawo la mkango linakhala ngati maulendo a nkhondo a 3.4 miliyoni oyendetsedwa ndi ndege za US ndi South Vietnam pakati pa 1965 ndi 1972.

Kuphedwa kwanga kwa My Lai wotchuka ku Vietnam sikunathere. Nyuzipepala zimapereka chitsanzo cha nkhanza zofala kwambiri kuti munthu akukakamizidwa kuti ayambe kuyang'ana nkhondo yokha ngati nkhanza yaikulu. Mofananamo, nkhanza zopanda malire ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq sizowonongeka ngakhale kuti asilikali a US awatanthauzira ngati zochitika zosawerengeka zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi cholinga chachikulu cha nkhondo.

"Kupha chirichonse chimene chimasunthira," chinali dongosolo la asilikali a US ku Vietnam omwe anaphunzitsidwa ndi chidani cha mafuko a Vietnamese. "Moto wa 360 woyendetsa moto" unali lamulo loperekedwa m'misewu ya Iraq kwa asilikali a US omwe amadzimva kuti amadana nawo, ndipo amakhalanso ofooka thupi.

Ana omwe anafa ku Vietnam adawauza kuti, "Ndimawopsa kwambiri, amakula kuti akhale VC." Mmodzi mwa azondi a ku America a ku Iraq omwe anamva za "Wachilendo" kanema amanena za ana akufa, "Ndizolakwa zawo kubweretsa ana awo msilikali wamkulu wa pulezidenti wa Obama, Robert Gibbs, ananena za mwana wazaka za 16 wa ku America yemwe anaphedwa ndi drone ya ku America ku Yemen: "Ndikulangiza kuti ukhale ndi bambo wodalirika kwambiri ngati ali ndi nkhawa yeniyeni mwa ana awo. "" Iwo "angatanthauze alendo kapena Asilamu kapena munthu ameneyu. Kupha mwana wamwamunayo ndiko kunyozetsa ponena za abambo ake. Ku Vietnam munthu aliyense wakufa anali mdani, ndipo nthawi zina zida zikanabzalidwa pa iwo. Mu nkhondo za drone, amuna omwe amwalira ndi amatsenga, ndipo zida za Iraq ndi Afghanistan zakhala zikugwedezeka (Onani IVAW.org/WinterSoldier). Amuna a ku America atapha akazi apakati usiku ku Afghanistan, adakumba zipolopolozo ndi mipeni ndikudzudzula kupha amayi awo. (Onani Zowononga ndi Jeremy Scahill.)

Nkhondo ya ku US pa nkhondo ya Vietnam inasintha kuchoka ku ndende ndikukapha akaidi, monga momwe nkhondo yamasiku ano yamasulidwira kuchoka ku ndende kupha ndi kusintha kwa president wa Bush mpaka Obama. (Onani "Chinsinsi" Kupha Mndandanda "Zimayesa Malemba a Obama ndi Mayankho," New York Times, May 29, 2012.) Ku Vietnam, monga ku Iraq, malamulo a chiyanjano adakhululukidwa mpaka malamulo adalola kuwombera pa chirichonse chomwe chinasuntha. Ku Vietnam, monga ku Iraq, asilikali a ku United States anafuna kupambana anthu mwa kuwopsya. Ku Vietnam, monga ku Afghanistan, midzi yonse inathetsedwa.

Ku Vietnam, anthu othaŵa kwawo adakumana ndi misasa yowopsya, ndipo ku Afghanistan ana aamuna amatha kufa pamsasa wa anthu othawa kwawo pafupi ndi Kabul. Kuzunzidwa kunali kofala ku Vietnam, kuphatikizapo kukwera madzi. Koma panthawiyo sikunayambe kujambula mu filimu kapena kuwonetsera ku Hollywood ngati chithunzi chabwino. Napalm, mabomba a phosphorous, magulu a masango, ndi zida zina zowonongeka ndi zoletsedwa zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Vietnam, monga momwe zilili pankhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi. Chiwonongeko chachikulu cha chilengedwe chinali mbali ya nkhondo zonse ziwiri. Kugwiriridwa kwagulu kunali mbali ya nkhondo zonse ziwiri. Kudulidwa kwa mitembo kunali kofala mu nkhondo zonse ziwiri. Zizindikiro zowonongetsa midzi ya anthu ku Vietnam, mosiyana ndi zomwe amadzipanga ku America akuchita tsopano ku Palestina.

Misa yopha anthu wamba ku Vietnam, monga ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan, inkayendetsedwa ndi chilakolako chobwezera. (Onani Kupha Chilichonse Chimene Chimayenda ndi Nick Turse.) Zida zatsopano zinaloleza asilikali a US ku Vietnam kuti aponye mtunda wautali, zomwe zimapangitsa chizoloŵezi chowombera poyamba ndi kufufuza patapita nthawi, chizoloŵezi chomwe tsopano chimayamba chifukwa cha drone. Magulu odziika okha pansi ndi ma helikopita anapita "kusaka" kwa amwenye kuti akaphe ku Vietnam monga ku Afghanistan. Ndipo ndithudi, atsogoleri a ku Vietnam anafunsidwa kuti aphedwe.

Ozunzidwa ku Vietnam omwe adawona okondedwa awo akuzunzidwa, kuphedwa, ndi kuvulala-nthawi zina-adakwiya kwambiri ndi zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake. Sizovuta kuwerengera kutalika kwa ukali umene udzakhalapo kwa amitundu tsopano pokhala "womasulidwa."

Nkhondo Zatsopano

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, ndikuphatikizana ndi nkhondo zazikulu zomwe ndakhala ndikuzifotokoza, a US achita nkhondo zing'onozing'ono zambiri. Nkhondo izi zinapitilira pakati pa US kuchoka ku Vietnam ndi ku United States kunkhondo ku Iraq. Chitsanzo ndi nkhondo ya 1983 ya Grenada. Grenada anataya moyo wa 45 ndipo Cuba 25, United States 19, ndi 119 US anavulala. Chitsanzo china ndi nkhondo ya ku United States ya Panama ku 1989. Panama inawonongeka pakati pa 500 ndi 3,000, pamene a US adataya 23 miyoyo.

United States inathandiza Iraq ku nkhondo yake pa Iran pa 1980s. Mbali iliyonse inasowa miyoyo ya zikwi mazana, ndi Iran akuvutika mwina mwina magawo awiri mwa atatu a imfa.

Operation Desert Storm, 17 January 1991 - 28 February 1991, anapha ena a 103,000 Iraqis, kuphatikizapo anthu a 83,000. Iwo anapha anthu a 258 Achimereka (akuwapanga 0.25 peresenti ya anthu akufa), ngakhale kuti matenda ndi kuvulazidwa kwawonetsedwa m'zaka zotsatira. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo 0.1 peresenti ya asilikali a ku United States omwe ankagwira nawo ntchito amaonedwa kuti anaphedwa kapena kuvulala, koma ndi 2002, a 27.7 peresenti ya asilikali akale analembedwa ngati akufa kapena ovulala, ambiri omwe ali ndi Gulf War Syndrome.

Kuyambira mwezi wa September 2013, nkhondo ya ku America ku Afghanistan inali kupitilira, ndipo US anagonjetsa. Monga momwe ziliri ndi Iraq, ili ndi mbiri yokhudza imfa ndi chiwonongeko kuyambira zaka zambiri-mu nkhaniyi ngakhale zomwe Zbigniew Brzezinski adavomereza kuti ndi mayiko a US kuyambitsa nkhondo ya Soviet ku 1979. Ophedwa ku US ku Afghanistan kuyambira 2001 ali pafupi ndi 2,000, kuphatikizapo 10,000 anavulala. Kuphatikizanso apo pali ziwerengero zambiri za asilikali omwe ali ndi kuvulala kwa ubongo ndi vuto lopweteka kwambiri la matenda (PTSD). Kwa zaka zina, kudzipha kumapangitsa kuti imfa ikhale yopambana. Koma, monga momwe zilili m'nkhondo zina zamakono, dzikoli lakhala likuvulazidwa kwambiri ndi imfa, kuphatikizapo asilikali a chitetezo cha Afghanistani a 10,000, asilikali a 200 Northern Alliance anaphedwa, ndipo makumi kapena zikwi za anthu wamba anapha mwachiwawa, kuphatikizapo mazana ambiri a zikwi kapena mamiliyoni anafa chifukwa cha zotsatira za nkhondo zomwe zikuphatikizapo kuzizira, njala, ndi matenda. Mavuto a anthu othaŵa kwawo ku Afghanistan akhala akuwonjezeka ndi mamiliyoni ambiri panthaŵi yomwe akugwira ntchitoyi, pamene nkhondo ya ku United States ikugwera mandala kumpoto kwa Pakistani wapanga othawa kwawo ena a 2.5.

Zolemba pazomwezi zili pamwambazi zikhoza kupezeka pa WarIsCrime.org/Iraq pamodzi ndi kufufuza kwa maphunziro osowa ku Iraq omwe amapezeka kwambiri ku imfa ya 1,455,590. Izi ndi imfa kuposa chiwerengero cha imfa chapamwamba chomwe chinalipo mu 2003, potsata chilango choipitsitsa komanso pulogalamu yayikulu kwambiri ya mabomba m'mbiri.

Mavuto a ku America ku Pakistan, Yemen, ndi Somalia akupha anthu ambiri, pafupifupi onse a mbali imodzi. Ziwerengero izi zimachokera ku TheBureauInvestigates.com:

Pakistan
Dia Drone Inagwidwa ku Pakistan 2004-2013
Chiwerengero cha US chikumenyana: 372
Ambiri anaphedwa: 2,566-3,570
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 411-890
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 167-197
Ambiri anavulala: 1,182-1,485

Yemen
Ntchito Yopanga Covert ku United States 2002-2013
Mgwirizano wotsimikizika wa US: 46-56
Ambiri anaphedwa: 240-349
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 14-49
Ana anaphedwa: 2
Adavulala: 62-144
Mvula yowonjezera ya US yowonjezera: 80-99
Ambiri anaphedwa: 283-456
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 23-48
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 6-9
Adavulala: 81-106
Ntchito zina zonse za US: 12-77
Ambiri anaphedwa: 148-377
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 60-88
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 25-26
Adavulala: 22-111

SOMALIA
Ntchito Yopanga Covert ku Somalia 2007-2013
Zotsatira za drone za US: 3-9
Ambiri anaphedwa: 7-27
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 0-15
Ana anaphedwa: 0
Adavulala: 2-24
Ntchito zina zonse za US: 7-14
Ambiri anaphedwa: 47-143
Anthu a boma amauzidwa kuti: 7-42
Ana aphedwa anaphedwa: 1-3
Adavulala: 12-20

Mapeto ake a 4,922 onsewa, pafupi kwambiri ndi chiwerengero cha 4,700 kuti Senema Lindsey Graham adalengeza poyera-popanda, ngakhale kufotokoza kumene anapeza. Ziwerengerozi zikufaniziranso bwino ndi Opération Iraqi Ufulu (kutanthauza kuti ndizochepa), koma kupanga kufanana kwake kungakhale koopsa. Boma la US silinalowe m'malo mwa nkhondo yapadziko lapansi kapena ndondomeko yachibomba ya mabomba ndi nkhondo ya drone m'mayiko apamwamba. Icho chinapanga nkhondo za drone kumene sizikanatheka kuti pakhale nkhondo iliyonse, popanda drones. Izi zinapanga nkhondo za drone pamene zikukwera ntchito yaikulu ku Afghanistan komwe drone ipha inali chinthu chimodzi chokha.

Poyang'ana nkhondo za dziko lapansi lotsogolera nkhondo, loyesa ndi imfa, nkhondo sizikuwoneka kuti zili panjira yopita kumapeto. Ngati kungomenyera nkhondo kumamenyedwa m'tsogolomu, izi zikutanthauza kuchepetsa imfa. Koma sizikutanthawuza kutha kwa nkhondo, choncho zingakhale zovuta kutsimikizira kuti nkhondo idzakhala yoperewera m'njira iliyonse-nkhondo ziri zovuta kwambiri zinyama kuti zithetse nthawi yomweyo.

Tchati chapafupi chikuwonetsera chiŵerengero cha anthu omwe anaphedwa mu nkhondo zazikulu za US pa zaka, kuyambira chakale kumanzere kupita kumayiko atsopano kumene. Ndaphatikizapo nkhondo zazikulu ndikusiya ambiri ambiri ang'onoang'ono, oyambirira komanso atsopano. Sindinaphatikize nkhondo zotsutsana ndi Amwenye Achimereka, makamaka chifukwa chakuti anafalitsidwa pa nthawi yayitali. Sindinaphatikizepo zoletsedwa zomwe zinabwera pakati pa nkhondo ya Gulf ndi nkhondo ya Iraq, ngakhale kuti anapha anthu ambiri kuposa nkhondo ya Gulf. Ndakhala ndikuphatikizapo kupha kwafupipafupi komwe timatcha nkhondo. Ndipo ndaphatikizapo imfa kumbali zonse, kuphatikizapo omwe anafa ndi nthendayi panthawi ya nkhondo, koma osati mliri wam'mbuyo wa nkhondo, osati kuvulala. Ovulala omwe anapulumuka anali ochepa mu nkhondo kumanzere. Ovulalawa anali oposa anthu amene anamwalira pankhondo.

Tchati chapafupi chili chimodzimodzi ndi chithunzi chapamwamba, koma nkhondo ziwiri za padziko lonse zichotsedwa. Nkhondo ziwirizi zinachitika mu mitundu yosiyana siyana ndipo zinaphedwa kwambiri, kuti ndi zosavuta kuyerekezera nkhondo zina ngati sizilipo. Mafotokozedwe ovomerezeka pa Nkhondo Yachigwirizano monga nkhondo yakupha kwambiri ku United States imawonekera mwachidwi pamene akuyang'ana pa tchati ichi; Ndichifukwa chakuti zosiyana ndi za US News Media-zikuphatikizapo imfa kumbali zonse ziwiri za nkhondo zakunja. Sindinayesere kuswa chigawo chilichonse kumenyana ndi anthu wamba, ntchito yovuta komanso yodetsa nkhaŵa yovuta, koma imodzi yomwe ikanawonetsa kuti anthu amwalira mwachisawawa pokhapokha kumanja kwa tchati. Sindinadzilekanitse dziko la US ndi imfa za akunja. Kuchita zimenezi kungachititse kuti nkhondo zisanu zifike kumanzere zili zofiira zonse kapena zobiriwira zomwe zikuimira imfa za ku America, ndipo nkhondo zisanuzi zimayang'ana kulungama la mtundu wonse woimira imfa zakunja, ndi kanyumba kakang'ono kamene kakuwonetsa imfa za US monga gawo la chiwerengero.

Tchati chachitatu, patsamba lotsatira, sichiwonetsa nambala ya imfa, koma chiwerengero cha anthu anaphedwa. Wina ayenera kuti ankaganiza kuti nkhondo yapitayi idafa pang'ono chifukwa amitundu omwe anali nawo anali ochepa. Komabe, tikasintha anthu, tchati sikusintha kwambiri. Nkhondo zam'mbuyomu zikuwonekabe zowawa kwambiri kuposa nkhondo yatha. Anthu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito paziwerengerozi ndi anthu a m'mayiko omwe nkhondo zinagonjetsedwa: United States chifukwa cha kusintha kwa nkhondo ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni, United States ndi Canada ku nkhondo ya 1812, United States ndi Mexico ku Mexico ndi America nkhondo, Cuba ndi Puerto Rico ndi Guam chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Spain ndi America, Philippines kapena Korea kapena Vietnam chifukwa cha nkhondo zomwe mayina a mayiko awo, ndi Iraq ku nkhondo ziwiri zapitazo.

Kuwerengera Ndalama

Pamene Achimereka akamva "mtengo wa nkhondo" nthawi zambiri amalingalira zinthu ziwiri: miyoyo ya asilikali ndi madola a US. Pa GWOT (padziko lonse nkhondo pa terror / terra) Achimereka sanafunsidwe kupereka, kuchepetsa, kubweza misonkho, kapena kuwathandiza. Ndipotu, iwo ali ndi misonkho yochepetsedwa, makamaka ngati ali ndi ndalama zambiri kapena ali pakati pa anthu a "anthu ogwirizana." (Chuma chachuma ndizo zotsatira za nkhondo, ndipo nkhondozi sizinali zosiyana). adalembedwera ku nkhondo kapena ntchito zina, kupatula kupyolera mu umphawi wothandizira ndi chinyengo cha olemba usilikali. Koma kuperewera kwapadera uku sikunatanthauzire ndalama. Pansi pali menyu ya nkhondo zamakedzana ndi mtengo wamtengo wapatali mu madola a 2011. Zikuwonekera kuti zikuyenda molakwika.

Nkhondo ya 1812 - $ 1.6 biliyoni
Nkhondo Yosintha - $ 2.4 biliyoni
Nkhondo yaku Mexico - $ 2.4 biliyoni
Nkhondo ya Spain ndi America - $ 9 biliyoni
Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni - $ 79.7 biliyoni
Persian Gulf - $ 102 biliyoni
Nkhondo Yadziko I - $ 334 biliyoni
Korea - $ 341 biliyoni
Afghanistan - $ 600 biliyoni
Vietnam - $ 738 biliyoni
Iraq - $ 810 biliyoni
Chiwerengero cha 9/11 - $ 1.4 trilioni
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse - $ 4.1 trilioni

Joseph Stiglitz ndi Linda Bilmes ku 2008 anawerengetsera mtengo weniweni wa mafuta OIL (nkhondo ya Iraq) ngati zitatu kapena zisanu trillion (kuposa tsopano kuti nkhondo inapitilira kwa zaka zambiri kuposa momwe ankayembekezera). Chiwerengero chimenecho chimaphatikizapo zotsatira za mitengo ya mafuta, chisamaliro chamtsogolo cha ankhondo akale, komanso-mwayi wotaya mwayi.

Project Yunivesite ya Brown Brown inapanga chidwi mu 2013 ponena kuti ndalama za US ku nkhondo ku Iraq zidzakhala $ 2.2 trilioni. Ochepa amatsitsa pa webusaiti yawo wina akupeza izi: "Ndalama zonse za US zomwe zikugwirizana ndi nkhondo ya Iraq zakhala $ 1.7 trillion kudzera mu FY2013. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndalama zamtsogolo zamalonda ndi kulemala kwa okalamba zidzakwana $ 590 biliyoni ndipo chidwi cholipira nkhondo chidzawonjezera $ 3.9 triliyoni. "$ 1.7 trilioni kuphatikizapo $ 0.59 trilioni ndi $ 2.2 triliyoni omwe akuyikidwa pamutu za lipoti. Zowonjezera $ 3.9 trilioni mwa chidwi zatsala. Ndipo, ngakhale kuti Brown akutenga deta yake kuchokera pa mapepala ndi Linda Bilmes, imachokera kuzinthu zambiri zomwe zinaphatikizidwa m'buku la Bilmes 'ndi Stiglitz' The Three Trillion Dollar War, kuphatikizapo makamaka momwe nkhondoyo ikukhudzira mtengo wa mafuta ndi zotsatira zake za mwayi wotayika. Kuwonjezera pa ndalama za $ 6.19 triliyoni zolembedwa pano zikhoza kupanga $ 3 ku $ 5 trilioni mu bukhu la Bilmes 'ndi Stiglitz' ngati "wodzisunga" monga iwo ananenera.

Kuyesedwa mu madola, monga momwe anafera, nkhondo za mtundu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pankhondo pakali pano siziwonetsa kuti nthawi zonse zimakhala zovuta kuti ziwonongeke. M'malo mwake, nkhondo zikuwonekera kukhalapo nthawi zonse, kosatha, ndi kukula.

Kodi Nkhondo Imati Chiyani?

Steven Pinker, m'buku lake, The Better Angels of Our Nature, akuti: "Chifukwa Chiyani Chiwawa Chimalepheretsa?" Koma ndi mkangano umene ungapezeke mwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana mu ntchito ya akatswiri ambiri a azungu.
Nkhondo, monga taonera pamwamba, sikuti imachoka. Njira imodzi yosonyezera kuti ikuphatikizapo nkhondo ndi mitundu ina ya chiwawa. Chilango cha imfa chimawoneka chikuchoka. Kuwomba ndi kukwapula ana kumawoneka kuti akuchoka m'madera ena. Ndi zina zotero. Izi ndizochitika zomwe ziyenera kuthandiza kuwatsimikizira anthu a mlandu umene ndawapanga ku Gawo I pamwambapa: Nkhondo ikhoza kutha. Koma zochitika izi sizimanena kanthu za nkhondo kwenikweni zatha.

Nkhani yowonongeka ya nkhondo yomwe ikupita ikuyendetsa chitukuko cha Western ndi capitalism monga mphamvu za mtendere. Izi zachitika, makamaka, pochita nkhondo za Kumadzulo kwa mayiko osauka monga mayiko osaukawo. Nkhondo ya ku America ku Vietnam inali vuto la anthu a ku Vietnam omwe sanadziwitsidwe kuti adzipereke monga momwe ayenera kukhalira. Nkhondo ya ku America ku Iraq inathera ndi chigamulo cha Bush ku "mission adamaliza!" Pambuyo pake nkhondoyo inali "nkhondo yapachiweniweni" ndi kulakwitsa kwa Iraqis kumbuyo kwawo ndi kusowa kwawo kwachuma. Ndi zina zotero.

Kuperewera ndi nkhaniyi ndi kukakamizika kwa nkhondo zambiri ku US, Israel, ndi maboma ena. Makampani opanga ma TV a US akukambirana nthawi zonse "nkhondo yotsatira" ngati kuti payenera kukhala imodzi. Kutaya ndiko kukula kwa NATO ku mphamvu yadziko lonse. Kutaya ndiko ngozi yomwe idapangidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zipangizo zamakono. Chosowa ndi zomwe zimachititsa kuti ziphuphu zikuluzikulu za chisankho ndi maulamuliro, komanso kukulirakulira-osati kuchepetsa phindu la zankhondo zamakampani. Kusowa ndiko kufalikira kwa mabungwe a US ndi asilikali ku mitundu yambiri; kuphatikizapo dziko la United States lomwe likukakamiza dziko la China, North Korea, Russia, ndi Iran; kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama za China ndi mitundu yambiri; ndi malingaliro olakwika za nkhondo zammbuyomu kuphatikizapo nkhondo yatsopano ku Libya ndi zokambirana za nkhondo yowonjezereka ku Syria.

Nkhondo, powonekera Pinker ndi ena okhulupilira pankhondo, zimachokera ku mayiko osawuka ndi amisilamu. Pinker sichidziwitso kuti mayiko olemera amalipira ndalama ndi olamulira ankhanza m'mayiko osauka, kapena kuti nthawi zina "amalowerera" mwa kusiya chithandizo ndi kusiya mabomba nawo. N'kutheka kuti mayiko omwe akumenya nkhondo ndi omwe ali ndi malingaliro, Pinker akutiuza. (Monga aliyense akudziŵa, United States ilibe malingaliro.) "Nkhondo zitatu zowonongeka pambuyo pa nkhondo," a Pinker akulemba, "zinayambitsidwa ndi maboma achikominisi a Chichina, Korea, ndi Vietnamese omwe adadzipereka kwambiri kwa otsutsa awo." Pinker akupitiriza kuimbidwa mlandu wa imfa yapamwamba ku Vietnam chifukwa cha chidole cha Vietnamese kufa m'malo mwa kudzipereka, monga momwe akuganizira kuti ayenera kukhala nawo.

Nkhondo ya ku America ku Iraq inatha, pakuwona kwa Pinker, pamene Purezidenti George W. Bush adalengeza kuti "ntchito yatha," chifukwa chakuti inali nkhondo yapachiweniweni, ndipo chifukwa chake zifukwa za nkhondo yapachiŵeniŵeni zikhoza kuganiziridwa pa zolakwa za Iraq anthu.
"Ndine wovuta kwambiri," Pinker akudandaula, "kuti apange demokarase ya ufulu kwa mayiko akumayiko omwe akutukuka omwe sanatuluke miyambo yawo, zida zankhondo, ndi mafuko amantha." Inde, zikhoza kukhala, koma umboni uli kuti Boma la United States wakhala likuyesera izo? Kapena umboni wakuti United States ili ndi demokarasi yowokha? Kapena kuti United States ili ndi ufulu wokakamiza mtundu wina kukhala ndi zikhumbo zake?

Kumayambiriro kwa bukuli, Pinker ili ndi timapepala tomwe timasonyeza kuti, mofanana ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu, nkhondo zakhala zikupha anthu ambiri omwe asanakhalepo kale komanso osaka-anthu osakondera kuposa anthu amasiku ano. Palibe mafuko akale omwe adatchulidwa kale kumbuyoko kusiyana ndi 14,000 BCE, kutanthauza kuti kukhalapo kwaumunthu kulibe. Ndipo malemba awa akulemba mndandanda wa mafuko ndi mayiko, osati awiriwa kapena magulu a iwo amene adamenya nkhondo. Kulibe nkhondo kupyolera m'mbiri ya anthu sikunatulukidwe, kutchulidwa kosawerengeka komwe kumatchulidwa pa nkhondo yapitayi, ziŵerengerozo zikufanizidwa ndi anthu padziko lonse osati anthu a mafuko omwe akuphatikizidwa, ndipo -momwe-imfayi ikuwerengedwa kuchokera posachedwapa Nkhondo za US ndizofa ku US kokha. Ndipo amayesedwa motsutsana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu a ku United States, osati mtundu umenewo unaukira. Nthaŵi zina, Pinker imayesa nkhondo yolimbana ndi chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi, chiyeso chimene sichikutiuza kanthu kali konse ka momwe kuwonongeka kwa nkhondo kumayendera. Amasiyanso mwatsatanetsatane kapena kuchepetsa imfa. Choncho asilikali a ku America omwe anaphedwa ku Vietnam amawerengedwa, koma omwe anaphedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi Agent Orange kapena PTSD samawerengedwa. N'zoona kuti nthungo ndi mivi yogwiritsidwa ntchito mu nkhondo zakale sizinafanane ndi zotsatira monga Agent Orange. Asilikali a US akuphedwa ku Afghanistan akuwerengedwa ndi Pinker, koma ochulukirapo omwe amamwalira pambuyo povulala kapena kudzipha samatero.

Pinker amavomereza ngozi ya kuchuluka kwa nyukiliya kokha mwa njira yambiri ya galasi:

Ngati wina akanatha kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa chiwonongeko chimene mayiko akhala akuchita monga kuchuluka kwa momwe angapangire, atapatsidwa mphamvu zowonongeka, pambuyo pa nkhondo [kutanthauza pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse] zaka zambiri zidzakhala malamulo ambiri wamtendere kuposa nthawi iliyonse m'mbiri.

Kotero, ndife amtendere kwambiri chifukwa takhala ndi zida zambiri zakupha!

Ndipo chitukuko chikupita bwino chifukwa chikukula.

Ndipo komabe, pambuyo pa zochitika zonse zapamwamba zowononga njira yathu kupita ku mtendere, timayang'ana mmwamba ndikuwona nkhondo zamagazi kusiyana ndi kale lonse, ndi makina omwe angapereke ndalama zambiri-makina omwe amavomereza kuti ndi osatsutsika kapena osadziwika kwenikweni.

Nkhondo Zathu Sizoipa Monga Nkhondo Zanu

Pinker siyekha. Bukhu laposachedwapa la Jared Diamond, World Until Lero: Zimene Tingaphunzire ku Mabungwe Achikhalidwe, zikusonyeza kuti anthu amitundu amakhala ndi nkhondo nthawi zonse. Masamu ake ndi ovuta monga Pinker's. Diamondi amawerengera anthu omwe anamwalira kuchokera ku nkhondo ku Okinawa ku 1945, osati kuchuluka kwa anthu a ku Okinawans, koma ndi chiwerengero cha mitundu yonse ya asilikali, kuphatikizapo anthu a ku United States, kumene nkhondoyo sinamenyedwe konse. Chifukwa cha chiwerengerochi, Diamond akudziteteza kuti nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inali yopweteka kwambiri kusiyana ndi chiwawa mufuko "losakhazikika".

Daniel Yona Goldhagen Ali Woipitsitsa Kuposa Nkhondo: Kuphedwa, Kuchotsa Uliri, ndi Kuwonongeka Kwaumunthu Kowonjezereka kumanena kuti chiwonongeko chosiyana ndi nkhondo ndi choipa kuposa nkhondo. Mwa njira iyi, amawombola mbali zina za nkhondo, monga kuwombera moto ku Japan kapena kuphedwa kwa Nazi, osati nkhondo. Zigawo za nkhondo zomwe zatsala m'gulu la nkhondo ndizolondola. Kwa Goldhagen, nkhondo ya ku Iraq sinali yopha anthu ambiri chifukwa inali yolungama. Zolinga za 9 / 11 zinali zachiwawa, ngakhale kuti zinali zochepa, chifukwa chosalungama. Pamene Saddam Hussein anapha Iraqi chinali kupha anthu ambiri, koma pamene United States inapha Iraqi zinali zoyenera. (Goldhagen sanena za thandizo la US ku Hussein popha Iraq.)

Goldhagen akutsutsa kuti nkhondo yomalizirayo ikhale yofunika kwambiri kuposa kutha kwa kupha anthu ambiri. Koma popanda omvera ake a Kumadzulo, nkhondo ikuwoneka ngati mtundu wopha anthu ambiri. Nkhondo kwenikweni ndiyo njira yovomerezeka, yolemekezeka, komanso yofalikira kwambiri yowononga anthu ambiri. Kupanga nkhondo sikuvomerezeka kungakhale njira yaikulu yopangira kupha konse. Kulimbana ndi nkhondo monga chida "chovomerezeka" chakunja kumatsimikizira kuti kuphedwa kwakukulu kudzapitirirabe. Ndipo kubwezeretsanso nkhondo zambiri monga nkhondo yopanda malire imalephera kwambiri pakupanga mlanduwu kuti nkhondo ikutha.

"Pali Zoipa Padzikoli"

Yankho lachidziwikire pa zokangana za kuthetsa nkhondo ndi. "Ayi. Ayi. Mukuyenera kumvetsa kuti pali zoipa padziko lapansi. Dziko ndi malo owopsa. Pali anthu oipa mu dziko. "Ndi zina zotero. Chiwonetsero cha chidziwitso chodziwika ichi chikusonyeza kuvomereza kwakukulu kwa nkhondo ngati njira yokhayo yomwe ingayankhire dziko lovuta, ndi kukhutira kwathunthu kuti nkhondo siyomwe yoipa. Otsutsa nkhondo samakhulupirira kuti palibe choipa padziko lapansi. Iwo amangoyika nkhondo mu gulu limenelo, ngati osati pamwamba pake.

Kuvomereza kusaganizira za nkhondo kumapitiriza nkhondo. Pogwira pulezidenti, Hillary Clinton adanena kuti ngati dziko la Iran lidzayambitsa nkhondo ya nyukiliya polimbana ndi Israeli, "adzathetsa" Iran. Anatanthawuza mantha awa ngati kusokoneza, adatero. (Onani kanema pa WarIsCrime.org/Hillary.) Pa nthawiyi, boma la Iran linanena, ndipo mabungwe a intelligence a US anati, Iran analibe zida za nyukiliya ndi pulogalamu ya zida za nyukiliya. Iran inali nayo mphamvu ya nyukiliya, inakankhira pa United States zaka zambiri kale. Zoonadi, kuwonongedwa kwa Israeli kwachabechabe kudzakhala koipa ngati kuwonongedwa kwa dziko la Iran. Koma dziko la United States liri ndi mphamvu zowonjezera zida za nyukiliya ku Iran ndipo zakhala zikuopseza kuti zichitike, ndi Bush ndi Obama White Houses zomwe zimakonda kwambiri mawu akuti "Zosankha zonse ziri patebulo." Iwo sayenera khalani. Zopseza zoterezi zisamapangidwe. Nkhani yowononga mafuko iyenera kutisiyidwa kumbuyo kwathu. Kulankhulana kotere kumapangitsa kukhala kovuta kwambiri kupanga mtendere, kugwirizana kwenikweni ndi mtundu wina, kusuntha kugwirizana kutsogolo kumene palibe mtundu wina ukuganiza kuti wina adzakonza chida choopsa ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito.

MIC

Olemba omwe amawona nkhondo ngati kutha, ndipo monga chochitika chachitatu, akusowa zina mwa zifukwa zazikulu zankhondo, kuphatikizapo zomwe zikuphatikizidwa ndi mawu akuti "mafakitale ogwira ntchito zamagulu." Zinthu izi zikuphatikizapo luso lofalitsa anthu, ziphuphu zotseguka ndi chiphuphu cha ndale zathu, ndi kupotoza ndi kusokonezeka kwa maphunziro athu ndi zosangalatsa ndi machitidwe omwe anthu akugwira nawo ntchito omwe amachititsa anthu ambiri ku United States kuthandizira ndi ena ochuluka kuti alekerere nkhondo yamuyaya kufunafuna adani ndi phindu ngakhale ziri makumi -kuwonetseratu kuti nkhondoyi imatipangitsa kukhala otetezeka, imataya chuma chathu, imachotsa ufulu wathu, imawononga malo athu, imapereka ndalama zathu, imatsutsana ndi makhalidwe athu, ndipo imapatsa mtundu wolemerera kwambiri padziko lapansi kukhala wochepa kwambiri , ufulu, ndi kuthetsa chimwemwe.

Palibe chimodzi mwazifukwazi zomwe sitingathe kuzigonjetsa, koma sitidzawagonjetsa ngati tikuganiza kuti njira yabwino yothetsera mtendere ndiyopangitsa kuti anthu apadziko lapansi apitirize kugwiritsira ntchito mabomba a cluster ndi napalm kuti tipewe nkhanza zapachiyambi.

Zida zamakampani zamagulu ndi injini yopanga nkhondo. Ikhoza kuthetsedwa kapena kusandulika, koma sizidzasiya kuchititsa nkhondo palokha popanda kukankhira kwakukulu. Ndipo sizingaleke chifukwa chakuti tikufika podziwa kuti tikhaladidi, tikufuna kuti asiye. Ntchito idzafunika.

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, National Public Radio inakambirana ndi mkulu wa zida. Afunsidwa zomwe angachite ngati ntchito yapamwamba ya Afghanistan ikutha, adayankha kuti akuyembekeza kuti padzakhala ntchito ya Libya. Anali kuseka. Ndipo iye sanapeze chokhumba chake-komabe. Koma nthabwala sizichokera kwina kulikonse. Ngati sakanena za kuchitira ana nkhanza kapena kusagwirizana ndi tsankho, sakanatha kufotokozera mfundo zake. Kusewera za nkhondo yatsopano ikuvomerezeka mu chikhalidwe chathu ngati nthabwala yoyenera. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kunyoza nkhondo monga mmbuyomo ndipo zosayenera sizingatheke, ndipo zingaoneke ngati zosamvetsetseka, osaneneka. Tili ndi njira yayitali yopita.