Ndi Kirk Johnson, March 19, 2019
Kodi amitundu omwe amapereka nkhondo yambiri amathandiza anthu omwe ali m'malire awo kukhala ndi ufulu wambiri?
Nthawi zambiri zimanenedwa kuti kulumikizana sikofanana ndi causation popereka chidziwitso cha sayansi. Kuyesera kugwirizanitsa lingaliro loti mayiko omwe amamenya nkhondo pafupipafupi ndikupatsa omwe ali m'malire awo ufulu wambiri amafunika kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi ngati si Orwellian akumvetsetsa zaufulu. Chiyambireni kutha kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse palibe dziko lomwe lachita nawo zankhondo zodziwikiratu komanso zosadziwika bwino, kugwira ntchito kwakanthawi ndikusintha kwamphamvu kuposa United States of America. Ndipo ngakhale zitha kunenedwa kuti ufulu ndi chitetezo chomwe chimaperekedwa ndi Constitution ya US komanso kutanthauzira kwalamulo pambuyo pake zitha kupatsa nzika zake chitetezo ndi ufulu (kwa nzungu ndi omwe ali ndi ndalama zochepa) padziko lapansi, nthawi yankhondo asokoneza ndi kufooketsa ufuluwo ndipo sawalimbitsa kapena kuwawonjezera.
Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Padziko Lonse, mawu a chionetsero ndi mtendere nthawi zambiri ankamangidwa ndi kuzunzidwa m'misewu. Mtsutso wamtendere ku US unanenedwa kuti ndi woopsya ku dzikoli ndipo amadziwika ngati chikominisi kapena chikhalidwe cha anthu monga cholungamitsa kuthetsa mabungwe awo. Popeza anthu oposa atatu alionse omwe anali ochokera kudzikoli, zinali zophweka kupanga "zina" kubwezera ngakhalenso kuthamangitsidwa kuchokera kudziko ndi zochitika zapadera kuchokera ku 1798 kukhala chivomerezo chalamulo (McElroy 2002).
Kupita ku Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse, chitsanzo chowoneka ndi chowonekera kwambiri ndi kuikidwa kwa anthu a 120,000 Japanese-America ndi kulandidwa kwa chuma chawo, chigawenga ndi boma lokhazikika ndi nzika zawo zomwe zithandizidwa ndi aulamuliro apamwamba (Sweeting, 2004). Nkhondoyi ikuwonetseratu kuti kusankhana mitundu kudzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kuli kofunikira komanso kovomerezeka potsatira limodzi ndi anthu ovomerezeka ndi omvera.
Tingatsutse kuti USA sinali demokarasi yeniyeni mpaka ndondomeko ya ukapolo waumphawi idatha ndipo ufulu walamulo kwa nzika zonse zidadziwika mu 1960s. Komabe, malo ophatikizana ogwirizana ndi ufulu wovomerezeka mwalamulo sanagwiritse ntchito ufulu wochuluka kuti asonkhane kapena kunena motsutsa nkhondo ndi nkhondo zakunja.
M'malo mwake, mabungwe monga FBI ndi mapulogalamu monga COINTELPRO amagwira ntchito kuti afufuze ndi kusokoneza magulu a ufulu wa anthu, magulu amtendere ndi mau olimbana ndi nkhondo, kuphatikizapo zida zankhondo (Demokarasi Tsopano, August 4th, 1997). Izi zinapitikira pa nkhondo ya ku America ku Vietnam ndi mayiko ena monga Lao PDR ndi Cambodia mpaka pulogalamuyi idawonetsedwa. Chitsanzo chabwino cha mabungwe omwe amayesa kufooketsa ndi kulira mawu amatha kuona momwe ngakhale munthu wina wamphamvu monga Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. amatha kusokonezedwa ndi azinthu zofalitsa nkhani komanso ambiri mwa anzake ake atanena kuti akutsutsana ndi a US nkhondo pa Vietnam (Smiley, 2010).
Chitsanzo patatha zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 2003 ndi ntchito ya Iraq ikuwonetseratu kuti zochitika za ufulu ndi omwe akufuna kukhala ndi nsanja yotsutsana ndi nkhondo osati kuzunzidwa kwa boma, komanso kuchitiridwa nkhanza ndi kuwongolera kuchokera ku mabungwe ogwirizana. Pamene mtsogoleri wotsogolera wa Dixie Chicks adanena kuti akuchita manyazi kuti adachokera ku dziko lomwelo ndi purezidenti wa United States, izi zinapangitsa kuti mabungwe a gululo awonongeke m'magulu a anthu ogwirizana ndi nyimbo zawo akuyang'aniridwa ndi makampani opanga mafilimu (Schwartz ndi Fabrikant, 2003). Kuyesayesa kuyesa kugwirizanitsa makampani kuphatikizapo mafilimu owonetsera za Dixie Chicks zovuta pamene NBC, panthawi yomwe ambiri anali ndi General Electric (GE), anakana kusonyeza malonda a kanema wa rafilimu (Rae, 2006). GE anali ndipo ndiwotetezera wamkulu wa chitetezo.
Kuyambira pambuyo pa 9 / 11 / 2001, kulandidwa ndi ntchito za Afghanistan ndi Iraq, pamodzi ndi zochitika zina za nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi, ufulu wandale kwa nzika za US zikupunthwa nthawi zonse. Lamulo la US Patriot Act, lakhala likulepheretsa ufulu wa anthu kuti azisamalira komanso akutsutsa nzika zambiri za ku America kuti "ufulu" wozunzidwa ndi chisankho. Anthu a ku America omwe ali ndi chikhulupiriro cha Asilamu akhala akutsutsana kwambiri ndi ufulu wawo pa nthawi imeneyi (Devereaux, 2016). Kuonjezera apo, misonkhano yampingo kuti zitsutsane kawirikawiri zimangotchedwa zokhazokha zokha; ndiyeno pali chinsinsi chobisika komanso chosokoneza makompyuta omwe akuwonetsa kuti Edward Snowden ndi ena olimba mtima akuwululira (Demokarasi Tsopano, June 10th, 2013).
Ndikufuna kuti izi ziwopsyeze ufulu wathu ndi ufulu wathu komanso kukhala mu dera lomwe liri lolondola ndi lofanana ndi lamuloli. Komabe, ineyo kapena banja langa sitinayikidwa mu kampu ya internment kapena tikupitiliza kufufuza zoopsya chifukwa cha zogwirizana ndi zandale zanga ndipo ndizosavuta kuti ndizitchule. Zomwe kuyang'ana kwa zochitika zathu pa intaneti zimatseguka mwayi wothandizira nzika zonse.
Nthawi zambiri kumenya nkhondo kumaphatikizapo kupereka ufulu ndi ufulu m'dziko linalake, koma kungakhale kusokoneza ndikutsitsimula komwe kumalola ufulu ndi ufulu kuti zikhale ndi malamulo atsopano komanso kumvetsetsa kwatsopano. Kufooka kwa machitidwe a nkhondo kungatsegule zitseko kuti zikhale zofanana, ufulu ndi chilungamo; koma nkhondo zokha sizili mwanjira ina iliyonse yopanga ufulu watsopano mwachidziwitso chirichonse cha mawu. Nkhondo ndi maboma omwe amaletsa ndi kupindula ndi nkhondo, mwachirengedwe, amayesa kuletsa zovuta pa malo awo a mphamvu. Ngati nzika za dziko sizitsutsana ndi mabungwe omwe ali okonzeka kumenya nkhondo, ndiye kuti ufulu wawo ndi ufulu wawo sudzatha. Izi, ndikukhulupirira, ndizochitika zapadziko lonse.
Zothandizira
Devereaux, R. (2016). Woweruza amene adalimbikitsa kuti azimayi ambiri azisamaliridwa ndi a NYPD akufuna tsopano kuyang'anira. The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2016/
azimayi-a-muslims-
Demokarase Tsopano. (August 4, 1997). COINTELPRO. https://www.democracynow.org/
McElroy, W. (2002). Nkhondo Yadziko Yonse ndi kuthetsa kusagwirizana. Independent Institute.
http://www.independent.org/
Rae, S. (2006). NBC imakana Dixie Chicks: ndi chiyani chomwecho?
https://www.prwatch.org/news/
Pezani nkhaniyi pa intaneti Schwartz, J & Fabrikant, G. (2003). Media; Nkhondo imayika chimphona chawailesi pachitetezo. New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2003/
Smiley, T. (2010). Nkhani ya Dr. King's 'Beyond Vietnam' kulankhula. NPR Kulankhulidwa kwa Chisudzo cha Nation. https://www.npr.org/templates/
Kukoma, M. (2004). Chiphunzitso pa Japanese American Internment. Kukonzanso Maphunziro Athu, vol. 2. Sukulu Zopangira Zolemba.
Kirk Johnson ndi wophunzira World BEYOND Warmaphunziro apano pa intaneti a War Abolition 101, omwe nkhani iyi idalembedwera.
