II. NKHONDO ICHITIDWE

Ngakhale anthu ambiri samakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ikhoza kutha (ndipo ndikuyembekeza kuti Gawo I la bukhu ili limayamba nthawi pang'ono kuti lisinthe maganizo), ambiri samakhulupirira kuti nkhondoyo iyenera kutha. N'zosavuta kutsutsa funsoli ngati nkhondo iyenera kutha ngati mwaganiza kuti sizingatheke, monga momwe zilili zophweka kuti musadandaule za kuthekera kwa kuthetsa ngati mwasankha kuti zisungidwe . Choncho, zikhulupiriro ziwirizi zimagwirizana. Onse awiri akulakwitsa, ndipo kufooketsa kumathandizira kufooketsa ena, koma onse awiri amayenda mwakuya kwathu. Palinso anthu ena omwe amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ikhoza kuthetseratu, koma omwe akufuna kugwiritsira ntchito nkhondo monga chida chochita ntchitoyi. Chisokonezo chimenecho chimasonyeza momwe kulili kovuta kuti tifike pa udindo kuti tithe kuthetsa.

"Chitetezo" Chimatipweteka Ife

Kuchokera ku 1947, pamene Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo inatchedwanso Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo, asilikali a ku United States akhala akuipitsitsa nthawi zonse. Zochitika pa Amwenye Achimereka, Philippines, Latin America, ndi zina zotero, ndi Dipatimenti Yachiwawa sizinateteze; ndipo ngakhale nkhondo za Dipatimenti Yowetezera ku Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, ndi zina zoterozo sizinali zowonongeka. Ngakhale kuti chitetezo chabwino mu masewera ambiri chikhoza kukhala cholakwa chachikulu, cholakwira pankhondo sichiteteza, osati pamene chimachititsa chidani, mkwiyo, ndi blowback, osati pamene Njira ina sikumenyana ndi nkhondo. Kupyolera mu zomwe zimatchedwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse pauchigawenga, uchigawenga wakhala ukukula.

Izi zinali zodabwitsa ndipo zinanenedweratu. Anthu okwiyidwa ndi zigawenga ndi ntchito zomwe sakanatha kuzichotsa kapena kugonjetsedwa ndi zida zambiri ndi ntchito. Akudziyesa kuti "amadana ndi ufulu wathu," monga Pulezidenti George W. Bush adanena, kapena kuti ali ndi chipembedzo cholakwika kapena osasamala kwenikweni sasintha izi. Kufuna kutsata malamulo mwa kuwatsutsa anthu amene anapha milandu ya 9 / 11 kungathandize kuthetsa ugawenga woposa kuposa kuyambitsa nkhondo. Zingakhale zopweteka kuti boma la US lisamvere olamulira ankhanza (monga ndikulemba izi, asilikali a Aigupto akuukira zankhondo za ku Aigupto ndi zida zoperekedwa ndi United States, ndipo White House akukana kuchotsa "thandizo," kutanthauza zida), kuteteza milandu ku Palestina (yesani kuwerenga Mwana wa General ndi Miko Peled), ndikuyika asilikali a US m'mayiko ena. Nkhondo za Iraq ndi Afghanistan, ndi kuzunzidwa kwa akaidi pa nthawiyi, zinakhala zida zazikulu zolemba zida zotsutsana ndi US.

Mu 2006, mabungwe azamalamulo aku US adalemba National Intelligence Estimate yomwe idafikira pomwepo. Associated Press inati: "Nkhondo ku Iraq yakhala chifukwa cha célèbre ya okonda kuchita zachisilamu, ndikupangitsa kuti US azidana kwambiri zomwe mwina zidzafika poipa zisanakhale bwino, ofufuza zamaphunziro azamalamulo a federal akumaliza lipoti losemphana ndi zomwe Purezidenti Bush adati kukula kotetezeka padziko lonse lapansi. … [Akatswiri ofufuza milandu mdziko muno akuti ngakhale kuli kuwonongeka kwakukulu ku utsogoleri wa al-Qaida, kuwopsezedwa ndi anthu okonda zachiSilamu kufalikira mchiwerengero komanso kudera. "

Zomwe boma la United States likutsatira ndondomeko zauchigawenga zomwe zimadziwa kuti zidzabweretsa uchigawenga zachititsa anthu ambiri kuganiza kuti kuchepetsa uchigawenga si chinthu chofunika kwambiri, ndipo ena amatsimikizira kuti kugawenga kwauchigawenga ndiko cholinga. Leah Bolger, yemwe anali pulezidenti wakale wa Veterans For Peace, akuti, "boma la United States likudziwa kuti nkhondo sizikuthandizani, ndiko kuti, ngati cholinga chanu ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha 'magulu a magulu.' Koma cholinga cha nkhondo za ku America sikuti tipeze mtendere, ndiko kupanga adani ambiri kuti tipitirizebe nkhondo yopanda malire. "

Tsopano pakubwera mbali yomwe ikuipiraipira chisanafike bwino. Pali chida chatsopano cholembera: kumenyedwa ndi kupha. Ankhondo a US akupha magulu ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan akufunsidwa mu bukhu la Jeremy Scahill ndi filimu yotchedwa Dirty Wars ananena kuti nthawi iliyonse yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa anthu kuti aphe, adapatsidwa mndandanda waukulu; mndandandawo unakula chifukwa chogwira ntchito yawo kudutsa. General Stanley McChrystal, mkulu wa asilikali a US ndi a NATO ku Afghanistan anauza Rolling Stone mu June 2010 kuti "chifukwa cha munthu aliyense wosalakwa amene mumamupha, mumapanga adani atsopano a 10." Bungwe la Investigative Journalism ndi ena alemba mosapita m'mbali mayina a anthu osalakwa anaphedwa ndi zida za drone.

Mu 2013, McChrystal adati pali mkwiyo waukulu paziwonetsero zaku drone ku Pakistan. Malinga ndi nyuzipepala yaku Pakistani ya Dawn ya pa 10 February, 2013, McChrystal, "anachenjeza kuti kunyanyala kwambiri kwa oyendetsa ndege ku Pakistan osazindikira omwe akumuganizira kuti ali zigawenga aliyense akhoza kukhala chinthu choyipa. A General McChrystal adati amvetsetsa chifukwa chake anthu aku Pakistan, ngakhale m'malo omwe sanakhudzidwe ndi ma drones, sanasangalale ndi ziwonetserozi. Adafunsanso anthu aku America momwe angachitire ngati dziko loyandikana ndi Mexico likayamba kuwombera mfuti zankhondo ku Texas. A Pakistani, adatero, adawona ma drones ngati chisonyezo champhamvu zaku America motsutsana ndi dziko lawo ndipo adachitapo kanthu. 'Chimene chimandiwopsyeza chifukwa cha kugunda kwa drone ndi momwe amadziwikira padziko lonse lapansi,' atero a Mc Mcryry pakuyankhulana koyambirira. 'Chidani chomwe chimapangidwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito anthu aku America mosanyanyala ... ndichachikulu kuposa momwe amwenye ambiri amayamikirira. Amadedwa kwambiri, ngakhale ndi anthu omwe sanamuwonepo kapena kuwonapo zotsatira zake. '”

Pambuyo pa 2010, Bruce Riedel, yemwe adayang'anira ndondomeko ya Afghanistan ku Purezidenti Obama anati, "Kupsyinjika kumene tavala [asilikali a jihadist] chaka chapitachi kwawasonkhanitsa pamodzi, kutanthauza kuti mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ukukula "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Mtsogoleri wakale wa National Intelligence Dennis Blair adati ngakhale kuti" kudana ndi ziwawa kunathandiza kuchepetsa utsogoleri wa Qaeda ku Pakistan, iwo adaonjezera chidani cha America "ndipo adawononga" mphamvu zathu kugwira ntchito ndi Pakistan [mu] kuthetsa malo a Taliban, kulimbikitsa zokambirana za Indian-Pakistani, ndi kupanga zida za nyukiliya za Pakistan. "(New York Times, August 15, 2011.)

Michael Boyle, membala wa gulu lolimbana ndi uchigawenga la Obama munthawi yachisankho chake mu 2008, akuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones kukukhala ndi "zovuta zoyipa zomwe sizinayesedwe moyenerera phindu lomwe limadza chifukwa chopha zigawenga. … Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu omwe amwalira paudindo wapititsa patsogolo kukana ndale ku pulogalamu ya US ku Pakistan, Yemen ndi mayiko ena. ” (The Guardian, Januware 7, 2013.) "Tikuwona kubweranso kumeneko. Ngati mukuyesera kuti mupeze yankho, ngakhale mutalongosola molondola bwanji, mudzakhumudwitsa anthu ngakhale atapanda kuwatsata, ”anatero a General James E. Cartwright, wachiwiri kwa wapampando wa Chief of Staff. (The New York Times, pa Marichi 22, 2013.)

Maganizo awa siwodabwitsa. Mkulu wa sitima ya CIA ku Islamabad ku 2005-2006 anaganiza kuti drone ikumenyana, komabe nthawi zambiri, "idapatula pang'ono kudana ndi mafuta a United States mkati mwa Pakistani." (Onani The Way of the Knife ndi Mark Mazzetti.) Otsatira apamwamba a US Mtsogoleri wina wa ku Afghanistan, Matthew Hoh, adachoka pamsonkhano wotsutsa ndipo anati, "Ndikuganiza kuti tikudana kwambiri. Tikuwononga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zimachitika pambuyo pa achinyamata omwe sakuopseza ku United States kapena sangathe kuopseza ku United States. "Kwa ena ambiri malingaliro amenewa amawona msonkhano wa Fred Branfman ku WarIsACrime.org/LessSafe.

Kumva Kwachilendo
Ndi Chinachake Choti Mudzamve

Mu April 2013, bungwe loona za malamulo la Senate ku United States linamvetsera pa drones kuti linali litachedwa. Zomwe zinachitika, panthawi yochedwa, tawuni ya kunyumba ya mboni imodzi inakakamizidwa ndi drone. Farea al-Muslimi, mnyamata wa ku Yemen, ananena za "nkhondo yomwe inachititsa mantha alimi ambiri osauka, osauka."

Al-Muslimi adati, "Ndapitako kumalo kumene US akulimbana ndi kupha anthu akugunda zolinga zawo. Ndipo ndayendera malo omwe maiko a US adawaphonya ndipo m'malo mwake anapha kapena kuvulaza anthu osalakwa. Ndalankhula ndi achibale omwe ali achisoni komanso anthu ammudzi wokwiya. Ndinaona Al Qaeda ku Arabia Peninsula (AQAP) akugwiritsa ntchito mayiko a ku United States pofuna kulimbikitsa zolinga zawo ndikuyesera kulanda zigawenga zambiri. "

Al-Muslimi akufotokoza zina mwazochitikazi. Anamufotokozeranso kuti akuyamikira kwa United States chifukwa cha maphunziro a maphunziro komanso zomwe adaphunzira kuti ndiwe wophunzira ndalama zomwe zinamuloleza kuona dziko lapansi kusiyana ndi mudzi wake wa ku Yemese wa Wessab. "Kwa pafupifupi anthu onse ku Wessab," al-Muslimi adanena, "Ndine munthu yekhayo amene ali ndi mgwirizano uliwonse ku United States. Anandiitana ndi kundilembera mauthenga usiku womwewo ndi mafunso omwe sindikanatha kuyankha: Nchifukwa chiyani United States inkawopsyeza ndi drones awa? Nchifukwa chiyani United States ikuyesa kupha munthu ndi msilikali pamene aliyense adziwa kumene iye ali ndipo akanatha kumangidwa mosavuta? "

Atanyanyala ntchito, alimi ku Wessab adachita mantha ndikukwiya. Iwo anali okhumudwa chifukwa amadziwa Al-Radmi koma samadziwa kuti anali chandamale, ndiye kuti akanatha kukhala naye panthawi yomwe mfutiyo inkachitika. …
M'mbuyomu, anthu ambiri okhala m'mudzimo a Wessab samadziwa zambiri za United States. Nkhani zanga zokumana nazo ku America, abwenzi anga aku America, komanso zikhulupiriro zaku America zomwe ndidadzionera ndekha zidathandiza anthu am'mudzimo omwe ndimayankhula kuti amvetsetse America yomwe ndimadziwa ndikuwakonda. Tsopano, komabe, akaganiza za Amereka amaganiza za mantha omwe amamva kuchokera ku ma drones omwe amakhala pamwamba pamitu yawo okonzeka kuwombera mfuti nthawi iliyonse. …
Palibe chomwe anthu am'mudzimo ku Wessab amafunikira kuposa sukulu yophunzitsira ana am'deralo kapena chipatala chothandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa azimayi ndi ana akumwalira tsiku lililonse. Ngati United States ikadamanga sukulu kapena chipatala, zikadasintha nthawi yomweyo miyoyo ya anzanga akumudzi kukhala chida chothandiza kwambiri chothana ndi uchigawenga. Ndipo ndikukutsimikizirani kuti anthu akumudzi akadapita kukamenya chandamale chomwecho. …
Ndizimene zakhala zikulephera kuchitika mumudzi mwathu, chimodzimodzi chachitidwe cha drone chinachitika mwamsanga: tsopano pali mkwiyo waukulu ndi kukulira chidani cha America.

Al-Musmimi anafika pamfundo yomweyo yomwe wina amva kuchokera kwa anthu osawerengeka, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu a ku United States ku Pakistan ndi Yemen:

Kupha anthu osalakwa ndi zida za US ku Yemen zikuthandiza kuthetsa dziko langa ndikupanga malo omwe AQAP amapindula nawo. Nthawi iliyonse munthu wosalakwa ataphedwa kapena akuvutika ndi chiwonetsero cha ku United States kapena kupha ena, amamveketsa ndi Yemenis kudutsa dzikoli. Zotsatirazi zimabweretsa chidani ku United States ndikupanga kusokoneza komwe kumawononga United States zolinga za chitetezo.

Kodi Kupha Sikuti Kupha?

Umboni wa Farea al-Muslimi unali chidziwitso chodziwikiratu m'mabwalo a Congress. A Mboni ena onsewa akumvetsera ndipo mauthenga ena ambiri pa nkhaniyi anali aprofesa alamulo omwe amasankhidwa kuti asavomereze pulogalamu ya drone. Pulofesa yemwe akuyembekeza kuvomereza drone akupha ku Afghanistan koma kuwatsutsa mosemphana ndi malamulo ku Pakistan, Yemen, Somalia, ndi kwina kulikonse "kunja kwa nkhondo," adagonjetsedwa kuchokera mndandanda wa mboni. Pamene bungwe la United Nations "likufufuza" kuti anthu asamvere chilango cha drone, apolisi omwe anali pafupi kwambiri adamva kuti maganizo awo akukumana ndi umboni wa aphunzitsi a Rosa Brooks.

White House inakana kutumiza mboni iliyonse, popeza idakana kukambirana zina pa mutu womwewo. Kotero Congress inachita ndi apolisi alamulo. Koma aphunzitsi alamulo adanena kuti, chifukwa cha White House chinsinsi, iwo sakanatha kudziwa chirichonse. Rosa Brooks anachitira umboni kuti, kumenyedwa kumene kumakhala kunja kwa malo omenyera nkhondo kungakhale "kupha" (mawu ake) kapena kuti akhoza kulandiridwa bwino. Funso linali ngati iwo anali mbali ya nkhondo. Ngati iwo anali mbali ya nkhondo ndiye iwo anali olandiridwa mwangwiro. Ngati iwo sanali mbali ya nkhondo ndiye iwo anali kupha. Koma White House inali kunena kuti ili ndi mawu omveka "ovomerezeka" akugwedeza drone, ndipo Brooks sakanakhoza kudziwa popanda kuwona ma memos ngati ma memos akuti drone yagwera inali gawo la nkhondo kapena ayi.

Taganizirani izi kwa mphindi. Mu chipinda chomwechi, patebulo lomweli, ndi Farea al-Muslimi, woopa kukachezera amayi ake, mtima wake umachoka chifukwa cha mantha omwe amachitira m'mudzi mwawo. Ndipo apa pakubwera pulofesa wa malamulo kuti afotokoze kuti zonse ziri zogwirizana mwangwiro ndi zikhalidwe za US malinga ngati Pulezidenti ayika mau abwino pamtanda wachinsinsi kuti iye sadzawonetsa anthu a US.
N'zosamvetsetseka kuti kupha ndi mlandu wokha womwe nkhondo imatha. Okhulupilira mu nkhondo zankhondo amakhulupirira kuti, ngakhale mu nkhondo, simungagwire kapena kugwiriridwa kapena kuzunzidwa kapena kuba kapena kunama kapena kulumbira pamisonkho. Koma ngati mukufuna kupha, izo zidzakhala bwino. Okhulupilira mu nkhondo yosagwira ntchito amavutika kuti amvetse. Ngati mungathe kupha, ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri, ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani padziko lapansi-iwo akufunsa-simungathe kuzunzika pang'ono?

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa kukhala pankhondo ndi kusakhala pankhondo, kotero kuti pa nthawi imodzi ntchito ndi yolemekezeka ndipo ina ikupha? Mwakutanthauzira, palibe chinthu china chothandizira pa izo. Ngati memo yachinsinsi ikhoza kulembetsa Drone akupha pofotokoza kuti ali mbali ya nkhondo, ndiye kusiyana kulibe kumbuyo kapena kuziwoneka. Ife sitingakhoze kuziwona izo apa mu mtima wa ufumuwu, ndipo al-Musmimi sangakhoze kuziwona izo mu mudzi wake woledzera ku Yemen. Kusiyanitsa ndi chinthu chomwe chingakhale mu mndandanda wachinsinsi. Kulekerera nkhondo ndi kukhala ndi ife eni, ambiri ammudzi ayenera kukhala ndi khungu labwino.

Zotsatira zake sizobisika kwenikweni. A Mike Zenko a Council on Foreign Relations adalemba mu Januware 2013, "Zikuwoneka kuti pali kulumikizana kwamphamvu ku Yemen pakati pa kuphedwa kowonjezereka kuyambira Disembala 2009 ndikukulitsa mkwiyo ku United States ndikumvera chisoni kapena kumvera AQAP. … Yemwe kale anali mkulu wankhondo yemwe akukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuphedwa kwa anthu aku US adati 'kuwomberedwa ndi ma drone ndichizindikiro chodzikuza komwe kungalimbane ndi America. … Dziko lodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa ma drones okhala ndi zida zankhondo… lingasokoneze zokonda zazikulu zaku US, monga kupewa mikangano, kulimbikitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndi kulimbikitsa maulamuliro apadziko lonse lapansi. ' Chifukwa cha maubwino omwe ma drones amakhala nawo kuposa zida zina zankhondo, mayiko ndi omwe sachita masewerawa atha kupha United States ndi anzawo. ”

Boma lathu lapereka dzina lowonongekali ndipo likufuna kulifalitsa kutali. A Gregory Johnson adalemba mu New York Times pa Novembala 19, 2012 kuti: ndi zigawenga zapadera zomwe zikutsata atsogoleri a Al Qaeda. … Umboni wochokera kwa omenyera nkhondo ku Qaeda komanso kufunsa mafunso ine ndi atolankhani am'derali tayendetsa kudera lonse la Yemen ndikutsimikizira kuti nzika zapakati pa anthu wamba zalongosola zakukula msanga kwa Al Qaeda. United States ikupha amayi, ana ndi mamembala amitundu yayikulu. 'Nthawi iliyonse akapha munthu wamtundu, amapanga omenyera nkhondo ambiri a Al Qaeda,' Yemeni wina adandifotokozera za tiyi ku Sana, likulu, mwezi watha. Wina adauza CNN, atanyanyala ntchito, 'Sindingadabwe ngati anthu zana limodzi agwirizana ndi Al Qaeda chifukwa cholakwitsa kumene kwa drone.' ”

Ndani Angatuluke
Malingaliro Oopsya Oterowo?

Yankho lachidule ndilo: anthu omwe amamvera mofulumira, amakhulupirira abwana awo mopitirira muyeso, ndikumva chisoni chachikulu pamene amasiya ndikuganiza. Pa June 6, 2013, NBC News anafunsa munthu wina yemwe kale anali woyendetsa galimotoyo dzina lake Brandon Bryant yemwe adavutika maganizo kwambiri pa ntchito yake yopha anthu a 1,600:
Brandon Bryant akunena kuti anali atakhala pampando ku Nevada Air Force yomwe ikugwiritsira ntchito kamera pamene gulu lake linathamangitsa mizati iwiri kuchokera ku drone kwa amuna atatu akuyenda mumsewu pakati pa dziko lonse ku Afghanistan. Mabotiwa amagonjetsa zolinga zitatuzi, ndipo Bryant akunena kuti akhoza kuona zotsatira zake pamakompyuta ake-kuphatikizapo mafano otentha a chiwopsezo cha magazi otentha.

Iye adakumbukira kuti, "Mnyamatayo akuyendayenda, akusowa mwendo wake wamanja." 'Ndipo ine ndikuyang'ana munthu uyu akuwombera kunja, ine ndikutanthauza, magazi ali otentha.' Pamene munthuyu adafa thupi lake linakula, adatero Bryant, ndipo chifaniziro chake chotentha chinasintha kufikira atakhala mtundu wofanana ndi nthaka.

'Ndikutha kuona pixel yaing'ono,' anatero Bryant, yemwe watulukira kuti ali ndi matenda osokonezeka maganizo, 'ngati ndingotseka maso anga.'

'Anthu amati kumwa mowa ndikumenyana ndi ziwawa,' adatero Bryant. 'Chabwino, zida siziwona izi. Artillery samawona zotsatira za zochita zawo. Zimatikonda kwambiri, chifukwa tikuwona zonse. ' ...

Iye sadakayikire ngakhale kuti amuna atatuwa ku Afghanistan anali ogawenga a Taliban kapena amuna okha omwe ali ndi mfuti m'dziko limene anthu ambiri amanyamula mfuti. Amunawa anali makilomita asanu kuchokera ku magulu a ku America akukangana pamene msilikali woyamba adawagwera. ...

Amakumbukiranso kuti akukhulupirira kuti adawona mwana akuwombera pamsana wake pamsana mbuyomu asanamenyane ndi mfuti, ngakhale atatsimikiziridwa kuchokera kwa ena kuti chiwerengero chomwe adawona chinali galu.

Atatha kuchita nawo mautumiki mazana ambiri pazaka, Bryant adati 'wataya ulemu pa moyo' ndipo anayamba kumva ngati anthu. ...

Mu 2011, pomwe ntchito ya Bryant monga woyang'anira drone yayandikira, adanena mkulu wake anamuuza kuti ali ndi ndalama zambiri. Idawonetsa kuti adagwira nawo ntchito zomwe zinapangitsa kuti anthu a 1,626 aphedwe.

'Ndikanakhala wosangalala ngati sakanandiwonetsanso pepala,' adatero. 'Ndaona asilikali a ku America akufa, anthu osalakwa amafa, ndipo amenyera akufa. Ndipo si wokongola. Sindikufuna kukhala ndi diploma iyi.

Tsopano popeza ali kunja kwa Air Force ndi kunyumba kwawo ku Montana, Bryant adati sakufuna kuganiza kuti ndi anthu angati omwe ali mndandandawo omwe angakhale osalakwa: 'Ndizowawa kwambiri.' ...

Pamene adawuza mayi wina kuti akuwona kuti wakhala akugwiritsira ntchito drone, ndipo adawathandiza kuti anthu ambiri aphedwe, adamudule. Iye adandiyang'ana ine ngati ndine nyamakazi, adatero. 'Ndipo iye sanafune kundikhudza ine kachiwiri.'

Tikuopseza ena,
Osatetezera Iwo

Nkhondo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachinyengo ndi zowonongeka (onani buku langa War Is A Lie) makamaka chifukwa chakuti akulimbikitsayo akufuna kufunsira zabwino ndi zolimbikitsa. Iwo amati nkhondo idzatiteteza ife ku zoopsa zomwe sizilipo, monga zida za ku Iraq, chifukwa nkhondo yowonongeka sidzavomerezedwa-ndipo chifukwa mantha ndi ubale zimapangitsa anthu ambiri kukhumba kukhulupirira ziphunzitso. Palibe cholakwika ndi chitetezo, pambuyo pake. Ndani angatsutse chitetezo?

Kapena akunena kuti nkhondo idzateteza anthu opanda thandizo ku Libya kapena ku Syria kapena dziko lina ku zoopsa zomwe akukumana nazo. Tiyenera kuwamenya kuti tiwateteze. Tili ndi "Udindo Wotchinjiriza." Ngati wina akupanga genocide, ndithudi sitiyenera kuyima ndi kuyang'ana pamene titha kuimitsa.

Koma, monga taonera kale, nkhondo zathu zimatiopseza m'malo momatiteteza. Amaika ena pangozi. Amatenga zovuta ndikuwopsya. Kodi tifunika kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwerewere? Inde, tiyenera, ngati tingathe. Koma sitiyenera kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kutipangitsa anthu a mtundu wozunzika kukhala ovuta kwambiri. Mu September 2013, Purezidenti Obama adalimbikitsa aliyense kuti ayang'ane mavidiyo a ana omwe akufa ku Syria, kutanthauza kuti ngati mumasamala za anawo muyenera kumenyana ndi mabomba ku Syria.

Ndipotu, ambiri otsutsa nkhondo, kuti achite manyazi, ankanena kuti United States ayenera kudera nkhaŵa za ana awo ndi kusiya kulemekeza maudindo a dziko lapansi. Koma kupangitsa zinthu kukhala zoipitsitsa kudziko lachilendo mwa kuponya mabomba si udindo wa aliyense; ndizolakwa. Ndipo izo sizikanati zidzakhale bwino mwa kupeza mafuko ambiri kuti athandizire nazo.

Ndiye Tiyenera Kuchita Chiyani?

Choyamba, tifunika kulenga dziko limene zoopsa zoterezi sizidzachitika (onani Gawo IV la buku ili). Zowononga monga kupha anthu alibe zifukwa zomveka, koma ziri ndi zifukwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala chenjezo.

Chachiwiri, mayiko ngati United States ayenera kukhazikitsa ndondomeko yopondereza ufulu wa anthu. Ngati Siriya ikuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ndikutsutsa ulamuliro wa US kapena wa usilikali wa US, ndipo ngati Bahrain imachita ziwawa zaumunthu koma ikulola sitima zapamadzi za US ku Nkhwangwala, yankho liyenera kukhala lofanana. Ndipotu, sitimayo imayenera kubwerera kuchokera ku mayiko ena, zomwe zingapangitse kuti zovuta zikhale zophweka. Olamulira oponderezedwa omwe anagonjetsedwa m'zaka zaposachedwa ndi zachiwawa ku Egypt, Yemen, ndi Tunisia anali, koma sakanakhala nawo, thandizo la US. Zomwezo zimapangitsa wolamulira wankhanza kuti agonjetsedwe mwamphamvu ku Libya ndi omwe anaopseza ku Syria, komanso amene anagonjetsedwa ku Iraq. Awa ndiwo anthu onse omwe boma la US linakondwera kugwira ntchito pamene zinkawoneka kuti ndizofuna ku US. United States iyenera kuyimitsa nkhondo, kuwathandiza, kapena kuthandizira mwa njira iliyonse maboma omwe amachitira nkhanza zaumunthu, kuphatikizapo maboma a Israeli ndi Egypt. Ndipo, ndithudi, United States sayenera kuchitira nkhanza ufulu waumwini.
Chachitatu, anthu, magulu, ndi maboma ayenera kuthandizira kusagonjera nkhanza ndi nkhanza, kupatula ngati kusonkhana nawo kungawononge anthu omwe akuthandizidwa kuti akhale opanda pake. Kugonjetsedwa kosagwirizana ndi maboma oponderezeka kumakhala kofala komanso kumakhala nthawi yaitali kuposa chiwawa, ndipo machitidwewa akuwonjezeka. (Ndimalimbikitsa Erica Chenoweth ndi Maria J. Stephan's Chifukwa Chake Mapeto Otsutsa Magulu: Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict.)

Chachinai, boma lomwe likupita kunkhondo ndi anthu ake kapena dziko lina liyenera kunyozedwa, kuponderezedwa, kuimbidwa mlandu, kulangizidwa (mwachangu, boma limapanikiza, osati kuzunzika kwa anthu ake), kulingalira nawo, ndikuyenda mwamtendere . Komanso, maboma omwe samachita chiwawa kapena nkhondo ayenera kupindula.

Chachisanu, mayiko a dziko lapansi ayenela kukhazikitsa apolisi apadziko lonse popanda zofuna za mtundu uliwonse wogwira ntchito zowonjezera zankhondo kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwa asilikali ndi zida ku mayiko akunja kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Apolisi oterewa ayenera kukhala ndi cholinga chokha chokhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu ndikumvetsetsa kuti ali ndi cholinga chokha. Iyenso ikufunika kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo za polisi, osati zipangizo za nkhondo. Kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Rwanda sikungapange kanthu kabwino. Apolisi pansi angakhale nawo. Kuponya mabomba ku Kosovo kunachititsa kuti kuwonjezereka kupha kukhale pansi, osati kuthetsa nkhondo.

Inde tiyenera kupewa ndi kutsutsa nkhondo. Koma kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo pofuna kuletsa chiwonongeko ndikufanana ndi kugonana kwa namwali. Nkhondo ndi kuphedwa ndi mapasa. Kusiyanitsa pakati pawo nthawi zambiri ndikuti nkhondo zimapangidwa ndi dziko lathu komanso kupha anthu ena. Wolemba mbiri Peter Kuznick akufunsa ophunzira ake momwe anthu a United States anaphedwa ku Vietnam. Ophunzira nthawi zambiri amaganiza zoposa 50,000. Kenaka akuwauza kuti yemwe anali mlembi wa "Defense" Robert McNamara anali m'kalasi yake ndipo adavomereza kuti anali 3.8 miliyoni. Ichi chinali mapeto a kafukufuku wa 2008 ndi Harvard Medical School ndi Institute for Health Metrics ndi Assessment ku University of Washington. Nick Turse Akupha Chilichonse Chosuntha chimasonyeza kuti nambala yeniyeniyo ndi yoposa.

Kuznick ndiye akufunsa ophunzira ake momwe Hitler anaphedwa mu ndende zozunzirako anthu, ndipo onse amadziwa yankho lokhala Ayuda okwana 6 (ndi mamiliyoni ambiri kuphatikizapo onse ozunzidwa). Akufunsa zomwe angaganize ngati a German akulephera kudziwa chiwerengerochi ndikumva kuti ali ndi mbiri yolakwika pazochitikazo. Kusiyana kwakukulu ku Germany kuli kovuta ndi momwe a US amalingalira-ngati akuganiza konse-zakupha ku US ku Philippines, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Iraq, kapena-mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse.

Nkhondo Yachiwawa?

Ngakhale kuti kupha anthu mamiliyoni angapo ku Germany kunali koopsa kwambiri, ngati nkhondo inatenga 50 kwa miyanda ya 70 miliyoni. Anthu ena a Japan okwana 3 anafa, kuphatikizapo mazana ambirimbiri omwe amatha kupha asilikali apanyanja asanayambe kupha mabomba a nyukiliya omwe anapha 225,000. Germany anapha asilikali ambiri a Soviet kuposa kupha akaidi. Ogwirizanawo anapha Amitundu ambiri kuposa Germany. Angakhale atachita zimenezi pofuna cholinga chapamwamba, koma ena alibe chidwi chopha munthu. Pambuyo pa US kupita kunkhondo, Harry Truman ananyamuka ku Senate ndipo adati United States iyenera kuthandiza Amalimani kapena a Russia, omwe ali otayika, kotero kuti anthu ambiri adzafa.

"Kupha chirichonse chomwe chimasuntha" chinali dongosolo lomwe linawonekera, mu mawu osiyanasiyana, ku Iraq monga ku Vietnam. Koma zida zosiyanasiyana zotsutsana ndi antchito, monga mabomba a cluster, zinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Vietnam makamaka kuvulaza ndi kuvulaza koopsa koposa kupha, ndipo zida zina zomwezo zimagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi United States. (Onani Turse, p. 77.) Nkhondo sangathe kusintha china chirichonse kuposa nkhondo chifukwa palibe choipitsitsa kuposa nkhondo.

Yankho la "Kodi mungachite chiyani ngati dziko lina likuukira wina?" Liyenera kukhala lofanana ndi yankho la "Kodi mungachite chiyani ngati dziko linapanga chiwembu?" Pundits amasonyeza kukwiya kwawo kwakukulu kwa wozunza amene "akupha anthu ake . "Ndipotu, kupha anthu a anthu ena ndi koipa. Ndizoipa ngakhale NATO imachita izi.

Kodi tiyenera kupita ku nkhondo kapena kukhala pafupi? Izi sindizo zokha zokha. Kodi ndikanatani, ndapemphedwa kangapo, m'malo mopha anthu okhala ndi drones? Nthawi zonse ndayankha kuti: Ndikanaleka kupha anthu okhala ndi drones. Ndimapangitsanso anthu omwe amawatsutsa kuti ndiwaphwanya malamulo ndikugwira nawo ntchito kuti aziwatsutsa milandu yawo.

Nkhani ya Libya

Ndikuganiza zambiri pa milandu yambiri, Libya ndi Syria, ndizovomerezeka pano ndi chizoloŵezi choopsa cha anthu ambiri omwe amati amadana ndi nkhondo kuti apange nkhondo zenizeni, kuphatikizapo izi-nkhondo imodzi yaposachedwapa, ina yomwe inaopsezedwa nkhondo pa nthawi ya zolembedwa izi. Choyamba, Libya.

Mtsutso wothandizira mabomba a 2011 NATO ku Libya ndikuti unalepheretsa kupha anthu kapena kusintha dziko mwa kugonjetsa boma loipa. Zida zambiri kumbali zonse za nkhondo zinali US. Hitler wa nthawiyo adakondwera ndi thandizo la US kumbuyo. Koma kutenga nthawi kuti izi zinali zotani, mosasamala kanthu zomwe zidachitidwa bwino mmbuyomo kuti zipewe, vutoli sili lolimba.

Bungwe la White House linati Gaddafi adaopseza kupha anthu a Benghazi "popanda chifundo," koma nyuzipepala ya New York Times inanena kuti Gaddafi akuopseza anthu opanduka, osati anthu, komanso kuti Gaddafi adalonjeza kuti adzapereka chifundo kwa anthu omwe "akuponya zida zawo kutali. "Gaddafi adalonjezanso kuti apulisi apulumuke athawire ku Egypt ngati sakanamenya nkhondo. Komabe Purezidenti Obama adachenjeza za chiwonongeko choyandikira.

Lipoti lapamwamba la zomwe Gaddafi anaopseza zikugwirizana ndi khalidwe lake lakale. Panali mwayi wina wopha anthu ngati adafuna kupha anthu ku Zawiya, Misurata, kapena Ajdabiya. Iye sanachite zimenezo. Pambuyo pa nkhondo zambiri ku Misurata, lipoti la Human Rights Watch linatsimikizira kuti Gaddafi adalimbana ndi asilikali, osati anthu. Mwa anthu a 400,000 ku Misurata, 257 anamwalira mu miyezi iwiri yomenyana. Kuchokera ku 949 anavulazidwa, osachepera 3 peresenti anali akazi.

Zowonjezera kuti chiwonongeko chawo chinali kupambana kwa opandukawo, opanduka omwewo adachenjeza a Western media za chiwonongeko chomwe chikubwera, opanduka omwewo omwe New York Times adanena kuti "sakhala okhulupirika ku choonadi poyambitsa mafala awo" ndipo " Zotsatira za khalidwe loipa la [Gaddafi]. "Zotsatira za NATO zogwirizana ndi nkhondo zikutheka kuti zikupha, osachepera. Izi zinapanga nkhondo yomwe inawoneka kuti idzafika posachedwa ndi kupambana kwa Gaddafi.

Alan Kuperman adanena mu Boston Globe kuti "Obama adalandira mfundo yabwino yoteteza-yomwe ena adaitcha mwamsanga maitanidwe a Obama kuti athandizepo kuti ateteze chiwawa. Libya ikuwulula momwe njirayi, yomwe ikugwirizanitsika, imatha kupsa mtima powalimbikitsa opanduka kuti azikwiyitsa ndi kupambanitsa nkhanza, kukakamiza njira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi mavuto aumphawi apitirize. "

Nanga bwanji za kugonjetsedwa kwa Gaddafi? Izo zinakwaniritsidwa ngati kuphedwa kunapewedwa kapena ayi. Zoona. Ndipo ndi mofulumira kwambiri kuti anene zomwe zotsatira zonse zakhala. Koma tikudziwa izi: Mphamvu inaperekedwa ku lingaliro lakuti ndilovomerezeka kuti gulu la maboma liwononge wina. Chiwawa chimagonjetsa pafupifupi nthawizonse kusiya kusakhazikika ndi kukwiya. Chiwawa chinafalikira ku Mali ndi m'mayiko ena m'chigawochi. Opanduka omwe sankakhudzidwa ndi demokalase kapena ufulu wa anthu anali ndi zida zankhondo ndipo anali ndi mphamvu, ndi zotsatira zowonekeratu ku Syria, kwa ambassador wa ku United States omwe anaphedwa ku Benghazi, komanso m'tsogolo. Ndipo phunziro linaphunzitsidwa kwa olamulira a mitundu ina: ngati inu mutayambitsa zida (monga Libya, monga Iraq, inasiya mapulogalamu ake a nyukiliya ndi mankhwala) mukhoza kuukiridwa.

Muzinthu zina zosautsa, nkhondo inamenyana motsutsana ndi chifuniro cha US Congress ndi United Nations. Kugonjetsa maboma kungakhale kotchuka, koma sikunali kovomerezeka. Kotero, zifukwa zina zinayenera kupangidwa. Dipatimenti Yachilungamo ya ku United States inauza Congress kuti ikhale yovomerezeka polemba kuti nkhondoyi inathandiza dziko la United States kukhala ndi chidwi chokhazikika m'deralo komanso kukhalabe odalirika a United Nations. Koma kodi Libya ndi United States ali m'dera lomwelo? Ndi chigawo chiti icho, dziko lapansi? Ndipo kodi kusinthika sikusiyana ndi kukhazikika?

Kukhulupilika kwa United Nations ndi chisamaliro chachilendo, kubwera kuchokera ku boma lomwe linagonjetsa Iraq ku 2003 ngakhale kuti otsutsa a UN ndi cholinga (pakati pa ena) kuti atsimikize kuti bungwe la United Nations ndi losafunika. Boma lomwelo, patangotha ​​masabata angapo kuti apereke mlanduwu ku Congress, anakana kulola mlembi wapadera wa UN kuti akachezere munthu wina wa ku United States dzina lake Bradley Manning (wotchedwa Chelsea Manning) kuti atsimikizire kuti sakuzunzidwa. Boma lomwelo linalimbikitsa kuti CIA iphwanyane ndi zida za nkhondo za UN ku Libya, zotsutsana ndi bungwe la United Nations loletsa "kugwira ntchito kunja kwina kulikonse" ku Libya, ndipo adachita mosapita m'mbali kuchitapo kanthu ku Benghazi. pa "kusintha kwa boma."

Wolemba wotchuka wa "US" wofalitsa wailesi ya US Ed Schultz adatsutsa, ali ndi chidani champhamvu m'mawu onse omwe adayankhula pa nkhaniyi, kuti kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Libya kunayesedwa wolungama chifukwa chofunikira kubwezera kuti satana ali padziko lapansi, chirombo ichi chinatulukira mwadzidzidzi kuchokera kumanda a Adolph Hitler , chilombochi kuposa zonsezi: Muammar Gaddafi.
Wolemba ndemanga wotchuka wa ku America Juan Cole anathandizira nkhondo yomweyo monga chopereka chaumulungu. Anthu ambiri m'mayiko a NATO akulimbikitsidwa ndi chithandizo; Ndicho chifukwa chake nkhondo zimagulitsidwa ngati ntchito zachifundo. Koma boma la US silinaloŵererere m'mitundu ina kuti lipindule anthu. Ndipo kuti likhale lolondola, United States silingathe kulowererapo paliponse, chifukwa ilo latsewera kale kulikonse; chimene timachitcha kuti kulowerera ndi bwino kutchedwa mbali zovuta.

United States inali mu bizinesi yopereka zida kwa Gaddafi mpaka nthawi yomwe idalowa mu bizinesi yopereka zida kwa adani ake. Mu 2009, Britain, France ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya adagulitsa Libya chifukwa cha zida zankhanza za 470m. Dziko la United States silingalowerenso ku Yemen kapena ku Bahrain kapena ku Saudi Arabia kuposa ku Libya. Boma la US limalimbikitsa maulamuliro awo. Ndipotu, kuti alandire thandizo la Saudi Arabia chifukwa cha "kulowerera" ku Libya, mayiko a US adavomereza kuti Saudi Arabia itumize asilikali ku Bahrain kukamenyana ndi anthu wamba, lamulo lomwe Mlembi wa boma la United States, Hillary Clinton, analiteteza.

"Kupititsa patsogolo thandizo" ku Libya, panthawiyi, anthu onse omwe atha kuyamba nawo kuteteza, anapha anthu ena ndi mabomba ake ndipo nthawi yomweyo adachoka ku chidziwitso chake cholimbana ndi asilikali omwe akuthawa nawo ndikuyamba nawo nkhondo.

Washington inatumiza mtsogoleri wotsutsana ndi anthu ku Libya omwe adatha zaka zoposa 20 zomwe sizikhala ndi chitsimikizo cha ndalama zambiri kuchokera ku likulu la CIA ku Virginia. Mwamuna wina amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi likulu la CIA: yemwe kale anali Pulezidenti Wachiŵiri wa US Dick Cheney. Ananena kuti akudandaula kwambiri poyankhula mu 1999 kuti maboma akunja anali kuyendetsa mafuta. "Mafuta amakhalabe bizinesi ya boma," adatero. "Ngakhale kuti madera ambiri padziko lapansi amapereka mafuta ambiri, ku Middle East, ndi magawo awiri mwa magawo atatu pa mafuta a dziko lapansi komanso mtengo wotsika kwambiri, akadalibe mphotho yomwe imakhalapo." Wolamulira wakale wamkulu wa ku Ulaya wa NATO, kuyambira 1997 mpaka 2000, Wesley Clark akuti mu 2001, mkulu wa Pentagon anamuwonetsa pepala ndipo anati:

Ndili ndi memo lero kapena dzulo kuchokera ku ofesi ya mlembi wa chitetezo chakumtunda. Ndizo, ndondomeko ya zaka zisanu. Tidzagonjetsa mayiko asanu ndi awiri muzaka zisanu. Tikuyamba ndi Iraq, ndiye Siriya, Lebanoni, ndiye Libya, Somalia, Sudan, tibwereranso kudzatenga Iran ku zaka zisanu.

Izi zikugwirizana ndi ndondomeko za Washington, monga anthu omwe adalemba mozama zolinga zawo mu ndondomeko ya tangi lotchedwa Project for the New American Century. Kukaniza kwakukulu kwa Iraq ndi Afghanistan sikunagwirizane ndi dongosololi konse. Zomwezo sizinasinthike ku Tunisia ndi ku Egypt. Koma kulanda dziko la Libya kulibe lingaliro lenileni la dziko la neoconservative. Ndipo ndizomveka kufotokozera maseŵera a nkhondo omwe Britain ndi France amagwiritsa ntchito poyerekezera kuukiridwa kwa dziko lomwelo.

Boma la Libyan linayendetsa mafuta ake kuposa mtundu wina uliwonse padziko lapansi, ndipo unali mtundu wa mafuta omwe Ulaya akupeza kuti ndi ovuta kuwunikira. Dziko la Libya linayendetsanso ndalama zake, wolemba mabuku wa ku America dzina lake Ellen Brown kuti afotokoze mfundo yosangalatsa yokhudza mayiko asanu ndi awiri otchedwa Clark:

"Kodi maiko asanu ndi awiriwa ali ofanana bwanji? Pogwiritsa ntchito mabanki, omwe amatsimikizira kuti palibe aliyense wa iwo amene amalembedwa m'mabanki a 56 a Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Izi mwachiwonekere zimawaika kunja kwa mkono wautali wa mabanki apakatikati a mabanki ku Switzerland. Otsatira kwambiri a maerewo angakhale Libya ndi Iraq, awiri omwe awonetsedwa. Kenneth Schortgen Jr., polemba pa Examiner.com, adanena kuti "[miyezi iyezi iwiri US] asanatuluke ku Iraq kuti akagonjetse Saddam Hussein, mtundu wa mafuta unasintha kulandira ndalama m'malo mwa ndalama zowonjezera mafuta, ndipo izi zinakhala chiopsezo cha dola padziko lonse lapansi monga ndalama yosungirako ndalama, ndi ulamuliro wake monga mafuta. ' Malinga ndi nkhani ya ku Russia yotchedwa 'Kuphulika kwa Libya - Chilango cha Gaddafi chifukwa cha kuyesa kwake kukana ndalama za US', Gaddafi analimbikitsanso molimba mtima: adayambitsa kayendedwe ka kukana dola ndi euro, ndipo adaitana mayiko achiarabu ndi aAfrica kuti gwiritsani ntchito ndalama zatsopano mmalo mwake, dinar ya golide.

"Gaddafi adalimbikitsa kukhazikitsa dziko limodzi la Africa, limodzi ndi anthu a 200 miliyoni omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ndalama imodzi. M'chaka chathachi, lingalirolo linavomerezedwa ndi mayiko ambiri achiarabu ndi mayiko ambiri a ku Africa. Otsutsana okha anali Republic of South Africa ndi mtsogoleri wa League of Arab States. Izi zinkasokonezedwa ndi US ndi European Union, ndi Purezidenti wa France Nicolas Sarkozy akuyitanira Libya kuopseza ndalama za anthu; Koma Gaddafi sanasokonezedwe ndipo anapitirizabe kukakamiza kuti dziko la Africa likhale logwirizana. "

Mlandu wa Syria

Syria, monga Libya, inali pa mndandanda wolembedwa ndi Clark, ndipo mndandanda womwewo unayesedwa ndi Dick Cheney ndi omwe anali nduna yayikulu ya ku Britain Tony Blair mu zolemba zake. Akuluakulu a ku United States, kuphatikizapo Senator John McCain, kwa zaka zambiri adanena kuti akufuna kugonjetsa boma la Syria chifukwa chakuti likugwirizana ndi boma la Iran lomwe amakhulupirira kuti liyenera kugonjetsedwa. Zisankho za 2013 za Iran sizikuwoneka ngati zosintha izi.

Pamene ndikulemba izi, boma la US linalimbikitsa kupanga nkhondo ku US ku Syria chifukwa boma la Syria linagwiritsa ntchito zida za mankhwala. Palibe umboni wotsimikizirika wazinthu zomwezinaperekedwa kale. M'munsimu muli zifukwa za 12 chifukwa chake chifukwa chomveka chotsutsa nkhondo sichili chabwino ngakhale chowonadi.

1. Nkhondo siinayesedwe mwalamulo ndi chifukwa chotero. Silingapezeke mu Kellogg-Briand Pact, United Nations Charter, kapena Constitution ya US. Zingatheke, komabe, zimapezeka m'mawu amphamvu a nkhondo a US a mpesa wa 2002. (Ndani akunena kuti boma lathu silikulimbikitsanso kubwezeretsanso?)

2. United States palokha imakhala ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zamatsenga ndi zina zomwe zimatsutsidwa padziko lonse, kuphatikizapo phosphorous white, napalm, magulu a masango, ndi uranium yatha. Kaya mumatamanda izi, pewani kuganiza za iwo, kapena kundiphatikizira, sichifukwa chovomerezeka ndi malamulo kapena chikhalidwe cha mtundu wina wakunja kuti atiphe, kapena kuti awononge mtundu wina kumene asilikali a US akugwira ntchito. Kupha anthu kuti asaphedwe ndi zida zolakwika ndi lamulo lomwe liyenera kutuluka ndi matenda ena. Itanani izo Pre-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

3. Nkhondo yowonjezera ku Syria itha kukhala yamchigawo kapena yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi zotulukapo zosalamulirika. Syria, Lebanon, Iran, Russia, China, United States, Gulf states, maiko a NATO… kodi izi zikumveka ngati mikangano yomwe tikufuna? Kodi zikumveka ngati mkangano womwe aliyense adzapulumuke? Chifukwa chiyani padziko lapansi pachiswe chotere?

4. Kukhazikitsa "malo amodzi othamanga" kungaphatikizepo kupha mabomba m'matawuni ndikupha anthu ambiri mosakayikira. Izi zinachitika ku Libya ndipo tinayang'ana kutali. Koma zidachitika makamaka ku Syria, kupatsidwa malo omwe malowa adzaponyedwe. Kukhazikitsa "malo othamanga" si nkhani yolengeza, koma za kugwa mabomba pa zida zotsutsana ndi ndege.

5. Mbali zonse ziwiri ku Syria zagwiritsa ntchito zida zoopsa ndikuchita nkhanza zoopsa. Ndithudi ngakhale iwo omwe amaganiza kuti anthu ayenera kuphedwa kuti asaphedwe kuphedwa ndi zida zosiyana akhoza kuona kuopsa kwa zida zankhondo zonse kuti atetezane. Nchifukwa chiani sizingakhale ngati wopusa ndi mkono kumbali imodzi kumenyana komwe kumaphatikizapo nkhanza zofanana ndi zonsezi?

6. Ku United States kuli otsutsa ku Syria, United States idzaimbidwa mlandu wa milandu ya otsutsawo. Anthu ambiri ku Western Asia amadana ndi al Qaeda ndi zigawenga zina. Akudana ndi United States ndi drones, mabomba, maziko, usiku, mabodza, ndi chinyengo. Tangoganizirani za udani umene udzakwaniritsidwe ngati al Qaeda ndi United States akugwirizanitsa boma la Syria ndikupanga gehena ngati gehena m'malo mwake.

7. Kupandukira kosagonjetsedwa kumagwidwa ndi mphamvu kunja kwa mphamvu sizimangobweretsa boma lokhazikika. Ndipotu sipanakhalepo nkhani yokhudza nkhondo yothandiza anthu ku United States yomwe imapindulitsa kwambiri anthu kapena kumanga nyumba kumanga dziko. Nchifukwa chiyani Syria, yomwe imawoneka ngati yovuta kwambiri kuposa zolinga zambiri, zikhale zosiyana ndi lamuloli?

8. Kutsutsa uku sikufuna kupanga demokarase, kapena-chifukwa cha nkhaniyi-pomvera malangizo a boma la US. M'malo mwake, blowback kuchokera ku mabungwe amenewa ndiwotheka. Monga momwe tikanati tiphunzire phunziro lachinyengo zokhudzana ndi zida tsopano, boma lathu liyenera kuphunziranso phunziro la kumenyana ndi mdani wa mdani nthawi yayitali.

9. Chitsanzo cha zochitika zina zosayeruzika ndi United States, kaya apolisi odziteteza kapena kuchita nawo mwachindunji, amapereka chitsanzo chowopsya ku dziko lapansi komanso kwa iwo omwe ali ku Washington ndi ku Israel omwe Iran akutsatira.

10. Ambiri a ku America, ngakhale ntchito zonse zofalitsa mafilimu mpaka pano, akutsutsana ndi kumenyana ndi opandukawo kapena kuchita nawo mwachindunji. Mmalo mwake, zothandizira zambiri zimapereka chithandizo. Ndipo ambiri (ambiri?) Asuri, mosasamala kanthu za mphamvu ya kutsutsa kwawo boma lino, akutsutsa kusokonezeka kwachilendo ndi chiwawa. Ambiri mwa opandukawo, alidi, akumenyana nawo. Tingachite bwino kufalitsa demokalase mwachitsanzo kusiyana ndi bomba.

11. Pali kayendedwe kowonjezereka kwa demokarasi ku Bahrain ndi ku Turkey ndi kwina kulikonse, ndipo ku Syria palokha, ndi boma lathu silinatulukitse dzanja.

12. Kukhazikitsa kuti boma la Syria lachita zinthu zowopsya kapena kuti anthu a Suriya akuvutika, samapanga mulandu chifukwa chochita zinthu zomwe zingapangitse zinthu kukhala zoipira. Pali vuto lalikulu la othaŵa kwawo kuthaŵa Suriya, koma pali othawa kwawo ambiri kapena oposa ambiri omwe sangakwanitse kubwerera kwawo. Kutuluka kunja kwa Hitler kungakwaniritse zofuna zina, koma sizidzapindulitsa anthu a Siriya. Anthu a Siriya ndi ofunika kwambiri monga anthu a ku United States. Palibe chifukwa choti Achimereka sayenera kuika moyo wawo pachiswe kwa Asuri. Koma anthu a ku America akumenyera Asiriya kapena kuponya mabomba kwa Asiriya omwe angawathandize kuti mavutowa asapitirire. Tiyenera kukhala olimbikitsana ndi kukambirana, zida za mbali zonse, kuchoka kwa amitundu akunja, kubwerera kwawo, kupereka thandizo, kuthandizira milandu ya nkhondo, kugwirizanitsa pakati pa magulu, komanso chisankho chaulere.

Nobel Peace Laureate Mairead Maguire adapita ku Syria ndikukakambirana momwe zinthu ziliri pawayilesi yanga. Adalemba mu Guardian kuti, "pomwe pali gulu lovomerezeka komanso lakale lomwe likufuna kukhazikitsa bata komanso kusintha zinthu zachiwawa ku Syria, ziwawa zoyipitsitsa zikuchitika ndi magulu akunja. Magulu ankhanza ochokera padziko lonse lapansi asamukira ku Syria, akufuna kusamutsa nkhondoyi kuti ikhale yodana ndi malingaliro. … Alonda pamtendere apadziko lonse lapansi, komanso akatswiri komanso anthu wamba mkati mwa Syria, agwirizana kuti lingaliro lawo loti United States itenga nawo mbali ingangokulitsa mkangano uwu. ”

Simungagwiritse Ntchito Nkhondo Yothetsa Nkhondo

Mu 1928, mayiko akuluakulu a dziko lapansi adasaina pangano la Kellogg-Briand Pact, lomwe limatchedwanso Peace Pact kapena Pact ya Paris, yomwe inakana nkhondo ndi mayiko odzipereka kuthetsa mikangano yapadziko lonse ndi njira zamtendere zokha. Otsutsa maboma akuyembekeza kukhazikitsa dongosolo la malamulo apadziko lonse, kuyankhulana, ndi kutsutsa, ndikuwona nkhondo zikulepheretsedwa kupyolera mu zokambirana, zoletsedwa, ndi zovuta zina zopanda chilema. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zokakamiza kuti lamuloli likhale loletsa nkhondo pogwiritsira ntchito kupanga nkhondo zikanakhala zogonjetsa. Mu 1931, Senator William Borah anati:

Zambiri zanenedwa, ndipo zipitilizabe kunenedwa, chifukwa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu chimamwalira mwamphamvu, chokhazikitsa mgwirizano wamtendere. Zimanenedwa kuti tiyenera kuyikamo mano — mawu oyenererana ndikuwonetsanso lingaliro lamtendere lomwe lakhazikika pakung'ambika, kupundula, kuwononga, kupha. Ambiri andifunsa za ine: Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani pokhazikitsa mgwirizano wamtendere? Ndidzafuna kumveketsa bwino. Zomwe akutanthauza ndikusintha mgwirizano wamtendere kukhala mgwirizano wankhondo. Angasinthe kukhala njira ina yamtendere potengera mphamvu, ndipo kukakamiza ndi dzina lina lankhondo. Mwa kuyika mano mmenemo, amatanthauza mgwirizano wogwiritsa ntchito magulu ankhondo ndi zankhondo kulikonse komwe malingaliro abwinobwino a ena ofuna kupeza anzawo angapeze munthu wankhanza… ndilibe chilankhulo chofotokozera mantha anga pamfundo iyi yopanga mapangano amtendere, kapena ziwembu zamtendere, pa chiphunzitso cha mphamvu.

Chifukwa chakuti nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse inayamba, nzeru yamba ndi yakuti Borah anali kulakwitsa, kuti mgwirizano ukusowa mano. Motero, Charter ya UN imaphatikizapo njira zogwiritsira ntchito nkhondo polimbana ndi nkhondo. Koma pa zaka makumi awiri ndi makumi atatu, US ndi maboma ena sanali kungosayina mgwirizano wamtendere. Anali kugula zida zambiri, akulephera kukhazikitsa dongosolo lokwanira la malamulo apadziko lonse, ndi kulimbikitsa zochitika zoopsa m'malo monga Germany, Italy, ndi Japan. Pambuyo pa nkhondo, pogwiritsa ntchito mgwirizano, opambanawo adatsutsa otaika chifukwa cha kuphwanya nkhondo. Ichi chinali choyamba mu mbiriyakale ya mdziko. Adaweruzidwa kuti kulibe nkhondo yoyamba ya padziko lonse (yomwe inayambanso chifukwa cha zifukwa zina, kuphatikizapo kukhalapo kwa zida za nyukiliya) kuzunzidwa koyambirira kunali kovuta kwambiri.

Poyang'aniridwa ndi zaka za zana loyamba la United Nations ndi NATO, ndondomeko zothetsa nkhondo kupyolera mu mphamvu zakhala zikulakwitsa kwambiri. Msonkhano wa UN ukulola nkhondo zomwe zimakhala zotetezera kapena bungwe la UN liloledwa, kotero a US adanena kuti akutsutsa mitundu yosauka yosasamalika pakati pa dziko lonse lapansi monga chitetezo ndi UN-kuvomerezedwa kaya ayi. Chigwirizano cha mayiko a NATO kuti abweretse kuthandizana wina ndi mzake chasandulika kudziko lina lakutali. Chida cha mphamvu, monga Borah kumvetsa, chidzagwiritsidwa ntchito molingana ndi zilakolako za aliyense amene ali ndi mphamvu.
Inde, ambiri omwe akukhudzidwa nawo amatanthawuza bwino kuti iwo akukwiyitsidwa ndi olamulira olamulira awo boma lawo lathyola chithandizo chake ndikuyamba kutsutsana, ndipo pamene iwo akufuna kudziwa ngati tiyenera kuchita chinachake kapena kanthu pakusokoneza osalakwa-ngati kuti zosankha zokha ndi nkhondo ndi kukhala mmanja mwathu. Yankho, ndithudi, ndi lakuti tiyenera kuchita zambiri. Koma imodzi mwa izo si nkhondo.

Nkhondo Yoipa Yotsutsa

Pali njira zotsutsana ndi nkhondo zomwe sizingatheke, chifukwa zimachokera ku mabodza, zimakhala zochepa chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo chotsutsana ndi nkhondo zina zokha, ndipo sizikupangitsa kuti chilakolako chokhudzidwa ndi chiwonongeko chikhale chokwanira. Ichi ndi chowonadi ngakhale kamodzi ife timapitako kupyola nkhondo zokha ndi mayiko omwe si Afirika. Pali njira zomwe zingatsutsane ndi nkhondo zina za US zomwe sizikulimbitsa chifukwa cha kuthetsa.

Ambiri ku America, m'mabungwe angapo aposachedwapa, amakhulupirira kuti nkhondo ya 2003-2011 pa Iraq imapweteka United States koma inapindula ndi Iraq. Anthu ambiri a ku America amakhulupilira, osati kuti Aijaiyah okha ayenera kuyamika, koma kuti Iraqi ndikuyamikira. Ambiri ambiri a ku America omwe adakondwera kuthetsa nkhondo zaka zambiri pamene adapitilira, adakondwera kuthetsa chisomo. Akumva makamaka za asilikali a US ndi mabungwe a US ochokera ku US media, ndipo ngakhale magulu a mtendere a US, anthuwa sankadziwa kuti boma lawo linapangitsa kuti dziko la Iraq liwonongeke kwambiri ndi mtundu uliwonse.

Tsopano, sindikufuna kukana aliyense wotsutsa nkhondo, ndipo sindifuna kuchotsa. Koma sindiyenera kuchita izo kuti ndiyesere kuziwonjezera. Nkhondo ya Iraq inapweteka United States. Izo zinawononga United States. Koma izi zinamupweteka kwambiri ku Iraq. Izi siziri chifukwa chakuti tiyenera kumverera kuti ndife olakwa kapena otsika, koma chifukwa nkhondo zolimbana ndi zifukwa zing'onozing'ono zimayambitsa kutsutsana kwa nkhondo. Ngati nkhondo ya Iraq idawonongeka kwambiri, mwina nkhondo ya Libya inali yokwera mtengo. Ngati asilikali ambiri a ku America afa ku Iraq, mwina akhoza kumenyana ndi mavuto kuti athetse vutoli. Kutsutsidwa kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa nkhondo kwa ozunza zikhoza kukhala zolimba, koma kodi zingakhale zomangika ngati kayendetsedwe kotsutsana ndi ndalamazo kuphatikizapo olungama otsutsa kupha anthu ambiri?

Congressman Walter Jones anasangalala ndi nkhondo ya 2003 ku Iraq, ndipo pamene dziko la France linatsutsa izo, iye anaumirira kukonzanso mafinya a French, ufulu wowomba. Koma kuzunzika kwa asilikali a US kunasintha malingaliro ake. Ambiri anali ochokera kudera lake. Anawona zomwe adadutsa, zomwe mabanja awo adadutsa. Zinali zokwanira. Koma iye sanadziwe za Iraqi. Iye sanawachitire iwo ntchito.

Purezidenti Obama atayamba kulankhula za nkhondo ku Siriya, Congressman Jones adayambitsa ndondomeko yomwe inakhazikitsanso lamulo la Constitution ndi War Powers Act, pofuna kuti Congress ikhale yovomerezeka isanayambe nkhondo iliyonse. Chisankhocho chimakhala ndi mfundo zambiri (kapena pafupi ndi izo):

Pamene opanga malamulo apereka chisankho choyambitsa nkhondo yonyansa osati podzitetezera kokha ku Congress m'nkhani yoyamba I, gawo 8, ndime 11;
Pamene opanga Malamulowo adadziwa kuti Nthambi Yoyang'anira idzayambitsa kupanga ngozi ndikunyengerera Congress ndi anthu a United States kuti azitsutsa nkhondo zopanda mphamvu kuti zithandize akuluakulu;

Nkhondo zopanda malire sizigwirizana ndi ufulu, kulekana kwa mphamvu, ndi lamulo;

Pamene kulowa kwa asilikali a United States ku nkhondo yomwe ikuchitika ku Syria kuti iwononge Purezidenti Bashar al-Assad idzapangitsa United States kukhala yopanda chitetezo mwa kudzutsa adani atsopano;

Ngakhale kuti nkhondo zothandizira zotsutsana zimakhala zotsutsana komanso zotsutsana ndi zipolowe zankhondo, monga Somalia ndi Libya;

Ngakhale kuti ngati apambane, kupanduka kwa Syria komweko kumakhala kosautsa anthu achikristu kapena ena ochepa monga momwe adawonedwera ku Iraq ndi boma la Shiite; ndi

Ngakhale kuti United States thandizo la asilikali kwa olamulira a ku Suriya likhoza kuopsezedwa ndi thandizo la usilikali loperekedwa kwa a Afghan Afghan mujahideen ku Afghanistan pofuna kutsutsana ndi Soviet Union ndipo pamapeto pake zida zonyansa za 9 / 11 zatha.

Koma zotsatira zotsatizanazi zotsutsanazi zinasokoneza chigamulocho ndipo zinasewera m'manja mwa "ankhondo" othandiza:

Tsogolo la Syria silofunika ku United States ndi nzika zake komanso siziyenera kuika moyo wa membala mmodzi wa asilikali a United States.

Tsogolo la mtundu wonse wa anthu 20 miliyoni siliyenera munthu mmodzi, ngati 20 miliyoni ndi Asuri ndipo 1 ikuchokera ku United States? Chifukwa chiani izo zikanakhala? Inde, tsogolo la Suriya ndi lofunikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi-onani ndime pamwambapa yonena za blowback. Jones 'wosagwirizana ndi dziko lake adzachititsa kuti asadziwe zambiri. Amaseŵera kuti lingaliro la nkhondo ya Suriya lidzapindulitsa Asiriya koma lidzawononga United States. Amalimbikitsa lingaliro lakuti palibe amene ayenera kuika moyo wake pachiswe kwa ena, kupatula ngati enawo achokera ku fuko lofanana. Dziko lathu silidzapulumuka chilengedwe chodzadza ndi maganizo awo. Jones akudziwa kuti Siriya idzavutika-onani ndime pamwambapa. Ayenera kunena choncho. Chowona kuti nkhondo zathu sizikhala pambali, kuti zimatipweteka ife tonse ndi omwe akuyenera kutipindula, kuti zimatipangitsa kukhala osatetezeka pamene tikupha anthu, ndizolimba kwambiri. Ndipo ndizotsutsana ndi kupanga zopanga nkhondo, osati zina chabe.

Ndalama za Nkhondo

Ndalama za nkhondo zimakhala kumbali inayo. Kufa kwa America ku Iraq kunaphatikizapo chiwerengero cha 0.3 cha anthu omwe anamwalira pa nkhondoyo (Onani WarIsAchiri.org/Iraq). Koma ndalama zomwe zimabwerera panyumba zimakhala zochuluka kuposa momwe zimadziwikiratu. Timamva za imfayo kuposa kuvulala kwambiri. Timamva za kuvulala kowoneka kuposa kuvulala kwakukulu kosaoneka bwino: kuvulala kwa ubongo ndi ululu wamisala ndi ululu. Sitikumva zokwanira za kudzipha, kapena zotsatira za mabanja ndi abwenzi.

Mtengo wazachuma wankhondo ukuwonetsedwa ngati waukulu, ndipo ndi. Koma ndizochepa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zida zosagwiritsa ntchito nkhondo pokonzekera kumenya nkhondo - kuwononga ndalama, malinga ndi National Priorities Project, kuphatikiza ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo, zimawerengera 57% ya ndalama zachinyengo zomwe boma limapereka mu bajeti ya Purezidenti wa 2014. Ndipo ndalama zonsezo Amatiuza zabodza ngati kuti tili ndi ndalama zambiri zopindulira pachuma. M'malo mwake, komabe, malinga ndi kafukufuku wobwerezedwa ndi University of Massachusetts - Amherst, kugwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo kumabweretsa ntchito zochepa komanso zolipira kwambiri kuposa ndalama zina zilizonse, kuphatikiza maphunziro, zomangamanga, mphamvu zobiriwira, ndi zina zambiri. ndi zoyipa kwambiri pachuma kuposa kudulira misonkho kwa anthu ogwira ntchito-kapena, mwanjira ina, zoyipa kuposa zopanda kanthu. Ndizovuta zachuma zomwe zimawonetsedwa ngati "Wopanga Ntchito," monga anthu abwino omwe amapanga Forbes 400 (Onani PERI.UMass.edu).

Zodabwitsa, pamene "ufulu" nthawi zambiri imatchulidwa ngati chifukwa cholimbana ndi nkhondo, nkhondo zathu zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito monga zitsimikizo kuti zisawononge ufulu wathu weniweni. Yerekezerani ndichinayi, chachisanu, ndikuyamba kusintha kwa malamulo oyendetsera dziko la United States ndi machitidwe a US omwe mukuchita tsopano ndi zaka 15 zapitazo ngati mukuganiza kuti ndikunyengerera. Pa "nkhondo yapadziko lonse yowopsya," boma la United States lakhazikitsa malamulo akuluakulu pazisonyezero za pagulu, mapulogalamu akuluakulu owonetsetsa mwatsatanetsatane wa Chigwirizano chachinayi, kutsegulidwa kosatha kwa ndende popanda kuimbidwa mlandu kapena kuyesedwa, pulogalamu yowonongeka ndi pulezidenti wachinsinsi malamulo, ndi chitetezo cha anthu omwe amachita chizunzo m'malo mwa boma la US. Mabungwe ena akuluakulu omwe si a boma amachita ntchito yothetsera mavutowa koma mwadala amapewa kuthana ndi matenda a kupanga nkhondo ndi kukonzekera nkhondo.

Chikhalidwe cha nkhondo, zida zankhondo, ndi ntchito zopanga phindu zogonjetsa nkhondo zimasamutsidwa ku gulu la apolisi lopititsa patsogolo, komanso kulimbana ndi nkhondo zowonongeka. Koma apolisi amaona anthu kukhala mdani m'malo mwa abwana satipangitsa ife kukhala otetezeka. Imaika chitetezo chathu mwamsanga ndi chiyembekezo chathu kwa boma loimira.

Chinsinsi cha nkhondo nthawi zonse chimatenga boma kuchoka kwa anthu ndipo amaimira oimba malipoti omwe amayesa kutidziwitsa za zomwe zikuchitika, m'maina athu, ndi ndalama zathu, monga adani a dziko. Timaphunzitsidwa kudana ndi iwo omwe amalemekeza ife ndi kutsutsa kwa iwo amene amatichitira manyazi. Pamene ndikulemba izi, Bradley Manning (yemwe panopa amamutcha dzina lake Chelsea Manning) adaimbidwa mlandu poulula milandu ya nkhondo. Adaimbidwa mlandu wothandiza "mdani" komanso akuphwanya malamulo a Espionage Act a Nkhondo Yadziko lonse. Palibe umboni wosonyeza kuti adathandizira mdani aliyense kapena amayesa kuthandiza mdani aliyense, ndipo adaweruzidwa mlandu "wothandiza mdani." Komabe adapezeka kuti ali ndi mlandu wa "ziwanda" pofuna kukwaniritsa udindo wake walamulo kufotokoza zolakwika za boma. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, Edward Snowden, yemwe anali mfuti wina, adathawa m'dzikoli ndikuopa moyo wake. Ndipo atolankhani ambiri adanena kuti magwero a boma adakana kukambirana nawo. Bungwe la federal lakhazikitsa Pulogalamu ya "Insider Threat Program," ikulimbikitsa ogwira ntchito ku boma kuti awononge antchito aliwonse amene akuganiza kuti akukhala mfuu kapena azondi.

Chikhalidwe chathu, makhalidwe athu, malingaliro athu: izi zingawonongeke nkhondo ngakhale pamene nkhondo ili pamtunda wa makilomita zikwi zambiri.

Malo athu achirengedwe ndi omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza kwambiri, izi zimamenyana ndi zowonongeka zomwe zimatsogolera ogula zinthu zakuda, ndi amphepete a dziko lapansi, mpweya, ndi madzi m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kuvomerezeka kwa nkhondo mu chikhalidwe chathu kungathe kuwerengedwa ndi magulu akuluakulu a chilengedwe kuti asakonde mpaka pano kuti atenge chimodzi mwa zinthu zowonongeka koposa: kukhala ndi nkhondo. Ndinapempha James Marriott, mlembi wamkulu wa The Oil Road, ngati amaganiza kuti mafuta akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri anathandiza kwambiri ku nkhondo kapena kumenyana ndi asilikali. Iye anayankha, "Iwe sudzachotsa wina popanda wina" (kufalikira mofatsa, ine ndikuganiza).

Pamene tikuyika zinthu zathu ndi mphamvu zathu kunkhondo ife timataya kumadera ena: maphunziro, mapaki, malo ogona, zopuma. Tili ndi ndende zabwino kwambiri komanso ndende zabwino kwambiri, koma timayenda kumbuyo komweko kuchokera ku sukulu kupita kuchipatala kupita ku intaneti ndi mafoni.

Mu 2011, ndinathandizira kukonzekera msonkhano wotchedwa "Military Industrial Complex ku 50" yomwe inkawona mitundu yambiri ya kuwononga mafakitale a zamagulu (onani DavidSwanson.org/mic50). Chikondwererochi chinali cha zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi kuchokera pamene Purezidenti Eisenhower adapeza mitsempha mukulankhula kwake pofotokozera chimodzimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino, zomwe zingakhale zopindulitsa, komanso zomvetsa chisoni zomwe zisanayambe zachenjezedwa za mbiri ya anthu:

M'mabungwe a boma, tiyenera kuyesetsa kuti tisagwiritsidwe ntchito mosagwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo. Kukhoza kwa kuwuka koopsa kwa mphamvu zopanda pake kulipo ndipo kudzapitirizabe. Sitiyenera kulola kuti kulemera kwa mgwirizanowu kuwononge ufulu wathu kapena demokalase. Tisamachite kanthu mopepuka. Odziŵa okha ndi nzika zodziŵika bwino zingathe kukakamiza njira zogwirira ntchito zamagetsi ndi zankhondo poteteza njira zathu zamtendere ndi zolinga, kuti chitetezo ndi ufulu zikhale bwino pamodzi.

Dziko Lina N'zotheka

Dziko lopanda nkhondo lingakhale dziko lokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe timafuna komanso zinthu zambiri zomwe sitingaziganizire. Chophimba cha bukhuli ndi chikondwerero chifukwa kuthetsa nkhondo kumatanthauza kutha kwa chisokonezo, komanso chifukwa cha zomwe zingatsatire. Mtendere ndi ufulu woopa ndiwowombola kwambiri kuposa mabomba. Ufulu umenewo ukhoza kutanthawuza kubadwa kwa chikhalidwe, kwa luso, kwa sayansi, kuti ukhale wabwino. Tikhoza kuyamba pochita maphunziro apamwamba kuchokera kusukulu isanafike ku koleji monga ufulu waumunthu, osatchula za nyumba, chithandizo chaumoyo, tchuthi, ndi kupuma pantchito. Tikhoza kuukitsa anthu omwe ali ndi moyo, chimwemwe, nzeru, kulowerera ndale, ndi chiyembekezo cha tsogolo losatha.

Sitifunikira nkhondo kuti tikhalebe ndi moyo. Tiyenera kusintha mpaka dzuwa, mphepo, ndi zina zowonjezereka ngati tipulumuka. Kuchita zimenezi kuli ndi ubwino wambiri. Chifukwa chimodzi, dziko lopatsidwa silidzawoneka kuti lidzagawidwa kwambiri kuposa kuwala kwake kwa dzuwa. Pali zambiri zoti mupite kuzungulira, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupi ndi kumene zimasonkhana. Tingafune kusintha moyo wathu mwa njira zina, kukulitsa chakudya chapafupi, kukulitsa chuma chamalonda, kubwezeretsa chuma chosawerengeka chomwe ndinachiyitana m'zaka zapakati pa nthawi mpaka pulofesa adanena kuti chuma chamakono chinali chofanana kuposa chathu. Anthu a ku America sayenera kuzunzika kuti athetse bwino chuma ndi ntchito yoyang'anira bwino.

Kuwathandiza pa nkhondo, ndi kutenga nawo mbali kumasewero, kumatengapo gawo pa makhalidwe nthawi zambiri kumakondweretsa za nkhondo ndi ankhondo: chisangalalo, nsembe, kukhulupirika, kulimba mtima, ndi kugwirizana. Izi zikhoza kupezeka mu nkhondo, koma osati mu nkhondo yokha. Zitsanzo za makhalidwe onsewa, kuphatikiza chifundo, chifundo, ndi kulemekezedwa sizipezeka mu nkhondo zokha, komanso mu ntchito ya anthu, ochirikiza, komanso ochiritsa. Dziko lopanda nkhondo siliyenera kutaya chisangalalo kapena kulimba mtima. Kusagwirizana kwachinyengo kumadzetsa mpata umenewo, monga mayankho oyenera ku moto wa m'nkhalango ndi kusefukira kwa madzi m'tsogolo monga kusintha kwathu kwa nyengo. Tifunika kusiyana kotere pa ulemerero ndi ulendo ngati tipulumuka. Monga zopindulitsa pambali iwo amapereka kutsutsana kulikonse pa zinthu zabwino zogwiritsa ntchito nkhondo. Zakhala zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene William James anafuna njira zina zothandizira nkhondo, kulimba mtima, mgwirizano, zopereka, ndi zina zotero. Kuyambira kale, Mohandas Gandhi adapeza chimodzi.

Zoonadi, chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe sizinthu zokhazo zomwe zingawopsyeze. Monga zida za nyukiliya zikufalikira, monga momwe teknoloje ya drone ikufalikira, ndipo pamene kusaka kwa anthu kumakhala kozoloŵera, timayambanso ngozi ya nyukiliya ndi zochitika zina zokhudzana ndi nkhondo. Kuthetsa nkhondo si njira yopita ku utopia; Ndiyenso njira yopulumutsira. Koma, monga Eisenhower anachenjeza, sitingathe kuthetsa nkhondo popanda kuthetsa nkhondo. Ndipo sitingathe kuthetsa kukonzekera nkhondo popanda kuthetsa lingaliro lakuti nkhondo yabwino ingabwere tsiku lina. Kuti tichite zimenezo, zidzakuthandizira ngati titha kuthetsa, kapena kuti kuchepa, lingaliro lakuti taona nkhondo zabwino m'mbuyomo.

"Panalibe
Nkhondo Yabwino Kapena Mtendere Woipa "kapena
Mmene Mungagwirizane Nawo Hitler ndi Nkhondo

Benjamin Franklin, amene adanena mosapita m'mbali mawu a quotation, anakhalako pamaso pa Hitler ndipo kotero sangakhale oyenerera-m'maganizo a ambiri-kulankhula pa nkhaniyo. Koma nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse inachitika mu dziko losiyana kwambiri ndi la lero, silinayambe kuchitika, ndipo likanakhoza kuchitidwa mosiyana pamene izi zinachitika. Zomwezi zinapanganso mosiyana ndi momwe timaphunzitsidwira. Chifukwa chimodzi, boma la United States linali lofunitsitsa kuloŵa nkhondo, ndipo nkhondo inatha, m'madera onse a Atlantic ndi Pacific, pamaso pa Pearl Harbor.

Pre-WWII Germany ingaoneke mosiyana kwambiri ndi malo ovuta omwe anakhazikitsa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse yomwe inalanga anthu onse m'malo mwa anthu opanga nkhondo, komanso popanda thandizo la ndalama lomwe linaperekedwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazo ndi kupitilira kupyolera mu nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse ndi mabungwe a US ngati GM , Ford, IBM, ndi ITT (onani Wall Street ndi Rise of Hitler ndi Anthony Sutton).
(Ndiloleni ndilowetseni ndemanga apa ndikukhulupirira kuti ambiri adzapeza zopusa, koma ndikudziwa kuti ena akufunikira kumva. Tikukamba za nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, ndipo ndangomudzudzula wina osati Hitler-omwe ndi makampani a US- Kotero ndiloleni ndifulumire kunena kuti Hitler adakali ndi mlandu pazolakwa zonse zomwe adachita. Kuipa kumakhala ngati kuwala kwa dzuwa kusiyana ndi mafuta, timapereka kwa Henry Ford kuti amuthandize Hitler popanda kuchotsa pang'ono Adolph Hitler mwiniwake ndipo popanda kuyerekeza kapena kufanana nawo awiriwo.)

Kukana kwa a Nazi ku Denmark, Holland, ndi Norway, komanso kupondereza kwawo ku Berlin ndi akazi omwe sanali Ayuda a amuna achiyuda omwe anali m'ndende adanena kuti zinthu zomwe sizinachitikepo konse-osati ngakhale pafupi. Lingaliro lakuti Germany akanapitiriza kugwira ntchito yamuyaya ku Ulaya konse ndi Soviet Union, ndipo anaukira ku America, ndizosatheka kwambiri, ngakhale kupatsidwa kwa 1940s kudziŵa pang'ono chabe za kusagwirizana kwauchipolowe. Pa nkhondo, dziko la Germany linagonjetsedwa kwambiri ndi Soviet Union, adani ake ena omwe amaimba mbali zing'onozing'ono.

Mfundo yofunika sikuti kusagwirizana kwakukulu, koyenera kusagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa a Nazi pa 1940s. Izo sizinali, ndipo anthu ambiri akanayenera kuwona dziko mosiyana kwambiri kuti izi zichitike. M'malo mwake mfundo ndi yakuti zida zowonongeka zimamveka bwino kwambiri lero ndipo zingakhale, ndipo zidzakhala zogwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi anthu omwe akuponderezedwa. Tisaganizire kubwerera ku nthawi yomwe sizinali chomwecho, ngakhale kuti kuchita zimenezi kumathandiza kumangogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri. Tiyeneranso kulimbitsa zoyesayesa zathu kuti tisagwirizane ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zapandu zisanafike povuta, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo tipewe kuyesayesa kuti tipeze ntchito yomenyana nayo.

Pambuyo pa kuukira kwa Pearl Harbor, yomwe siyinali mbali ya United States, Purezidenti Franklin Roosevelt adayesera kunamizira anthu a ku America zombo za ku America kuphatikizapo Greer ndi Kearny, zomwe zinkathandiza ndege za British kuti zizitsatira ndege za German, koma Roosevelt ankanamizira kuti anazunzidwa molakwika. Roosevelt nayenso anayesa kulandira chithandizo cholowera kunkhondo ponena kuti anali ndi mapulani achinsinsi a Nazi omwe akugonjetsa South America, komanso ndondomeko ya chipani cha Nazi kuti athetse zipembedzo zonse ndi Nazism. Komabe, anthu a ku United States anakana zoti apite kunkhondo ina mpaka a ku Japan atagonjetsedwa ndi Pearl Harbor, pomwe Roosevelt adayambitsa kalembedwe, adalimbikitsa National Guard, adayambitsa ndi kuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito Navy yaikulu m'nyanja ziwiri, ogulitsa akale omwe anagulitsidwa ku England kuti agulitse mabungwe awo ku Caribbean ndi Bermuda, ndipo adalamula mwachinsinsi kuti adziwe mndandanda wa anthu onse a ku Japan ndi a ku Japan ku United States.

Pulezidenti Roosevelt atapita ku Pearl Harbor zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zisanachitike, asilikali a ku Japan (omwe, monga Hitler kapena wina aliyense padziko lapansi, akudzudzula milandu yonse yosadziwika) adawopsyeza. Mu March 1935, Roosevelt anapatsa Wake Island ku Navy American Navy ndipo anapatsa Pan Am Airways chilolezo chokhazikitsa mayendedwe a Wake Island, Midway Island, ndi Guam. Akuluakulu ankhondo a ku Japan adalengeza kuti asokonezeka ndipo amaona kuti misewuyi ndiopseza. Momwemonso akuluakulu amtendere ku United States.

Mu November 1940, Roosevelt anapereka ngongole ku China $ 100m ku nkhondo ndi Japan, ndipo atatha kufunsa ndi British, US Secretary of Treasury Henry Morgenthau adakonza zoti atumize mabomba a ku China ndi asilikali a ku America kuti akagwiritse ntchito pomenya mabomba ku Tokyo ndi mizinda ina ya ku Japan.

Kwa zaka zambiri zisanachitike ku Pearl Harbor, asilikali a ku America ankagwira ntchito yomenyera nkhondo ndi Japan, March 8, 1939, yomwe inafotokozera kuti "nkhondo yotsutsa yaitali" yomwe idzawononge asilikali ndi kusokoneza moyo wachuma wa Japan. Mu January 1941, Japan Advertiser anadandaula kwambiri pa Pearl Harbor m'nyuzipepala, ndipo kazembe wa ku America ku Japan analemba mu nyuzipepala yake kuti: "Pali zokambirana zambiri kuzungulira tawuni kuti Japan ikhale yopuma United States, akukonzekera kuti apite ku Pearl Harbor. Inde ndikudziwitsa boma langa. "

Pa May 24, 1941, nyuzipepala ya New York Times inanena za US kuphunzitsa asilikali a ku China, komanso kupereka "ndege zambiri zamakono ndi mabomba okwera mabomba" ku China ndi United States. "Kuphulika kwa mabomba a ku Japan akuyembekezeredwa" werengani mutuwu.

Pa July 24, 1941, Pulezidenti Roosevelt anati, "Ngati tidula mafuta, [a Japan] tikanakhala tikupita ku Dutch East Indies chaka chapitacho, ndipo mukanakhala nawo nkhondo. Zinali zofunikira kwambiri pazomwe tikudzikonda podziletsa kuti tipewe nkhondo kuyambira ku South Pacific. Choncho ndondomeko yathu yachilendo inali kuyesa kuthetsa nkhondo kutuluka kumeneko. "Atolankhani anazindikira kuti Roosevelt anati" anali "osati" ndi. "Tsiku lotsatira, Roosevelt anapereka chikalata chodula katundu wa Japan. United States ndi Britain anadula mafuta ndi chitsulo ku Japan. Radhabinod Pal, woimira zamalamulo a ku India yemwe adatumikira pa milandu ya milandu ku nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, adatcha kuti "ziwonetsero zoopsa ndi zowopsya kuti dziko la Japan lilipo," ndipo pomalizira pake United States inakwiyitsa Japan.

Boma la US likukakamiza zomwe zimadzitcha kuti "zilango zolepheretsa" ku Iran monga ndikulemba.

Pa November 15, 1941, Mkulu wa asilikali a George Marshall adawafotokozera nkhani zomwe sitimakumbukira monga "Marshall Plan." Ndipotu ife sitimakumbukira konse. Marshall anati, "Tikukonzekera nkhondo yotsutsana ndi dziko la Japan," akufunsa azinenawo kuti azibisala.

Patapita masiku khumi, Mlembi wa Nkhondo Henry Stimson analemba m'buku lake kuti anakumana naye ku Oval Office ndi Marshall, Pulezidenti Roosevelt, Mlembi wa Navy Frank Knox, Admiral Harold Stark, ndi Mlembi wa boma Cordell Hull. Roosevelt adawauza kuti AJapan akhoza kuchitika posachedwa, mwinamwake Lolemba lotsatira. Zatsimikiziridwa bwino kuti United States inaphwanya malamulo a Chijapani ndipo Roosevelt anali nawo mwayi.

Chimene sichinabweretse United States kunkhondo kapena kupitiliza chinali chikhumbo chowapulumutsa Ayuda ku chizunzo. Kwa zaka zambiri Roosevelt anatseka lamulo lomwe likanalola Ayuda othawa kwawo ku Germany kupita ku United States. Lingaliro la nkhondo kuti liwapulumutse Ayuda silinapezeke pazithunzi zolimbana ndi nkhondo kapena nkhondo pambuyo pa nkhondo, monga momwe lingaliro la "nkhondo yabwino" linagwira zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake poyerekezera ndi nkhondo ya Vietnam.

Lawrence S. Wittner analemba kuti: "Atasokonezeka mu 1942, ndi mphekesera zakuti Nazi ziziwononga dziko, a Jessie Wallace Hughan, aphunzitsi, andale, komanso oyambitsa War Resisters League, anali ndi nkhawa kuti lamuloli, lomwe limawoneka ngati lachilengedwe, malinga ndi momwe amawonera, 'atha kuchitika ngati nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse ipitilira. Adalemba kuti, 'Zikuwoneka kuti njira yokhayo yopulumutsira masauzande mwina mamiliyoni a Ayuda aku Europe ku chiwonongeko, ndi boma lathu kufalitsa lonjezo' la 'omenyera ufulu wawo kuti mayiko aku Europe asazunzidwenso. … Zingakhale zoyipa kwambiri ngati miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kuchokera pano titha kupeza kuti kuwopseza kumeneku kwachitikadi popanda kupangapo chizindikiro choti tipewe. ' Maulosi ake atakwaniritsidwa bwino pofika 1943, adalembera ku State department ndi New York Times, akumadzudzula kuti 'mamiliyoni awiri [Ayuda] afa kale ndikuti' enanso mamiliyoni awiri adzaphedwa kumapeto kwa nkhondo. ' Apanso adapempha kuti nkhondoyi ithe, ponena kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa asitikali aku Germany kudzabwezeretsanso mbuzi yachiyuda. 'Kupambana sikudzawapulumutsa,' adaumirira, 'chifukwa anthu akufa sangamasulidwe.' ”

Pamapeto pake akaidi ena anapulumutsidwa, koma ena ambiri adaphedwa. Sikuti nkhondoyo inalepheretsa kupha anthu, komabe nkhondo yomweyi inali yoipa kwambiri. Nkhondoyo inakhazikitsa kuti anthu amtunduwu anali masewera abwino a kupha anthu ambiri ndipo anawapha ndi makumi khumi. Kuyesera kudodometsa ndikudabwa pakuphedwa kwakukulu kunalephera. Mizinda yoponya mabomba moto sinatanthauze cholinga. Kuwombera imodzi, kenako bomba lachiwiri, la nyukiliya silinali lolungama ngati njira yothetsera nkhondo yomwe inali itatha kale. Ulamuliro wa Germany ndi wa Japan unathetsedwa, koma ufumu wa dziko lonse la US wa maboma ndi nkhondo unabadwa-nkhani zoipa za Middle East, Latin America, Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, ndi kwina. Malamulo a chipani cha Nazi sanagonjetsedwe ndi chiwawa. Asayansi ambiri a Nazi anabweretsedwa kuti akagwire ntchito ku Pentagon, zotsatira za mphamvu zawo zowonekera.

Koma zambiri zomwe timaganizira monga zoipa za chipani cha Nazi (eugenics, experimentation, etc.) zikhoza kupezeka ku United States komanso, nkhondo, nkhondo, nkhondo itatha. Buku laposachedwapa lotchedwa Against Their Will: Mbiri Yachibwana ya Kuyeza kwa Ana pa Cold War America imasonkhanitsa zambiri zomwe zimadziwika. Eugenics inaphunzitsidwa mu masukulu mazana ambiri a zachipatala ku United States ndi 1920s ndipo mwachiwerengero chimodzi mu makilomita atatu a ma sukulu a US pafupi ndi 1930s. Kuyesedwa kosagwirizana ndi ana ndi akuluakulu omwe analipo kale kunali kofala ku United States kale, nthawi, makamaka pambuyo poti a US ndi aphatikizi ake adatsutsidwa ndi chipani cha Nazi kuti azichita ku 1947, kuweruza ambiri ku ndende komanso asanu ndi awiri kuti apachike. Khotilo linapanga malamulo a Nuremberg, miyezo ya zamankhwala yomwe nthawi yomweyo inanyalanyazidwa kunyumba. Madokotala a ku America anachiwona kuti ndi "code yabwino kwa anthu osakondera." Motero, tinali ndi phunziro lachirombo la Tuskegee, ndi kuyesedwa ku chipatala cha Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital ku Brooklyn, Willowbrook State School pa Staten Island, Ndende ya Holmesburg ku Philadelphia, ndi ena ambiri , kuphatikizapo mayesero a US ku Guatemala pamilandu ya Nuremberg. Panthawi ya mlandu wa Nuremberg, ana a sukulu ya Pennhurst kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Pennsylvania anapatsidwa zakumwa zochokera ku chiwindi. Kuyesedwa kwaumunthu kunachulukitsidwa m'zaka makumi zotsatira. Monga nkhani iliyonse yathandizira ife tawona ngati kubwerera. Kulimbana ndi Chifuniro Chawo chimapanga zosiyana. Pamene ndikulemba, pali zowonetseratu zochitika zowonongeka kwa amayi ku ndende za California.

Mfundo siyifananitsa kuchuluka kwa ubale wa anthu kapena anthu. Makampu ozunzirako anthu a chipani cha Nazi ndi ovuta kwambiri kuti agwirizane nawo. Mfundo ndi yakuti palibe mbali mu nkhondo yabwino, ndipo khalidwe loyipa silovomerezeka ku nkhondo. American Curtis LeMay, yemwe ankayang'anira kuphulika kwa moto kwa mizinda ya ku Japan, kupha mazana a anthu osauka, adanena kuti ngati mbali ina idzapambana ndiye kuti adzaimbidwa mlandu ngati chigawenga cha nkhondo. Chochitika chimenecho sichinapangitse zigawenga zonyansa zankhondo za ku Japan kapena Ajeremani zovomerezeka kapena zotamandika. Koma zikanadapangitsa kuti dziko liwapatse lingaliro lochepa, kapena lingaliro lochepa kwambiri. M'malo mwake, zolakwa za ogwirizanitsa zidzakhala zowunikira, kapena cholinga chimodzi, chachisoni.

Musaganize kuti US kulowa mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse inali lingaliro loipa pofuna kutsutsa nkhondo zonse zamtsogolo. Mukhoza kuzindikira ndondomeko zolakwika zomwe zakhala zikuyambitsa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Ndipo mungathe kuzindikira kuti kulimbikitsidwa kwa madera onse awiri monga mankhwala a nthawi yawo. Pali omwe, mwa njira iyi, amalekerera ukapolo wa Thomas Jefferson. Ngati tingathe kuchita zimenezo, mwina tingathe kukhululukira nkhondo ya Franklin Roosevelt. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti tiyenera kukonzekera kubwereza chimodzi mwa zinthu zimenezo.