Pali zipangizo zothandiza kwambiri kuposa nkhondo ya chitetezo.
Kukonzekera nkhondo kumabweretsa nkhondo. Kupanga nkhondo kumayambitsa ngozi. Ndipo zida zankhondo zimaika pachiwopsezo mwangozi kapena mwangozi.
Kupanga nkhondo kumatsogolera nkhondo.
"Lankhulani mofatsa ndikunyamula ndodo yaikulu," anatero Theodore Roosevelt, yemwe ankakonda kumanga msilikali wamkulu pokhapokha ngati atatero, koma ndithudi sanagwiritse ntchito pokhapokha atakakamizidwa. Izi zinachita bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo zochepa zochepa zomwe Roosevelt analimbikitsa ku Panama ku 1901, Colombia ku 1902, Honduras ku 1903, Dominican Republic ku 1903, Syria ku 1903, Abyssinia ku 1903, Panama ku 1903, Dominican Republic 1904, Morocco ku 1904, Panama ku 1904, Korea ku 1904, Cuba ku 1906, Honduras ku 1907, ndi Philippines ku Roosevelt.
Anthu oyamba omwe timawadziŵa omwe anakonzekera nkhondo - asilikali a Summer Gilgamesh ndi mnzake wa Enkido, kapena Agiriki omwe adagonjera ku Troy - adakonzeranso kusaka nyama zakutchire. Barbara Ehrenreich akufotokoza kuti,
". . . ndi kuchepa kwa nyama zowonongeka ndi masewera, sipangakhalepo amuna ochepa omwe ankachita masewera olimba ndi odana ndi nyama zowonongeka, ndipo palibe njira yoponderezedwa kuti ikhale ndi 'hero'. Chomwe chinapulumutsa mlenje-chitetezo chamuna kuchokera ku obsolescence kapena moyo wa ntchito yolima chinali chakuti anali ndi zida komanso luso loligwiritsa ntchito. [Lewis] Mumford akusonyeza kuti wotetezi-chitetezo adasunga udindo wake mwa kutembenukira ku mtundu wa 'chitetezo cha chitetezo': am'patse (ndi chakudya ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu) kapena kuti azigonjera.
"Potsirizira pake, kukhalapo kwa osatetezedwa osatetezedwa m'madera ena kunapangitsa kuti pakhale chitetezo chatsopano komanso chachilendo. Omwe amasaka mbalame imodzi kapena malo omwe amatha kukhazikitsa amatha kuwathandiza kuti asamangoganizira zoopsa zomwe amzawo amawaopseza m'magulu ena, ndipo kuopsa kwake kungakhale kosavuta nthawi zonse. Monga momwe Gwynne Dyer ananenera mu kufufuza kwake kwa nkhondo, 'nkhondo zisanayambe bwino. . . anali makamaka masewera a amuna ovuta kwa asayansi osagwira ntchito. '"
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhondo iyenera kuti inayambanso ngati njira yopezera chidziwitso, monga momwe ikupitilira mothandizidwa ndi nthano zomwezo. Zingakhale zitayamba chifukwa anthu anali ndi zida komanso akusowa adani, chifukwa adani awo (mikango, zimbalangondo, mimbulu) anali kufa. Nchiyani chimene chinabwera poyamba, nkhondo kapena zida? Chigamba chimenecho chingakhale ndi yankho. Yankho likuwoneka ngati zida. Ndipo iwo omwe samaphunzira kuchokera ku prehistory akhoza kuwonongedwa kuti abwereze izo.
Timakonda kukhulupilira zolinga zabwino za aliyense. "Khalani okonzeka" ndi mwambi wa Boy Scouts, pambuyo pake. Ndizomveka, wodalirika, komanso wotetezeka kukonzekera. Kusakonzekera kungakhale kosasamala, molondola?
Vuto ndi ndemanga imeneyi ndikuti sikuti ndi openga kwambiri. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono sizowopsya kuti anthu azifuna mfuti m'nyumba zawo kuti adziteteze ku mabitolo. Zikatero, palinso zinthu zina zofunika kuziganizira, kuphatikizapo ngozi za mfuti, kugwiritsira ntchito mfuti pampsa mtima, kuthekera kwa olakwa kuwombera mfuti za eni eni, kuwombera mowirikiza, kusokoneza Njira ya mfuti imayambitsa kuyesayesa kuchepetsa zifukwa za umbanda, ndi zina zotero.
Pakati pa nkhondo yaikulu ndi nkhondo, mtundu wa nkhondo, zinthu zomwezo ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Ngozi zokhudzana ndi zida, kuyesedwa koopsa kwa anthu, kuba, kugulitsa kwa ogwirizana amene akukhala adani, ndi kusokonezeka kuchokera ku zoyesayesa kuthetsa zifukwa zauchigawenga ndi nkhondo ziyenera kuchitidwa zonse. Kotero, ndithudi, muyenera kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi chogwiritsa ntchito zida mutakhala nawo. Nthaŵi zina, zida zambiri sizingapangidwe mpaka sitima yomwe ilipo yatha ndipo zatsopano zimayesedwa "pankhondo."
Koma palinso zinthu zina zomwe muyenera kuganizira. Mtundu wokhalapo wa zida zankhondo umayikakamiza amitundu ena kuti achite chimodzimodzi. Ngakhale mtundu womwe ukufuna kulimbana ndi chitetezo chokha, ukhoza kumvetsetsa "chitetezero" kuti ukhale wobwezeretsa mitundu ina. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zida ndi njira zothetsera nkhondo, komanso "nkhondo yowonongeka," kusunga malamulo osatsegulidwa ndi kukulitsa, ndikulimbikitsa mayiko ena kuchita chimodzimodzi. Mukaika anthu ambiri kukonzekera chinachake, pamene polojekitiyi ikulingalira ndalama zanu zonse ndikudzikweza kwambiri, zingakhale zovuta kuti anthuwa asapeze mwayi wochita zolinga zawo. Werengani zambiri.
Kupanga nkhondo kumabweretsa mavuto.
Kuyambira mu 1947, pamene Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo ya ku United States inatchedwanso Dipatimenti Yachivomezi, asilikali a ku America akhala akuipira nthawi zonse. Zochitika pa Amwenye Achimereka, Philippines, Latin America, ndi zina zotero, ndi Dipatimenti Yachiwawa sizinateteze; ndipo ngakhale nkhondo za Dipatimenti Yowetezera ku Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, ndi zina zoterozo sizinali zowonjezera. Ngakhale kuti chitetezo chabwino mu masewera ambiri chikhoza kukhala cholakwa chachikulu, cholakwa mu nkhondo sichiteteza, osati pamene chimachititsa chidani, mkwiyo, ndi blowback, osati pamene Njira ina sikumenyana ndi nkhondo. Kupyolera mu zomwe zimatchedwa nkhondo yapadziko lonse pauchigawenga, uchigawenga wakhala ukukula.
Izi zinali zodabwitsa ndipo zinanenedweratu. Anthu okwiyidwa ndi zigawenga ndi ntchito zomwe sakanatha kuzichotsa kapena kugonjetsedwa ndi zida zambiri ndi ntchito. Akudziyesa kuti "amadana ndi ufulu wathu," monga Pulezidenti George W. Bush adanena, kapena kuti ali ndi chipembedzo cholakwika kapena osasamala kwenikweni sasintha izi. Kufuna kutsata malamulo mwa kuwatsutsa anthu amene anapha milandu ya 9 / 11 kungathandize kuthetsa ugawenga woposa kuposa kuyambitsa nkhondo. Sizingakhale zopweteka kuti boma la US liletse olamulira ankhanza (nkhondo ya Aigupto ikuukira zankhondo za Aigupto ndi zida zoperekedwa ndi United States, ndipo White House akukana kuchotsa "thandizo," kutanthauza zida), kuteteza milandu motsutsana ndi Palestina (yesani kuwerenga Mwana wa General ndi Miko Peled), ndikuyika asilikali a US m'mayiko ena. Nkhondo za Iraq ndi Afghanistan, ndi kuzunzidwa kwa akaidi pa nthawiyi, zinakhala zida zazikulu zolemba zida zotsutsana ndi US.
Mu 2006, mabungwe azamalamulo aku US adalemba National Intelligence Estimate yomwe idafikira pomwepo. Associated Press inati: "Nkhondo ku Iraq yakhala chifukwa cha célèbre ya okonda kuchita zachisilamu, ndikupangitsa kuti US azidana kwambiri zomwe mwina zidzafika poipa zisanakhale bwino, ofufuza zamaphunziro azamalamulo a federal akumaliza lipoti losemphana ndi zomwe Purezidenti Bush adati kukula kotetezeka padziko lonse lapansi. … [Akatswiri ofufuza milandu mdziko muno akuti ngakhale kuli kuwonongeka kwakukulu ku utsogoleri wa al-Qaida, kuwopsezedwa ndi anthu okonda zachiSilamu kufalikira mchiwerengero komanso kudera. "
Zomwe boma la United States likutsatira ndondomeko zauchigawenga zomwe zimadziwa kuti zidzabweretsa uchigawenga zachititsa anthu ambiri kuganiza kuti kuchepetsa uchigawenga si chinthu chofunika kwambiri, ndipo ena amatsimikizira kuti kugawenga kwauchigawenga ndiko cholinga. Leah Bolger, yemwe anali pulezidenti wakale wa Veterans For Peace, akuti, "boma la United States likudziwa kuti nkhondo sizikuthandizani, ndiko kuti, ngati cholinga chanu ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha 'magulu a magulu.' Koma cholinga cha nkhondo za ku America sikuti tipeze mtendere, ndiko kupanga adani ambiri kuti tipitirizebe nkhondo yopanda malire. "
Ankhondo a US akupha magulu ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan akufunsidwa m'buku ndi filimu ya Jeremy Scahill Nkhondo Zakuda adanena kuti nthawi iliyonse yomwe adagwiritsa ntchito mndandanda wa anthu kuti aphe, adapatsidwa mndandanda waukulu; mndandandawo unakula chifukwa chogwira ntchito yawo kudutsa. General Stanley McChrystal, ndiye mkulu wa asilikali a US ndi a NATO ku Afghanistan adanena Stone Rolling mu June 2010 kuti "kwa munthu aliyense wosalakwa amene mumamupha, mumapanga 10 adani atsopano." Bungwe la Investigative Journalism ndi ena alemba mosapita m'mbali mayina a anthu ambiri osalakwa omwe aphedwa ndi drone.
Mu 2013, McChrystal adati kudana ndi madera a drone ku Pakistan kunali kofala kwambiri. Malingana ndi nyuzipepala ya PakistaniDawn pa February 10, 2013, McChrystal, "adachenjeza kuti anthu ambiri amamenyedwa ku Pakistan popanda kuwonetsa kuti amadzimadzi okhaokha akhoza kukhala oipa. Gen. McChrystal adanena kuti amvetsetsa chifukwa chake ku Pakistani, ngakhale m'madera osakhudzidwa ndi drones, adagonjetsa zovutazo. Anapempha anthu a ku America momwe angachitire ngati dziko lapafupi ngati Mexico linayamba kuwombera drone misombera ku Target. A Pakistani, adati, adawona drones ngati chiwonetsero cha mphamvu za America motsutsana ndi mtundu wawo ndipo adachitapo kanthu. 'Chimene chimandiwopsyeza ine ndi madera a drone ndi momwe amachitira padziko lonse lapansi,' a Gen. McChrystal adanena kale. 'Chidani chimene chinapangidwa ndi America kugonjetsedwa kosagonjetsedwa ... ndi chachikulu kwambiri kuposa anthu ambiri a ku America amayamikira. Amadedwa pamsana, ngakhale ndi anthu omwe sanawonepo kapena kuwona zotsatira zake. '"
Pambuyo pa 2010, Bruce Riedel, yemwe adayang'anira ndondomeko ya Afghanistan ku Purezidenti Obama anati, "Kupsyinjika kumene tavala [asilikali a jihadist] chaka chatha chimawagwirizanitsa pamodzi, kutanthauza kuti mgwirizano wa mgwirizano ukukula "(New York Times, May 9, 2010.) Mtsogoleri wakale wa National Intelligence Dennis Blair adati ngakhale kuti" kudana ndi ziwawa kunathandiza kuchepetsa utsogoleri wa Qaeda ku Pakistan, iwo adaonjezera chidani cha America "ndipo adawononga" mphamvu zathu kugwira ntchito ndi Pakistan [mu] kuthetsa malo a Taliban, kulimbikitsa zokambirana za Indian-Pakistani, ndikupanga zida zankhondo za nyukiliya ku Pakistan. "(The New York Times, August 15, 2011.)
Michael Boyle, membala wa gulu lolimbana ndi uchigawenga la Obama munthawi yachisankho chake mu 2008, akuti kugwiritsa ntchito ma drones kukukhala ndi "zoyipa zoyipa zomwe sizinayesedwe moyenerera phindu lomwe limadza chifukwa chopha zigawenga. … Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa anthu omwe amwalira paudindo wapititsa patsogolo kukana ndale ku pulogalamu ya US ku Pakistan, Yemen ndi mayiko ena. ” (The Guardian, January 7, 2013.) "Tikuwona kuti blowback. Ngati mukuyesera kupha njira yanu yothetsera vutoli, ziribe kanthu momwe mulili, mungakwiyitse anthu ngakhale kuti sakufuna, "anatero Gen. James E. Cartwright, yemwe kale anali wotsogolera wotsogolera wa Atsogoleri Ogwirizana Amodzi. (The New York Times, March 22, 2013.)
Maganizo awa siwodabwitsa. Mkulu wa sitima ya CIA ku Islamabad ku 2005-2006 anaganiza kuti drone ikugwera, komabe nthawi zambiri, "adachita pang'ono kupatula chidani cha mafuta ku United States mkati mwa Pakistani." (Onani Njira ya Mng'oma ndi Mark Mazzetti.) Mtsogoleri wamkulu wa dziko la US ku Afghanistan, Matthew Hoh, adachoka pamsonkhano wotsutsa ndi kunena kuti, "Ndikuganiza kuti tikudana kwambiri. Tikuwononga zinthu zabwino kwambiri zomwe zikuchitika pambuyo pa achinyamata omwe sali pangozi ku United States kapena sangathe kuopseza ku United States. " Werengani zambiri.
Zida za nkhondo zimayambitsa ngozi pangozi kapena mwangozi.
Tikhoza kuthetsa zida zonse za nyukiliya kapena tingaziwononge kuti ziwoneke. Palibe njira yapakati. Tikhoza kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya, kapena tikhoza kukhala nazo zambiri. Iyi si mfundo yeniyeni kapena yowona, koma mfundo yowonjezera yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kafukufuku m'mabuku onga Apocalypse Never: Kupanga Njira ku Dziko Lopanda Zida za Nyukiliya ndi Tad Daley. Malinga ngati mayiko ena ali ndi zida za nyukiliya ena angawakonde, ndipo pamene ali nawo iwo mosavuta adzafalitsa kwa ena akadali.
Ngati zida za nyukiliya zikupitilirabe, padzakhala ngozi ya nyukiliya, ndipo zida zikachulukirachulukira, zidzabwera msanga. Zochitika mazana ambiri zatsala pang'ono kuwononga dziko lathu kudzera mwangozi, chisokonezo, kusamvetsetsa, komanso chisokonezo chopanda tanthauzo. Mukawonjezera kuthekera kwenikweni komanso kochulukirachulukira kwa zigawenga zomwe siaboma kupeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya, ngoziyo imakula kwambiri - ndipo imangowonjezedwa ndi mfundo zanyukiliya zomwe zimachita ndi uchigawenga m'njira zomwe zimawoneka kuti zikupanga zigawenga zambiri.
Chiyambire pangano loletsa mayeso la 1963, United States yakhala ikudzipereka kuti "ichitepo kanthu mwachangu kwambiri pamgwirizano pazomenyera zida zonse." Pangano la Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty la 1970 limafunikira zida zankhondo.
Kumbali ina ya equation, kukhala ndi zida za nyukiliya sikungatiteteze, kotero kuti palibe malonda omwe angathenso kuwachotsa. Samapewa zigawenga za omwe siaboma m'njira iliyonse. Komanso sawonjezeranso mphamvu yoti asitikali athe kuletsa mayiko kuti asawukire, kupatsidwa mphamvu ku United States kuwononga chilichonse kulikonse ndi nthawi iliyonse ndi zida zopanda zida za nyukiliya. Nukes nawonso sapambana nkhondo, ndipo United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, ndi China onse ataya nkhondo yolimbana ndi mphamvu zomwe siziri za nyukiliya pomwe ali ndi anyukiliya. Kapena, pakachitika nkhondo yapadziko lonse lapansi, kodi zida zilizonse zowopsa zingateteze dziko mwanjira iliyonse ku apocalypse.
Yankho Limodzi
Moyo waumunthu (zabwino kapena zoipa) zamtengo wapatali, ndipo nkhondo ikuwongolera iwo!