Nkhondo Iwononga Mazingira

Ndalama za Nkhondo

Zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo ku Iraq, Afghanistan ndi Pakistani sizingangowonongeka pazochitika zandale, zachuma ndi ndale za m'madera amenewa komanso m'madera omwe nkhondozi zachitika. Zaka zambiri za nkhondo zakhala zikuwononga kwambiri nkhalango ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya wa mpweya. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi akuipitsidwa ndi mafuta kuchokera ku magalimoto ankhondo ndi uranium yatha kuchokera ku zida. Kuphatikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe m'mayikowa, nyama ndi mbalame zakhala zikukhudzidwa kwambiri. Zaka zaposachedwapa, madokotala azachipatala ku Iraqi ndi ofufuza zaumoyo afuna kufufuza zambiri pa zokhudzana ndi zachilengedwe zomwe zimakhudza zachilengedwe monga zomwe zingathandize kuthetsa umoyo waumphawi m'dzikoli komanso matenda akuluakulu.

Kuwonongeka kwa Madzi ndi Nthaka: Pa msonkhano wa 1991 wozungulira dziko la Iraq, US imagwiritsa ntchito matani a 340 a miyala yomwe ili ndi uranium (DU). Madzi ndi nthaka zingadetsedwe ndi mankhwala otsala a zida zimenezi, komanso benzene ndi trichlorethylene kuchokera kuntchito zoyendetsa ndege. Mafuta a perchlorate, omwe ali ndi poizoni mu rocket propellant, ndi amodzi mwa zowonongeka zambiri zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi apansi padziko lonse lapansi.

Zomwe zimakhudza thanzi lathu pokhudzana ndi zachilengedwe zitha kukhala zotsutsana. Kuperewera kwachitetezo komanso kulephera kupereka lipoti kuzipatala zaku Iraq kwasokoneza kafukufuku. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa awulula zovuta zomwe zikuchitika. Kafukufuku wapanyumba ku Fallujah, Iraq koyambirira kwa 2010 adalandira mayankho amafunso okhudza khansa, zopunduka za kubadwa, ndi kufa kwa makanda. Mitengo yayikulu kwambiri ya khansa mu 2005-2009 poyerekeza ndi mitengo ku Egypt ndi Jordan yapezeka. Kufa kwa makanda ku Fallujah kunali kufa kwa 80 pa kubadwa kwa 1000, kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa mitengo ya 20 ku Egypt, 17 ku Jordan ndi 10 ku Kuwait. Kuchuluka kwa kubadwa kwa amuna kubadwa kwa akazi azaka zapakati pa 0-4 anali 860 mpaka 1000 poyerekeza ndi 1050 yomwe amayembekezeka pa 1000. [13]

Dothi loopsa: Magalimoto akuluakulu ankhondo asokonezanso dziko lapansi, makamaka ku Iraq ndi Kuwait. Kuphatikizana ndi chilala chifukwa chodula mitengo komanso kusintha kwanyengo padziko lonse lapansi, fumbi lakhala vuto lalikulu chifukwa cha mayendedwe atsopano agalimoto zankhondo mderalo. Asitikali aku US ayang'ana kwambiri za thanzi lafumbi kwa asitikali omwe akutumikira ku Iraq, Kuwait ndi Afghanistan. Kuwonekera kwa mamembala aku Iraq ku poizoni wopumira kumalumikizana ndi zovuta za kupuma zomwe zimawalepheretsa kupitiliza kugwira ntchito zatsiku ndi tsiku monga zolimbitsa thupi. Akatswiri ofufuza zamoyo ku US Geologic Survey apeza zitsulo zolemera, kuphatikizapo arsenic, lead, cobalt, barium, ndi aluminium, zomwe zingayambitse kupuma, komanso mavuto ena azaumoyo. [11] Kuyambira 2001, pakhala pali kuwonjezeka kwa 251% pamiyeso yamitsempha yamitsempha, kuwonjezeka kwa 47% pamatenda am'mapapo, komanso 34% ikukwera pamitengo ya matenda amtima m'mitsempha yomwe ingachitike zokhudzana ndi vutoli. [12]

Gasi lotentha ndi Mpweya wochokera ku Magalimoto a Gasi: Ngakhale kupatula nyengo yogwira ntchito mwachangu munthawi yankhondo, a department of Defense akhala akugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ambiri mdziko muno, amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta okwana malita 4.6 biliyoni chaka chilichonse. [1] Magalimoto ankhondo amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangira mafuta pamlingo wokwera kwambiri: thanki ya M-1 Abrams imatha kupitilira theka la kilomita pa mafuta okwanira pa mile imodzi kapena kugwiritsa ntchito malita 300 m'maola eyiti akugwira ntchito. [2] Magalimoto Olimbana ndi Bradley amatenga pafupifupi 1 galoni pa mtunda woyendetsedwa.

Nkhondo imathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwina, asitikali aku US adagwiritsa ntchito migolo yamafuta 1.2 miliyoni ku Iraq m'mwezi umodzi wokha wa 2008. [3] Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mopitilira muyeso munthawi yopanda nkhondo kuyenera kuchita mbali imodzi ndikuti mafuta akuyenera kuperekedwa kumagalimoto akumunda ndi magalimoto ena, pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Gulu lina lankhondo mu 2003 linali loti magawo awiri mwa atatu amafuta ankhondo a Army anachitika m'galimoto zomwe zimabweretsa mafuta kunkhondo. [4] Magalimoto ankhondo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan adatulutsa ma kaboni monoxide, ma nitrojeni oxide, ma hydrocarbon, ndi sulfur dioxide kuphatikiza ma CO.₂. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, ntchito yolimbana ndi mabomba a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida za poizoni monga zida zamatabwa, ndi kuika moto mwachangu ndi Saddam Hussein panthawi yomwe dziko la Iraq linkaukira ku 2003 komwe kunayambitsa mpweya, nthaka ndi madzi. [5]

Kuwonongeka Kwamsanga kwa Nkhondo ndi Kuwonongeka kwa Mitengo ndi Madera: Nkhondo zawononganso nkhalango, madambo ndi madambo ku Afghanistan, Pakistan ndi Iraq. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kwatsagana ndi izi komanso nkhondo zam'mbuyomu ku Afghanistan. Dera lonse la nkhalango latsika ndi 38% ku Afghanistan kuyambira 1990 mpaka 2007. [6] Izi zikuchitika chifukwa chodula mitengo mosaloledwa, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi mphamvu yomwe ikukula ya atsogoleri ankhondo, omwe athandizidwa ndi US. Kuphatikiza apo, kudula mitengo kwachitika mmaiko aliwonsewa pomwe othawa kwawo amafunafuna mafuta ndi zomangira. Chilala, chipululu, ndi kutayika kwa mitundu komwe kumatsata kuwonongeka kwa malo okhala ndizo zotsatira zake. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza nkhondo zadzetsa chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe, chilengedwe chowonongekacho chimathandizanso kuti pakhale nkhondo zina.

Nkhondo Yowonongeka kwa Zachilengedwe: Kuphulitsa mabomba ku Afghanistan ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa kwaopseza njira yofunika kwambiri yosamukira mbalame zomwe zikudutsa mderali. Chiwerengero cha mbalame zomwe zikuuluka njirayi chatsika ndi 85 peresenti. [8] Mabwalo aku US adakhala msika wopindulitsa wa zikopa za Snow Leopard yemwe ali pachiwopsezo, ndipo anthu aku Afghani omwe ndi osauka komanso othawa kwawo akhala ofunitsitsa kuthana ndi chiletso chowasaka, m'malo mwake kuyambira 2002. [9] Ogwira ntchito akunja omwe adafika mumzinda waukulu manambala kutsatira kugwa kwa boma la Taliban agulanso zikopazo. Chiwerengero chawo chotsalira ku Afghanistan chikuyembekezeka kukhala pakati pa 100 ndi 200 mu 2008. [10] (Tsamba lidasinthidwa kuyambira Marichi 2013)