Nkhondo Yadziko World $ 9.46 Trillion mu 2012

Wolemba Talia Hagerty, Pacific Standard

Akatswiri azachuma si atsopano ku maphunziro a nkhondo. Ambiri ku US adanena kuti nkhondo ndi yabwino kwachuma, ndipo omwe ali ku Washington akuwoneka kuti akufunitsitsa kuwakhulupirira. Inde, nkhondo ndi nkhani yabwino pankhani yazachuma. Ndiwokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo ziŵerengero zoloŵetsedwamo—ndalama zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, zida zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, ovulala—zikhoza kuŵerengedwa mosavuta ndi kuphwanyidwa.

Komabe, pali nkhani yovuta kwambiri yomwe yakopa akatswiri azachuma posachedwa: mtendere.

M'zaka khumi zapitazi, ofufuza ndi akatswiri azachuma padziko lonse lapansi apindula kwambiri pazachuma chamtendere. Akuwona kuti ziwawa ndi nkhondo ndizowopsa pazachuma, komanso kuti titha kugwiritsa ntchito chuma kuti tipewe.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa kwambiri wofalitsidwa ndi Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) inapeza kuti chiwawa chinawononga dziko lonse $9.46 trilioni mu 2012 yokha. Ndicho 11 peresenti ya zinthu zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi. Poyerekeza, mtengo wamavuto azachuma unali 0.5 peresenti yachuma cha padziko lonse cha 2009.

Mtendere umawoneka wodziwikiratu komanso wosavuta pamene tikukhalamo, komabe 11 peresenti ya chuma chathu padziko lonse lapansi ikuperekedwa kulenga ndi kukhala ndi chiwawa.

JURGEN BRAUER NDI JOHN Paul Dunne, akonzi a The Economics of Peace and Security Journal ndi olemba anzawo a Mtendere Economics, kutanthauza "mtendere zachuma" monga "kafukufuku wa zachuma ndi kamangidwe ka ndale, chuma, ndi chikhalidwe mabungwe, mgwirizano wawo, ndi ndondomeko zawo pofuna kupewa, kuchepetsa, kapena kuthetsa mtundu uliwonse wa ziwawa zobisika kapena zenizeni kapena mikangano ina yowononga mkati ndi pakati pa anthu. .” Mwa kuyankhula kwina, kodi mtendere umakhudza bwanji chuma, kodi chuma chimakhudza bwanji mtendere, ndipo tingagwiritse ntchito bwanji njira zachuma kuti timvetse bwino zonsezi? Iyi simitu yatsopano pazachuma, Brauer akuti. Koma mafunso ofufuza nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "nkhondo" m'malo mwa "mtendere."

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani? Kungoti palibe chiwawa ndi nkhondo zomwe ofufuza amazitcha "mtendere woipa." Ndi gawo chabe la chithunzicho. "Mtendere wabwino" ndi kukhalapo kwa mabungwe, mabungwe, ndi malingaliro omwe amatsimikizira dongosolo lokhazikika la chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso kumasuka ku mitundu yonse ya chiwawa. Kuyeza kusakhalapo kwa ziwawa ndikosavuta, poyerekeza ndi kukhalapo kwake, koma kuwunika zonse zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizovuta kwambiri.

Brauer amapanga mlandu wokakamiza pazachuma zamtendere. Ngati, mwachitsanzo, awiri peresenti ya GDP yapadziko lonse amathera pa zida, ndithudi pali ena omwe angapindule ndi chiwawa ndi nkhondo. Koma chuma chochuluka chimachita bwino pokhazikitsa mtendere, ndipo kuti chiwawa chikupangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta kwambiri kwa ena 98 peresenti. Chinyengo ndikumvetsetsa momwe magulu amakhalira ndi mtendere wabwino.

The Global Peace Index, yomwe imatulutsidwa chaka ndi chaka ndi IEP kuyambira 2007, imayika maiko padziko lonse lapansi kuti pakhale bata pogwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro 22 zosonyeza kusakhalapo kwa ziwawa. Nzosadabwitsa kuti IEP ikupeza kuti Iceland, Denmark, ndi New Zealand anali amtendere kwambiri mu 2013, pamene Iraq, Somalia, Syria, ndi Afghanistan anali ochepa. US ili pa 99 mwa 162.

Ndi deta yokwanira komanso pafupifupi yapadziko lonse yokhudzana ndi kusakhalapo kwa ziwawa, zimakhala zotheka kuyesa kugwirizanitsa magulu a anthu. Izi zimatipatsa chithunzi cha mtendere wabwino. Pambuyo pofufuza mowerengera ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa GPI ndi pafupifupi ma data a 4,700 odutsa mayiko, IEP yazindikira magulu azizindikiro, monga kutalika kwa moyo kapena mizere ya telefoni pa anthu 100, kuti imawona mfundo zazikuluzikulu zachuma, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe chamtendere. IEP imatcha magulu asanu ndi atatu omwe akubwera kuti "Mizati ya Mtendere": boma lomwe likugwira ntchito bwino, kugawa zinthu moyenera, chidziwitso chaulere, malo abwino abizinesi, kuchuluka kwa anthu (mwachitsanzo, maphunziro ndi thanzi), kuvomereza ufulu wa ena, katangale wochepa, ndi maunansi abwino ndi anansi.

Zambiri mwazolumikizana zamtendere zikuwoneka zoonekeratu. Zomangamanga zapamwamba zimawonongedwa ndi nkhondo; madzi ndi chinthu chomwe titha kulimbana nacho. Kufunika kwa maphunziro ngati Pillars of Peace ndikuvumbulutsa zovuta za anthu omwe, mophweka, amangogwira ntchito. Gulu lomwe tonse timapeza zomwe tikufuna popanda kutola mfuti. Mtendere umawoneka wodziwikiratu komanso wosavuta pamene tikukhalamo, komabe 11 peresenti ya chuma chathu padziko lonse lapansi ikuperekedwa kulenga ndi kukhala ndi chiwawa. Zachuma zamtendere zikuwonetsa kuti kuonetsetsa kuti pakhale chuma komwe aliyense amapeza zomwe akufuna kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala mwamtendere komanso, chuma ndi ntchito.

Pali, zowona, zosintha zotsala zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa kumayendedwe a IEP. Mwachitsanzo, kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndizomwe zimayenderana kwambiri ndi kusakhalapo kwa nkhanza. Koma chifukwa GPI sinaphatikizepo miyeso yeniyeni yokhudzana ndi jenda, nkhanza za m'banja, kapena nkhanza zogonana - kunena kuti alibe chidziwitso chokwanira cha mayiko - sitikudziwa bwino momwe kufanana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi ndi mtendere zimayendera. Palinso kulumikizana kwina kofananako koyenera kukonzedwanso bwino, nawonso, ndipo ofufuza akupanga njira zamachuma kuti athe kuthana nazo.

Zachuma zamtendere ndi mwayi wosuntha miyeso yathu ndikuwunika mtendere kupitilira nkhondo ndi mikangano yolinganiza, malinga ndi Bauer, komanso malingaliro achiwawa kapena kusachita chiwawa. Brauer adayitana mwambi wakale kuti afotokoze chidwi chake pamundawu: Simungathe kuwongolera zomwe simukuyesa. Ndife odziwa kale kuyeza ndi kuyendetsa nkhondo, ndipo tsopano ndi nthawi yoti tiyese mtendere.