I. Nkhondo IZI IZI ZIDZAKHALA

Ukapolo Unathetsedwa

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu anthu ambiri omwe anali padziko lapansi ankagwidwa ukapolo kapena serfdom (magawo atatu mwa anayi a anthu padziko lonse, malinga ndi Encyclopedia of Human Rights ku Oxford University Press). Lingaliro lochotseratu chinthu chofala kwambiri ndi lokhalitsa monga ukapolo linali lopanda nzeru kwambiri. Ukapolo wakhala uli ndi ife ndipo nthawi zonse ukanakhala. Mmodzi sangathe kulakalaka kukhala ndi maganizo osamvera kapena kunyalanyaza udindo wa umunthu wathu, wosasangalatsa ngakhale kuti akhoza kukhala. Chipembedzo ndi sayansi ndi mbiri ndi chuma zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti zitsimikiziridwa kuti ukapolo ndi wosatha, kuvomerezedwa, komanso kufunikira. Ukapolo ulipo mu Baibulo lachikhristu umatsimikizirika pamaso pa anthu ambiri. Mu Aefeso 6: 5 St. Paulo analangiza akapolo kuti amvere ambuye awo apadziko lapansi pamene amvera Khristu.

Kukula kwa ukapolo kunaperekanso kutsutsa kuti ngati dziko lina silinalichite dziko lina likanati: "Amuna ena angatsutse malonda a akapolo monga amwano ndi oipa," anatero membala wa Bungwe la British Parliament pa May 23, 1777, "Koma tiyeni tione kuti, ngati malo athu akuyenera kulima, omwe angakhoze kuchitidwa ndi African negroes, ndithudi ndibwino kuti tidzipereke tokha ndi antchito awo ku sitima za British, kusiyana ndi kugula kwa amalonda a French, Dutch kapena Dutch." Pa April 18, 1791, Banastre Tarleton adalengeza mu Nyumba ya Malamulo-ndipo mosakayika ena adamukhulupirira-kuti "Afirika okha alibe kutsutsa malonda."

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, ukapolo unatulutsidwa pafupifupi kulikonse ndi mofulumira. Chifukwa china, chifukwa chakuti anthu ochepa chabe ku England mu 1780s adayamba kayendetsedwe kowononga kuthetsa chiwonongeko, nkhani yomwe inanenedwa bwino mu Bury ya Adam Hochschild ya Bury. Iyi inali kayendetsedwe komwe kunathetsa malonda a ukapolo ndi ukapolo chifukwa cha makhalidwe, chifukwa choperekera nsembe m'malo mwa anthu akutali, osadziwika mosiyana ndi iwo eni. Imeneyi inali kayendetsedwe ka mavuto a anthu. Sanagwiritse ntchito chiwawa ndipo sanagwiritse ntchito kuvota. Anthu ambiri analibe ufulu wovota. Mmalo mwake iwo amagwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimatchulidwa kuti ndizinthu zaumphawi ndi kunyalanyaza mwatsatanetsatane zomwe akuganiza kuti ndizolamulira za umunthu wathu woyenera kuti ndife umunthu. Zinasintha chikhalidwe, chomwe chiri, ndithudi, chomwe chimaphatikizapo nthawi zonse ndikuyesera kudzisungira yokha mwa kudziyitcha "chikhalidwe cha umunthu."

Zina zinachititsa kuti ukapolo ukawonongeke, kuphatikizapo kukana kwa anthu akapolo. Koma kukana koteroko sikunali katsopano m'dziko lapansi. Kufalikira kwa ukapolo, kuphatikizapo akapolo akale, ndi kudzipereka kuti asalole kubwerera kwawo.

Malingaliro amenewo amafalikira ndi njira zomwe timayanjanirana nazo tsopano. Pali umboni wina wakuti mu nthawi ino yolankhulirana ponseponse tingathe kufalitsa mfundo zoyenera mofulumira kwambiri.

Kotero, kodi ukapolo ulipo? Inde ndi ayi. Pamene kukhala ndi munthu wina waletsedwa ndikutsutsa padziko lapansi, mitundu ya ukapolo imakhalabebe m'malo ena. Palibe cholowa cha anthu omwe ali akapolo a moyo, kutengedwa ndi kubedwa ndi kukwapulidwa poyera ndi eni ake, chomwe chingatchedwe "ukapolo wamtundu." Koma zomvetsa chisoni, komabe, ukapolo wa ngongole ndi ukapolo wa kugonana umabisala m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Pali zipolopolo za ukapolo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ku United States. Pali ntchito yamndende, pamodzi ndi antchito mosiyana ndi mbadwa za akapolo akapolo. Pali anthu ambiri a ku America omwe ali m'bwalo lamilandu kapena akuyang'aniridwa ndi malamulo a chilungamo ku United States lerolino kusiyana ndi anthu a ku Africa-America omwe anali akapolo ku United States ku 1850.

Koma zoipa zoipa zamakonozi sizitsutsa aliyense kuti ukapolo, mwa mtundu uliwonse, ndiwongoleratu kwamuyaya, ndipo sayenera. Ambiri a ku America amamangidwa. Ambiri antchito padziko lapansi si akapolo mu ukapolo wamtundu wanji. Mu 1780, ngati mwadandaula kuti mukhale akapolo kupatula lamulo, chinyengo chochitidwa mwamseri, chobisika ndikubisala komwe kulipo mwa mtundu uliwonse, mukanakhala ngati osadziwa komanso osadziwa ngati wina akukonzekera kuthetsa ukapolo. Ngati mukanati muwonetsere kubwezeretsanso ukapolo mwanjira yayikulu lero, anthu ambiri angatsutse malingaliro awo monga kumbuyo komanso opanda pake.

Mitundu yonse ya ukapolo siingathetsedwe kwathunthu, ndipo sizingatheke. Koma iwo akhoza kukhala. Kapena, ukapolo wachikhalidwe ukhoza kubwezeretsedwa ku kuvomerezedwa kwabwino ndi kubwezeretsedwanso m'badwo kapena awiri. Tayang'anani pa chitsitsimutso chofulumira pakuvomereza kugwiritsa ntchito kuzunzidwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri mphambu makumi asanu ndi limodzi kwa chitsanzo cha momwe mchitidwe wina umene wayamba kusiya umakhala wabwezeretsedwa kwambiri. Komabe, pakadali pano, anthu ambiri amazindikira kuti ukapolo ndi wosankha ndipo kuti kuthetsa kwake ndi njira yosankha-kuti, kuthetsa kwake kuthetsa nthawi zonse kunali kosankha, ngakhale ngati kuli kovuta.

Kodi Nkhondo Yabwino Pachikhalidwe?

Ku United States ena angakhale ndi chizoloŵezi chokayika kuti kuthetsa ukapolo monga chitsanzo kuti kuthetseratu nkhondo chifukwa nkhondo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuthetsa ukapolo. Koma kodi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito? Kodi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito lerolino? Ukapolo unathera popanda nkhondo, kupyolera mu chiwombolo, ku madera a Britain, Denmark, France, Netherlands, ndi ambiri a South America ndi Caribbean. Chitsanzo chimenecho chinagwiranso ntchito ku Washington, DC Kapolo amene anali ndi mayiko ku United States anakana, ambiri a iwo anasankha kusamvana. Ndimo momwe mbiri inkapitilira, ndipo anthu ambiri akanati aganize mosiyana kuti iwo apita mosiyana. Koma mtengo wa kumasula akapolo mwa kugulira iwo ukanakhala wotsika kwambiri kuposa kumpoto komwe anathera pa nkhondo, osati kuwerengera zomwe South adachita, osati kuwerengera imfa ndi kuvulala, kudulidwa, kukhumudwa, kuwonongedwa, ndi kupsyinjika kwa zaka makumi ambiri, pamene ukapolo wautali unalibe weniweni mwa onse koma dzina. (Onani mtengo wa Nkhondo Zazikulu za US, ndi Congressional Research Service, June 29, 2010.)

Pa June 20, 2013, Atlantic inafalitsa nkhani yotchedwa "Ayi, Lincoln Sankatha Kukhala 'Anagula Akapolowo.'" Chifukwa chiyani? Chabwino, akapolowo sankafuna kugulitsa. Izo ndi zoona mwangwiro. Iwo sanatero, ayi konse. Koma Atlantic ikuyang'ana kutsutsana kwina, komwe kungakhale kotsika mtengo, kotsika mtengo ngati $ 3 biliyoni (mu ndalama za 1860s). Komabe, ngati muŵerenga mwatcheru-n'zosavuta kuti muphonye-mlembiyo amavomereza kuti nkhondoyo imabwerera kaŵiri konse. Mtengo wa kumasula anthu unali wosavuta. Komabe mtengo wochulukitsa kawiri-wakupha anthu, umapita pafupi mosadziwika. Monga momwe anthu akudyetsedwa bwino chakudya cha mchere, zikuwoneka kuti pali chipinda chosiyana kwathunthu kwa ndalama, chipinda chimakhala kutali ndi kutsutsidwa kapena ngakhale kukayikira.

Mfundo siyikulu kotero kuti makolo athu akanatha kupanga chisankho chosiyana (iwo analibe pafupi kuti achite choncho), koma kuti kusankha kwawo kumawoneka zopusa mmaganizo athu. Ngati mawa tidzuka ndikupeza kuti aliyense akukwiyitsidwa bwino chifukwa cha mantha omwe ali m'ndende, kodi zingathandize kupeza madera akuluakulu omwe angaphe wina ndi mnzake? Kodi izi zikanakhala bwanji ndi kuthetsa ndende? Ndipo kodi nkhondo yapachiweniweni yakhudzana ndi chiyani ndi kuthetsa ukapolo? Ngati-mosiyana kwambiri ndi enieni akale-akapolo a US anali atasankha kuthetsa ukapolo popanda nkhondo, n'zovuta kulingalira kuti ngati chisankho choipa.

Ndiloleni ndikuyeseni kwenikweni, ndikugogomezera mfundo iyi: zomwe ndikufotokoza ZINALI zosachitika ndipo sizinali pafupi kuchitika, panalibe patali patali pafupi ndikuchitika; koma kuchitika kwake kukanakhala chinthu chabwino. Anali ndi akapolo a akapolo ndi a ndale omwe adasintha maganizo awo ndikusankha kuthetsa ukapolo popanda nkhondo, akadatha kuthetsa kuzunzidwa kochepa, ndipo mwinamwake anamaliza kwambiri. Mulimonsemo, kulingalira ukapolo umene umatha popanda nkhondo, tifunika kuyang'ana mbiri yeniyeni ya mayiko ena osiyanasiyana. Ndi kulingalira za kusintha kwakukulu pakati pa anthu lero (ngati kutseka ndende, kupanga zolemba zapamwamba, kubwezeretsanso malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, kuwunikira ulimi wokhalitsa, chisankho chapagulu, kubwezeretsa zochitika zademokhrasi, kapena china chirichonse-simungakonde malingaliro awa , koma ndikukhulupirira kuti mungaganize za kusintha kwakukulu komwe mungakonde) sitimaphatikizapo gawo la 1 "Pezani minda yaikulu yomwe ingathandize kuti ana athu aphane wina ndi mzake mwa ziwerengero zazikulu." M'malo mwake, timadumpha Chotsatira ndi ichi ku Gawo 2 "Chitani chinthu chomwe mukufuna kuchita." Ndipo kotero tiyenera.

Kukhalapo Precedes Essence

Kwa filosofi aliyense kugawana maganizo a Jean Paul Sartre pa dziko lapansi palibe chifukwa chowonetsera kuthetseratu kwa ukapolo kuti akhulupirire kuti ukapolo ndi wosankha. Ndife anthu, ndipo Sartre amatanthauza kuti ndife mfulu. Ngakhale pamene tiri akapolo, ndife mfulu. Titha kusankha kusalankhula, osati kudya, osamwa, osagonana. Pamene ndinali kulemba izi, akaidi ambiri adagwidwa ndi njala ku California ndi ku Guantanamo Bay ndi ku Palestine (ndipo anali kuyankhulana). Chilichonse ndi chosankha, nthawizonse chakhala, chidzakhalapo nthawizonse. Ngati tingasankhe kuti tisadye, tikhoza kusankha kuti tisagwire nawo ntchito yowonjezera, yofuna mgwirizano wa anthu ambiri, kukhazikitsa kapena kusunga chikhazikitso cha ukapolo. Kuchokera pazifukwa izi ziri zoonekeratu kuti tingasankhe kusakhala akapolo. Tikhoza kusankha chikondi cha chilengedwe chonse kapena chiwonongeko kapena chirichonse chimene timawona kuti chili choyenera. Makolo amawuza ana awo, "Inu mukhoza kukhala chirichonse chimene mumasankha kuti mukhale," ndipo zomwezo ziyeneranso kukhala zowona pa kusonkhanitsidwa kwa ana onse.

Ine ndikuganiza malingaliro omwe ali pamwambawa, osamva monga momwe angamvekere, ndizofunikira ndithu. Sizitanthawuza kuti zochitika za m'tsogolo sizinatsimikizidwe ndizochitika kale. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, kuchokera kwa anthu osadziwika, zosankha zilipo. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti mungathe kusankha kukhala ndi luso kapena maluso omwe mulibe. Sikutanthauza kuti mungathe kusankha momwe dziko lonse lapansi limakhalira. Simungasankhe kukhala ndi madola biliyoni kapena kupambana ndondomeko ya golide kapena kukhala pulezidenti wosankhidwa. Koma mungasankhe kukhala mtundu wa munthu amene sangakhale ndi madola biliyoni pamene ena amafa, kapena mtundu wa munthu amene angachite zomwezo ndikuganizira kukhala ndi madola mabiliyoni awiri. Mukhoza kusankha khalidwe lanu. Mukhoza kupambana ndondomeko ya golidi kapena kukhala wolemera kapena kusankha bwino khama lanu kapena khama la mtima umodzi kapena kulibe khama konse. Mungathe kukhala mtundu wa munthu amene amamvera malamulo osayenerera kapena osayera, kapena mtundu wa munthu amene amawanyengerera. Mungathe kukhala mtundu wa munthu amene amalolera kapena amalimbikitsa chinachake monga ukapolo kapena mtundu wa munthu amene amayesetsa kuthetsa izo ngakhale ena ambiri akuchichirikiza. Ndipo chifukwa aliyense akhoza kusankha kuthetsa izo, ndikutsutsana, tingathe kusankha pamodzi kuthetsa.

Pali njira zingapo zomwe wina angatsutse izi. Mwina, anganene kuti, mphamvu yamphamvu imatilepheretsa ife tonse kuti tisankhe zomwe aliyense angasankhe yekha pa kamphindi kofotokozera bwino. Mphamvu iyi ingangokhala mtundu wosagwirizana kapena kusokonezeka kwa zizindikiro zamagetsi pa amphamvu. Kapena kungakhale kupanikizika kwa mpikisano wa zachuma kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu kapena kusowa kwachinsinsi. Kapena mwina gawo lathu la anthu likudwala kapena kuwonongeka m'njira imene imawakakamiza kuti apange chikhazikitso cha ukapolo. Anthu awa akhoza kuika chikhazikitso cha ukapolo padziko lonse lapansi. Mwina chiwerengero cha ukapolo ndi chiwerengero cha amuna onse, ndipo amayi sangathe kugonjetsa amuna omwe amayenda ukapolo. Mwinamwake chiphuphu cha mphamvu, kuphatikizapo kudzisankha yekha kwa iwo ofuna kufunafuna mphamvu kumapangitsa kuti ziwonongeko za anthu zowonongeka zisapeweke. Mwinamwake chisokonezo cha opindula ndi luso la olengeza propiti zimatipangitsa ife kukhala opanda mphamvu kuti tigonjetse. Kapena mwinamwake gawo lalikulu la dziko lapansi lingakhale lokonzekera kuthetsa ukapolo, koma anthu ena nthawi zonse amabweretsa ukapolo monga matenda ochilomboka, ndipo amathera nthawi yomweyo kulikonse kumene sikungatheke. Mwinamwake chipolopolo chimabweretsa ukapolo mobwerezabwereza, ndipo chiwombankhanga chimakhala chosapeŵeka. Mwinamwake chiwonongeko cha anthu chokhudzidwa ku chilengedwe chimafunikira ukapolo. Mwinamwake kusankhana mitundu kapena dzikoli kapena chipembedzo kapena kuumirira anthu kapena kukonda dziko kapena zosiyana kapena mantha kapena umbombo kapena kusowa chifundo konseko sikungapeweke ndipo zimatsimikizira ukapolo ziribe kanthu momwe tiyesera kuganizira ndi kuyesa njira yathu.

Zoterezi zotsutsana ndizomwe sizingatheke kuti zitheke pokhapokha ngati zalembedwera ku bungwe lomwe lakhala likuchotsedwa kale, monga ukapolo. Ndidzawalembera pansipa ponena za kukhazikitsidwa kwa nkhondo. Zina mwa ziphunzitso izi-kuchulukitsa kwa anthu, kusowa kwa chuma, etc.-ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri omwe amayang'ana kwa anthu omwe si Afirika ngati omwe amachititsa kuti apange nkhondo. Mfundo zina, monga momwe Pulezidenti Dwight Eisenhower adatchedwa kuti mafakitale ogwira ntchito zamagulu, ndi otchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu oletsedwa mtendere ku United States. Si zachilendo, komabe, kumvetsera kulimbikitsa nkhondo za ku America zomwe zimafunikiranso kukamenyera chuma ndi "moyo" monga chikonzero cha nkhondo zomwe zawonetsedwa pa televizioni monga zolimbikitsa zosiyana. Ndikuyembekeza kufotokoza momveka bwino kuti zonena za kupezeka kwa ukapolo kapena nkhondo zilibe maziko enieni, malinga ndi momwe amachitira. Kuwongolera kwa kutsutsana kumeneku kudzathandizidwa ngati tangoganizira za magulu angati olemekezeka omwe tasiya kale.

Magazi a Magazi ndi Duels

Palibe aliyense ku United States akukonzekera kubwezeretsa magazi, kubwezera anthu a m'banja limodzi ndi achibale ena. Opha anthu oterowo anali nthawi yowonjezeka komanso yovomerezeka ku Ulaya ndipo akadali kwambiri m'madera ena padziko lapansi. Ambiri a Hatfields ndi McCoys sadakondane wina ndi mnzake kwa zaka zoposa zana. Mu 2003, mabanja awiriwa a ku America adasindikiza chidindo. Malamulo a magazi ku United States akhala atakumbidwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi kukanidwa ndi anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti zingakhale bwino komanso apambana.

N'zomvetsa chisoni kuti Mmodzi wa a McCoys omwe adalembapo chikalatacho anali ochepa kwambiri, pomwe United States inagonjetsa nkhondo ku Iraq. Malingana ndi Orlando Sentinel, "Reo Hatfield wa Waynesboro, Va., Anabwera ndi lingaliro ngati kulengeza mtendere. Uthenga womwe umatumiza kudziko, adati, pamene chitetezo cha dziko chiri pangozi, anthu a ku America amaika kusiyana kwawo ndikugwirizana. "Malinga ndi CBS News," adatero Reo pambuyo pa Sep. 11, Mtendere pakati pa mabanja awiriwa kuti asonyeze kuti ngati chikhalidwe cha banja chozama kwambiri chikhoza kukonzedwanso, mtunduwu ukhoza kulumikizana kuti ateteze ufulu wawo. "Mtunduwu. Osati dziko. "Tetezani ufulu" mu June 2003 inali ndondomeko ya "nkhondo ya nkhondo," mosasamala kanthu kuti nkhondo, monga nkhondo zambiri, yachepetsa ufulu wathu.
Kodi takonzanso mabanja amagazi amagazi monga maiko a dziko lonse? Kodi tasiya kupha oyandikana nawo nkhumba kapena kubadwa chifukwa cha mphamvu yodabwitsa yomwe imatikakamiza kupha yapangidwanso kuti iphe anthu akunja kupyolera mu nkhondo? Kodi Kentucky ikanapita ku nkhondo ndi West Virginia, ndi Indiana ndi Illinois, ngati sakanakhoza kupita ku nkhondo ndi Afghanistan? Kodi Ulaya akukhala mwamtendere pokhapokha chifukwa nthawi zonse zimathandiza United States kuwukira malo monga Afghanistan, Iraq, ndi Libya? Kodi Pulezidenti George W. Bush sananene kuti nkhondo yapachilendo ku Iraq inali mbali ina ponena kuti pulezidenti wa Iraq adayesa kupha bambo a Bush? Kodi dziko la United States silikuchitira Cuba ngati kuti Cold War sanathe kutha makamaka chifukwa cha inertia? Atafa munthu wina wa ku America dzina lake Anwar al-Awlaki, kodi pulezidenti Barack Obama sanatumize msilikali wina patatha milungu iwiri yomwe inapha mwana wamwamuna wa 16 wa Awlaki, yemwe sanamuneneze mlandu uliwonse? Zikanakhala zodabwitsa ngakhale kuti zikanakhala -Anglaki wamng'ono adalangizidwa osadziwika, kapena ngati iye ndi achinyamata ena omwe anali naye anaphedwa mwa kusaweruzika koyera, kodi sizikufananabe ndi chiopsezo cha magazi?

Ndithudi, koma kufanana sikuli kufanana. Makhalidwe a magazi, monga iwo analiri, achoka ku chikhalidwe cha US ndi zikhalidwe zina zambiri kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Nthawi zina magazi amagawidwa ngati zachibadwa, zachilengedwe, okongola, ndi osatha. Iwo ankafunidwa ndi mwambo ndi ulemu, mwa banja ndi makhalidwe. Koma, ku United States ndi malo ena ambiri, iwo apita. Zovala zawo zatsala. Mafupa a magazi akuwonekera kachiwiri mu mawonekedwe oopsa, popanda magazi, nthawizina ndi alangizi m'malo mwa mfuti. Zotsatira za ziphuphu zamagazi zikudziphatika pazochitika zamakono, monga nkhondo, kapena nkhanza zamagulu, kapena kuzunzidwa kwa milandu ndi kuwatumiza. Koma kupha magazi sikuli pakati pa nkhondo zomwe zilipo, sizimayambitsa nkhondo, nkhondo sizitsatira malingaliro awo. Mafupa a magazi sanasinthidwe kukhala nkhondo kapena china chilichonse. Iwo achotsedwa. Nkhondo idalipo kale ndi pambuyo pa kuthetsa kupha magazi, ndipo inali ndi kufanana kochulukirapo kwa magazi asanawonongeke kusiyana ndi pambuyo pake. Maboma omwe amamenyana ndi nkhondo amaletsa chiwawa, koma kulepheretsa kumene anthu adalandira ulamuliro wawo, kumene anthu avomereza kuti chiwopsezo cha magazi chiyenera kutisiyidwa kumbuyo kwathu. Pali mbali zina za dziko kumene anthu sanalandire zimenezo.

Kuchokera

Kubwezeretsedwa kwa kugonjetsa kumaoneka ngati kochepa kuposa kubwerera ku ukapolo kapena kupha magazi. Duels nthawi zambiri inali yofala ku Ulaya ndi ku United States. Militayi, kuphatikizapo US Navy, nthawi zambiri ankataya akuluakulu ena kuti azitha kumenyana ndi adani awo. Dueling inali yoletsedwa, kunyozedwa, kunyozedwa, ndi kukanidwa m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu monga chizoloŵezi chokhwima. Anthu onse adaganiza kuti akhoza kusiya, ndipo anali.

Palibe amene akufuna kuthetseratu kuponderezana kapena kusalungama pakusunga pamene akusunga chitetezo kapena ubwino wothandizira. Zomwezo zikhoza kunenedwa ponena za nkhanza zamagazi ndi ukapolo. Zikondwererozo zinakanidwa monga kwathunthu, osasinthidwa kapena zitukuko. Tilibe Msonkhano Wachigawo wa Geneva kuti tikwaniritse ukapolo woyenera kapena maulamuliro a magazi. Ukapolo sunasungidwe monga chizolowezi chovomerezeka kwa anthu ena. Malamulo a magazi sankalekerera mabanja ena apadera omwe ankafunikira kukhala okonzeka kudziletsa mabanja osayenerera kapena oipa omwe sakanakhoza kulingalira nawo. Kuchokera pamtunda sikukhala kovomerezeka ndi kovomerezeka kwa anthu enaake. Mgwirizano wa Umoja wa Mayiko sungalole kuti ukhale wogonjetsa momwe umaperekera nkhondo. Kuchokera m'mayiko omwe kale anali nawo, kumamveka kuti ndi njira yowonongeka, yobwerera m'mbuyo, yopanda nzeru, komanso yopanda nzeru kuti anthu ayesere kuthetsa mikangano yawo. Zirizonse zomwe munthu angakunyozeni zingakhale zovuta-monga momwe timaonera zinthu masiku ano-osati chifukwa cha kukhala wopusa komanso woopsa kuti tipeze nawo mbali. Choncho kupondereza sikungakhalenso njira zotetezera mbiri ya munthu ku chinyengo.

Kodi maulendo angapo amachitabebe? Mwinamwake, koma momwemo nthawi zina (kapena osati nthawi zina) kupha, kugwirira, ndi kuba. Palibe amene akufuna kuti alembe malamulo, ndipo palibe amene akufuna kuti abwezeretse. Timayesetsa kuphunzitsa ana athu kuthetsa mikangano yawo ndi mawu, osati zida kapena zida. Pamene sitingathe kukonza zinthu, timapempha abwenzi kapena oyang'anira kapena apolisi kapena khoti kapena ulamuliro wina kuti tilandire kapena kulamula. Sitinathetse mikangano pakati pa anthu payekha, koma taphunzira kuti tonsefe tili bwino kuthetsa mikangano mosalekeza. Pamalo ena ambiri a ife timamvetsa kuti ngakhale munthu yemwe akanatha kupambana mu duel koma amene ataya chigamulo cha khothi akadali bwino. Munthu ameneyo sayenera kukhala mwamtendere padziko lapansi, sayenera kuvutika ndi "kupambana" kwake, sasowa kuwona kuzunzika kwa okondedwa ake, sakusowa kuti asangalatse kapena "kutseka" pachabe chidziwitso chovuta kubwezera, sichiyenera kuopa imfa ya wokondedwa wake kapena kuvulazidwa mu duel, ndipo sichiyenera kukhala wokonzeka kuti mwini wake wachiwiri adzabwere.
Zolemba zapadziko lonse:
Spain, Afghanistan, Iraq

Nanga bwanji ngati nkhondo ili yoipa kuti athetse mikangano yapadziko lonse ngati yongokhalira kuthetsa mikangano yaumwini? Kufananako kuli mwinamwake kuposa momwe ife tikuganizira kuganizira. Duels anali mpikisano pakati pa awiriawiri a amuna omwe anaganiza kuti kusagwirizana kwawo sikungathetsere mwa kulankhula. Inde, tikudziwa bwino. Iwo akanatha kuthetsa nkhani poyankhula, koma sanasankhe. Palibe amene adayenera kumenya nkhondo chifukwa chakuti wina amene anali kukangana naye anali wopanda nzeru. Aliyense amene anasankha kumenyana ndi duel ankafuna kumenyana ndi duel, ndipo anali yekha-chotero-kosatheka kuti munthu winayo azilankhula naye.

Nkhondo ndizopikisana pakati pa mayiko (ngakhale pamene akufotokozedwa ngati akulimbana ndi chinachake monga "mantha") - mayiko sangathe kuthetsa kusagwirizana kwawo poyankhula. Ife tiyenera kudziwa bwinoko. Amitundu angathe kuthetsa mikangano yawo poyankhula, koma osasankha. Palibe mtundu wina wokakamizidwa kumenya nkhondo chifukwa dziko lina ndilochabechabe. Mtundu uliwonse umene umasankha kumenya nkhondo ukufuna kumenya nkhondo, ndipo unali wokha-chotero-kosatheka kuti mtundu wina uyankhule nawo. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chomwe timachiwona m'nkhondo zambiri za ku America.

Mbali yabwino (yeniyeni yathu, ndithudi) mu nkhondo, ife timakonda kukhulupirira, yamukakamiza mmenemo chifukwa mbali ina imamvetsa chiwawa basi. Simungathe kulankhula ndi a Irani, mwachitsanzo. Zingakhale zabwino ngati mungathe, koma izi ndizo zenizeni, ndipo mudziko lenileni mitundu ina imayendetsedwa ndi ziphunzitso zongopeka zosaganizira!
Tiyeni tiganizire chifukwa cha kutsutsa kuti maboma amenya nkhondo chifukwa mbali inayo sizingakhale zomveka ndi kulankhula nawo. Ambiri aife sakhulupirira kuti izi ndi zoona. Timawona kupanga nkhondo monga kutsogoleredwa ndi zilakolako zopanda pake ndi umbombo, nkhondo yolondola monga phukusi la mabodza. Ndinalemba buku lotchedwa War Is A Lie pofufuza mitundu yambiri yonyenga yokhudza nkhondo. Koma, kuti tifanizire ndi zovuta, tiyeni tiyang'ane pa nkhani ya nkhondo ngati njira yomaliza pamene tikulankhulana talephera, ndipo tiwone momwe ikugwiritsira ntchito. Ndipo tiyeni tiwone milandu yokhudzana ndi United States, monga momwe ambiri amachitira ndi ena ambiri, komanso monga United States (monga momwe ndifotokozera m'munsimu) ndi mtsogoleri wadziko lonse wa nkhondo.

Spain

Chiphunzitso chakuti nkhondo ndi njira yomaliza yomwe ikugwiritsidwa ntchito motsutsana ndi iwo omwe sangathe kulingalira nawo sakhala bwino. Mwachitsanzo, nkhondo ya Spanish-American (1898), siyiyenerera. Dziko la Spain linali lofunitsitsa kulandira chigamulo chilichonse choletsa usilikali, dziko la United States litadandaula kuti dziko la Spain linkawombera sitimayo yotchedwa USS Maine, koma United States inkapitirizabe kumenya nkhondo ngakhale kuti panalibe umboni uliwonse wosonyeza kuti milandu yawo inachitikira ku Spain , milandu yomwe inkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhondo. Kuti tidziwitse za chiphunzitso chathu cha nkhondo tiyenera kuika Spain kukhala woyendetsa masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso United States pa nthawi yachisanu. Izo sizingakhoze kukhala zolondola.

Zovuta: izo sizingakhale zolondola. United States siinayendetsedwe ndipo siidakhala ndi lunatics. Nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kuwona momwe lunatics zingapangire zoipitsitsa kuposa momwe osankhidwa athu akuchitira, koma zoona zenizeni kuti Spain sikunagwirizane ndi ziwanda zaumunthu, pokhapokha ndi Achimereka. Ndipo United States siinali kugwirizana ndi ziwanda zaumunthu, pokhapokha ndi anthu a ku Spain. Nkhaniyo ikanatha kuthetsedwa patebulo, ndipo mbali imodzi idapanga chisankho chimenecho. Zoona zake n'zakuti United States inkafuna nkhondo, ndipo palibe chilichonse chimene anthu a ku Spain anganene kuti apewe nkhondoyo. Dziko la United States linasankha nkhondo, monga momwe dueler inasankha kuti igule.

Afghanistan

Zitsanzo zimayambira kumaganizo kuchokera ku mbiri yakale kwambiri, komanso osati zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. United States, kwa zaka zitatu izi zisanafike September 11, 2001, idapempha a Taliban kuti asinthe Osama bin Laden. Anthu a ku Taliban adapempha umboni kuti ali ndi mlandu uliwonse pazolakwa ndi kudzipereka kuti amutsatire m'dziko lakale lopanda ndale popanda chilango cha imfa. Izi zinapitirira mpaka mu October, 2001. (Onani, mwachitsanzo "Bush Akukana Taliban Kupereka Bin Laden Over" mu Guardian, October 14, 2001.) Malamulo a Taliban samawoneka osamveka kapena openga. Zikuwoneka ngati zofuna za wina amene mazokambirana angapitirize. Anthu a ku Taliban adalangizanso ku United States kuti bin Laden akukonzekera kuukira nthaka ya US (izi malinga ndi BBC). Mkulu wa chipani cha Pakistani, Niaz Naik, adauza BBC kuti akuluakulu akuluakulu a US adamuwuza pamsonkhano wa bungwe la UN ku Berlin mu July 2001 kuti dziko la United States lidzachitapo kanthu polimbana ndi a Taliban pakati pa mwezi wa October. Anati adali kukayikira kuti kudzipereka kwa bin Laden kukasintha malingaliro awo. Pamene United States inauza Afghanistan ku October 7, 2001, a Taliban adafunsanso kukambirana za bin Laden ku dziko lachitatu kuti adzaweruzidwe. Mayiko a United States anakana zoperekazo ndipo anapitiriza nkhondo ku Afghanistan kwa zaka zambiri, osasiya pamene bin Laden amakhulupirira kuti achoka m'dzikoli, ndipo sanaleke ngakhale atanena za imfa ya bin Laden. (Onani Lamulo Lachilendo Lachilendo, September 20, 2010.) Mwina panali zifukwa zinanso zopitiliza nkhondoyo kwa zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, koma momveka bwino chifukwa choyambira sikuti palibe njira ina yothetsera mkanganoyo. Mwachiwonekere United States inkafuna nkhondo.

Nchifukwa chiyani wina akufuna nkhondo? Pamene ndikukangana pa nkhondo ndi a Lie, United States sichidafunikanso kubwezera chilango chakuti dziko la Spain liwonongeke ngati la Maine ngati likugonjetsa malo. Kupita ku Afghanistan kunalibe kanthu kochepa kapena kopanda kanthu ndi bin Laden kapena boma lomwe linathandiza bin Laden. M'malo mwake, mayiko a US anali okhudzana ndi mapaipi a mafuta osokoneza bongo, malo a zida, ndale, kutengapo mbali kwa ndale, kuteteza anthu ku Iraq (Tony Blair anauza Bush Afghanistan kuti abwere poyamba) kunyumba, ndi kupindula kuchokera ku nkhondo ndi zofunkha zake. United States inkafuna nkhondo.

United States ili ndi zochepa zosakwana 5 peresenti ya anthu padziko lapansi koma zimagwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu pa mapepala a dziko lapansi, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafuta padziko lapansi, magawo a 23 a malasha, 27 peresenti ya aluminium, ndi 19 peresenti ya mkuwa. (Onaninso Scientific American, September 14, 2012.) Mkhalidwe umenewo sungakhoze kukhazikika mpaka kalekale kudzera mu zokambirana. "Dzanja lobisika la msika silingagwire ntchito popanda chibonga chobisika. McDonald's sungakhoze kupambana popanda McDonnell Douglas, wopanga wa US Air Force F-15. Ndipo nkhonya zobisika zomwe zimapangitsa dziko kukhala lotetezeka kuti zipangizo zamakono za Silicon Valley zikamere bwino zimatchedwa US Army, Air Force, Navy ndi Marine Corps, "anatero wodzitcha manja komanso wolemba nyuzipepala ya New York Times Thomas Friedman. Koma umbombo sizitsutsana kuti munthu wina ndi wosayenerera kapena woipa. Ndi umbombo basi. Tonse tawona ana aang'ono komanso anthu achikulire akuphunzira kukhala ocheperapo. Palinso njira zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezereka ndi chuma cha m'madera omwe amachokera ku nkhondo ya umbombo popanda kuwatsogolera kapena kuvutika. Kuwerengera kwakukulu kwa kutembenuka kwakukulu ku mphamvu zobiriwira sikulingalira za kusamutsidwa kwa chuma chochuluka kuchokera kwa ankhondo. Tidzakambirana zomwe nkhondo yomalizira idzapangitse pansipa. Mfundoyi ndi yakuti nkhondo siyenela kuonedwa kuti ndi yolemekezeka kuposa momwe ikufunira.

Kodi nkhondo idalephereka kuchokera ku Afghans, omwe adapeza kuti United States siikondweretsa kukambirana? Ndithudi ayi. Ngakhale kuti kukana zachiwawa kwalephera kuthetsa nkhondo kwa zaka zoposa khumi, nkotheka kuti kukana kosagwirizana ndi zikanakhala kopambana. Titha kupindula, monga momwe zaka mazana apitayi sankathandizira, kuchokera m'mbiri ya kukaniza kwina ku Spring, ku Eastern Europe, ku South Africa, ku India, ku Central America, pochita bwino ndi mafilipino ndi Puerto Rico pofuna kutseka asilikali a US maziko, ndi zina zotero.

Kuti izi zisamveke ngati ndikungopereka malangizo osafunikira kwa Afghans pamene boma langa liwapha, ndikuyenera kunena kuti phunziro lomwelo lingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'dziko langa. Anthu a ku United States amawathandiza kapena amalekerera ndalama (kudzera m'mabwalo osiyanasiyana-funsani ku War Resisters League kapena National Priorities Project) ya $ 1 trillion chaka chilichonse pazokonzekera nkhondo chifukwa cha mantha (zosangalatsa ngakhale zili choncho) kuukira ku United States ndi mphamvu yachilendo. Ngati izi ziyenera kuchitika, mphamvu yachilendo yomwe ingagwirizane nayo idzawonongedwa ndi zida za US. Koma, tikanati tithetse zida zimenezo, sitingatsutsane ndi malingaliro otchuka-khalani opanda chitetezo. Titha kukana mgwirizano wathu ndi ntchito. Titha kuyitanitsa anthu osungira anthu ochokera kudziko lomwe likuukira ndi zishango za anthu padziko lonse lapansi. Tikhoza kutsata chilungamo kudzera m'maganizo a anthu, makhoti, ndi zilango zomwe anthu omwe ali ndi udindo wawo angapereke.

Kunena zoona, ndi United States ndi NATO zomwe zimaukira ena. Nkhondo ndi kugwira ntchito ku Afghanistan, ngati tibwerera mmbuyo pang'ono chabe, zikuwoneka ngati zopanda pake ngati dubulo. Kuwombera boma lovomerezeka (pazifukwa zina) kuti apereke chigamulo chowombera mlandu, pogwiritsira ntchito mabomba okwana khumi ndikupha anthu a mtunduwo (ambiri mwa iwo omwe sanamvepo za kuukira kwa September 11, 2001, ndipo ambiri a iwo amadana ndi a Taliban) samawoneka ngati chitukuko chochulukirapo kusiyana ndi kuwombera mnzako chifukwa agogo a agogo ake anaba agogo a agogo a nkhumba. Ndipotu nkhondo imapha anthu ambiri kusiyana ndi kupha magazi. Patatha zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, boma la United States, pamene ndikulemba izi, likuyesa kukambirana ndi a Taliban-njira yolakwika chifukwa anthu a Afghanistan sakuyimiridwa bwino ndi gulu linalake pazokambirana, koma njira yomwe ingakhale yabwino ikani zaka 12 kale. Ngati mungathe kuyankhula nawo tsopano, bwanji simungayankhule nawo, musanafike pawiri? Ngati nkhondo ya Siriya ingapewe, n'chifukwa chiyani nkhondo siidatha ku Afghanistan?
Iraq

Ndiye pali vuto la Iraq mu March 2003. Mayiko a United Nations adakana kuvomereza ku Iraq, monga momwe adakana zaka ziwiri kale ndi Afghanistan. Iraq siinali kuopseza United States. United States inali nayo ndipo inali kukonzekera kugwiritsira ntchito motsutsana ndi Iraq mitundu yonse ya zida zoletsedwa padziko lonse: zoyera za phosphorous, mitundu yatsopano ya nsalu, mabomba a masango, uranium yatha. Ndondomeko ya US inali kuyambitsa zida zowonongeka ndi madera ambiri okhala ndi ukali kotero kuti, mosiyana ndi zochitika zonse zapitazo, anthu "adzadabwa ndi kudzudzulidwa" -ndi mawu ena akhoza kuopsezedwa-kukhala omvera. Ndipo kulungamitsidwa kumene kunayambika chifukwa ichi chinali ku Iraq kukhala ndi zida zamagetsi, zachilengedwe, ndi nyukiliya.

Mwamwayi chifukwa cha zolinga izi, njira yofufuza padziko lonse idachotsa Iraq ku zida zankhondo zakale izi zisanachitike ndipo zinatsimikizira kuti palibe. Kufufuza kunkachitika, ndikutsimikiziranso kuti palibe zida zoterezi, pamene United States inalengeza kuti nkhondo idzayamba ndipo oyang'anira adzachoka. Nkhondo inali yofunikira, boma la United States linati, kugonjetsa boma la Iraq-kuchotsa Saddam Hussein ku mphamvu. Komabe, malinga ndi zomwe zinalembedwa mu February 2003 pakati pa Purezidenti George W. Bush ndi Pulezidenti wa ku Spain, Bush anati Hussein adapempha kuchoka ku Iraq, ndikupita ku ukapolo, ngati akanatha kusunga $ 1 biliyoni. (Onani El Pais, September 26, 2007, kapena Washington Post tsiku lotsatiralo.) The Washington Post inati: "Ngakhale Bush atakhala pa gulu pa nthawi ya msonkhano anali kuti khomo linakhala lotseguka kuti athetse mayankho, zikwi mazana a asilikali a US anali atatumizidwa kale kumalire a Iraq, ndipo White House inalephera kupirira. 'Nthawi yayifupi,' Bush anati mu msonkhano wa nkhani ndi [Pulezidenti wa ku Spain Jose Maria] Aznar tsiku lomwelo. "

Mwinamwake wolamulira wankhanza akuloledwa kuthawa ndi $ 1 biliyoni sizotsatira zabwino. Koma zoperekazo sizinaululidwe kwa anthu a US. Tinauzidwa kuti zokambirana sizingatheke. Kuyankhulana kunali kosatheka, tinauzidwa. (Motero, panalibe mwayi wopereka ndalama zowonjezera ndalama zokwana madola biliyoni, mwachitsanzo.) Kufufuza sikunagwire ntchito, iwo adati. Zidazo zinali pamenepo ndipo zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa nthawi iliyonse yotsutsana nafe, adatero. Nkhondo, mwachisoni, mwanthabwala, chisoni chinali njira yomaliza, adatiuza ife. Pulezidenti Bush ndi Bwanamkubwa wa Britain, Tony Blair, adayankhula ku White House pa January 31, 2003, ponena kuti nkhondo idzapewedwa ngati zingatheke, pokhapokha msonkhano wachinsinsi womwe Bush ukananena kuti ndege zogonjetsa ndege za U2 zikuwombera nkhondo ku Iraq, zojambula mu mitundu ya UN, ndipo kuyembekezera kuti Iraq idzawotchera, popeza kuti zikanakhala zifukwa zoyambira nkhondo. (Onani Dziko Lopanda Lamulo la Phillipe Sands, ndipo onani zofalitsa zowonjezera zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ku WarIsCrime.org/WhiteHouseMemo.)

M'malo mowonongeka madola bilioni, anthu a ku Iraq anataya miyandamiyanda ya 1.4, adawona anthu a 4.5 othaŵa kwawo, zipangizo zawo zadziko ndi maphunziro ndi zowonongeka zowonongeka, ufulu wamtendere umene unakhalapo ngakhale pansi pa ulamuliro wachisokonezo wa Saddam Hussein, kuwononga zachilengedwe pafupifupi kupitirira kulingalira, miliri ya matenda ndi zolephereka kubadwa monga zoopsa monga dziko likudziwira. Mtundu wa Iraq unawonongedwa. Mtengo wopita ku Iraq kapena ku United States mu madola unali oposa oposa biliyoni (United States inalipira ndalama zoposa $ 800 biliyoni, osawerengera ndalama zokwana madola trilioni madola ochulukirapo pa mtengo wa mafuta, mapepala a chiwongoladzanja chamtsogolo, chisamaliro cha ankhondo, ndi mwayi wotaya mwayi). (Onaninso DavidSwanson.org/Iraq.) Palibe izi zomwe zinachitika chifukwa Iraq silingaganizidwe nawo.

Boma la US, pamlingo wapamwamba, silinali lolimbikitsidwa ndi zida zonyenga konse. Ndipo si kwenikweni malo a boma la US kuti asankhe ku Iraq ngati wolamulira wake akuthawa. Boma la US liyenera kuti linagwira ntchito kuthetsa chithandizo chake kwa olamulira ankhanza m'mayiko ena ambiri asanalowetse Iraq ndi njira yatsopano. Njirayi inalipo yothetsa chilango chachuma ndi mabomba ndikuyamba kubwezeretsa. Koma ngati United States 'idalimbikitsa zowonjezera, tingathe kunena kuti kulankhula ndi njira yomwe iyenera kuti idasankhidwa. Kukambirana kuti dziko la Iraq lichoke ku Kuwait linali njira yoyenera pa nthawi ya nkhondo yoyamba ya Gulf. Kusankha kuti asamuthandize ndi kumupatsa mphamvu Hussein anali kusankha kale kale. Nthawi zonse pali njira yothandizira nkhanza. Izi ndi zoona ngakhale kuchokera kudziko la Iraq. Kukaniza kuponderezedwa kungakhale kopanda chiwawa kapena zachiwawa.

Fufuzani nkhondo iliyonse yomwe mumakonda, ndipo zikanakhala kuti ngati okakamizidwawo akufuna kufotokoza zilakolako zawo poyera, akadatha kukambirana m'malo molimbana ndi nkhondo. M'malo mwake, iwo amafuna nkhondo-nkhondo chifukwa cha iwo okha, kapena nkhondo chifukwa cha zifukwa zosadziwika kuti palibe mtundu wina umene ungavomereze kuvomereza.

Nkhondo N'zosankha

Panthawi ya Cold War, Soviet Union inaponyera pansi, ndipo kwenikweni, anawombera ndege ya U2, ntchito yomwe Pulezidenti Bush adayembekezera kuti idzamenyana ndi Iraq, koma United States ndi Soviet Union inayankhula nkhaniyi mmalo mwa kupita kunkhondo. Njira imeneyi nthawi zonse ilipo-ngakhale pamene chiopsezo choti chiwonongeko chokhacho sichipezeka. Zinkakhala ndi Bay of pigs ndi Cuban Missile Crises. Pamene aphungu a pulezidenti John F. Kennedy adayesa kumumenyera nkhondo, iye anasankha kuwotcha akuluakulu apamwamba ndikupitiriza kulankhula ndi Soviet Union, komwe kukamenyana nkhondo komweku kunali kusewera ndi kukanidwa ndi Pulezidenti Nikita Khrushchev. (Werengani James Douglass 'JFK ndi Unspeakable.) Zaka zaposachedwapa, zokakamiza kuukira Iran kapena Syria zakanidwa mobwerezabwereza. Kuukira kumeneku kungabwere, koma ndizosankha.

Mu March 2011, African Union inali ndi ndondomeko yothetsera mtendere ku Libya koma idaletsedwa ndi NATO, kupyolera mu kukhazikitsidwa kwa dera la "no fly" komanso kuyambitsa mabomba, kupita ku Libya kukakambirana. Mu April, African Union idakambirana za pulani yake ndi Pulezidenti wa Libya Muammar al-Gaddafi, ndipo adalonjeza. NATO, yomwe idalandira chilolezo cha UN kuti chiteteze anthu a ku Libyda, ili kuti ili pangozi koma palibe chilolezo chopitiriza kupondereza dziko kapena kupasula boma, linapitiriza kulimbikitsa dzikoli ndikugonjetsa boma. Wina akhoza kukhulupirira kuti ndi chinthu chabwino kuchita. "Ife tabwera. Ife tawona. Anamwalira! "Adatero Mlembi wa boma wa US, Hillary Clinton, akuseka mosangalala pambuyo pa imfa ya Gaddafi. (Penyani kanema pa WarIsCrime.org/Hillary.) Mofananamo, olemba duelist ankakhulupirira kuti kumupha munthu winayo ndi chinthu chabwino. Mfundo apa ndi yakuti sizinali zokhazo zomwe zilipo. Monga momwe zinalili zovuta, nkhondo zinatha m'malo mwa kukambirana ndi kukangana. Wopondereza sangathe nthawi zonse kuchoka pa zokambirana zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo kupanga mwachinsinsi komanso mwamanyazi, koma zingakhale zolakwika chotero?

Izi ndi zoona ndi nkhondo yowopsya yoopsa ya US ku Iran. Boma la Iran likuyesera kukambirana ndi United States kwa zaka 10 zapitazo. Mu 2003, Iran idakambirana zokambirana ndi zonse zomwe zili patebulo, ndipo United States inasiya ntchitoyo. Iran yavomereza kuletsedwa kwakukulu pa ntchito yake ya nyukiliya kusiyana ndi lamulo. Iran yakuyesera kuvomereza ku US madandaulo, mobwerezabwereza akuvomereza kutumiza mafuta a nyukiliya kunja kwa dziko. Ku 2010, Turkey ndi Brazil zinasokoneza kwambiri kuti Iran ivomereze zomwe boma la United States linena kuti likufunika, zomwe zinachititsa kuti boma la United States liwononge mkwiyo wawo ku Turkey ndi Brazil.

Ngati zomwe dziko la United States likufuna kwenikweni ndikulamulira Iran ndikugwiritsira ntchito chuma chake, Iran sangayembekezere kusagwirizana ndi kuvomereza ulamuliro wochepa. Cholinga chimenecho sayenera kutsatiridwa ndi zokambirana kapena nkhondo. Ngati zomwe dziko la United States likufuna kwenikweni ndi kuti mayiko ena asiye mphamvu za nyukiliya, zingakhale zovuta kuika lamuloli pa iwo, kapena popanda nkhondo. Njira yopezera bwino sikudzakhala nkhondo kapena kukambirana, koma chitsanzo ndi chithandizo. United States ingayambe kuwononga zida zake za nyukiliya ndi zomera zamagetsi. Ikhoza kugulitsa mu mphamvu zobiriwira. Ndalama zomwe zilipo zowonjezera mphamvu zowonjezera, kapena china chirichonse, ngati makina a nkhondo atasweka ndi zovuta kuzimvetsa. Dziko la United States lingapereke mphamvu zowonjezera zowonjezera mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi chifukwa chachepa zomwe zimapereka kupereka ulamuliro wa asilikali-osatchula kutulutsa zilango zomwe zimalepheretsa dziko la Iran kutenga ziwalo za mphepo.

Nkhondo Yotsutsa Aliyense

Kufufuza nkhondo zomwe anthu ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhulupirira kuti zigaŵenga zimagonjetsedwa zimasonyezeranso kuti kuyankhula kwakhala njira yopezeka, ngakhale ikanapatsidwa. Ndipotu, n'zovuta kupeza mlandu umene imfa ikuwoneka kuti ndiyo yomaliza. Mu May 2013 Purezidenti Obama adalankhula mawu omwe adanena kuti anthu onse omwe adawapha ndi drone anayi okha adali nzika za US, ndipo pa imodzi mwa milanduyiyi anakumana ndi zifukwa zina zomwe adadzipangira yekha asanayambe kupha anthu. Zonse zomwe zilipo pagulu zimatsutsana ndi zomwezo, ndipo boma la United States likuyesera kupha Anwar al-Awlaki izi zisanachitike pomwe Pulezidenti Obama adanena kuti Awlaki adagwira nawo mbali yomwe inamuthandiza kuti aphedwe. Koma Awlaki sanaweruzidwe mlandu, osatsutsika, komanso kuchotsedwa kwake konse. Pa June 7, 2013, mtsogoleri wamtundu wa Yemen Saleh Bin Fareed adauza Democracy kuti Awlaki akanatha kutembenuzidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu, koma "sanatifunse." Muzochitika zina zambiri zikuwonekeratu kuti drone oterewa akadatha kumangidwa ngati njirayi idayesedwa kale. (Chitsanzo chosaiŵalika chinali kuphedwa kwa November 2011 ku drake ku Pakistan wa Tariq Aziz wazaka za 16, patatha masiku angapo atapita ku msonkhano wotsutsana ndi drone mumzindawu, kumene akanatha kumangidwa kokha-ngati adaimbidwa mlandu Uphungu.) Mwinamwake pali zifukwa zomveka zowononga kulandidwa. Koma, kachiwiri, mwinamwake panali zifukwa zomwe anthu adasankhira kumenyana ndi zida zotsatila malamulo.

Cholinga chokakamiza anthu kuti aphedwe mwa kuwombera mfuti mwa iwo adatumizidwa ku mayiko mu August-September 2013 kukakamizidwa kuti awononge Syria-yomwe iyenera kuti ikhale chilango chifukwa cha kugwiritsira ntchito chida choletsedwa. Koma, ndithudi, wolamulira aliyense woipa omwe akanatha kupha mazana ambiri sakanakhoza kumangidwa pamene mazana ena anaphedwa, pamene iye anakhalabe wosagwirizana ndi osadziwika.

Nkhondo Yeniyeni Yabwino M'tsogolo

Inde, kulemba za nkhondo zomwe zikanasinthidwa ndi zokambirana kapena kusintha malingaliro a ndondomeko sikungakakamize aliyense kuti nkhondo sidzakhala yofunikira mtsogolo. Chikhulupiriro chapakati m'maganizo a anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ndi ichi: Mmodzi sakanatha kulankhula ndi Hitler. Ndipo kulumikizana kwake: Munthu sangathe kuyankhula ndi Hitler wotsatira. Kuti boma la United States lakhala likudziwitsa anthu atsopano a Hitler zaka zitatu zapitazo-panthawi yomwe mayiko ena ambiri adapeza kuti United States kuti ndikhale mtundu umene simungathe kuyankhula nawo-sagwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti Hitler angabwerere tsiku lina . Choopsya ichi chikuyankhidwa ndi ndalama zopanda mphamvu ndi mphamvu, pomwe ngozi monga kutentha kwa dziko ziyenera, zowoneka, zikutsimikiziridwa kuti zakhala zikulowetsedweratu kuti zisawonongeke pangozi tisanachitepo kanthu.

Ndidzalankhula ndi albatros lalikulu pa Nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse mu Gawo II la buku ili. Komabe, ndizoyenera kudziwa kuti tsopano magawo atatu a zaka zana ndi nthawi yaitali. Zambiri zasintha. Palibe nkhondo yachitatu yapadziko lonse. Mitundu yochuluka yokhala ndi zida zapadziko lapansi siinayambe nkhondo panthana wina ndi mzake kachiwiri. Nkhondo zimamenyedwa pakati pa mayiko osawuka, ndi mayiko osawuka ngati ma proxies, kapena ndi mayiko olemera omwe amatsutsana ndi osauka. Ulamuliro wa mitundu yosiyana siyana wasanduka fashoni, m'malo mwa magulu atsopano a US (magulu ankhondo m'mayiko a 175, koma palibe maiko omwe adakhazikitsidwa). Olamulira a nthawi yaying'ono angakhale osasangalatsa, koma palibe omwe akukonzekera kugonjetsa dziko. United States yakhala yovuta kwambiri kukhala mu Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Olamulira a ku United States ku Tunisia, Egypt, ndi Yemen akhala akuvutika kuti alephere kukana anthu awo. Ulamuliro ndi ozunza amalephera, ndipo amalephera mofulumira kuposa kale lonse. Anthu a Kum'maŵa kwa Ulaya omwe anasiya mwadzidzidzi Soviet Union ndipo olamulira awo a chikomyunizimu sadzatengedwa konse ku Hitler watsopano, ndipo palibe mitundu ina ya anthu. Mphamvu ya kukana kosauka kwadziwika kwambiri. Lingaliro lachikoloni ndi ufumu lasintha kwambiri. Hitler yatsopano idzakhala yowonjezereka kwambiri kuposa yowopsya.

State-Small State Kupha

Malo ena olemekezeka akupita njira ya dodo. M'katikati mwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu mphambu khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu (18th century) akukonzekera kuthetsa chilango cha imfa, anthu ambiri ankaona kuti ndi owopsa komanso opusa. Koma maboma ambiri a dziko sagwiritsanso ntchito chilango cha imfa. Pakati pa mayiko olemera pali kusiyana kwina komweko. United States imagwiritsa ntchito chilango cha imfa ndipo, makamaka, pakati pa anthu asanu akupha padziko lonse-zomwe sizikutanthauza zambiri mu mbiri yakale, kuphedwa kwatsikira kwambiri. Komanso pamwamba asanu: Iraq "yowomboledwa" posachedwapa. Koma ambiri a United States '50 akuti sagwiritsanso ntchito chilango cha imfa. Pali mayina a 18 omwe adathetsa, kuphatikizapo 6 mpaka pano m'zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri. Zaka makumi atatu ndi chimodzi sizinagwiritse ntchito chilango cha imfa m'zaka zapitazi za 5, 26 m'zaka zapitazo za 10, 17 m'zaka zapitazo za 40 kapena zambiri. Mayiko ochepa a Kummwera - omwe ndi Texas akutsogolera-amaphedwa ambiri. Ndipo kuphedwa konse kunagwirizanitsa ndi gawo laling'ono la chilango cha imfa chomwe chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ku United States, kusinthidwa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, m'zaka zapitazo. Zokambirana za chilango cha imfa zimakhala zosavuta kupeza, koma pafupifupi sizimanena kuti sizingathetsedwe, komabe siziyenera kukhala. Tikaonedwa kuti ndife ofunika ku chitetezo chathu, chilango cha imfa tsopano chimaonedwa kuti ndichinthu chodziwika bwino ndipo chimaganiziridwa kuti chiri chachikale, chosabala zipatso, komanso chochititsa manyazi. Bwanji ngati izo zikanachitika ku nkhondo?

Mitundu Ina ya Chiwawa Kutaya

Ali m'madera ena a dziko lapansi, kuphatikizapo chilango cha imfa, ali ndi zilango zoopsa za mtundu uliwonse ndi mtundu wa kuzunza ndi nkhanza. Kutha kapena kuchepetsedwa ndi chiwawa chochuluka chomwe chinali mbali ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku m'zaka mazana ambiri. Kupha mitengo, pakuwonekera kwa nthawi yaitali, kukuchepa kwambiri. Kotero nkhanza zimamenyana ndi kumenyedwa, chiwawa kwa okwatirana, chiwawa kwa ana (ndi aphunzitsi ndi makolo), chiwawa kwa nyama, ndi kuvomereza kwa anthu onse zachiwawa. Monga aliyense akudziwa yemwe amayesa kuwerengera ana awo mabuku omwe amakonda kwambiri kuyambira ali mwana, si nkhani zachikhalidwe zakale zomwe ndi zachiwawa. Nkhondo zolimbirana zimakhala zofanana ndi mpweya m'mabuku aunyamata wathu, osatchula mafilimu akale. Bambo Smith atapita ku Washington, Jimmy Stewart amayesa mafilimu pokhapokha atapweteka aliyense akulephera kuthetsa mavuto ake. Zofalitsa zamagazini ndi ma TV omwe ali mu 1950s adayankhula za nkhanza zapakhomo. Chiwawa chotero sichinachoke, koma kuvomereza kwake kwachilendo kwatha, ndipo zenizeni zake ziri pa kuchepa.

Izi zingakhale bwanji? Nkhanza zathu zowonongeka zikuyenera kukhala zowonjezereka kwa mabungwe monga nkhondo. Ngati chiwawa chathu (mwina mwa mitundu ina) chikhoza kutisiyidwa mmbuyo mwathu, komanso maganizo athu akuti "chikhalidwe cha umunthu," n'chifukwa chiyani bungwe lokhazikitsidwa pa chikhulupiliro cha nkhanzayi lidalibe?

Zomwe, pambuyo pa zonse, ndi "zachilengedwe" za chiwawa cha nkhondo? Anthu ambiri kapena mikangano ya mammayi pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zamoyo zimapangitsanso kuwopseza ndi kukhumudwitsa. Nkhondo imaphatikizapo kuukira konse kwa anthu omwe simunawaonepo kale. (Werengani mabuku a Paul Chappell kuti mukambirane bwino kwambiri.) Anthu amene amasangalala ndi nkhondo ali patali amatha kudziŵa kuti ali ndi chikhalidwe chotani. Koma anthu ambiri alibe chochita ndi izo ndipo safuna kanthu kochita nawo. Kodi si zachilendo? Kodi anthu ambiri amakhala kunja kwa "umunthu"? Kodi ndinuwe "munthu wamba" chifukwa simukulimbana ndi nkhondo?

Palibe amene adayamba kuvutika maganizo pambuyo pa vuto la nkhondo. Kuchita nawo nkhondo kumafuna, kwa anthu ambiri, kuphunzitsidwa kwakukulu ndi chikhalidwe. Kupha ena ndikukumana ndi ena akuyesera kukupha ndizo ntchito zovuta kwambiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonongeka kwambiri. Zaka zaposachedwapa, asilikali a ku United States akhala akutaya asilikali ambiri kudzipha kapena kubwerera kuchokera ku Afghanistan kusiyana ndi chifukwa china chilichonse pa nkhondoyo. Anthu pafupifupi 20,000 a usilikali wa US ataya zaka khumi zoyambirira za "nkhondo yapadziko lonse yowopsya" (izi motero Robert Fantina, wolemba za Desertion ndi American Soldier). Timauzana kuti asilikali ndi "mwaufulu." Anapangidwa "mwaufulu," osati chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri amafuna kulowa nawo, koma chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri amadana ndi kulembera ndikufuna kupeŵa kulowetsa, komanso chifukwa cha malodza ndi malonjezo a ndalama zikhoza kukopa anthu kuti "azidzipereka." Odziperekawo ndi anthu osasamala omwe anali ndi zina zambiri zomwe angapezeke. Ndipo palibe wodzipereka ku usilikali wa ku US amaloledwa kusiya ntchito yodzipereka.

Maganizo Amene Nthawi Yake Yafika

Mu 1977 pulojekiti yotchedwa Hunger Project yomwe inkafuna kuthetseratu njala yapadziko lapansi. Kupambana kumakhalabe kovuta. Koma anthu ambiri lerolino amakhulupirira kuti njala ndi njala zikhoza kuthetsedwa. Mu 1977, Project Hunger inaona kuti iyenera kukangana kutsutsana ndi chikhulupiliro chakuti njala inali yosapeŵeka. Awa ndiwo malemba omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito:

Njala sizingapeweke.
Aliyense amadziwa kuti anthu nthawi zonse adzafa ndi njala, momwe aliyense adadziwira kuti munthu sangathenso kuwuluka.
Panthawi ina m'mbiri ya anthu, aliyense adadziwa kuti ...
Dziko lapansi linali lathyathyathya,
Dzuwa linkazungulira dziko lapansi,
Ukapolo unali zofunika zachuma,
Munda wa mphindi zinayi sichikanatheka,
Polio ndi nthomba zingakhale ndi ife nthawi zonse,
Ndipo palibe amene angayende pamwezi.
Mpaka anthu olimba mtima atatsutsa zikhulupiliro zakale komanso nthawi yatsopano idabwera.
Mphamvu zonse padziko lapansi sizamphamvu ngati lingaliro lomwe nthawi yake yafika.

Mzere wotsirizawu wagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchokera kwa Victor Hugo. Iye ankaganiza kuti Europe yogwirizana, koma nthawi inali isanafike. Patapita nthawi panafika. Iye ankaganiza kuti kuthetsa nkhondo, koma nthawi inali isanafike. Mwina tsopano ali. Ambiri sankaganiza kuti migodi yamtunda ingathetsedwe, komabe izi zikuyenda bwino. Ambiri amaganiza kuti nkhondo ya nyukiliya siidapeweke ndipo kutheka kwa nyukiliya sikungatheke (kwa nthawi yaitali chofunika kwambiri chinali chowombera poyambitsa zida zatsopano, osati kuthetsa). Tsopano chiwonongeko cha nyukiliya chiri kutali kwambiri, koma anthu ambiri amavomereza kuti zikhoza kuchitika. Njira yoyamba kuthetseratu nkhondo ndi kuzindikira kuti, ndizotheka.

Nkhondo Yosavomerezeka Kwambiri Kuposa Yomwe Imaganiziridwa

Nkhondo imakhala "yachirengedwe" (zirizonse zikutanthawuza) chifukwa zakhala zikuchitika nthawi zonse. Vuto ndiloti silinatero. M'zaka za 200,000 za mbiriyakale ya anthu ndi mbiri yakale palibe umboni wa nkhondo pa zaka 13,000, ndipo palibe zaka zoposa 10,000. (Kwa inu omwe mumakhulupirira kuti dziko lapansi lili ndi zaka 6,500, ndiloleni ndinene izi: Ndangolankhula ndi Mulungu ndipo anatilangiza tonse kuti tigwire ntchito yomaliza nkhondo. mpumulo wa bukhu ili ndikugula makope ambiri.)
Nkhondo sizimafala pakati pa anthu osamalidwa kapena osaka ndi osonkhanitsa. (Onaninso "Lembani Kugonjetsa M'ndondomeko Zambiri za Mafoni ndi Zotsatira za Chiyambi Cha Nkhondo," mu Sayansi, July 19, 2013.) Zamoyo zathu sizinasinthe ndi nkhondo. Nkhondo ndizopangitsa kuti anthu azikhala movutikira kwambiri, koma kwa ena okhawo, komanso nthawi zina. Mitundu yolimbirana imakhala yamtendere komanso mosiyana. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo: Human Potential for Peace, Douglas Fry akulemba mayina omwe si a nkhondo padziko lonse lapansi. Australia kwa nthawi yaitali Azungu asanafike, Arctic, North-West Mexico, Basin Wamkulu ku North America-m'malo awa anthu amakhala popanda nkhondo.

Mu 1614 Japan anadzipatula yekha kuchokera Kumadzulo, ndipo anali ndi mtendere, chitukuko, ndi kuphulika kwa chikhalidwe cha Japan ndi chikhalidwe. Mu 1853 a US Navy ananyengerera Japan kuti atsegule amalonda a US, amishonale, ndi nkhondo. Dziko la Japan lachita bwino ndi malamulo a mtendere kuyambira kumapeto kwa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse (ngakhale kuti United States ikukakamiza kuti iwonongeke), monga momwe dziko la Germany likuthandizira kusiya NATO ndi nkhondo zake. Iceland ndi Sweden ndi Switzerland sizinamenye nkhondo zawo panthawiyo, ngakhale kuti zathandiza NATO pakugwira Afghanistan. Ndipo NATO ikugwira ntchito tsopano kumpoto kwa Norway, Sweden, ndi Finland. Dziko la Costa Rica linathetsa asilikali ake ku 1948 ndipo anaiyika m'nyuzipepala. Dziko la Costa Rica lapita popanda nkhondo kapena kuponyedwa usilikali, mosiyana kwambiri ndi oyandikana nawo, kuyambira apo-ngakhale kuti yathandiza msilikali wa United States, ndipo ngakhale kuti nkhondo ndi zida za Nicaragua zatha. Costa Rica, kutali kwambiri ndi ungwiro, nthawi zambiri amalembedwa kuti ndi yosangalatsa kwambiri kapena imodzi mwa malo osangalatsa koposa okhala padziko lapansi. M'mayiko osiyanasiyana a 2003 anayenera kupatsidwa chiphuphu kapena kuopsezedwa kuti alowe nawo mu "nkhondo" yogwirizana ndi Iraq, ndipo ntchito zambirizi sizinapambane.
Mu Mapeto a Nkhondo, John Horgan akufotokoza zoyesayesa zothetsa nkhondo zomwe anthu a mtundu wa Amazonian anazichita mu 1950s. Anthu a ku Waorani anali atamenyana kwa zaka zambiri. Gulu la azimayi a Waorani ndi amishonale awiri adaganiza kuti ayendetse ndege yaying'ono pamisasa yowononga ndi kupereka mauthenga oyanjanitsa kuchokera kwa wokamba nkhani. Kenaka panali misonkhano ya maso ndi maso. Ndiye nkhondoyo inatha, mpaka kukhutira kwakukulu kwa onse okhudzidwa. Anthu a m'mudzimo sanabwerere kunkhondo.

Amene Amamenyana Kwambiri

Monga ndikudziwira, palibe amene akuyang'anira mayiko omwe akuganiza kuti ayambe kapena kutenga nawo nkhondo. Mndandanda wa mndandanda wa 70 kapena 80 mitundu yamtendere ikuphatikizapo mayiko omwe akugwira nawo nkhondo za NATO. Pulogalamu ya Global Peace Index (onani VisionOfHumanity.org) mayiko ozikidwa pazifukwa za 22 kuphatikizapo nkhanza zoopsa pakati pa dziko, kusakhazikika kwa ndale, ndi zina zotero. United States imatherapo pakati, ndipo mayiko a ku Ulaya akuyang'ana pamwamba ambiri "amtendere."

Koma webusaiti yathu ya Global Peace Index imakulolani kuti musinthe ndondomeko mwa kudalira pa chinthu chimodzi chokha cha "mikangano yomwe inamenyedwa." Mukamachita izi, United States imathera pafupi ndi pamwamba-ndiko kuti, pakati pa mayiko omwe akutsutsana kwambiri. Nchifukwa chiyani sikuti pamwamba pake, "wopereka chiwawa kwambiri padziko lonse," monga Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. adayitcha? Chifukwa chakuti United States ndiyoyikidwa pambali yoganiza kuti yakhala ndi mikangano itatu m'zaka zapitazi za 5-izi ngakhale nkhondo ya drone m'mayiko angapo, ntchito za usilikali m'magulu ambiri, ndi asilikali omwe ali mu 175 ndi kukwera. Momwemo United States imatulutsidwa ndi mitundu itatu yomwe ili ndi mikangano inayi: India, Myanmar, ndi Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ngakhale ndi chiyeso chosayenerera, komabe, zomwe zikudumpha pa inu ndikuti mitundu yambiri-pafupifupi mitundu yonse padziko lapansi-sichikuphatikizidwa kwambiri pa kupanga nkhondo kusiyana ndi United States, ndipo mayiko ambiri sanadziwe nkhondo zaka zisanu zapitazi , ngakhale kuti mitundu yambiri ya amitundu yakhala nkhondo yapachigwirizano yotsogoleredwa ndi United States komanso m'mayiko ena omwe akusewera kapena kusewera.

Tsatirani Ndalama

Pulogalamu ya Global Peace Index (GPI) imaphatikizapo United States pafupi ndi mapeto amtundu wa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Icho chimakwaniritsa izi mwa njira ziwiri. Choyamba, GPI imapangitsa kuti mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi apitirize kukhala ndi mtendere wamtendere m'malo mogaŵira mofanana.

Chachiwiri, GPI imagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito ndalama monga chiwerengero cha zinthu zopanda phindu (GDP) kapena kukula kwa chuma. Izi zikusonyeza kuti dziko lolemera ndi asilikali akuluakulu lingakhale lamtendere kwambiri kuposa dziko losauka ndi laling'ono. Mwina izo ziri choncho mwa zolinga, koma siziri choncho mwa zotsatira. Kodi ziri choncho ngakhale mwa zolinga? Dziko lina likufuna makina ena omwe amapha ndipo ndi okonzeka kupititsa patsogolo. Dziko lina likufuna kukhala ndi asilikali omwewo, kuphatikizapo nsembeyi. Ngati dziko lolemerali lidzakhala lolemera kwambiri koma limakana kumanga nkhwangwa lalikulu kwambiri chifukwa lingakwanitse, kodi sikunayende bwino kapena sikunayende? Izi sizongokhala funso lophunzira, monga momwe mabanki amalingalira ku Washington akulimbikitsira kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha GDP pa ankhondo, chimodzimodzi ngati wina ayenera kuyesa zambiri mu nkhondo ngati kuli kotheka, popanda kuyembekezera zosowa zowatetezera.

Mosiyana ndi GPI, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) imatchula United States ngati mtsogoleri wapamwamba pa nkhondo padziko lonse, woyerekeza ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ndipotu, malinga ndi SIPRI, United States imagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nkhondo komanso kukonzekera nkhondo pamene ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Choonadi chingakhale chodabwitsa kwambiri. SIPRI inati ndalama za US ku 2011 zinali $ 711 biliyoni. Chris Hellman wa National Priorities Project akuti ndi $ 1,200 biliyoni, kapena $ 1.2 triliyoni. Kusiyana kumeneku kumachokera pakuphatikizapo ndalama zomwe zimapezeka mu dipatimenti iliyonse ya boma, osati "Chitetezo," komanso chitetezo cha dziko, State, Energy, US Agency for International Development, Central Intelligence Agency, National Security Agency, Veterans Administration , chiwongoladzanja pa ngongole za nkhondo, ndi zina zotero. Palibe njira yopangira maapulo ndi maapulo kuyerekezera ndi mayiko ena opanda zidziwitso zowona zenizeni pa ndalama zonse za dziko, koma ndizotetezeka kwambiri kuganiza kuti palibe mtundu wina padziko lapansi umene ukuwononga ndalama 500 mabiliyoni ochulukirapo kuposa omwe amalembedwa pazochitika za SIPRI. Komanso, ena mwa akuluakulu omwe amapita usilikali pambuyo pa United States ali mabungwe a US ndi a NATO. Ndipo ambiri mwa anthu akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono akulimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida za US, ndi US State Department ndi asilikali a US.

Ngakhale kuti kumpoto kwa Korea kumakhala pafupifupi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nkhondo kuposa momwe United States imachitira, ndithudi imatha kuchepera peresenti ya 1 yomwe United States imatha. Ndani yemwe ali wachiwawa kwambiri ndi funso limodzi, mwina osatsutsika. Ndi ndani amene angawopseze kuti palibe funso lililonse? Popeza palibe mtundu umene ukuopseza United States, Atsogoleri a National Intelligence m'zaka zaposachedwapa akhala akuvuta kuwuza Congress kuti mdaniyo ndi adziŵa mdani m'mabuku osiyanasiyana monga "oopsa."

Cholinga choyerekeza kuchuluka kwa ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito nkhondo sikuti tiyenera kuchita manyazi kuti dziko la United States ndi loipa, kapena kuti ndizosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika. M'malo mwake, mfundo ndi yakuti kuchepa kwa usilikali sikuti kungatheke; ikuchitidwa pakali pano ndi mitundu ina yonse padziko lapansi, ndiko kunena: mayiko okhala ndi 96 peresenti ya anthu. Dziko la United States limagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri asilikali ake, limasunga asilikali ambiri m'mayiko ambiri, limayambitsa mikangano yambiri, limagulitsa zida zambiri kwa ena, ndi kumagwiritsa ntchito mphuno zawo mowongoka kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito makhoti kuti zisawononge nkhondo kapena ngakhale, kenanso, kuyika munthu aliyense amene akuyesedwa amene angakhoze kumangokhalira kumenyana ndi moto wamoto. Kuphunzitsa usilikali ku America sikungaphwanye lamulo lina la "umunthu," koma kubweretsa United States mofanana ndi anthu ambiri.

Maganizo a anthu v. Nkhondo

Usilikali si wotchuka kwambiri ku United States chifukwa khalidwe la boma la US limapereka umboni kwa munthu amene amakhulupirira kuti boma likutsatira chifuniro cha anthu. Mu 2011, ofalitsa adapanga phokoso lambiri ponena za vuto la bajeti ndipo adachita zambiri pa momwe angathetsere. Pafupifupi aliyense (magawo awiri pazifukwa zina) anali ndi chidwi ndi njira zomwe boma likufunira: kudula Social Security ndi Medicare. Koma yankho lachiwiri lodziwika bwino, atatha kulemetsa anthu olemera, nthawi zonse anali kudula asilikali. Malinga ndi zomwe a Gallup adasankha, ambiri adakhulupirira kuti boma la United States likugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri asilikali pa 2003. Ndipo, malinga ndi kufufuza, kuphatikizapo Rasmussen, komanso malingana ndi zomwe ndakumana nazo, pafupifupi aliyense amanyalanyaza momwe United States ikugwiritsira ntchito. Ochepa chabe ku United States amakhulupirira kuti boma la US liyenera kupitilira katatu kuposa mtundu uliwonse wa asilikali ake. Komabe, United States yakhala ikuyendetsa bwino kwambiri kuposa zaka zimenezi, monga momwe inayesedwera ndi SIPRI. Pulogalamu ya Kuyankhulana kwa Anthu (PPC), yogwirizana ndi Sukulu ya Public Policy ku University of Maryland, ayesa kukonza kusadziwa. Choyamba PPC ikuwunikira anthu zomwe bajeti ya boma ikuwonekera. Kenaka akufunsa zomwe angasinthe. Ambiri amasangalala ndi kudula kwakukulu kwa asilikali.

Ngakhale pankhani ya nkhondo yapadera, anthu a ku America sali ochirikiza monga momwe nthawi zina amaganiza ndi anthu a US okha kapena ndi nzika za mayiko ena, makamaka maiko akugonjetsedwa ndi United States. Vuto la Vietnam Syndrome lomwe linadandaula kwambiri ku Washington kwa zaka makumi ambiri silinali chifukwa cha matenda a Agent Orange koma m'malo mwake ankatchedwa kuti anthu otsutsa nkhondo-ngati kuti chitsutsocho chinali matenda. Mu 2012, Purezidenti Obama adalengeza ntchito ya 13, $ 65 miliyoni kuti azikumbukira (ndikukonzanso mbiri ya) nkhondo ku Vietnam. Anthu a US akutsutsa nkhondo za US pa Syria kapena Iran kwa zaka. Inde, izo zikhoza kusintha miniti ya nkhondoyi itayambika. Panthawi yoyamba pankakhala anthu othandizira anthu ku Afghanistan ndi Iraq. Koma mwamsanga maganizo amenewo anasintha. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu ambiri amatsutsa kuthetsa nkhondozo ndipo amakhulupirira kuti kunali kulakwitsa kuti ayambe-pamene nkhondo inagwedezeka "mwachangu" potsata chifukwa cha "kufalitsa demokalase." Nkhondo ya 2011 ku Libya inatsutsidwa ndi United Nations (omwe chisankho chake sichinapereke nkhondo kuti iwononge boma), ndi US Congress (koma bwanji mukudandaula chifukwa cha luso!), ndi anthu a US (onani PollingReport.com/libya.htm). Mu September 2013, anthu ndi Congress adakana kutsutsidwa kwakukulu ndi pulezidenti pofuna kuukira Syria.

Kusaka Anthu

Tikanena kuti nkhondo imabwerera zaka 10,000 sizikuwoneka kuti tikukamba za chinthu chimodzi, kusiyana ndi zinthu ziwiri kapena zosiyana zomwe zikupita ndi dzina lomwelo. Yerekezerani banja lina ku Yemen kapena ku Pakistan komwe limakhala pansi phokoso lopangidwa ndi drone pamwamba. Tsiku lina nyumba yawo ndi onse omwe ali mmenemo akuphwanyika ndi msilikali. Kodi iwo anali pankhondo? Kodi nkhondo inali kuti? Zida zawo zinali kuti? Ndani adalengeza nkhondo? Nchiyani chinatsutsidwa mu nkhondo? Zidzatha bwanji?

Tiyeni titenge mulandu wa wina yemwe akuchita nawo chigawenga chotsutsa-US. Akukankhidwa ndi msilikali kuchokera ku ndege yomwe sumawonekere ndipo yaphedwa. Kodi iye anali pankhondo monga momwe Msilikali wachigiriki kapena wachiroma angazindikire? Nanga bwanji wankhondo mu nkhondo yoyamba yamakono? Kodi munthu amene amaganiza za nkhondo ngati akufuna kumenya nkhondo ndi kumenyana pakati pa magulu awiri ankhondo amadziwa kuti msilikali wotchedwa drone atakhala pa desiki yake akuyendetsa kompyuta yake yosangalala monga wankhondo nkomwe?

Monga kunjenjemera, nkhondo idakaliyidwanso ngati mgwirizano wovomerezeka pakati pa awiri ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Magulu awiri adagwirizana, kapena olamulira awo anavomera, kupita ku nkhondo. Tsopano nkhondo nthawizonse imagulitsidwa ngati njira yomaliza. Nkhondo nthawi zonse zimamenyera "mtendere," pamene palibe amene amapanga mtendere chifukwa cha nkhondo. Nkhondo imayesedwa ngati njira zosayenera kuti zitheke kumapeto kwake, udindo wonyansa umene umayenera kukhala wosayenerera mbali inayo. Tsopano mbali inayo sikumenyana ndi nkhondo yeniyeni; koma mbali yomwe ili ndi matelogalamu a satelesi ndiyo kusaka anthu omwe amati ndi othamanga.

Kusokonekera kwa kusinthika uku sikunali teknoloji yokha kapena njira yankhondo, koma kutsutsa kwa anthu poika akulu a US ku nkhondo. Chimodzimodzinso kutayika "anyamata athu" makamaka chomwe chinayambitsa Vietnam Syndrome. Kudandaula kotereku kunachititsa kuti zitsutsana ndi nkhondo za Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Ambiri ambiri a ku America analibe komanso sakudziwa za kukula kwa imfa ndi kuzunzidwa kumene anthu akukumana nawo kumbali zina za nkhondo. (Boma likuletsedwa kuwauza anthu, omwe amadziwika kuti akuyankhira bwino kwambiri.) Ndizoona kuti anthu a US sanaumirirepo kuti boma lawo liwadziwitse kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha nkhondo za US. Ambiri, malinga ndi momwe amadziwira, akhala akulekerera ululu wa alendo. Koma imfa ndi kuvulala kwa asilikali a US zakhala zopanda malire. Izi zimapangitsa kuti US atsopano apite ku nkhondo za mlengalenga ndi nkhondo za drone.
Funso ndiloti nkhondo ya drone ndi nkhondo. Ngati ikumenyedwa ndi ma robot omwe mbali ina silingathe kuyankha, kodi ikufanana bwanji ndi zomwe timagawana m'mbiri ya anthu monga kupanga nkhondo? Kodi sizomwe zili choncho kuti ife tatha kale nkhondo ndipo tsopano tiyenera kutsiriza china chake (dzina lake lingakhale: kusaka kwa anthu, kapena ngati mukufuna kupha, ngakhale kuti izi zikusonyeza kuti kupha anthu )? Ndiyeno, kodi sizingatheke kuti titsimikizire kuti chinthu china chimatipangitsa ife kukhala ndi malo ochepa kwambiri olemekezeka kuti tiwonongeke?

Zolinga zonse, nkhondo ndi kusaka anthu, zimaphatikizapo kupha alendo. Zatsopanozi zikuphatikizapo kupha anthu a ku United States mwachangu, koma wakalewo anaphatikizapo kupha anthu achibwibwi kapena azondi a US. Komabe, ngati tingasinthe njira yathu yakupha alendo kuti asamazindikire, ndani anganene kuti sitingathe kuthetsa chizoloŵezi chonsecho?

Kodi Sitiyenera Kusankha?

Ngakhale kuti aliyense angathe kukhala womasuka kusankha kuthetsa nkhondo (funso losiyana ngati mukuchita panthawiyi) kodi palibenso chosatetezeka chomwe chimatilepheretsa kupanga chisankhocho palimodzi? Sizinayambe panthawi ya ukapolo, kupha magazi, kupondereza, kulandira chilango chachikulu, kugwira ntchito kwa ana, kulandira phokoso ndi kupha njuchi, malonda ndi pillory, akazi monga chibwenzi, chilango cha kugonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kwa zaka zambiri pazochitika zonsezi zinawoneka zosatheka kuthetsa mwambowu. Ndizowona kuti nthawi zambiri anthu amasonkhana pamodzi motsutsana ndi momwe ambiri a iwo amadzifunira kuti angafune kuchita. (Ndinaonanso chisankho chomwe ambiri a CEO amanena kuti angafune kuti azikhomeredwa zambiri.) Koma palibe umboni uliwonse wakuti kulephera kwathunthu sikungapeweke. Malingaliro akuti nkhondo ndi yosiyana ndi mabungwe ena omwe atha kuchotsedwa ndi lingaliro lopanda kanthu pokhapokha ngati pali chitsimikizo chotsimikiziridwa cha momwe ife talephera kuti tithetse.

John Horgan's The End of War ndi bwino kuwerenga. Wolemba wina wa Scientific American, Horgan akuyandikira funso lakuti ngati nkhondo ingathe kutha monga wasayansi. Pambuyo pa kufufuza kwakukulu, amatsiriza kuti nkhondo ikhoza kuthetsedwa padziko lonse ndipo ili ndi nthawi ndi malo osiyanasiyana. Asanafike pamapeto pake, Horgan akuyesa zotsutsana nazo.

Nkhondo zathu zikulengezedwa ngati maulendo othandizira kapena kutetezera kuopseza koipa, osati monga mpikisano wa zowonjezera, monga mafuta, asayansi ena omwe amatsutsa kuti nkhondoyo sitingakwanitse kuganiza kuti nkhondo ilidi mpikisano wa mafuta. Nzika zambiri zimavomereza kuti kusanthula ndi kuthandizira kapena kutsutsana ndi nkhondo pa maziko. Kulongosola kotereku kwa nkhondo zathu kumakhala kosakwanira, chifukwa nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zifukwa zambiri. Koma ngati tavomereza zomwe tikufunazo chifukwa cha kutsutsana kuti nkhondo zamakono ndi za mafuta ndi gasi, kodi tingaganize bwanji kuti ndizosapeŵeka?

Kutsutsana kumati anthu akhala akukangana, ndipo pamene chuma chikusowa nkhondo. Koma ngakhale otsutsa malingaliro ameneŵa amavomereza kuti iwo sali odzinenera kwenikweni kuti sungalephereke. Ngati tikanakhoza kulamulira kukula kwa anthu ndi / kapena kusinthana ndi mphamvu zobiriwira ndi / kapena kusinthasintha zakudya zathu, zomwe ziyenera kuti ndizofunikira mafuta ndi gas ndi malasha sizidzakhalanso zoperewera, ndipo mpikisano wathu wachiwawa sichidzakhalanso chosapeŵeka.

Kuyang'ana m'mbiri yathu tikuwona zitsanzo za nkhondo zomwe zikuwoneka kuti zimagwirizana ndi zovuta zachinsinsi ndi ena omwe sali. Timawona anthu akulemedwa ndi kusowa kwachuma komwe kumabweretsa nkhondo ndi ena omwe satero. Timawonanso milandu ya nkhondo ngati chifukwa chosowa, m'malo mosiyana. Horgan akulongosola zitsanzo za anthu omwe adagonjetsa kwambiri pamene chuma chinali chochuluka. Horgan imatchulidwanso ntchito ya akatswiri a maphunziro a zachikhalidwe cha anthu a Carol ndi Melvin Ember omwe adafufuza za anthu oposa 360 m'zaka mazana awiri zapitazo sanathe kusiyana pakati pa kusowa kwa chuma kapena kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha nkhondo ndi nkhondo. Kafukufuku wofanana ndi Lewis Fry Richardson sanapezeponso mgwirizano woterowo.

Mwa kuyankhula kwina, nkhani yakuti kukula kwa chiwerengero kapena kusowa kwa chuma kumayambitsa nkhondo ndi nkhani yolungama. Zimapanga lingaliro lomveka bwino. Zochitika za nkhaniyi zakhala mbali ya nkhani za nkhondo zambiri. Koma umboniwo umasonyeza kuti palibe njira yopezera chifukwa chofunikira kapena chokwanira. Izi sizimapangitsa kuti nkhondo isapeweke. Ngati gulu lina likuganiza kuti lidzalimbana ndi zosowa zambiri, ndiye kuti kuthetsa kwazinthuzo kumapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri apite kunkhondo. Izi ndizoopsa kwenikweni kwa ife. Koma palibe chomwe chingapeŵeke ponena kuti gulu likupanga chisankho kuti mtundu wina wa zochitika zidzakonzekera nkhondo kumalo oyamba, kapena kuchita zomwezo pamene nthawi ifika.
Masewera a Socialopaths?

Nanga bwanji lingaliro lakuti anthu ena odzipatulira ku nkhondo adzakokera ife tonsefe? Ndatsutsanapo kuti boma lathu likufunitsitsa nkhondo kuposa anthu athu. Kodi anthu amene amamenyana ndi nkhondo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi amene ali ndi udindo? Ndipo kodi izi zimatitsutsa ife tonse pakupanga nkhondo kaya tikufuna kapena ayi?

Tiyeni tidziwone, choyamba, kuti palibe chomwe chingapezeke mwachindunji pazinthu zoterezi. Anthu odziwika ndi nkhondowo akhoza kudziwika ndi kusinthidwa kapena kulamulidwa. Ndondomeko yathu ya boma, kuphatikizapo kayendetsedwe kathu ka chisankho ndi njira yathu yolankhulirana, ingasinthidwe. Ndondomeko yathu ya boma, yomwe idakonzedwa kale kuti ikhale yosagonjetsa asilikali ndipo inapereka mphamvu ku nkhondo ku Congress chifukwa choopa kuti pulezidenti aliyense adzawazunza. Msonkhano wa 1930s unapereka mphamvu zankhondo kwa anthu pofuna referendum nkhondo isanayambe. Bungwe la Congress tsopano lapereka mphamvu kwa azidindo, koma sikuyenera kukhala kosatha. Inde, mu September 2013, Congress inaimirira kwa purezidenti ku Syria.

Kuwonjezera apo, tiyeni tikumbukire kuti nkhondo si yeniyeni monga nkhani yomwe boma lathu limachokera ku maganizo ambiri. Pazinthu zina zambiri kusiyana kwake kumakhala kotchulidwa, ngati sichoncho: kutuluka kwa mabanki, kuwonetsetsa anthu, thandizo la mabiliyoni ndi mabungwe, malonda a malonda, malamulo achinsinsi, kulephera kuteteza zachilengedwe. Palibe zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kuti azikakamiza anthu kupyolera mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zachikhalidwe. M'malo mwake, pali zachikhalidwe komanso zosagwirizana ndi ziphuphu zabwino.

A 2 peresenti ya chiwerengero cha anthu omwe, amaphunzira kuti amasangalala ndi kupha pankhondo ndipo savutika nazo, osasunthika kuchoka pamwambo kuti akhululuke (onani Dave Grossman Kupha), mwinamwake sichikuphatikizapo ndi iwo omwe ali ndi zisankho zopanga mphamvu kumenyana nkhondo. Atsogoleri athu andale sagwilanso nkhondo panokha ndipo nthawi zambiri amaletsa nkhondo muunyamata wawo. Kuwapititsa ku mphamvu kumawatsogolera iwo kuyesa kulamulira kwakukulu kupyolera mu nkhondo zomwe omenyedwa ndi omvera, koma sizikanatero mu chikhalidwe chomwe kupanga mtendere kumawonjezera mphamvu za munthu kuposa kupanga kupanga nkhondo.

Mu bukhu langa, Pamene World Outlawed War, ine ndinalongosola nkhani ya kulengedwa kwa Chigwirizano cha Kellogg-Briand, chomwe chinaletsa nkhondo ku 1928 (iyo ikadali m'mabuku!). Frank Kellogg, Mlembi wa boma wa ku United States, anali kulimbikitsa nkhondo monga wina aliyense mpaka zinamuwonekera kuti mtendere unali chikonzero cha kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito. Anayamba kuuza mkazi wake kuti apambane ndi Nobel Peace Prize, zomwe anachita. Iye anayamba kuganiza kuti akhoza kukhala woweruza pa Khoti Lachilungamo la International, zomwe anachita. Iye anayamba kulabadira anthu ofuna mtendere omwe anali ataneneratu kale. Mbadwo wam'mbuyomo kapena mtsogolo, Kellogg ayenera kuti adayesetsa kupanga nkhondo monga njira yopambana. M'nthaŵi yotsutsana ndi nkhondo m'nthawi yake iye anaona njira yosiyana.

Wamphamvuyonse
Msilikali wa Zida zamagulu

Nkhondo ikamaonedwa ngati chinthu chochitidwa ndi anthu omwe si a ku America kapena osakhala achizungu, zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo zimaphatikizapo ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi majini, chiwerengero cha anthu, kusowa kwa chuma, etc. John Horgan akuyenera kunena kuti zomwe zimayambitsa sizimapanga nkhondo yosapeŵeka ndipo sizigwirizana kwenikweni ndi mwayi wa nkhondo.

Nkhondo ikamamvekanso ngati, makamaka osati chinachake, chinachitidwa ndi mayiko omwe "anayamba", ndiye kuti Horgan sadayang'ane konse. Zomwe zimayambitsa zimapangitsa kuti anthu azilephera. Koma amatha kulimbana ndi chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chomwe chasankha zochita. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti tizindikire ndi kumvetsetsa izi, chifukwa choti kayendetsedwe kothetsa nkhondo idzayenera kukwaniritsa nkhondo ya United States ndi ogwirizana nawo m'njira yosiyana ndi yomwe ikuwoneka yoyenerera ngati nkhondo inali chabe ya mayiko osauka ku Africa komwe International Criminal Court imayesa kupeza milandu yonseyi.

Kuwonjezera pa kulowetsedwa m'maganizo olakwika onena za nkhondo yosapeŵeka, anthu ku United States akutsutsana ndi zisankho zonyansa, mauthenga ophwanya malamulo, maphunziro ophatikizira, zofalitsa zowonongeka, zosangalatsa zonyansa, ndi makina osokoneza bongo omwe amavomereza kuti ndizofunikira pulogalamu yachuma zomwe sizingathetsedwe. Koma palibe ichi chosasinthika. Ife tikuchita pano ndi mphamvu zomwe zimapangitsa nkhondo kukhala zowonjezereka mu nthawi ndi malo athu, osati zopinga zopanda malire zomwe zimalimbikitsa nkhondo kwamuyaya. Palibe amene amakhulupirira kuti magulu ogwira ntchito zamagulu akhala akukhala ndi ife. Ndipo ndikulingalira pang'ono palibe amene angakhulupirire kuti, monga kutentha kwa dziko lapansi, izo zingayambe kulumikiza ndondomeko kunja kwa ulamuliro wa anthu. M'malo mwake, MIC imakhalapo kudzera mwa mphamvu zawo pa anthu. Sizinalipo nthawi zonse. Ikulongosola ndikugulitsa. Zimakhala ngati titalola. Zida zamakampani ndizosavuta kusankha, monga momwe ukapolo wa ukapolo unasinthira.

M'madera ena a buku lino tidzakambirana zomwe zingatheke pokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chovomerezeka cha nkhondo chomwe sichitha pang'ono pa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu kapena kusowa kwa chuma kusiyana ndi kukonda dziko, kuopseza anthu, kukhumudwa kwa zolemba, komanso kukakamizidwa ndi makampani monga lockheed Martin . Kumvetsetsa izi kudzatiloleza kupanga bungwe la anti-nkhondo kuti likhoza kupambana. Kupambana kwake sikungatsimikizidwe, koma mosakayikira n'zotheka.

"Sitingathe Kuthetsa Nkhondo
Ngati Satha Kuthetsa Nkhondo "

Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ukapolo (ndi mabungwe ambiri) mbali imodzi, ndi nkhondo pamzake. Ngati gulu limodzi la anthu likulimbana ndi wina, ndiye onse awiri ali pankhondo. Ngati Canada ikhala ndi minda ya akapolo, United States sichidzayenera kutero. Ngati Canada idzagonjetsa United States, mayiko awiriwo adzakhala akulimbana. Izi zingawonekere kuti nkhondo iyenera kuthetsedwa ponse ponseponse. Apo ayi, kufunika kwa chitetezo kwa ena kuyenera kukhalabe ndi moyo kosatha.

Chotsutsana ichi chimatha pazifukwa zingapo. Chifukwa chimodzi, kusiyana pakati pa nkhondo ndi ukapolo sikophweka monga momwe tanenera. Ngati Canada akugwiritsa ntchito ukapolo, tangoganizirani kumene Wal-Mart angayambe kutumiza zinthu zathu! Ngati Canada akugwiritsa ntchito ukapolo, tangoganizani kuti Congress ingakhazikitse amishoni kuti aphunzire phindu la kubwezeretsanso! Bungwe lirilonse likhoza kulandira chithandizo, ngakhale mwinamwake kuchepetsa nkhondo.

Ndiponso, kutsutsana pamwamba sikuli kwa nkhondo komanso pofuna kuteteza nkhondo. Ngati dziko la Canada likaukira dziko la United States, dziko likhoza kulandira boma la Canada, kuika atsogoleri ake mlandu, ndi kuchititsa manyazi mtundu wonsewo. Anthu a ku Canada angakane kutenga nawo mbali m'nkhondo yawo. Amerika angakane kuzindikira ulamuliro wa ntchito zakunja. Ena amatha kupita ku United States kuti athandize kusagwirizana. Monga a Danes pansi pa chipani cha Nazi, tikhoza kukana kugwirizana. Choncho, pali zida zothandizira ena osati asilikali.

(Ndikupempha madandaulo kwa Canada chifukwa cha chitsanzo ichi. Ndimadziwa kuti m'mayiko athu awiri muli mbiri yotsutsana ndi ena [Onani DavidSwanson.org/node/4125].)

Koma tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti zida zina zankhondo zidakali zofunikira. Kodi ziyenera kukhala $ 1 trillion zofunika chaka chilichonse? Kodi kutetezedwa kwa America sikuyenera kukhala kofanana ndi zosowa za amitundu ena? Tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti mdaniyo si Canada, koma gulu la zigawenga za mayiko. Kodi izi zingasinthe zosowa za chitetezo cha nkhondo? Mwinamwake, koma osati mwanjira yoti muyenerere $ 1 trilioni pachaka. Nkhondo ya nyukiliya ya United States siinalepheretse zigawenga za 9 / 11. Kusungidwa kosatha kwa asilikali milioni m'mayiko ena a 175 sikuthandiza kuteteza uchigawenga. M'malo mwake, monga momwe tafotokozera m'munsimu, zimakwiyitsa. Zingatithandizire kudzifunsa funso ili: Nchifukwa chiyani dziko la Canada silolinga chauchigawenga kuti United States ili?

Kuthetsa usilikali sikuyenera kutenga zaka zambiri, koma sikufunikanso kukhala panthawi imodzi kapena kugwirizanitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi. United States ndi mtsogoleri wotsogolera zida kwa amitundu ena. Izo sizikhoza kukhala zosavuta kuti zikhale zokhuza chitetezo cha dziko. (Cholinga chenichenicho ndicho kupanga ndalama.) Kutsirizira kwa US zida zotumizira zida zikhoza kuchitidwa popanda kugonjetsa chitetezo cha United States. Kupititsa patsogolo m'malamulo apadziko lonse, chilungamo, ndi kukangana kungagwirizane ndi kupita patsogolo kwa zida zowonongeka ndi zakunja, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa chikhalidwe cha dziko lonse. Nkhanza zikhoza kuonedwa kuti ndizolakwa, kupwetekedwa kwake kunachepetsedwa, ndipo ntchito yake ikuimbidwa mlandu m'khoti ndi mgwirizano wadziko lonse. Kuchepetsa uchigawenga ndi nkhondo (uchigawenga wa boma) kungapangitse kuti zikhale zowonjezereka, komanso kuchepetsa kuthetsa cholinga cha nkhondo. Kuthetsa mkangano kosagwirizana ndi mikangano kungapangitse kudalira kwambiri ndikutsatira malamulo. Monga momwe tiwonera mu Gawo IV la buku ili, njira yomwe ingayambike ingayambitse dziko kuchoka ku nkhondo, mayiko amitundu kutali ndi zigawenga, ndi anthu okwiya padziko lapansi omwe achoka ku chigawenga. Sizingakhale choncho kuti tiyenera kukonzekera nkhondo chifukwa cha mantha kuti wina angatiukire. Sitiyeneranso kuthetseratu zipangizo zonse za nkhondo ndi Lachinayi lotsatira kuti tipeze kuti tisamenyane nawo nkhondo.

Icho chiri Mitu Yathu

Kuno ku United States, nkhondo ili m'mitu yathu, ndi mabuku athu, mafilimu, masewera athu, masewera athu, zolemba zathu, zolemba zathu, masewera athu, zovala zathu, malonda athu a pa televizioni. Pamene iye ankafunafuna mgwirizano pakati pa nkhondo ndi chinthu china, Horgan anangopeza chinthu chimodzi. Nkhondo zimapangidwa ndi zikhalidwe zomwe zimakondwerera kapena kulekerera nkhondo. Nkhondo ndi lingaliro lomwe limadzifalitsa lokha. Ndizowathandiza. Ndipo izo zimapereka zolinga zake zokha, osati za magulu ake (kunja kwa ena opindula).

Wolemba mbiri yakale dzina lake Margaret Mead ananena kuti nkhondo ndi chikhalidwe. Ndi mtundu wamtundu wotsutsana. Nkhondo zimachitika chifukwa cha kulandiridwa kwa chikhalidwe, ndipo zikhoza kupeŵedwa ndi kukanidwa kwa chikhalidwe. Wolemba zaumulungu Douglas Fry, m'buku lake loyamba pa mutu uwu, Human Potential for Peace, akufotokoza anthu omwe amakana nkhondo. Nkhondo sizinalengedwe ndi majini kapena zimapewa ndi eugenics kapena oxytocin. Nkhondo sizimayendetsedwa ndi anthu ochepa omwe amakhalapo nthawi zonse kapena amapewa ndi kuwatsogolera. Nkhondo sizitetezedwe ndi kusowa kwachinsinsi kapena kusalinganika kapena kutetezedwa ndi kupindula ndikugawana chuma. Nkhondo sizidziwika ndi zida zomwe zilipo kapena mphamvu ya opindula. Zonsezi zimayambitsa zida za nkhondo, koma palibe chomwe chingathetse nkhondo. Chofunika kwambiri ndicho chikhalidwe chamagulu, chikhalidwe chomwe chimalemekeza nkhondo kapena chimangochivomereza (ndipo mukhoza kuvomereza chinachake ngakhale mutauza wopolisi kuti mumatsutsa, kutsutsa kwenikweni kumatenga ntchito). Nkhondo imafalikira pamene ena amatha kufalikira, mwachikhalidwe. Kuthetsa nkhondo kungathe kuchita chimodzimodzi.

Woganiza za Sartrean akufika mogwirizanitsa chimodzimodzi (osati kuti nkhondo iyenera kuthetsedwa koma kuti ikhoza kukhala) popanda Fry kapena kafukufuku wa Horgan. Ndikuganiza kuti kafukufukuyo ndi othandiza kwa iwo amene amawafuna. Koma pali kufooka. Malingana ngati tikudalira kafukufuku wotere, tiyenera kukhalabe okhudzidwa kuti maphunziro atsopano a sayansi kapena anthropological angabwere kudzatsimikizira kuti nkhondo ilidi m'magulu athu. Sitiyenera kukhala ndi chizoloŵezi choganiza kuti tiyenera kuyembekezera akuluakulu kuti atitsimikizire kuti chinachake chachitika kale tisanayese kuchita. Maboma ena amakhoza kubwera ndikutsutsa izo.

M'malo mwake, tiyenera kumvetsetsa bwino kuti ngakhale palibe mtundu wina umene ulipo popanda nkhondo, yathu ingakhale yoyamba. Anthu amayesetsa mwakhama kupanga nkhondo. Iwo akhoza kusankha kuti asatero. Kusintha malingaliro owoneka bwino kwambiri mu kufufuza kwasayansi kuti ngati anthu okwanira anakana nkhondo m'mbuyomu kukana izi mtsogolomu ndi zothandiza komanso zovulaza chifukwa. Zimathandiza omwe akufunikira kuona kuti zomwe akufuna kuchita zachitika kale. Zimapweteka chitukuko chokhazikika cha kulingalira kwatsopano.

Mfundo zabodza zokhudza zifukwa za nkhondo zimapanga chiyembekezo chodzikwaniritsa kuti nkhondo idzakhala ndi ife nthawi zonse. Kulosera kuti kusinthika kwa nyengo kudzatulutsa nkhondo yapadziko lonse sikudzatha kulimbikitsa anthu kuti azifuna kuti pakhale ndondomeko ya mphamvu za boma, ndikuwatsogolera m'malo mogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zamagulu ndi kusunga mfuti ndi zopereka zosayembekezereka. Mpaka nkhondo itayambika sizosapeŵeka, koma kukonzekera nkhondo kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta. (Onani Tropic of Chaos: Kusintha kwa nyengo ndi New Geography of Violence ndi Christian Parenti.)

Kafukufuku apeza kuti anthu akadziŵa kuti alibe "ufulu wodzisankhira" amakhala ndi makhalidwe ochepa. (Onani "Kufunika Kokhulupirira Ufulu Wosankha: Kulimbikitsa Chikhulupiliro Chotsimikizika Kuti Chidziwitso Chimawonjezeka Kuwonjezeka Kuchita Zobwereza," ndi Kathleen D. Vohs ndi Jonathan W. Schooler mu Psychological Science, Volume 19, Number 1.) Ndani angawadzudzula? Iwo "analibe ufulu wakudzisankhira." Koma mfundo yakuti khalidwe lathunthu likhoza kukonzedweratu silinasinthe chenicheni chakuti kuchokera kwanga ndikuwona kuti nthawi zonse ndidzawoneka kuti ndine mfulu, ndipo kusankha kuchita zoipa sikungakhale kopanda chilekerero ngakhale ngati wafilosofi kapena wasayansi Zimandipangitsa ine kuganiza kuti ndiribe chosankha. Ngati tasocheretsedwa kuti tikhulupirire kuti nkhondo siyipeŵereka, tidzangoganiza kuti sitinganene kuti tiyambitsa nkhondo. Koma ife tilakwitsa. Ndibwino kuti nthawi zonse muzisankha zoyipa.

Koma n'chifukwa chiyani zili m'mitu yathu?

Ngati chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi chikhalidwe chovomerezeka cha nkhondo, nchiyani chomwe chimayambitsa kuvomereza kumeneko? Pali zifukwa zomveka zowonongeka, monga kusamvetsetsana ndi kusadziwika kwa sukulu ndi nkhani zamalonda ndi zosangalatsa, kuphatikizapo kusadziwa za nkhondo zopweteka komanso kusadziŵa za kusagwirizana ndi kusagwirizana ngati njira yothetsera nkhondo. Pali zotheka zosayeneratu, monga kusamalidwa bwino kwa makanda ndi ana, kusatetezeka, kupha anthu, kusankhana mitundu, kugonjera, malingaliro okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe, umbombo, kusowa kwawo, kusowa chidwi, ndi zina zotero. nkhondo zofunikira kwambiri. Pakhoza kukhala zambiri zoti tichite kuposa kupanga kukangana komveka motsutsana ndi nkhondo. Izi sizikutanthawuza, kuti, aliyense woperekayo ndiye mwiniwake, kapena kuti ndizokwanira zokonza nkhondo.