NKHONDO SIMAPETSA CHIKHALIDWE NDIPO SIPONSE

Zochitika zauchigawenga zawonjezeka pa nthawi ndipo zikuyankha "Nkhondo Yachiwawa." Izi siziyenera kutidodometsa ife. Nkhondo ili ndi mbiri ya nkhondo yopsetsa, osati mtendere. M'dziko lathu lomweli, nkhondo tsopano ndi yachizoloŵezi, ndipo kukonzekera kwamuyaya kwa nkhondo sikukuwonedwa ndi kufalikira kwakukulu koyenera.

Pamene gulu la anthu likuyamba kuyambitsa nkhondo yatsopano, kapena pamene ife tikupeza kuti nkhondo yakhala ikuyenda mwakachetechete pokhapokha ngati inu-mutasiya ku Constitution kapena ife anthu, kuti mkhalidwe watsopano wa nkhondo suli wofanana ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi kukhala kwathunthu. Ife sitikusowa kukweza ankhondo kuchokera pachiyambi. Tili ndi asilikali ankhondo. Ndipotu, tili ndi ankhondo omwe ali m'madera ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zikutheka kuti sizomwe zikufotokozera kufunikira kwa nkhondo yatsopano. Sitifunikira kukweza ndalama za nkhondo. Nthawi zonse timasula ndalama zokwanira theka la ndalama zathu zogwiritsira ntchito poyesa usilikali, ndipo mabiliyoni ena ena amapezeka kapena kubwereka - palibe mafunso omwe amafunsidwa.

Timalinso ndi nkhondo m'maganizo athu. Ziri m'matawuni athu, zosangalatsa zathu, kuntchito kwathu, ndi kuzungulira kwathu. Pali mabwalo paliponse, asilikali ovala zoyenera, Zochitika za Tsiku la Chikumbutso, Zochitika za Tsiku la Azimayi, Zochitika za Tsiku lachikondwerero, Zochitika za tsiku lachikondwerero, Zokambirana za asilikali, kukonzekera ndalama kwa asilikali, kulandira maofesi a ndege, maofesi olemba ntchito, maofesi olemba ntchito, magalimoto oyendetsa asilikali, magulu a asilikali. Nkhondo ili m'mayesero athu, mafilimu athu, ma TV athu. Ndipo ndi gawo lalikulu la chuma chathu ndi mabungwe athu apamwamba. Ndinawerenga nkhani ya nyuzipepala yokhudza banja lomwe linasamuka ku Virginia Beach chifukwa cha phokoso losatha la ndege zamagetsi. Anagula munda m'midzi kuti adziwe kuti asilikali adzatsegula bwalo latsopano pomwepo. Ngati mukufunadi kuthawa usilikali ku United States, mungapite kuti? Yesetsani kudutsa tsiku popanda kukumana ndi ankhondo. Izo sizingakhoze kuchitidwa. Ndipo pafupifupi chirichonse chimene sichinali chasilikali chimene mungakumane nacho ndi chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri usilikali.

Monga momwe Nick Turse adalembera, pokhapokha mutagula malo komanso osagwirizana, ndizosatheka kugula kapena kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala a mtundu uliwonse ku United States umene sungapangidwe ndi Pentagon opanga makampani. Ndipotu, ndikulemba izi pamakompyuta a Apple, ndipo Apple ndi yaikulu Pentagon makontrakitala. Koma ndiye, ndi IBM. Ndipo moteronso makampani ambiri a kholo la zakudya zopanda thanzi komanso malo osungiramo khofi ndikuwona. Starbucks ndi wogulitsa wamkulu wa asilikali, ali ndi sitolo ngakhale ku Guantanamo. Starbucks amatetezera kupezeka kwake pa chilumba cha chizunzo ponena kuti kusakhala kumeneko kungapangitse kukhala ndi udindo wandale, pamene kukhala ndi khalidwe lachikhalidwe la America basi. Poyeneradi. Maofesi a enieni a zida amapezeka panopo pamodzi ndi ogulitsa galimoto ndi ogulitsa magalimoto m'mabwalo ambirimbiri a ku America, koma ogulitsa galimoto ndi amalonda akugulitsidwa ndi makampani otsogoleredwa ndi Pentagon, monga momwe mafilimu omwe sanena inu za izi.

Ndalama zamagulu ndi mafilimu a Hollywood, zimatumiza Hummers kuti azichita masewera olimbitsa thupi, amawononga mabasiketi a $ 150,000 pafupi, ndipo amakonzekera kuti azilemekezedwa kale komanso masewera akuluakulu. Makampani ogwiritsira ntchito zida, omwe amatha kukhala nawo kasitomala m'dziko lino ndi boma lomwe silingamvetsere kwa ife anthu, amalengeza monga mowa kapena makampani a inshuwalansi ya galimoto. Kupyolera mu kulowerera kwa mbali zonse za dziko lathu, nkhondo imapangidwa kuti ikhale yachibadwa, yowona, yotetezeka, ndi yodalirika. Ife tikuganiza kuti nkhondo imatiteteza ife, kuti ikhoza kupitirira kwamuyaya popanda kupanga dziko lapansi kukhala malo osasangalatsa, ndi kuti ndi opereka mowolowa manja ntchito ndi chuma chamapindu. Ife tikuganiza kuti nkhondo, ndi ufumu, zimafunikira kuti tisunge moyo wathu wodetsa, kapena ngakhale moyo wathu wovuta. Izi siziri choncho: nkhondo imatipangitsa ife mwanjira iliyonse, ndipo mobwerezabwereza izo sizikupindulitsa kanthu. Sangathe kupitiriza kwamuyaya popanda kuopsa kwa nyukiliya, kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe, kapena kuponderezedwa kwachuma.

Chigawo: NUCLEAR CATASTROPHE

Tad Daley akutsutsana ndi Apocalypse Never: Kuyika Njira ku Dziko Lopanda Zida za Nyukiliya zomwe tingathe kusankha kuchepetsa ndi kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya kapena kuwononga zonse padziko lapansi. Palibe njira yachitatu. Ndicho chifukwa chake.

Malinga ngati zida za nyukiliya zilipo, zikhoza kufalikira. Ndipo malinga ngati iwo akuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwawowonjezereka kumawonjezeka. Izi zili choncho chifukwa nthawi zina zida zankhondo zidawombera. Chiwerengero cha zida za nyukiliya chakwera kuyambira 6 mpaka 9 kuchokera kumapeto kwa Cold War. Chiwerengero chimenecho chikhoza kupita, chifukwa tsopano pali malo asanu ndi anai omwe dziko lachilendo lomwe siilikiliya likhoza kupita kuntchito yamakono ndi zipangizo, ndipo maiko ena tsopano ali ndi pafupi nuclear. Mayiko ena adzasankha kukhazikitsa mphamvu za nyukiliya, ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zambiri, chifukwa zidzawathandiza kuti apange zida za nyukiliya akamasankha kuchita zimenezi.

Malingana ngati zida za nyukiliya zilipo, tsoka la nyukiliya liyenera kuchitika posachedwa kapena mtsogolo, ndipo zida zikachulukirachulukira, tsoka ladzidzidzi lidzafika posachedwa. Pakhala pali zophonya zambiri mwinanso mazana, pomwe ngozi, chisokonezo, kusamvetsetsa, ndi / kapena machismo osamveka zatsala pang'ono kuwononga dziko lapansi. Mu 1980, Zbigniew Brzezinski anali paulendo wokadzutsa Purezidenti Jimmy Carter kuti amuuze kuti Soviet Union yaponya mivi 220 atamva kuti wina wayika masewera apakompyuta pamakompyuta. Mu 1983 Lieutenant Colonel waku Soviet adawona kompyuta yake ikumuuza kuti United States idapanga zida. Anazengereza kuyankha kwanthawi yayitali kuti apeze kuti ndikulakwitsa. Mu 1995, Purezidenti wa Russia a Boris Yeltsin adakhala mphindi zisanu ndi zitatu akukhulupirira kuti United States idayambitsa zida zanyukiliya. Kutatsala mphindi zitatu kuti abweretse kuwononga dziko lapansi, adamva kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwake kudakhala kwa satellite yanyengo. Ngozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowopsa kuposa kuchitirana nkhanza. Zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi zigawenga zisanabwere kudzagwetsa ndege ku World Trade Center, asitikali aku US mwangozi adakwera ndege yawo kupita ku Empire State Building. Mu 2007, mfuti zisanu ndi chimodzi zanyukiliya zaku US zidanenedwa mwangozi kapena mwadala, zidakwera ndege poyambitsa, ndikuwuluka kudutsa dziko lonselo. Pomwe dziko lapansi limawona pafupi kwambiri, ndipamenenso titha kuwona kukhazikitsidwa kwenikweni kwa zida za nyukiliya zomwe mayiko ena adzayankhira. Ndipo zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi zidzakhala zitatha.

Izi siziri choncho "Ngati mfuti inali itatambasulidwa, anthu ochepa okha omwe anali ndi mfuti." Pamene mitundu yambiri yomwe ili ndi nukes, komanso ma nukes omwe ali nawo, ndizowonjezereka kuti wagawenga adzapeza wogulitsa. Mfundo yakuti mayiko ali ndi nukes zomwe zimabwezera kubwezeretsa sizotsutsa chilichonse kwa magulu omwe akufuna kukhala nawo ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito. Ndipotu, munthu yekha amene akufuna kudzipha ndi kubweretsa dziko lonse lapansi nthawi imodzi akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya.

Ndondomeko ya US yomwe ikutheka koyambirira, ndiyo ndondomeko yodzipha, ndondomeko yomwe imalimbikitsa mayiko ena kupeza nukes mu chitetezo; Kuphwanya malamulo a Nuclear Non-Proliferation, ndi kulephera kwathu kugwira ntchito zowonongeka ndi kutaya (osati chabe kuchepetsa) zida za nyukiliya.

Palibe ntchito yogwiritsira ntchito kuthetsa zida za nyukiliya, chifukwa sizitithandiza kuti tikhale otetezeka. Iwo samatsutsa zigawenga za zigawenga ndi anthu osakhala nawo boma mwa njira iliyonse. Komanso sagwiritsira ntchito mavoti a asilikali athu kuti asatiteteze, atapatsa mphamvu ku United States kuti awononge chilichonse pa nthawi iliyonse ndi zida za nyukiliya. Nukes sizingapambane nkhondo, monga momwe tingaonere kuti United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, France, ndi China onse ataya nkhondo zotsutsana ndi zida za nyukiliya zomwe zili ndi nukes. Kapena, ngati nkhondo ya nyukiliya yapadziko lonse idachitika, kodi zida zambiri zankhondo zingateteze United States mwa njira iliyonse kuchokera ku apocalypse.

Komabe, mawerengedwe angayang'ane mosiyana kwambiri ndi mayiko ang'onoang'ono. North Korea yapeza zida za nyukiliya ndipo izi zachepetsa kuchepetsa ubongo kuchokera ku United States. Iran, mbali inayo, sanapeze nukes, ndipo ali pansi poopsya. Nukes amatanthauza chitetezo kwa mtundu wawung'ono. Koma chisankho chowoneka ngati cholingalira kuti chikhale nyukiliya chimangowonjezera mwayi wotsutsana, kapena nkhondo yapachiweniweni, kapena kuphulika kwa nkhondo, kapena zolakwika zamagetsi, kapena kukwiya kwapadera kwinakwake padziko lapansi kuthetsa ife tonse.

Zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito zidawoneka bwino, kuphatikizapo ku Iraq kusanachitike nkhondo ya 2003. Vuto, pa nkhaniyi, linali kuti kufufuza sikukunyalidwa. Ngakhalenso ndi CIA pogwiritsa ntchito kufufuza ngati mpata wokazonda ndi kuyesa kukakamiza boma, ndipo boma la Iraq likutsimikiza kuti mgwirizano sudzakhala wotsutsana ndi mtundu wofunitsitsa kuwuphwanya, ntchitoyi idakalipobe. Kufufuza kwa mayiko onse, kuphatikizapo athu, kungagwire ntchito. Inde, United States imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwirikiza kawiri. Ndi bwino kuyang'ana m'mayiko ena, osati athu. Koma ife timagwiritsidwanso ntchito kukhala moyo. Daley amaika kusankha komwe tili nako:

"Inde, kuyendera padziko lonse kuno kungapangitse ulamuliro wathu. Koma ziwonongeko za mabomba a atomu pano zidzalowanso pa ulamuliro wathu. Funso lokhalo ndiloti, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimativuta kwambiri. "

Yankho silikuwonekera, koma liyenera kukhala.

Ngati tikufuna kukhala otetezeka ku zida za nyukiliya, tiyenera kuchotsa magetsi a nyukiliya komanso zida za nyukiliya ndi sitima zam'madzi. Kuyambira pomwe Pulezidenti Eisenhower adalankhula za "maatomu a mtendere" tamva za kufunika kwa magetsi a nyukiliya. Palibe mwa iwo omwe amapikisana ndi zovuta. Mphamvu yamagetsi ya nyukiliya yomwe ingathe kuonongeka mosavuta ndi chigawenga muchithunzi chomwe chikanati chiwombere ndege mu nyumba ikuwoneka ngati yopanda phindu. Nyukiliya, mosiyana ndi dzuŵa kapena mphepo kapena malo ena aliwonse, imapanga dongosolo lothawira anthu, limapanga zigawenga zamagazi ndi zowononga zomwe zimakhalapo kwamuyaya, sizikhoza kupeza inshuwalansi yapadera kapena osungira ndalama payekha omwe akufuna kuikapo pangozi, ndipo ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi chuma cha anthu. Iran, Israel, ndi United States onse apanga mabomba a nyukiliya ku Iraq. Kodi ndondomeko yotani yomwe ingakhazikitse malo okhala ndi mavuto ambiri omwe akuphanso mabomba? Sitikusowa mphamvu ya nyukiliya.

Ife sitingakhoze kukhalabe moyo pa pulaneti yomwe ili ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya yomwe ilipo kulikonse. Vuto lolola dziko kuti lipeze mphamvu za nyukiliya koma osati zida za nyukiliya ndilo kuti akale amachititsa dziko kukhala pafupi ndi anthu ena. Mtundu umene umasokonezedwa ukhoza kukhulupirira kuti zida za nyukiliya ndiwo okhawo otetezeka, ndipo akhoza kupeza mphamvu za nyukiliya kuti ukhale pafupi ndi bomba. Koma woponderezedwa padziko lonse adzawona pulogalamu yamagetsi ya nyukiliya ngati ngozi, ngakhale yololedwa, ndipo idzakhala yoopsya kwambiri. Izi ndizozungulira zomwe zimachititsa kuti nyukiliya ikufalikire. Ndipo ife tikudziwa kumene izo zimatsogolera.

Chida chachikulu cha nyukiliya sichiteteza kuuchigawenga, koma wakupha yekha wodzipha ndi bomba la nyukiliya akhoza kuyamba Armagedo. Mu May 2010, bambo wina anayesa kuchotsa bomba ku Times Square, New York City. Sikunali bomba la nyukiliya, koma zikutheka kuti zikanatheka kuti abambo a bamboyo adayang'anira zida za nyukiliya ku Pakistan. Mu November 2001, Osama bin Laden adati

"Ngati United States ikufuna kutiteteza ndi zida za nyukiliya kapena mankhwala, timalengeza kuti tidzabwezera pogwiritsa ntchito zida zomwezo. Ku Japan komanso m'mayiko ena kumene United States yapha anthu masauzande ambiri, dziko la US silingamve kuti zochita zawo ndizophwanya malamulo. "

Ngati magulu omwe si aboma ayamba kulowa nawo mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zikusunga ma nukeni, ngakhale aliyense kupatula United States alumbira kuti sadzayamba kaye, mwayi wangozi ungakwere kwambiri. Ndipo kunyanyala ntchito kapena ngozi itha kuyamba kukula mosavuta. Pa Okutobala 17, 2007, Purezidenti Vladimir Putin waku Russia atakana zonena za US kuti Iran ikupanga zida za nyukiliya, Purezidenti George W. Bush adalimbikitsa chiyembekezo cha "Nkhondo Yachitatu Yapadziko Lonse Lapansi." Nthawi iliyonse pakakhala mphepo yamkuntho kapena mafuta, pali zambiri zomwe ndikukuwuzani. Pomwe padzakhala kuphulika kwanyukiliya, sipadzakhala aliyense amene adzanene kuti “Ndakuchenjezani,” kapena kuti timve.

Chigawo: ENVIRONMENTAL COLLAPSE

Chilengedwe monga tikuchidziwira sichidzapulumuka nkhondo ya nyukiliya. Zingakhalenso zosapulumuka "nkhondo yowonongeka", yomveka kuti imatanthawuza mtundu wa nkhondo zomwe timalipirako tsopano. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachitika kale ndi nkhondo ndi kafukufuku, kuyesa, ndi kupanga zomwe zakonzedwa pokonzekera nkhondo. Kuchokera pamene Aroma anafesa mchere m'minda ya Carthagine pa nthawi ya nkhondo yachitatu ya punic, nkhondo zawononga dziko lapansi, mwachangu komanso - mobwerezabwereza - ngati zotsatira zopanda pake.

General Philip Sheridan, atawononga minda ku Virginia pa Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni, anawononga mabulu a ku Bison ku America monga njira yoletsera Amwenye Achimerika kuti asungidwe. Nkhondo Yadziko lonse inawona dziko la Ulaya likuwonongedwa ndi mitengo ndi mpweya wa poizoni. Panthawi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse, anthu a ku Norway anayamba kuphulika m'mitsinje yawo, pamene a Dutch anawononga gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a minda yawo, Ajeremani anawononga nkhalango za Czech, ndipo a Britain anawotcha nkhalango ku Germany ndi ku France.

Nkhondo m'zaka zaposachedwa zasandutsa malo akulu osakhalamo ndipo zachititsa othawa kwawo makumi ambiri. Malinga ndi a Jennifer Leaning aku Harvard Medical School, akuti "akumenyana ndi matenda opatsirana chifukwa choyambitsa matenda padziko lonse lapansi." Kutsamira kumagawaniza kuwononga chilengedwe munkhondo m'magawo anayi: "kupanga ndi kuyesa zida za nyukiliya, kuphulika kwa mlengalenga komanso panyanja, kubalalitsa ndi kulimbikira kwa mabomba okwirira ndi maimidwe oyikidwa m'manda, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kapena kusungira olamulira ankhondo, poizoni, ndi zinyalala."

Kuyesedwa kwa zida za nyukiliya kochitidwa ndi United States ndi Soviet Union kudaphatikizirapo mayeso osachepera pafupifupi 423 apakati pa 1945 ndi 1957 ndi 1,400 kuyesa pansi pa nthaka pakati pa 1957 ndi 1989. Kuwonongeka kwa radiation kumeneku sikudziwikabe, koma kukufalikira, monganso kudziwa zakale. Kafukufuku watsopano mu 2009 adawonetsa kuti mayeso aku China aku nyukiliya pakati pa 1964 ndi 1996 adapha anthu ambiri kuposa kuyesa kwanyukiliya kudziko lina lililonse. Jun Takada, wasayansi waku Japan, adawerengetsa kuti mpaka anthu mamiliyoni 1.48 adakumana ndi zovuta ndipo 190,000 mwa iwo atha kufa ndi matenda olumikizidwa ndi radiation kuchokera kumayeso achi China. Ku United States, kuyesa mzaka za m'ma 1950 kunadzetsa anthu masauzande ambiri akufa ndi khansa ku Nevada, Utah, ndi Arizona, madera omwe amapumira kwambiri poyesedwa.

Mu 1955, nyenyezi yaku kanema John Wayne, yemwe adapewa kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse posankha kupanga makanema othandiza nkhondo, adaganiza zosewerera Genghis Khan. Wopambanayo adajambulidwa ku Utah, ndipo wogonjetsayo adagonjetsedwa. Mwa anthu 220 omwe adagwira nawo kanemayo, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 91 mwa iwo adadwala khansa ndipo 46 adamwalira nawo, kuphatikiza a John Wayne, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, ndi director Dick Powell. Ziwerengero zikusonyeza kuti 30 mwa 220 mwina atha kudwala khansa, osati 91. Mu 1953 asitikali adayesa bomba la atomiki 11 pafupi ndi Nevada, ndipo pofika zaka za m'ma 1980 theka la anthu okhala ku St. George, Utah, komwe kankawomberedwa kanemayo. khansa. Mutha kuthawa kunkhondo, koma simubisala.

Asilikali ankadziŵa kuti zida zawo za nyukiliya zidzakhudza anthu awo, ndipo adayang'anitsitsa zotsatirazo, ndikuyesa kuyesera anthu. Mu maphunziro ena ambiri nthawi ndi zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, kuphwanya lamulo la Nuremberg la 1947, asilikali ndi CIA apereka zida zankhondo, akaidi, osauka, odwala m'maganizo, ndi anthu ena kuti asayesere anthu cholinga choyesera zida za nyukiliya, mankhwala, ndi zamoyo, komanso mankhwala monga LSD, omwe United States adapita kuti apange mlengalenga ndi chakudya cha mudzi wonse wa French ku 1951, ndi zotsatira zoopsa ndi zakupha.

Lipoti lokonzedwa ku 1994 kwa Komiti ya Senate ya ku United States ya Veterans Affairs ikuyamba:

"M'zaka zapitazi za 50, magulu mazana ambiri a asilikali akhala akuyesa kuyesedwa kwa anthu ndi zofuna zina zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Chitetezo (DOD), nthawi zambiri popanda chidziwitso kapena chilolezo cha servicemember. Nthaŵi zina, asilikali omwe amavomereza kuti azikhala ngati anthu adapezeka kuti akuchita nawo zoyesera mosiyana kwambiri ndi omwe anafotokozedwa panthawi yomwe adadzipereka. Mwachitsanzo, anthu ambirimbiri a nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse omwe adadzipereka kuti ayese 'kuvala zovala za m'chilimwe' pofuna kupeza nthawi yowonjezera, adzipeza kuti ali m'zipinda zamagetsi zomwe zimayesa mpweya wa mpiru ndi lewisite. Kuonjezera apo, nthawi zina asilikali ankalangizidwa mwa kulamula oyang'anira kuti 'azidzipereka' kukachita nawo kafukufuku kapena kuyang'anizana ndi zotsatira zoopsa. Mwachitsanzo, asilikali ambiri a ku Persian Gulf War anafunsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito m'komiti kuti alamulidwa kuti apange katemera pa Opaleshoni Desert Shield kapena ku ndende. "

Lipoti lonse liri ndi zodandaula zambiri zachinsinsi cha ankhondo ndipo zikusonyeza kuti zowonjezera zake zingakhale zikungoyang'ana pamwamba pa zomwe zabisika.

Mu 1993, Mlembi wa US wa Energy anamasulira mbiri ya US kuyesa kwa plutonium anthu osadziŵa ku United States mwamsanga nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha. Newsweek inalankhula motsimikiza, pa December 27, 1993:

"Asayansi amene adayesa mayeserowa kale anali ndi zifukwa zomveka: kulimbana ndi Soviet Union, mantha a nkhondo ya nyukiliya yomwe ikuyandikira, kufunika kofunika kuti titsegule zinsinsi zonse za atomu, chifukwa cha nkhondo ndi zamankhwala."

O, chabwino izo ziri bwino ndiye.

Zida za nyukiliya ku Washington, Tennessee, Colorado, Georgia, ndi kwina kulikonse zimayambitsa chilengedwe pozungulira chilengedwe komanso antchito awo, omwe a 3,000 omwe adapatsidwa malipiro ku 2000. Pamene 2009-2010 ulendo wanga unanditengera ku mizinda yambiri ya 50 m'dzikoli, ndinadabwa kuti magulu ambiri amtendere mumzinda ndi tawuni adayang'ana kuwononga kuwonongeka kwa mafakitale apamtunda ndi antchito awo zothandizira kuchokera ku maboma am'deralo, zoposa zomwe adayang'ana pakuletsa nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan.

Mu Mzinda wa Kansas, nzika zamphamvu zakhala zikuchedwa ndipo zikufuna kulepheretsa kusamukira ndikukula kwa fakitale yaikulu ya zida. Zikuwoneka kuti Purezidenti Harry Truman, yemwe adamutcha dzina lake poletsa kutsuka zida, adabzala fakitale kunyumba komwe adaipitsa dziko ndi madzi kwa zaka zoposa 60 pamene amapanga zida za imfa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Truman. Foni yaumwini, koma fakitale yopumula msonkho idzapitirizabe kubereka, koma mowirikiza, zana la 85 la zigawo za zida za nyukiliya.

Ndinagwirizanitsa anthu ambiri kumalo osungirako ziwonetsero kunja kwa fakitale ya fakitale, mofanana ndi zionetsero zomwe ndakhalapo ku malo ku Nebraska ndi Tennessee, ndipo thandizo lochokera kwa anthu oyendetsa galimoto linali lozizwitsa: zotsatira zambiri zabwino kuposa zoipa. Mwamuna wina yemwe anaimitsa galimoto yake poyera anatiuza kuti agogo ake aamwalira ndi khansara atapanga mabomba ku 1960s. Maurice Copeland, yemwe adakali chionetsero chathu, adandiuza kuti adagwira ntchito pazomera zaka 32. Pamene galimoto inatuluka kunja kwa zipata zomwe munali mwamuna ndi mtsikana wokondwa, Copeland ananena kuti poizoni anali pa zovala za mwamuna ndipo mwina anakumbatira mtsikanayo ndipo mwina anamupha. Sindingatsimikizire kuti, ngati paliponse, zinali pa zovala za mwamuna, koma Copeland adanena kuti zochitika zoterozo zinali mbali ya chomera cha Kansas City kwa zaka zambiri, popanda boma, kapena mwiniwake (Honeywell), kapena ogwira ntchito (International Association of Machinists) ndikudziwitsa bwino antchito kapena anthu.

Pokhala m'malo mwa Pulezidenti Bush ndi Purezidenti Obama ku 2010, otsutsa za malonda akukula akuyembekeza kusintha, koma bungwe la Obama linapereka chithandizo chonsecho. Boma la boma linalimbikitsa khama kuti likhale ntchito komanso msonkho. Monga tiwona mu gawo lotsatira la mutu uno, sizinali.

Kupanga zida ndizochepa. Mabomba omwe sanali a nyukiliya mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse adawononga mizinda, minda, ndi njira zothirira, ndikupanga othawa kwawo 50 miliyoni ndi anthu osowa pokhala. Kuphulika kwa bomba ku US ku Vietnam, Laos, ndi Cambodia kudatulutsa othawa kwawo okwana 17 miliyoni, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa 2008 panali othawa kwawo 13.5 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sudan idadzetsa njala kumeneko mu 1988. Nkhondo yankhondo yapachiweniweni ku Rwanda idakankhira anthu kumadera okhala nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, kuphatikiza ma gorilla. Kusamuka kwa anthu padziko lonse lapansi kupita kumadera ocheperako kumawononga zachilengedwe kwambiri.

Nkhondo zimasiya kwambiri. Pakati pa 1944 ndi 1970 asilikali a ku United States adayendetsa zida zambiri zamagetsi ku nyanja ya Atlantic ndi Pacific. Mu 1943 mabomba a Germany anali atakwera sitima ya ku America ku Bari, Italy, yomwe inali kunyamula mapaundi a mpiru miliyoni. Ambiri mwa anthu oyenda panyanja a ku United States anafa chifukwa cha poizoni, chimene United States chinanena molakwika kuti chinali "choletsa," ngakhale kuti chinali chobisa. Sitimayo imayembekezeredwa kuti ikhale ikugwedeza mpweya m'nyanja kwa zaka zambiri. Panthaŵiyi, United States ndi Japan anasiya zombo za 1,000 pansi pa nyanja ya Pacific, kuphatikizapo sitima zamoto. Mu 2001, sitima imodzi yotere, USS Mississinewa adapezeka kuti akuwotcha mafuta. Mu 2003 asilikali adachotsa mafuta omwe amatha kuwonongeka.

Mwina zida zowononga kwambiri zomwe nkhondo zatha ndi mabomba okwirira komanso mabomba a masango. Zikuoneka kuti makumi amamiliyoni a iwo akhala akuzungulira padziko lapansi, osadziŵa malingaliro aliwonse omwe mtendere walengezedwa. Ambiri mwa omwe amazunzidwa ndi anthu wamba, ambiri mwa iwo ndi ana. Lipoti la State Department la 1993 linanena kuti mabomba okwirira ndi "poizoni kwambiri komanso akuwononga kwambiri anthu." Mabomba okwirira akuwononga zachilengedwe m'njira zinayi, analemba motero Jennifer Leaning kuti:

"Mantha a migodi amakana kupeza chuma chochulukirapo ndi nthaka yowonongeka; anthu akukakamizidwa kusuntha mwapadera m'madera ozungulira ndi osalimba kuti asapewe minda yam'munda; kuyendayenda uku kumapititsa kuwonongeka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana; komanso mabomba okwirira mabomba amachititsa kuti nthaka ndi madzi azifunika kwambiri. "

Kuchuluka kwake kwa dziko lapansi kunakhudza sikochepa. Mamiliyoni a hekta ku Ulaya, North Africa, ndi Asia akutsutsidwa. Gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a dzikoli ku Libya limabisa mabomba okwirira ndi zosawerengeka zapadziko lonse. Mitundu yambiri ya dziko lapansi yavomereza kuletsa mabomba okwirira ndi mabasi a masango. Dziko la United States silinatero.

Kuyambira 1965 mpaka 1971, United States idapanga njira zatsopano zowonongera nyama ndi nyama (kuphatikiza anthu); idapopera 14% ya nkhalango ku South Vietnam ndi mankhwala ophera zitsamba, kuwotcha malo olimapo, ndikuwombera ziweto. Imodzi mwa mankhwala owopsa kwambiri a herbicides, Agent Orange, akuwopsezabe thanzi la Vietnamese ndipo yadzetsa vuto la kubadwa pafupifupi theka miliyoni. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya Gulf, Iraq idatulutsa mafuta okwana malita 10 miliyoni ku Persian Gulf ndikuwotcha zitsime zamafuta 732, ndikuwononga nyama zakutchire ndikuwononga madzi apansi ndi mafuta. Pankhondo zawo ku Yugoslavia ndi Iraq, United States yasiya uranium yatha. Kafukufuku wa 1994 wa US department of Veterans Affairs of Gulf War veterans ku Mississippi adapeza 67% ya ana awo ali ndi pakati kuyambira nkhondoyi itadwala kwambiri kapena kubadwa nako. Nkhondo ku Angola zinathetsa 90 peresenti ya nyama zakutchire pakati pa 1975 ndi 1991. Nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Sri Lanka inagwetsa mitengo mamiliyoni asanu.

Zochita za Soviet ndi US za Afghanistan zatha kapena zowononga midzi zikwi zambiri ndi madzi. Anthu a ku Taliban akhala akugulitsa matabwa ku Pakistan, zomwe zimachititsa kuti mitengo iwonongeke. Mabomba a US ndi othawa omwe akusowa nkhuni awonjezera kuwonongeka. Mitengo ya Afghanistan ili pafupi. Zambiri mwa mbalame zosamuka zomwe zimadutsa ku Afghanistan sizinayambe. Mpweya wake ndi madzi zakhala zikupaka poizoni ndi mabomba ndi rocket propellants.

Kwa zitsanzo izi za mitundu yoonongeka kwa chilengedwe yomwe yapangidwa ndi nkhondo iyenera kuwonjezeredwa mfundo ziwiri zokhudzana ndi momwe nkhondo zathu zimamenyedwera ndi chifukwa chake. Monga taonera m'mutu wachisanu ndi chimodzi, nthawi zambiri nkhondo zimayesedwa kuti zithandize, makamaka mafuta. Mafuta akhoza kutenthedwa kapena kuwotchedwa, monga mu Gulf of War, koma makamaka akugwiritsira ntchito kuipitsa mlengalenga, poika ife tonse pangozi. Mafuta ndi okonda nkhondo amathira mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito ulemerero ndi kulimba mtima kwa nkhondo, kotero kuti mphamvu zowonjezereka zomwe sizingawonongeke pangozi padziko lonse lapansi zimaonedwa ngati amantha komanso osagonjera njira zopangira makina athu.

Kugwirizana kwa nkhondo ndi mafuta kumapitirira kuposa zimenezo, komabe. Nkhondo zawo, kaya zimagonjetsedwa kapena ayi, zimadya zambiri. Mtengo wapamwamba kwambiri wa mafuta, kwenikweni, ndi asilikali a US. Sikuti timamenyana nkhondo m'madera akumayiko omwe amapezeka olemera mu mafuta; Timatentha mafuta ambiri kumenyana ndi nkhondozi kuposa momwe timachitira ntchito zina zilizonse. Wolemba mabuku ndi wojambula zithunzi Ted Rall analemba kuti:

Dipatimenti ya ku America [Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo] ya United States ndi yoipitsa kwambiri, ikuphwanyidwa, ikutha, komanso ikuwononga mankhwala ophera tizilombo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, mafuta, mafuta, mafuta, ndi uranium. Malingana ndi Steve Kretzmann, mtsogoleri wa Oil Change International, 60 peresenti ya mpweya wa carbon dioxide padziko lonse pakati pa 2003 ndi 2007 inachokera ku Iraq yomwe inagwidwa ku United States, chifukwa cha mafuta ochulukirapo ndi mafuta omwe amafunika kuti akhale ndi magulu mazana ambiri a asilikali a ku America ndi makontrakitala zapadera, osatchula za poizoni zotulutsidwa ndi ndege zamagetsi, ndege za drone, ndi maulendo ndi zina zomwe amawombera ku Iraq. "

Timaipitsa mpweya pokonza poizoni padziko lapansi ndi zida zosiyanasiyana. Asitikali aku US amawotcha mafuta pafupifupi migolo 340,000 tsiku lililonse. Ngati Pentagon ikadakhala dziko, ikadakhala ya 38th pamafuta amafuta. Ngati mutachotsa Pentagon pamafuta onse ogwiritsa ntchito ndi United States, ndiye kuti United States ikadakhalabe yoyamba popanda wina aliyense pafupi. Koma mukadapulumutsa mpweya woyaka mafuta kuposa momwe mayiko ambiri amawonongera, ndipo mukadapulumutsa dzikoli mavuto onse omwe asitikali athu amatigwiritsa ntchito. Palibe bungwe lina ku United States lomwe limadya mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa asitikali ankhondo.

Mu Oktoba 2010, Pentagon inalengeza kuti idzakonza zochepetsera mphamvu zowonjezereka. Nkhawa za asilikali sizikuwoneka kuti zikupitirirabe moyo pa dziko lapansi kapena ndalama zowonjezera ndalama, koma makamaka kuti anthu akupitirizabe kuwombera mafuta oyendetsa mafuta ku Pakistan ndi Afghanistan asanafike kumene akupita.

Kodi zimatheka bwanji kuti asayansi asamayese nkhondo? Kodi amakhulupirira kuti nkhondoyo ilipo, kapena kodi amaopa kuwatsutsa? Chaka chilichonse, US Environmental Protection Agency imagwiritsa ntchito $ 622 miliyoni kuyesa momwe tingatulutsire mphamvu popanda mafuta, pamene asilikali amatha mazana mabiliyoni oyaka mafuta mu nkhondo zomwe zimayesedwa kuti athetse mafuta. Madola mamiliyoni omwe agwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azisunga msilikali aliyense kuntchito kwa chaka chimodzi akhoza kupanga 20 ntchito yowonjezera mphamvu pa $ 50,000 aliyense. Kodi izi ndizovuta kusankha?

Gawo: MALANGIZO OTHANDIZA

Kumapeto kwa 1980s, Soviet Union inapeza kuti idasokoneza chuma chake pogwiritsa ntchito ndalama zambiri pa asilikali. Pa ulendo wa 1987 ku United States ndi Pulezidenti Mikhail Gorbachev, Valentin Falin, mtsogoleri wa Novosti Press Agency ku Moscow, adanena chinthu china chimene chinawulula mavutowa azachuma komanso kudutsa nthawi ya 911 yomwe idzadziwika bwino kwa zida zonse zotsika mtengo zikhoza kulowa mu mtima wa ufumu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madola triliyoni pachaka. Iye anati:

"Sitizitsanzira [United States], kupanga mapulaneti kuti tigwirizane ndi ndege zanu, mfuti kuti mutenge mfuti yanu. Tidzatenga njira zopanda malire ndi mfundo zatsopano za sayansi zomwe zilipo kwa ife. Genetic engineering ingakhale chitsanzo cholingalira. Zinthu zikhoza kuchitika zomwe palibe mbali yomwe ingapeze chitetezo kapena zotsutsana, ndi zotsatira zoopsa. Ngati mukukula chinachake mu danga, tikhoza kukhala ndi chinachake padziko lapansi. Awa si mawu okha. Ndikudziwa zomwe ndikuzinena. "

Ndipo kunali kochedwa kwambiri ku Soviet Economics. Ndipo chinthu chachirendo ndi chakuti aliyense ku Washington, DC, amamvetsa izo ndipo amachikokomeza izo, kuchotsera zifukwa zina zonse pamene Soviet Union imatha. Tidawakakamiza kumanga zida zambiri, ndipo izi zinawawononga. Izi ndizodziwika bwino pakati pa boma lomwe tsopano likupanga zida zambiri zowonjezera, pomwe panthawi yomweyi zimasokoneza chizindikiro chilichonse cha chidwi choyandikira.

Nkhondo, ndi kukonzekera nkhondo, ndizo ndalama zathu zazikulu kwambiri komanso zowononga kwambiri. Ndikudya chuma chathu kuchokera mkati. Koma popeza chuma chosagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali chikugwa, chuma chotsaliracho chimayendetsedwa ndi ntchito za usilikali. Timaganiza kuti asilikali ndi malo omwe amaoneka bwino komanso kuti tifunikira kuganizira zinthu zonse.

"Mzinda Wachimidzi Umasangalala ndi Boom," werengani mutu wa USA Today pa August 17, 2010. "Perekani ndi Kupindulitsa Kukula kwa Mizinda ya Midzi." Ngakhale kuti ndalama zogwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu pa china chirichonse kupatula kupha anthu nthawi zambiri zikanyozedwa ngati socialism, pakadali pano kufotokozera sikungagwiritsidwe ntchito chifukwa ndalamazo zinkachitidwa ndi asilikali. Kotero izi zimawoneka ngati chovala cha siliva popanda kukhudza imvi:

"Kuwonjezeka mwamsanga kwa malipiro ndi zopindulitsa mwa ankhondo kwatulutsa mizinda yambiri ya asilikali kukhala pakati pa anthu olemera kwambiri m'madera, USA TODAY analysis akupeza.

"Mudzi wakumudzi wa Marines 'Camp Lejeune - Jacksonville, NC - wapita ku 32nd wapamwamba kwambiri pa munthu pa 2009 pakati pa madera akuluakulu a 366 ku America, malinga ndi deta ya Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Mu 2000, idali ndi chiwerengero cha 287th.

"Mzinda wa Jacksonville, wokhala ndi anthu a 173,064, unali ndi ndalama zambiri pamtundu wina uliwonse wa North Carolina ku 2009. Mu 2000, inayang'ana 13th ya madera a 14 m'madera a boma.

"Kufufuza kwa USA MASIKU ano kumawoneka kuti 16 m'madera a midzi ya 20 ikukwera mofulumira kwambiri pazomwe anthu amapeza pokhapokha ngati 2000 ili ndi zida zankhondo kapena pafupi. . . .

". . . Kulipira ndi kupindula mu usilikali kwakula mofulumira kuposa omwe ali mbali ina iliyonse ya chuma. Asilikali, oyendetsa sitima ndi Marines analandira ndalama zokwana $ 122,263 pa munthu aliyense mu 2009, kuchokera ku $ 58,545 mu 2000. . . .

". . . Pambuyo pokonzekera kuwonjezeka kwa kutsika kwa chuma, chiwerengero cha asilikali chinapereka 84 peresenti kuchokera ku 2000 kupyolera mu 2009. Ndalama inalimbikitsa 37 peresenti kwa ogwira ntchito ogwira ntchito ku federal komanso peresenti ya 9 kwa ogwira ntchito payekha, malipoti a BEA. . . . "

Chabwino, kotero ena a ife angasankhe kuti ndalama za malipiro abwino ndi zopindulitsa zikupita ku malonda abwino, amtendere, koma mwina zikupita kwinakwake? Ndibwino kuposa china, chabwino?

Kwenikweni, ndizoipa kuposa chilichonse. Kulephera kugwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo ndipo mmalo mwake kudula misonkho kungapangitse ntchito zambiri kuposa kuziyika mu usilikali. Kuziyika muzinthu zothandiza monga maulendo ambirimbiri kapena maphunziro angakhale ndi mphamvu zowonjezera ndikupanga ntchito zambiri. Koma ngakhale ngakhale, ngakhale kudula misonkho, sikungakhale kovulaza kwambiri kuposa kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

Inde, kuvulaza. Ntchito iliyonse ya usilikali, mafakitale aliwonse ogwira ntchito, ntchito iliyonse yomanga nkhondo, ntchito yothandizira aliyense wamtendere kapena wozunza ndizobodza ngati nkhondo iliyonse. Zikuwoneka ngati ntchito, koma si ntchito. Ndiko kusowa kwa ntchito zabwino komanso zabwino. Ndizowononga ndalama zapadera pa chinthu china choyipa pa ntchito yolenga ntchito kuposa china chilichonse komanso choipitsitsa kuposa zina zomwe mungapeze.

Robert Pollin ndi Heidi Garrett-Peltier, wa Political Economy Research Institute, adasonkhanitsa deta. Biliyoni iliyonse ya ndalama za boma zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu usilikali zimapanga ntchito za 12,000. Kuliyika mmalo mwazitsamba za msonkho kwachinsinsi kumapanga pafupifupi 15,000 ntchito. Koma kuika kuchipatala kumatipatsa ntchito 18,000, kuyendetsa ntchito kunyumba komanso ntchito za 18,000, maphunziro a 25,000 ntchito, komanso ntchito yopititsa patsogolo 27,700 ntchito. Maphunziro a 25,000 omwe amapangidwa ndi apamwamba amapindula kwambiri kuposa ntchito za asilikali a 12,000. M'madera ena, malipiro ambiri ndi zopindulitsa zimapangidwa ndizomwe zimakhala zochepa kusiyana ndi zankhondo (pokhapokha pokhapokha phindu la ndalama likuganiziridwa), koma ndalama zomwe zimakhudza chuma chimakhala chachikulu chifukwa cha ntchito zambiri. Njira yosankha misonkho ilibe mphamvu yaikulu, koma imapanga ntchito 3,000 zambiri pa madola biliyoni.

Pali chikhulupiliro chofala kuti Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko lonse inathetsa Kuvutika Kwakukulu. Izi zimawoneka ngati kutali kwambiri, ndipo azachuma sagwirizana nazo. Zomwe ndikuganiza kuti tingathe kunena ndi chidaliro, choyamba, kuti ndalama zankhondo za padziko lonse lapansi sizinalepheretse kupumula kwa Kuvutika Kwakukulu, ndipo chachiwiri, kuti ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko ena zikanakhala bwino kuti achire.

Tidzakhala ndi ntchito zambiri ndipo adzatipiritsa zambiri, ndipo tidzakhala anzeru komanso amtendere ngati titapereka ndalama ku maphunziro osati nkhondo. Koma kodi izi zikutsimikizira kuti ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito nkhondo zikuwononga chuma chathu? Chabwino, taganizirani phunziro ili ku mbiri yakale ya nkhondo. Ngati mutakhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri omwe amapereka ndalama osati ntchito ya usilikali yochepa kapena yopanda ntchito, ana anu akhoza kukhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba omwe ntchito yanu ndi anzanu amagwira. Ngati sitidapanda gawo limodzi la magawo asanu a ndalama zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito pomenyera nkhondo, tikhoza kukhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba ochokera ku sukulu. Titha kukhala ndi zothandizira zambiri zokhudzana ndi moyo, kuphatikizapo kuchoka pantchito, zozizira, kuchoka kwa makolo, chithandizo chamankhwala, ndi kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Tikhoza kukhala ndi ntchito. Mukanakhala mukupanga ndalama zambiri, kugwira ntchito maola angapo, ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zambiri. Ndingakhale bwanji otsimikiza kuti izi n'zotheka? Chifukwa ndikudziwa chinsinsi chomwe nthawi zambiri timakhala nacho ndi American media: pali mitundu ina pa dziko lino lapansi.

Buku la Steven Hill lakuti Europe's Promise: Chifukwa chakuti European Way Ndilo Chiyembekezo Chokongola M'zaka Zosakwanira zili ndi uthenga womwe tiyenera kukhala wolimbikitsa kwambiri. European Union (EU) ndizochuma kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo amakhala olemera, odwala, komanso osangalala kwambiri kuposa anthu ambiri a ku America. Anthu a ku Ulaya amagwira ntchito maola ochepa, amatha kunena zambiri momwe abambo awo amachitira zinthu, amalandira maulendo aatali kwa nthawi yaitali komanso amalephera kubwerera kwawo, amatha kudalira ndalama zowonjezera, zomwe zimakhala zopanda ndalama komanso zopanda ndalama zambiri. ku koleji, amapereka theka la chiwonongeko cha chilengedwe cha America, kupirira pang'ono mwa chiwawa chomwe chinachitika ku United States, kumanga akaidi azing'ono otsekedwa kuno, ndi kupindula ndi chiwonetsero cha demokarasi, chiyanjano, ndi ufulu wa anthu osaganiziridwa malo omwe timanyozedwa kuti dziko limadana nafe chifukwa cha "ufulu" wathu. Mayiko a ku Ulaya amaperekanso ndondomeko yachilendo, kutengera mayiko ena oyandikana nawo chiwonetsero cha demokarase poyembekezera kuti bungwe la EU likhale lokha, pamene tikuyendetsa mayiko ena kutali ndi maboma abwino phindu lalikulu la magazi ndi chuma.

Inde, izi zikanakhala nkhani yabwino, osati chifukwa choopsa komanso choopsa cha msonkho wapamwamba! Kugwira ntchito mochepa komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali ndi matenda osachepera, malo abwino, maphunziro abwino, zosangalatsa zambiri, zikondwerero zolipira, ndi maboma omwe amavomereza bwino anthu - zonse zimawoneka bwino, koma zenizeni zimaphatikizapo kuipa kwakukulu kwa msonkho wapamwamba! Kapena kodi?

Monga momwe Hill imasonyezera, Aurose amalipira misonkho yowonjezera, koma amalipira msonkho wapansi, malo, katundu, ndi chikhalidwe cha chitetezo cha anthu. Amaperekanso misonkho yapamwamba yokhoma msonkho kunja kwa ndalama zambiri. Ndipo zomwe a ku Ulaya amapeza pazopindulitsa zomwe safunikira kugwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zaumoyo kapena ku koleji kapena kuphunzitsidwa ntchito kapena zinthu zina zambiri zomwe sizingatheke koma kuti timafuna kukondwerera mwayi wathu kulipira aliyense payekha.

Ngati timapereka ndalama zambiri monga a European, kodi n'chifukwa chiyani tiyenera kulipira pa zonse zomwe timafunikira paokha? Chifukwa chiyani misonkho yathu siilipilira zosowa zathu? Chifukwa chachikulu ndi chakuti ndalama zambiri za misonkho zimapita ku nkhondo ndi asilikali.

Timaperekanso kwa olemera kwambiri pakati pathu kudzera m'mabungwe ogulitsa msonkho komanso kubwezera ndalama. Ndipo njira zathu zothetsera zosowa zaumunthu monga chithandizo chaumoyo ndizosachita bwino. M'chaka choperekedwa, boma lathu limapereka $ 300 biliyoni pamaphwando amisonkho ku bizinesi chifukwa cha ntchito zawo zaumoyo. Ndikokwanira kulipilira aliyense m'dziko lino kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino, koma ndi gawo limodzi chabe la zomwe timalephera kuntchito yopereka chithandizo chamankhwala yomwe, monga momwe ikutchulidwira, ilipo makamaka kuti ipange phindu. Zambiri zomwe timasokoneza misala iyi sizidutsa mu boma, zomwe timadzikuza kwambiri.

Komabe, timakondwera kwambiri chifukwa cha fosholo yaikulu ya ndalama kudzera mu boma komanso kumalo ogwirira ntchito zamagulu. Ndipo ndicho kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pathu ndi Ulaya. Koma izi zikuonetsa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa maboma athu kuposa pakati pa anthu athu. Anthu a ku America, mu zofukufuku ndi kafukufuku, angasankhe kusunthira ndalama zochuluka kuchokera ku usilikali kupita ku zosowa zaumunthu. Vuto lalikulu ndiloti maganizo athu sakuyimira mu boma lathu, popeza chidziwitso ichi kuchokera kulonjezano la ku Ulaya chimati:

"Zaka zingapo zapitazo, mzanga wina wa ku America yemwe amakhala ku Sweden anandiuza kuti iye ndi mkazi wake wa ku Swedish anali ku New York City ndipo, mwangozi, adatha kugawa gawo lachiwonetsero kumalo owonetsera masewero ndi Senator wa ku United States John Breaux kuchokera ku Louisiana ndi mkazi wake. Breaux, wokonzeka, wokhometsa msonkho wa Democrat, adafunsa mzanga wanga za Sweden ndi kunjenjemera akunena za 'misonkho yonse imene a ku Sweden amalipilira,' kumene a American anati, 'Vuto la America ndi msonkho ndilo kuti sitikupeza kanthu kwa iwo. ' Kenako anapitiriza kuuza Breaux za ntchito zonse zomwe anthu a ku Sweden amalandira pobwezera misonkho. 'Ngati anthu a ku America amadziwa zomwe a ku Sweden adzalandira chifukwa cha misonkho, mwina tidzasokonezeka,' adatero khunguyo. Ulendo wonsewo wopita kuchigawo cha zisudzo unali wosasamala kwambiri. "

Tsopano, ngati mukuganiza kuti ngongole ndi yopanda phindu ndipo simukuvutitsidwa ndi kubwereka mabiliyoni ambiri a madola, ndiye kuti kudula maphunziro a asilikali ndi kukulitsa ndi mapulogalamu ena othandizira ndi nkhani ziwiri zosiyana. Inu mukhoza kukakamizidwa pa chimodzi koma osati chimzake. Komabe, kukangana komwe kunagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Washington, DC, pofuna kuchepetsa ndalama zambiri pazofuna zaumunthu nthawi zambiri kumayang'ana kuwonongera ndalama ndi kufunikira kokonza bajeti. Chifukwa cha zochitika zandale, kaya mukuganiza kuti bajeti yabwino ndi yothandiza, nkhondo ndi zochitika zapakhomo sizingagwirizane. Ndalama ikubwera kuchokera ku mphika womwewo, ndipo tikuyenera kusankha kaya tizigwiritsa ntchito pano kapena apo.

Mu 2010, Rethink Afghanistan idapanga chida patsamba la FaceBook chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi woti mugwiritsenso ntchito, monga momwe mwawonera, madola trilioni mumisonkho yomwe, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenya nkhondo ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan. Ndinadina kuti ndiike zinthu zosiyanasiyana "ngolo yanga" kenako ndikufufuza kuti ndione zomwe ndapeza. Ndinakwanitsa kulemba ntchito aliyense ku Afghanistan kwa chaka chimodzi $ 12 biliyoni, ndikupanga nyumba zokwanira 3 miliyoni ku United States kwa $ 387 biliyoni, kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala kwa miliyoni miliyoni aku America $ 3.4 biliyoni ndi ana miliyoni miliyoni $ 2.3 biliyoni.

Ngakhale kuti ndinali ndi ndalama zokwana $ 1 trillion, ndinakwanitsanso kukopera aphunzitsi miliyoni / mafilimu miliyoni chaka chimodzi kwa $ 58.5 biliyoni, ndi aphunzitsi a pulayimale miliyoni miliyoni pachaka kwa $ 61.1 biliyoni. Ndinapatsanso ana miliyoni miliyoni ku Head Start kwa chaka kwa $ 7.3 biliyoni. Kenaka ndinapatsa ophunzira a 10 miliyoni chaka chimodzi kuti adziwe maphunziro a $ 79 biliyoni. Potsirizira pake, ndinaganiza zopereka zogwiritsa ntchito 5 miliyoni ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka kwa $ 4.8 biliyoni. Ndikukhulupirira kuti ndikupitirira malipiro anga, ndinapita ku galimoto yogula, kuti ndikudziwitse kuti:

"Mudakali ndi $ 384.5 biliyoni." Geez. Tidzachita chiyani ndi zimenezo?

Madola okwana madola trillion amapita kutali ngati simukuyenera kupha aliyense. Koma madola trilliyoni anali chabe mtengo wapadera wa nkhondo ziwirizo mpaka kufika pomwepo. Pa September 5, 2010, akatswiri azachuma Joseph Stiglitz ndi Linda Bilmes adalemba chikalata ku Washington Post, yomanga pa buku lawo loyamba la mutu womwewo, "Chowonadi Chake cha Nkhondo ya Iraq: $ 3 Trillion ndi Pambuyo." Olembawo ananena kuti chiwerengero chawo cha $ 3 trilioni pa Nkhondo yokha ku Iraq, yoyamba yofalitsidwa mu 2008, mwina inali yotsika. Chiwerengero chawo cha ndalama zonse zomwe zinaphatikizapo nkhondoyi chinali kuphatikizapo kuyeza, kuchiza ndi kulipira ngongole za olumala, zomwe 2010 zinali zazikulu kuposa zomwe ankayembekezera. Ndipo icho chinali chochepa cha izo:

"Kwa zaka ziŵiri, tazindikira kuti kulingalira kwathu sikunatengere ndalama zomwe zimakhala zodetsa nkhawa kwambiri: anthu omwe ali m'gulu la 'akhoza kukhala ndi ma Mwachitsanzo, ambiri akudandaula mokweza kuti, panthawi yomwe dziko la Iraq silinagonjetsedwe, tidzakhalabe ku Afghanistan. Ndipo ichi si chokhacho 'bwanji ngati' choyenera kulingalira. Tingafunse kuti: Ngati sikunkhondo ya ku Iraq, kodi mitengo ya mafuta idzafulumira mofulumira? Kodi ngongole ya federal ikhale yaikulu kwambiri? Kodi mavuto azachuma angakhale ovuta kwambiri?

"Yankho la mafunso anai onsewa mwina ayi. Phunziro lalikulu la zachuma ndizopindulitsa - kuphatikizapo ndalama ndi chisamaliro - sizikusowa. "

Phunzirolo silinalowe mumzinda wa Capitol Hill, komwe Congress imasankha kubweza ndalama podzionetsera kuti ilibe ufulu.

Pa June 22, 2010, Nyumba Yaikulu Mtsogoleri wamkulu Steny Hoyer adalankhula m'chipinda chachikulu chapadera ku Union Station ku Washington, DC ndipo anatenga mafunso. Iye analibe yankho la mafunso amene ine ndinamupatsa iye.

Nkhaniyi inali yokhudza udindo wa ndalama, ndipo adanena kuti zomwe akufunazo - zonsezi zinali zoyenera - ziyenera kukhala "pokhapokha ngati chuma chikubwezeretsedwa." Sindikudziwa kuti izi zidzachitika liti.

Wodzikuza, monga momwe amachitira, amadzitama pocheka ndikuyesera kudula zida zina zankhondo. Kotero ndinamufunsa momwe anganyalanyaze kutchula mfundo ziwiri zofanana. Choyamba, iye ndi anzake akuwonjezereka bajeti yonse chaka chilichonse. Chachiwiri, iye anali kugwira ntchito kuti athandizire kuchuluka kwa nkhondo ku Afghanistan ndi malipiro "othandizira" omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito ndalamazo, popanda ndalama.

Hoyer anayankha kuti zonsezi ziyenera kukhala "patebulo." Koma sanafotokoze kuti alephera kuwaika pomwepo kapena kuwonetsa momwe angachitire. Palibe mtembo wakuphatikizidwa wa Washington womwe unasonkhanitsidwa.

Anthu ena awiri adafunsa mafunso abwino okhudza chifukwa chake dziko lapansi likufuna kutsatira Social Security kapena Medicare. Mnyamata wina anafunsa chifukwa chake sitingathe kutsatira Wall Street mmalo mwake. Kuchita mantha kunapangitsa kuti musinthe kusintha, ndikudzudzula Bush.

Pulezidenti Obama adanyoza mobwerezabwereza. Ndipotu, adanena kuti pulezidentiyo atapereka mwayi wothandizidwa ndi bungwe la pulezidenti (komitiyi ikuwoneka kuti ikufuna kupititsa patsogolo Social Security, ntchito yomwe imatchulidwa kuti "komiti ya chakudya" chifukwa cha zomwe zingachepetse okalamba kuti azidya chakudya chamadzulo). ndondomeko iliyonse, ndipo ngati Senate idawagwiritsanso ntchito, ndiye kuti Nyumba ndi Mwini Speaker Nancy Pelosi adzawaika pansi kuti azivota - ziribe kanthu zomwe angakhale.

Ndipotu, posakhalitsa chichitike, Nyumbayi inapereka lamulo lokhazikitsa lamulo loti azivotera pazitsamba zilizonse zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi Senate.

Pambuyo pake Hoyer anatiuza kuti pulezidenti yekha amatha kuwononga ndalama. Ndinayankhula ndikumufunsa kuti, "Ngati simudutsa, Pulezidenti amalembetsa bwanji?" Mtsogoleri wamkulu adandiyang'anitsitsa ngati nyongolosi. Iye sananene kanthu.

Gawo: NJIRA YINA

Njira yowonjezera mphamvu, mphamvu yoyera, ndi ndalama mu chuma chamtendere chimatseguka pamaso pathu. Mu 1920s, Henry Ford ndi Thomas Edison adapempha kuti tipeze chuma chochokera ku chakudya m'malo mwa ma carboni. Ife tanyalanyaza mwayi umenewo mpaka pano. Mu 1952, Pulezidenti Truman's Materials Policy Commission adalimbikitsa kusintha kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa, akulosera kuti nyumba zitatu za nyumba zidzakhala dzuwa lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi 1975. Mwaiwo wakhala wakhala pamenepo akuyembekezera ife mpaka pano.

Mu 1963, Senema George McGovern (D., SD) adayambitsa pulogalamu, omwe awonetsedwa ndi a 31 senators, kukhazikitsa National Economic Conversion Commission, monga momwe Congressmen F. Bradford Morse (R., Mass) ndi William Fitts Ryan (D.) adalembera. , NY) m'nyumba. Ndalamayi, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi Seymour Melman, wolemba mabuku angapo atatembenuka kuchokera ku chuma cha nkhondo kupita ku chuma chamtendere, akadakhazikitsa lamulo kuti ayambe ntchitoyi. Osadziwika ndi dzikoli, asilikali athu panthawiyo anali kuchititsana mwachinsinsi ndikukwiyitsa kumpoto kwa Vietnam, ndikukonzekera momwe bungwe la Congress lingaperekere chisankho chomwe chikanatha kukhala ngati chilolezo cha nkhondo. Patatha mwezi umodzi Pulezidenti Kennedy anali atafa. Kumvetsera kunkachitika pakhomo, koma silinayambe kudutsa. Izo ziri pamenepo zikuyembekezera ife mpaka lero. Mabuku a Melman, nawonso, adakalipo kwambiri ndipo amalimbikitsa kwambiri.

Benito Mussolini adati, "Nkhondo yokha imabweretsa mphamvu ya munthu ndipo imaonetsa chizindikiro cha ulemu kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mphamvu yakulimbana nayo." Kenaka adawononga dziko lake ndipo anaphedwa ndikupachikidwa pamtunda. Monga tawonera mu chaputala 5, nkhondo siyi yokhayo yomwe imachokera kwaulemerero kapena masewera. Nkhondo yapangidwa kukhala yopatulika, koma sayenera kukhala. Mtendere sayenera kukhala wosangalatsa. Maganizo a dera angakhoze kulengedwa kupyolera mu mapulani ena osati kupha anthu ambiri.

William James mu 1906 adafalitsa The Moral Equivalent of War, akulangiza kuti tipeze zinthu zabwino, zolimba, komanso zosangalatsa za nkhondo zomwe siziwonongeke. Iye analemba kuti palibe munthu wamoyo yemwe angakonde kuti nkhondo ya boma ya US ikonzedwe mwamtendere. Nkhondo imeneyo inali yopatulika. Ndipo komabe, palibe amene angayambe nkhondo yatsopano mwachangu. Tili ndi malingaliro awiri, ndipo imodzi yokha ndiyoyeneranso kutsatiridwa.

"Nkhondo yamakono ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri moti timamva malonda kukhala njira yabwino yofunkha; koma munthu wamakono amalandira chiwonongeko choyambirira ndi chikondi chonse cha ulemerero wa makolo ake. Kuwonetsa nkhondo zosayenerera ndi zochititsa mantha sizingatheke pa iye. Zoopsazo zimapangitsa chidwicho. Nkhondo ndi moyo wamphamvu; ndi moyo mu extremis; Misonkho ya nkhondo ndi okhawo amuna omwe sazengereza kulipira, monga momwe ndalama za mitundu yonse zimatiwonetsera. "

James adalangiza kuti tifunikira kulingalira ndi kufunitsitsa "choyamba, kulingalira za tsogolo lomwe moyo wa ankhondo, ndi zinthu zambiri zachinsinsi, zidzakhala kosatheka, ndipo zomwe zolinga za anthu sizidzakhalanso zosankha msanga, zokondweretsa, ndi chokhumudwitsa ndi mphamvu, koma pang'onopang'ono komanso mopanda nzeru mwa 'kusintha,' "komanso kuwonjezera" kuona malo opambana aumunthu atatsekedwa, ndipo zida zankhondo zamtundu waumunthu zowonongeka zimakhala zowonongeka nthawi zonse ndipo sizidziwonetsa okha zochita. "Ife sitinathe kulimbana ndi zilakolako zotere, James analangiza,

". . . mwa kungotsutsana ndi kulimbana ndi nkhondo ndi mantha. Kuwopsya kumapangitsa chisangalalo; ndipo pamene funso liri loti likhale lopambanitsa ndi lapamwamba kwambiri mwa umunthu wa munthu, kuyankhula za malipiro owononga kumanyansidwa. Kufooka kwa zowonongeka chabe kungowonekera - pacifism sichimapangitsa osatembenuka ku chipani cha usilikali. Chipani cha usilikali sichikana kugonana kapena mantha, kapena ndalama; zimangonena kuti zinthu izi zimafotokoza koma theka la nkhaniyi. Izo zimangonena kuti nkhondo ndi yofunika kwa iwo; kuti, kutenga chilengedwe chaumunthu chonse, nkhondo zake ndi chitetezero chabwino koposa pazowonjezera komanso zoopa kwambiri, komanso kuti anthu sangakwanitse kupeza chuma cha mtendere. "

James adakhulupirira kuti tikhoza kukhala ndi chuma chamtendere koma sitingakwanitse kuchita zimenezi popanda kusunga "zinthu zina zakale za chidziwitso cha nkhondo." Sitingathe kumanga "chuma chosangalatsa-chuma". mphamvu ndi maubwenzi zimapitirizabe kukhala amodzi komwe malingaliro a usilikali akugwiritsitsa mokhulupirika. Makhalidwe a nkhondo ayenera kukhala simenti yosatha; kusayera, kunyansidwa ndi zofewa, kudzipereka kwa chidwi chaumwini. . . . "

James adayankha kuti anthu onse azisungidwa - ndipo lero tikuphatikizapo atsikana - osati a nkhondo, koma a malonda amtendere, kumanga dziko labwino labwino. James anatchula zinthu monga "malasha ndi mitsulo yachitsulo," "sitima zapamtunda," "nsomba zapamadzi," "nsalu zachapachapa, nsalu zophimba zovala, komanso mawindo ophimba mawindo," "kumanga msewu, kupanga miyala," "foundries ndi stoke-holes," ndi "Mafelemu a zomangamanga." Iye adalimbikitsa "nkhondo yotsutsana ndi chilengedwe."

Lero tikhoza kukambirana za zomangamanga ndi zowonetsera mphepo, zowonetsera dzuwa ndi mapulani kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu za mafunde ndi kutentha kwa dziko lapansi, kubwezeretsedwa kwa ulimi wamakono ndi chuma, "nkhondo" ngati iwe ukutsutsa umbombo ndi chiwonongeko, bungwe lothandizira "Nkhondo" ngati mumakonda m'malo mwa chirengedwe.

James ankaganiza kuti achinyamata omwe amabwera kuchokera kuntchito yamtendere "adzapondereza dziko lapansi modzikuza" ndikupanga makolo abwino ndi aphunzitsi a m'badwo wotsatira. Ine ndikuganiza chomwechonso.